能量合剂的应用及变化
感染性休克 (1)
(二)实验室检查
1.血象:WBC增高,在1万-3万/L间,N增多伴核左移现象。可 有血液浓缩的标志。并发DIC时血小板进行性减少。
2.病原学检查:在抗菌药物治疗前进行血(体液、渗出物)和脓液 培养/厌氧菌培养。并作药敏试验。鲎试验(LLT)有助于内毒素的检测。
3.尿常规和肾功能检查:发生急性肾功能衰竭时,尿比重转为固 定、尿/血肌酐值>15,尿/血毫渗量之比<1.5,尿钠排泄量>40mmol/ L等可资与功能性少尿或无尿相鉴别。
感染性休克
(septic shock)
[概述]
感染性休克(septic shock)是由微生物及其 毒素等产物直接或间接地引起急性微循环灌注 不足,导致组织缺氧、细胞损害、代谢和功能 障碍,甚至多器官功能衰竭的危重综合征。
感染性休克是微生物因子与宿主防御机制 间相互作用的结果,因此微生物的毒力和数量 以及机体的内环境与应答是决定休克发生发展 的重要因素。
其中细胞膜功能障碍出现最早,胞膜损伤 而抑制膜上的Na+/K+-ATP酶,致细胞Na+多 K+低,出现水肿。线粒体是休克时最先受损的 细胞器,结构破坏,溶酶体膜通透性增高,造 成溶酶释出,细胞自溶死亡。
(三)休克时的代谢改变
在休克应激情况下,糖原和脂肪代谢亢进; 随着休克的进展,出现糖原耗竭、血糖降低、 胰岛素分泌减少、胰高糖素则分泌增多。
一般先给低右 (或平衡盐液),有明显酸中毒者可先 输给5%碳酸氢钠,在特殊情况下可给血浆或白蛋白。
输液宜先快后慢,先多后少,力争在短时间内逆转
休克状态。补液量宜视患者的具体情况和心、肾功能状 况而定。补液过程中宜注意有无肺水肿征象出现。可测 定中心静脉压和(或)肺动脉楔压,或测肺动脉楔压与血 浆胶体渗透压的梯度作为监护。
维生素的药理与临床应用药理学
维生素D(维生素丁,VitD) 一、来源:与VitA共存于鱼肝油中,也存在
于肝、乳汁、蛋黄中 二、给药途径:po 三、主要作用及缺乏症
促进钙、磷吸收,有利于钙在骨中沉着, 促进骨钙化,缺乏时导致钙吸收不良,引起 钙缺乏症,婴儿手足搐搦,儿童佝偻病,成 人骨质软化病。
四、临床应用 (一)防治VitD缺乏三症 治疗量1~2万u/d,预 防量1000~4000u/d,佝偻病可用突击疗法 (二)用于补充治疗 400u (三)皮肤病 如结核、瘙痒、牛皮癣、冻疮 (四)肾病综合症 可减少皮质激素用量 (五) 癫痫 可减少发作 (六)婴儿腹泻
三、药物用量不得超过药典规定的极量。如因病情 需要超出时, 应在极量后加惊叹号,如0.5!!除 慢性病外,药量一般不超过三天。毒药一天为限。
剧药两天为限,成瘾性药品以专用的红处方书写。 四、病情紧急需立即取药时,一般用急诊处方书写 或在处方左上角上写“急”或cito! 五、给药途径中,除po可省约不写外,其它均应写 明。如ih、im、ivgtt等。 六、处方均应写明患者的具体年龄,对14岁以下的 儿童,60岁以上的老年病人,年龄尤应明确,不得 以“成人”、“儿童”等字样代替。
第 四讲 维生素的药理与临床应用
概述
一、有关维生素的基本知 二、维生素的分类 三、维生素缺乏的原因 四、维生素的诊断依据
有关维生素的基本知识
一、维生素的生理功能:辅酶或辅基1;促进物质的 吸收;维持组织细胞结构的完整。 二、每日需要量:不大,以mg或μg计算 三、来源:食物,少数可在体内合成 四、对人体有益的维生素:20种左右 五、维生素的临床应用
5-羟色氨酸
VitC
多巴
羟化酶
多巴胺
5-HT NA
3、类固醇的羟化---缺乏致血脂升高 (二)以递氢的方式参与还原性谷胱甘肽合成---缺 乏致解毒功能降低、红细胞膜稳定性下降、机体免 疫力低下
应用能量合剂治疗脑血栓形成急性期的临床观察
势学科 中;
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力ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ源 。
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会更加充分 的使 用医疗资源 。 一定程度上缓解病人看病住院难
的 问题 。
医疗资源 的管理和分配进行调整 ;
4 2 尽快给予优势学科 发展增加空间 ,同时解 决了这些 .
参考文献
科室病人 住院难和住 院环境拥挤 的 问题 ,减少 医疗纠纷 的隐 患 ,提高医疗安全度;
【]李志君. I 试论床位效率指数及 其应 用 … . 实用 医技 杂志,
点 ;从 全 局 出发 ,医 院 应 适 当 减 少 这 类 学 科 的床 位 ,增 补 到 优
逐渐 形成 。但仍然存在发展 的瓶 颈,即床位 规模不够 , 必影 势 响学科 的进一 步发展: 3 5 有发展的 良好趋势 ,但 处于平稳或等效运转状态 的 . 科室如心胸外科 、眼科 、内分泌科 ,这些学科 目前看来 ,无 明
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后 ,常规 给予抗血小板聚集 、改善微循环 ,减轻脑水肿 ,保持
电解质平衡 治疗 ,同时给予三磷酸腺苷 ( T )4 m 、辅酶 A AP 0g
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药物名称及使用
药物名称及使用护胃、抑酸:奥美拉唑、泮托拉唑、兰索拉唑、法莫替丁、西咪替丁、哌仑西平、硫糖铝等。
平踹、解除支气管痉挛:氨茶碱(缓慢滴注,监测心率)、多索茶碱等。
硝酸甘油:降血压,降低心肌耗氧量等,注意事项:监测血压。
能量合剂:Vc、Vb6、葡萄糖注射液、氯化钾等。
止咳化痰平踹:氨溴索、溴己新等。
抗病毒:利巴韦林注射液、双黄连、喜炎平、炎琥宁、阿昔洛韦、奥司他韦、帕拉米韦、阿糖腺苷等。
降血压:硝普钠注射剂、硝酸甘油注射液、尼卡地平注射液、盐酸拉贝诺尔注射液、艾司洛尔注射液,甲磺氨酸酚妥拉明注射液、盐酸乌拉地尔注射液等。
改善循环:血塞通、血栓通、丹参、丹参酮、疏血通、盐酸川芎嗪、舒血宁、前列地尔、甲钴胺注射、胰激肽原酶肠溶片、地芬尼多、尼麦角林等,注意事项:避光保存及滴注。
活血化瘀:丹参、丹参酮,注意事项:避光保存及滴注。
心脑血管常用注射液:注射用血栓通(冻干粉)、长春西丁、葛根素注射液、蓓柄酯注射液、七叶皂甙钠、天麻素、丁咯地尔、舒血宁注射液、红花注射液、灯盏细辛、灯盏花素、疏血通、奥扎格雷钠、血塞通、脉络宁、曲克芦丁、川穹嗪注射液、复方丹参注射液、香丹注射液、脑蛋白水解物注射液、脑苷肌肽注射液、盐酸艾司洛尔注射液、阿魏酸钠注射液、单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠注射液、血栓通注射液等,注意事项:避光保存及滴注。
脱水剂:甘露醇(快速滴注,注意不能渗漏)、速尿注射液、螺内酯、山梨醇、甘油果糖、呋塞米、高渗葡萄糖等高渗性注射液。
改善末梢循环:低分子右旋糖酐注射液等。
抗炎抗感染:青霉素类、头孢类、β内酰胺类/β内酰胺酶抑制剂(阿莫西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林/克拉维酸、氨苄西林/舒巴坦等)、氨基糖苷类抗生素链霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、妥布霉素等)、四环素类抗生素、氯霉素、林可霉素和克林霉素、利福霉素类抗生素(利福平等)、磷霉素、硝咪唑类(甲硝唑和替硝唑等)、喹诺酮类抗菌药、磺胺类药、呋喃类抗菌药、乙胺丁醇、吡嗪酰胺、.对乙酰水杨酸。
心肺脑复苏术(CPCR)
(7) 有效标志:①扪及大动脉搏动。
②肱动脉收缩压≥60mmHg。
(3) 激素的应用:有稳定细胞溶酶体,减少毛细血管通透性,维护血脑屏障的完成,减少脑脊液的形成,增强利尿作用等功能,因而能减轻脑水肿,降低颅内压。常用地塞米松在第1-4天、30-40mg/d第5-7天渐减量。
(4) 止痉:脑损伤者常有躁动,可增加氧耗量,影响呼吸功能及降温效果。常用安定10-30mg。
(3) 脑功能监测
① 自主呼吸开始出现的时间:如在20分钟内恢复不超过40分钟,预后较好。
② 脑干反射:瞳孔对光反射在12min内恢复,咳嗽吞咽反射在23min内恢复,则脑功能恢复良好。
③ 意识变化:如昏迷小于3天预后佳。
(4) 肾功能监测
① 方法:通过留置导尿管记录每小时尿量。
② 监测:如每小时尿量少于30ml,可试用20%甘露醇125ml快速静滴,若用药后1小时尿量仍在30ml以下可用40-200mg静注。若尿量仍未增加则提示急性肾功能衰竭。
三持续生命支持
(一) G估价:对病情及治疗效果加以判断。复苏成功与否取决于复苏的程度,系心脏功能状态,心跳停止的时间和始终如一的抢救意志。
(二) H智能:即维持脑功能,进行心肺复苏的根本目的在于脑复苏,仅有心跳和呼吸而、积极地进行脑复苏,是整个复苏过程中最关键也是最重要的一步。脑复苏的主要措施有:
① 肾上腺素:通过兴奋β受体,使心肌收缩力加强,心率增快,心排血量增快,并可调节冠状血流,故在心肺复苏中占有重要位置。目前主张,早期大剂量连续使用。
400种中西药注射剂临床应用检索表
分类序号药品名称●●○○○〓〓电解质、酸碱平衡1氯化钠 0.9% pH4.5~7.0#######################################12,20,57,64,72,107,138,141,158,159,169,49,2氯化钾 10% pH5.0~7.0#######################################40,49,53,54,59,64,72,98,117,130,134,137,138,142,158,163,164,168,169,165,166,60111,1763氯化钙 5% pH4.5~6.51,2,4,5,6,11,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,26,29,30,50,52,62,77,78,79,81,82,83,84,86,88,89,103,104,105,111,112,113,114,115,116,123,124,125,126,127,131,132,133,147,148,149,156,159,164,172,173,174,175,177,178,182,15,25,27,31,32,33,35,36,38,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,48,49,53,54,57,58,59,61,63,64,67,72,76,101,107,108,110,117,118,119,121,128,130,134,135,137,141,142,143,144,153,158,163,166,168,169,180,106,152,138,140,9,10,94,95,96,971094复方氯化钠 pH4.5~7.5#######################################15,20,21,32,36,37,38,39,48,58,64,66,70,115,118,120,124,143,157,158,159,169,106,49,5葡萄糖 5%、10% pH3.2~5.5#######################################15,37,45,51,59,107,134,142,143,146,23,25,27,49,176,72,6葡萄糖氯化钠 5%、0.9%pH3.5~5.5#######################################59,64,72,98,100,106,134,142,143,158,169,2517649,60,7葡萄糖氯化钠钾 pH3.5~5.58,21,22,23,27,31,35,36,38,39,41,53,55,61,62,63,67,69,71,73,77,79,93,121,165,166,171,180,182,8葡萄糖盐乳酸钠(3:2:1)pH5.6#######################################10,20,36,48,49,53,59,64,70,93,123,127,130,134,135,138,147,158,159,169,177,9葡萄糖酸钙 10% pH4.0~7.512,13,17,19,22,23,24,26,29,30,43,53,61,62,65,67,68,69,74,77,78,79,81,82,83,84,86,88,89,91,92,100,103,104,105,111,112,113,114,115,116,123,124,126,127,128,132,133,136,137,139,141,144,145,147,148,149,156,159,164,170,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,18215,20,21,25,27,31,32,33,35,36,38,39,40,41,42,47,48,59,63,64,71,72,75,76,80,85,87,93,96,97,98,101,108,109,110,117,118,119,121,130,131,134,135,142,143,150,152,153,157,158,163,165,167,168,180106,49,138,45,94,95,16610门冬氨酸钾镁 2% pH6.712,16,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,30,44,45,46,49,50,52,55,76,77,78,79,81,82,89,93,95,97,99,101,103,105,108,112,113,114,115,116,118,120,123,124,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,136,147,149,160,162,164,166,168,171,172,173,175,176,177,15,35,36,39,47,48,63,107,121,130,148,156,158,165,18251,137,138,11复方电解质葡萄糖 MG3pH3.5~7.012,15,21,22,23,25,28,29,31,33,34,35,37,38,40,43,45,50,53,55,56,63,77,81,85,88,89,97,110,111,113,119,122,123,124,125,131,135,136,145,148,149,151,154,161,164,166,171,179,72,143,167,168,12乳酸钠 11.2% pH6.0~7.5#######################################15,17,22,23,25,26,30,31,36,48,49,63,64,70,73,115,119,120,134,143,152,158,166,174,106,142,16913乳酸钠林格液 pH6.0~7.5#######################################15,32,38,48,49,63,64,70,72,115,119,120,134,143,152,158,166,174,37,14复方乳酸钠山梨醇 pH6.0~8.515,32,166,15碳酸氢钠 5% pH7.5~8.517,71,73,78,79,80,83,86,90,91,92,99,101,103,104,122,124,126,128,131,133,144,166,171,172,174,181,182,183############################36,100,141,142,161,44,45,46,61,62,64,65,81,94,154,155,156,164,169,12116氨丁三醇 5% pH10.0~11.581,82,83,86,87,90,93,103,121,124,126,142,166,168,17819,23,24,25,26,29,30,41,48,49,50,53,54,56,72,95,105,106,107,110,111,115,116,117,125,127,130,136,137,138,146,147,148,149,151,152,169,176,180,18257,94,164,75, 76,17复方醋酸钠 pH6.5~7.522,23,30,32,44,45,46,51,52,55,57,60,77,81,100,101,105,110,111,112,113,114,116,118,121,124,125,135,136,141,142,145,146,148,149,154,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,169,170,25,38,49,70,72,115,119,123,127,134,138,143,147,158,159,176,48,18木糖醇 5%、10% pH5.0~6.022,25,31,36,38,44,47,49,51,55,59,77,81,86,88,89,90,93,97,99,100,105,108,110,111,112,113,115,116,121,124,125,126,127,131,134,135,136,137,138,145,146,147,154,156,161,164,166,167,169,173,175,179,18119复方氨基酸(~17)pH5.5~7.020,21,22,77,78,79,81,82,84,88,89,90,93,96,97,99,101,105,108,110,111,112,114,115,116,119,120,124,127,131,132,136,147,23,25,36,44,48,51,59,60,67,70,76,95,107,143,165,171,175,27,49,57,106,24, 26, 27,29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34,35, 39, 45,46, 47, 50,54, 55, 56,58, 61, 62,63, 64, 75,20能量合剂(5倍稀释液)pH5.521,22,24,29,30,39,58,74,77,78,81,82,86,88,89,91,93,97,99,105,108,110,111,112,115,116,117,119,124,125,126,127,129,131,132,135,146,147,149,154,156,159,160,161,163,166,168,170,171,172,173,175,176,177,178,18123,25,26,27,32,44,45,47,48,49,51,53,57,59,72,75,76,83,84,87,90,95,100,103,106,107,113,114,118,121,128,130,133,136,143,158,162,164,165,167,169,174,179,180,18221维生素B6 5% pH2.5~4.0#######################################23,24,25,26,27,28,30,31,32,33,36,37,38,39,40,42,49,51,52,59,70,72,75,76,84,98,106,107,121,129,130,132,134,138,141,142,143,154,156,158,165,166,167,168,18244,90,22维生素C 12.5% pH5.0~7.034,39,47,50,56,57,58,61,62,63,65,68,69,7,71,74,77,78,79,82,83,84,86,87,91,92,93,95,97,100,103,104,105,108,111,114,115,116,119,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,132,135,137,145,146,148,149,151,158,159,160,161,162,163,165,166,167,172,173,174,175,181,18223,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,33,35,36,37,38,40,43,48,49,51,53,54,55,64,66,72,75,88,89,94,96,98,106,107,110,117,118,120,121,130,134,136,139,141,142,143,144,147,154,155,156,164,168,169,171,176,177,178,18032,46,81,90,99,131,17067,133,138,59,60,76,112,113,179抗微生物药、寄生虫药23青霉素钠 10万U/ml pH5.0~7.024,26,34,36,37,39,62,65,68,69,70,71,77,78,79,82,83,84,91,92,116,119,122,123,124,125,126,127,147,159,167,17725,32,33,35,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,57,61,64,67,72,73,74,81,88,89,93,98,99,100,103,107,110,112,113,115,117,118,120,121,128,130,132,134,135,136,137,138,141,142,143,146,156,158,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,168,169,170,171,172,173,176,179,18027,90,106,59,60,148,18224苯唑西林钠 2% pH5.0~7.025,26,27,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,39,42,55,67,68,71,73,74,75,77,78,79,81,82,83,84,88,90,93,103,104,113,114,116,118,119,121,124,126,129,130,135,146,147,154,159,161,162,167,168,171,174,176,181,18236,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,57,58,59,60,61,64,99,105,106,107,108,112,115,120,123,125,127,128,136,137,141,145,151,164,165,166,172,173,18076, 95, 96,97, 101, 109,131, 132, 138,143, 148, 149,17025氨苄西林钠 2% pH8.0~10.026,27,29,30,31,32,34,35,37,39,62,63,65,66,69,70,72,73,74,75,79,80,88,90,92,104,113,114,118,122,126,127,129,133,135,151,154,156,159,160,161,162,166,172,173,174,180,181,183,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,53,54,55,57,58,59,60,65,77,99,102,105,106,107,108,112,115,123,125,128,130,136,137,141,149,160,164,176,93,106,119,167,175,17618276, 95, 96,97, 100, 101,134, 144, 170,26氯唑西林钠 2% pH5.5~7027,29,30,31,33,37,40,63,67,68,69,74,75,81,82,83,84,88,90,92,93,104,111,113,116,118,119,121,122,124,126,127,129,133,135,146,147,154,156,159,161,162,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,174,175,177,178,181,18344,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,53,54,55,57,58,59,60,65,77,99,102,105,106,107,108,112,115,123,125,128,130,136,137,141,149,160,164,176,76, 95, 96,97, 101, 131,132, 138, 144,148, 17027氨苄西林钠舒巴坦纳 1.5% pH8.0~10.031,33,34,35,41,43,47,58,66,71,74,77,78,79,82,83,84,90,114,124,126,127,135,154,159,160,161,162,166,172,173,176,181,18332,36,39,44,45,46,48,49,50,52,53,54,55,56,57,61,67,72,75,95,98,102,105,107,108,109,110,115,116,117,120,121,123,128,131,136,137,139,141,142,144,151,164,165,167,168,17751,68,81,93,119,132,171,175,76, 89, 96,138, 17028哌拉西林钠 10% pH5.0~7.032,37,40,56,62,63,64,65,66,69,70,73,78,79,80,92,113,122,139,147,149,154,167,18331,36,39,44,45,46,47,48,49,53,54,57,59,60,71,72,98,102,103,107,112,115,117,120,136,137,141,143,151,160,164,170,174,140,176145,29磺苄西林钠 2% pH4.5~7.030,32,33,34,35,36,39,50,55,67,74,75,77,78,81,82,84,93,113,123,124,125,126,127,133,135,147,154,156,159,161,162,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,174,175,176,178,180,181,31,44,45,46,47,48,49,51,53,57,59,60,90,103,106,107,119,120,121,136,138,143,158,160,164,179,18276, 95, 96,97, 101, 131,132, 141, 149,30羧苄西林钠 2% pH6.0~8.031,32,33,34,36,39,42,56,62,64,70,71,74,75,77,78,79,81,82,83,84,88,90,93,104,113,116,118,119,123,124,125,126,127,129,133,135,146,151,154,156,159,161,162,166,168,171,172,173,174,177,18135,44,45,46,48,49,50,51,52,53,55,57,59,60,61,72,103,105,106,107,111,112,115,117,120,121,130,134,136,137,138,141,143,158,160,164,165,167,67,47,94,99,17676, 95, 96,97, 101, 131,132, 145, 148,149, 170,31头孢唑林钠 10% pH4.5~6.534,37,43,58,62,63,65,66,67,68,69,70,73,75,80,81,82,84,88,90,92,93,118,119,122,124,125,126,127,153,161,162,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,180,181,18333,48,49,50,51,52,55,57,60,64,74,77,78,98,100,102,103,106,107,112,115,116,117,120,121,123,128,132,136,137,138,141,142,143,146,147,14918261,135,32,35,36,38,39,44,45,46,47,53,72,148,154,155,156,158,159,96, 109, 131,144, 145, 17032头孢拉定 1% pH8.0~9.634,35,39,67,68,72,74,75,78,82,84,88,90,93,111,124,126,127,160,161,162,166,168,171,172,173,177,180,181,33,36,43,48,49,50,51,55,60,64,70,76,87,89,107,110,112,115,116,117,120,121,132,134,135,136,137,141,143,147,149,151,163,164,167,81,119,165,44,45,46,47,53,57,148,154,155,156,94, 95, 96,131, 138,33头孢呋辛钠 10% pH6.0~8.534,35,37,39,42,43,50,51,56,62,63,65,67,68,69,70,73,74,77,80,81,82,84,88,92,93,103,111,114,118,119,125,126,127,146,152,153,159,161,162,165,168,171,173,176,180,181,183,48,49,53,54,55,57,58,60,61,64,71,75,78,90,107,112,115,117,120,121,124,132,134,135,136,137,138,139,141,143,147,148,151,160,163,164,166,167,169,177,178,179,76, 95, 96,102, 108, 109,131, 144, 145,149, 170,34头孢美唑钠 10% pH4.2~6.236,37,39,40,42,55,56,57,61,65,67,68,69,70,74,75,77,78,80,81,82,84,88,90,92,93,114,118,119,122,124,126,127,135,145,161,162,166,167,171,172,173,175,177,178,180,181,35,49,50,52,53,58,63,64,76,79,106,107,117,120,121,125,136,137,139,141,143,147,149,160,164,165,17917694, 96, 131,138,35头孢他啶 10% pH5.0~7.537,43,56,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,73,74,77,79,80,81,82,88,90,92,93,109,111,114,116,118,119,125,126,127,149,159,160,161,162,166,168,171,172,173,175,176,177,178,180,18339,48,49,50,51,53,55,57,58,60,71,75,76,98,102,106,107,108,112,115,117,120,121,124,134,135,136,137,139,141,143,147,151,163,164,167,179,7818242,44,45,46,96, 131, 132,138, 144, 145,170,36头孢哌酮钠 10% pH4.5~6.542,43,62,63,67,68,69,73,74,78,80,81,82,84,92,93,111,114,119,122,126,159,161,162,166,167,168,171,175,180,181,18348,49,50,51,52,55,57,61,64,65,70,75,77,87,88,90,100,107,108,109,113,115,116,117,118,120,121,123,124,128,132,135,136,137,139,143,145,147,149,152,160,164,170,172,173,178,179,18244,45,46,47,148,165,176,94, 96, 131,138, 141, 144,37头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠 12.5% pH3.5~6.539,55,56,59,68,74,81,82,84,90,91,93,119,166,171,172,173,175,46,58,61,77,85,99,100,107,108,120,121,123,132,135,136,138,147,164,177,178,44,45,47,155,176,131,38头孢曲松钠 10% pH6.0~8.040,43,63,65,66,67,68,69,73,74,80,92,122,149,172,176,177,18339,46,48,49,51,53,55,56,57,71,72,79,87,88,98,107,112,115,117,120,121,128,134,135,136,137,143,147,164,179,18244,45,47,155,165,144,39头孢噻肟钠 10% pH4.5~6.542,43,56,61,62,63,64,65,67,68,69,70,73,74,75,78,79,80,81,82,84,88,92,104,108,109,116,118,119,122,124,126,147,149,161,162,166,171,172,174,175,176,177,180,181,18347,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,57,58,71,77,89,90,98,107,114,115,117,120,121,125,127,128,135,136,137,141,143,160,164,173,179140,44,45,46,154,155,156,165,95, 96, 131,132, 138,40头孢匹胺钠 10% pH6.0~8.056,68,74,81,82,85,90,93,119,166,167,172,173,175,176,177,45,46,47,48,49,51,55,58,59,61,73,77,84,91,99,107,108,120,121,133,134,135,136,138,147,164,171,44,154,155,156,165,41盐酸头孢吡肟 10% pH4.0~6.043,54,56,71,78,140,167,168,176,179,180,182,18346,47,48,51,53,55,61,62,67,68,70,72,73,77,79,85,116,117,121,135,136,137,138,148,149,158,164,166,44,45,154,165144,42头孢米诺钠 5% pH4.5~6.056,61,62,64,67,68,74,75,77,78,81,88,90,93,103,104,114,116,118,119,120,124,125,126,127,146,147,160,161,162,164,166,167,171,173,175,176,177,48,51,52,53,55,106,121,135,141,149,169,44,45,154,155,156,165,95, 96, 131,132, 148,43氨曲南 10% pH4.5~7.544,47,56,61,66,71,77,78,79,85,109,116,117,121,135,149,158,164,166,167,168,176,179,180,53,67,68,70,72,73,98,136,140,45,49,137, 144, 170,44硫酸庆大霉素 2万U/ml pH3.5~6.050,58,66,69,70,71,75,78,79,81,82,83,84,88,91,93,103,104,108,111,112,113,114,115,117,118,120,122,123,124,125,126,127,129,133,139,146,159,160,161,162,167,168,172,173,174,175,181,183,48,52,59,67,68,74,80,85,87,101,116,119,128,130,132,134,142,143,144,165,171,176,106,45,46,47,49,51,53,54,56,57,61,62,63,64,65,72,73,77,99,121,135,138,147,151,152,153,154,155,156,163,164,166,177,178,180,96, 131, 137,141, 145, 148,149, 170,45硫酸卡那霉素 25% pH4.5~7.550,52,74,75,78,79,81,82,83,84,90,103,123,124,129,133,146,159,161,162,168,172,173,18148,49,51,55,56,58,59,70,76,85,86,87,88,91,93,95,106,107,119,120125,126,127,128,132,134,136,141,142,143,160,165,167,171,174,176,180,182,46,47,53,54,57,61,62,63,64,65,72,73,77,121,130,135,138,147,151,152,153,154,155,156,158,163,164,177,178,96, 97, 108,131, 137, 145,170,46硫酸阿米卡星 2% pH4.0~7.050,51,55,56,58,66,68,69,70,71,74,75,78,79,81,82,84,88,90,91,93,109,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,129,133,139,149,158,159,160,161,162,165,167,168,171,172,173,175,48,59,80,85,87,101,119,130,132,134,143,144,166,170,174,176,179,181,106,47,53,54,57,61,62,63,64,65,72,73,77,135,138,147,151,152,153,154,155,156,163,164,177,178,76, 96, 97,102, 108, 131,137,47硫酸妥布霉素 0.2% pH3.5~6.050,55,58,66,68,71,74,75,78,81,82,84,90,93,104,117,118,119,120,121,123,124,125,126,129,146,147,159,160,161,162,163,172,175,51,56,85,87,98,127,130,131,132,133,134,135,141,142,143,154,155,156,158,165,166,167,168,171,173,174,176,177,178,179,180,70,106,164,181,49,53,54,57,61,62,63,65,72,73,77,136,138,151,182,95, 96, 97,108, 109, 137,145, 149, 170,48盐酸四环素 1% pH1.8~2.850,56,62,70,71,77,79,81,82,83,84,103,112,113,114,116,119,123,124,125,126,129,146,147,159,160,161,162,163,172,175,181,51,52,55,59,72,85,86,87,88,90,91,93,101,105,106,110,121,127,130,131,132,133,134,135,141,142,143,154,155,156,158,165,166,167,168,171,173,174,176,177,178,179,180,61,64,164,49,53,57,75,76,94,99,136,138,151,18296, 137, 145,149, 170,49乳糖酸红霉素 5% pH6.0~7.568,70,73,77,78,79,81,82,83,84,90,91,92,103,104,116,117,118,119,124,125,126,127,129,133,146,147,159,161,162,163,164,165,167,171,172,174,175,177,178,180,50,51,52,53,55,56,57,59,63,71,72,80,85,87,88,93,96,115,123,128,130,132,134,135,136,138,141,142,143,154,156,166,169,173,176,181,54,74,120,140,160,61,62,64,65,66,75,94,102,105,114,121,122,168,182100, 101, 108,145, 149, 170,50酒石酸吉他霉素 2.5% pH6.0~8.059,67,68,72,75,77,81,82,83,84,93,103,104,112,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,123,124,125,126,127,129,133,135,146,147,151,158,159,160,161,162,164,165,171,172,173,174,175,177,51,52,55,76,78,86,90,121,128,132,141,142,154,156,166,167,176,179,106,74,122,168,131, 137, 143,149, 170,51氯霉素 0.2% pH4.5~7.552,58,71,72,74,75,78,81,91,93,103,104,111,112,114,115,119,120,126,135,154,159,161,163,171,172,173,175,177,178,53,54,55,56,57,59,64,70,82,83,84,86,88,89,90,96,105,106,107,116,117,118,121,124,125,127,130,131,136,137,139,143,146,156,158,160,162,164,165,166,174,176,141,123,133,168,60,61,62,63,65,67,68,77,134,142,170,179,180,18276, 100, 108,132, 138, 145,149,52琥珀氯霉素 0.2% pH6.5~8.573,75,78,81,82,83,84,90,93,103,104,111,112,114,115,118,119,124,126,129,135,147,154,161,162,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,175,178,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,71,85,105,107,121,125,127,130,134,136,137,149,160,164,174,179,180,141,76, 131, 138,170,53盐酸万古霉素 0.5% pH2.5~4.577,78,79,82,83,103,112,118,125,126,127,129,146,152,159,174,177,59,60,66,76,88,90,93,98,119,121,130,132,134,141,142,143,144,165,166,167,168,175,176,179,18257,61,62,63,64,65,72,73,135,136,151,154,156,163,164,95, 97, 131,137, 145, 149,170,54盐酸去甲万古霉素 0.5% pH2.8~4.564,70,71,81,82,103,112,115,124,125,126,127,146,147,158,171,172,173,56,58,59,62,72,76,88,90,93,119,121,134,138,141,142,160,165,166,167,175,176,179,180,18279,57,135,136,154,156,163,164,95, 96, 101,137, 145, 149,170,55盐酸林可霉素 2% pH3.0~5.557,67,68,69,72,74,75,77,78,81,82,83,84,90,92,93,103,104,111,112,113,115,117,118,119,120,123,124,126,127,129,135,146,147,154,156,159,160,161,162,164,166,167,168,172,173,56,58,59,63,65,80,128,130,132,134,142,143,165,181106,107,121,122,148,151,152,153,95, 96, 97,100, 101, 131,137, 138, 141,149, 170,56盐酸克林霉素 10% pH3.0~5.558,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,73,74,75,77,79,81,82,83,85,90,92,93,113,115,117,119,120,124,125,126,127,133,146,147,154,160,161,162,166,167,59,61,78,80,103,134,135,136,137,141,142,143,164,165,171,71,130,60,121,122,148,151,152,153,95, 96, 108,131, 138, 144,145, 149, 170,57硫酸多粘菌素B 0.5% pH5.0~7.068,81,82,83,91,93,103,111,113,114,115,119,123,124,125,126,127,133,146,147,160,171,172,173,59,75,76,84,90,108,130,132,134,135,140,142,154,165,166,168,169,176,106,107,121,72,73,99,151,152,153,164,89, 95, 96,97, 100, 131,141, 143, 149,170,58磷霉素钠 2% pH6.5~8.567,68,69,71,74,77,78,79,81,84,90,93,103,107,112,116,119,121,124,125,147,154,158,160,161,164,165,166,168,171,173,177,17961,62,64,73,76,80,87,88,89,106,108,110,117,120,122,126,134,135,136,141,142,143,145,156,167,174,95, 96, 131,138,59磺胺嘧啶钠 20% pH9.5~11.070,71,79,80,92,129,135,154,159,############################157,72,75,121,134,141,143,182,60复方磺胺甲噁唑 pH10.071,108,112,139,145,146,147,148,149,164,170,76,157,72,73,75,121,134,143,18261乳酸环丙沙星 0.1% pH3.4~4.562,64,65,68,69,70,74,75,76,77,79,80,81,86,88,92,93,103,109,112,113,115,116,117,119,120,124,126,127,139,146,148,149,160,161,162,164,171,173,72,90,100,106,123,132,134,135,138,143,144,147,154,156,166,167,168,176,179,157,82,66,105,121,122,165,89, 94, 95,96, 108, 131,137, 141, 170,62氧氟沙星0.2% pH6.5~7.567,68,70,71,74,75,76,77,79,81,82,90,93,103,112,113,115,116,117,118,119,120,124,125,127,135,136,146,147,160,161,162,164,166,167,173,174,175,64,72,132,138,165,171,177,178,182157,66,106,107,122,134,141,142,143,144,145,121,89, 95, 96,97, 108, 131,137, 149,63左氧氟沙星 0.5% pH3.8~5.877,84,85,93,110,111,117,119,120,150,164,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,175,68,72,73,81,82,106,107,135,138,144,147,154,170,176,177,178,66,122,134,136,121,141,64甲磺酸培氟沙星 1% pH3.0~5.068,70,71,74,75,76,79,81,82,93,112,113,115,116,117,118,120,124,126,127,135,146,147,160,161,162,164,165,166,175,180,72,87,90,103,106,119,125,131,136,143,145,154,167,171,173,174,176,177,178,182157,121,122,134,89, 108, 132,137, 141, 149,65盐酸洛美沙星 1% pH4.267,68,74,81,82,84,85,90,91,93,119,120,135,147,164,165,166,171,172,173,175,177,72,121,136,138,154,167,176,7877,134,108, 132, 149,66加替沙星 0.2% pH3.5~5.567,71,73,77,78,79,101,116,117,149,150,158,168,72,134,135,138,154,176,136,165,166,94,67甲硝唑 0.5% pH4.5~7.070,71,74,75,78,79,81,82,84,90,93,111,112,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,124,125,126,127,135,147,159,160,161,162,171,172,173,174,180,18176,121,122,136,138,145,164,175,141,166,167,168,134,165,179,77,131, 137,68甲硝唑葡萄糖 0.2% pH4.5~6.069,70,71,73,74,75,78,79,80,81,82,84,90,92,93,102,111,112,114,115,116,117,119,120,124,125,126,127,135,140,154,160,161,162,171,172,173,18076,98,121,122,136,138,164,174,175,176,141,166,167,168,134,165,179,77,131, 143,69替硝唑葡萄糖 0.4% pH3.5~5.573,74,84,85,90,93,119,120,121,131,135,154,164,166,167,171,172,173,175,177,178,76, 106,138,141,77,134,165,70硝酸咪康唑 1% pH3.7~5.774,77,78,79,81,82,93,103,116,118,119,120,121,124,125,126,127,144,147,154,159,160,161,162,164,166,167,171,173,174,71,72,85,88,115,135,183,75,134,141,165,170,89, 108, 132,143, 145,71氟康唑 0.2% pH4.0~6.073,74,76,77,78,81,82,90,93,103,116,117,119,120,124,125,126,144,147,149,161,162,165,166,167,168,171,172,173,174,94,137,138,154,169,75,156,72,121,122,134,182,139,95, 96, 97,108, 131, 132,143, 145, 170,72两性霉素B 0.1mg/ml pH7.2~8.075,76,82,83,84,93,119,124,125,126,127,129,159,172,173,174,176,77,78,81,85,89,98,105,106,107,108,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,130,135,136,137,139,142,144,146,147,148,149,158,163,164,170,171,183,121,180,178,73,94,96,97,99,151,152,153,154,155,156,165,166,167,168,169,182,143,73阿昔洛韦 5% pH10.5~11.577,78,79,85,135,140,144,165,166,168,176,108,115,116,117,148,177,178,183,134,149,154,182,74利巴韦林 10% pH4.0~6.075,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,90,92,93,112,116,118,119,120,124,125,126,127,130,135,147,154,161,164,165,166,167,168,172,173,174,175,177,178,121,122,156,180,95, 96, 97,131, 132, 143,75异烟肼 5% pH6.0~8.077,78,79,82,83,84,90,93,103,104,111,112,114,116,120,124,125,126,127,146,147,159,161,162,163,164,166,167,171,174,94,106,128,130,131,132,142,143,160,169,108,135,168,170,76,81,110,121,122,129,134,136,138,141,149,165,173,182145,76对氨水杨酸钠 4% pH6.5~8.577,78,79,81,82,83,84,90,93,103,124,125,126,127,147,160,161,162,166,174,88,89,105,107,117,120,123,128,130,136,137,164,165,169,170,94,95,96,97,106,146,134,173,176,182,131, 132, 143,消化系统药77西咪替丁 10% pH3.8~6.078,79,80,82,84,88,89,90,92,93,95,96,97,98,110,111,112,113,114,115,118,120,123,124,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,135,137,144,145,150,152,153,159,160,161,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,180,181,182,117,119,130,142,143,154,156,162,85,104,106,170,81,94,99,100,102,105,108,109,116,121,122,134,136,138,139,140,141,147,148,149,163,164,165,166,167,168,179,78盐酸雷尼替丁 2.5% pH6.5~7.581,82,84,85,90,93,119,121,141,154,165,166,167,171,172,173,175,176,177,91,95,99,107,108,120,134,135,136,138,139,140,147,164,168,79法莫替丁 1% pH4.5~6.081,82,85,88,90,93,94,95,96,98,101,103,108,110,111,112,113,115,116,117,118,119,120,124,125,126,127,131,132,135,137,139,141,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,151,158,160,161,162,164,165,166,168,171,173,174,106,134,138,140,154,156,104,170,169,121,122,80奥美拉唑 2% pH10.3~11.381,82,84,85,90,93,119,121,141,154,165,166,167,171,172,173,175,176,177,91,95,99,107,108,120,134,135,136,138,139,140,147,164,168,81硫酸阿托品 0.5mg/ml pH3.5~5.582,83,84,86,87,89,91,92,93,95,96,97,98,101,103,104,105,107,108,110,113,114,116,118,119,120,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,135,139,141,142,145,146,148,149,151,154,156,158,159,160,161,162,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,174,175,176,177,178,179,181,85,90,111,112,115,117,121,130,137,138,143,144,147,153,157,180,88,99,106,109,129,100,102,136,163,164,82氢溴酸东莨菪碱 1%pH3.0~5.0#######################################85,90,111,112,115,121,130,132,137,157,166,180,88,106,129,136,140,153,83氢溴酸山莨菪碱 1% pH3.5~5.584,86,87,89,90,91,95,96,97,100,103,104,105,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,121,124,125,126,127,132,134,135,138,139,141,142,143,145,147,148,151,154,156,158,159,160,161,162,164,165,166,167,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,85,93,107,130,137,157,169,180,88,129,136,149,84盐酸山莨菪碱 0.5% pH4.0~6.086,87,89,90,92,95,96,100,103,104,105,108,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,119,120,121,122,124,125,126,127,131,134,135,141,142,143,146,147,148,151,154,156,158,160,161,162,164,165,166,167,170,171,172,173,175,176,177,178,179,180,85,93,107,130,137,138,157,169,88,129,136,149,85甲氧氯普胺 1% pH2.5~4.592,109,139,147,150,98,112,113,114,115,116,118,130,144,154,158,94,129,136,137,151,164,86氨酪酸 20% pH5.0~6.587,88,89,90,91,93,95,100,103,104,105,107,110,111,113,114,116,118,119,121,124,126,127,129,132,135,146,147,149,154,156,159,160,161,163,165,166,167,168,170,171,172,173,174,112,115,130,134,136,137,141,142,143,148,158,162,164,169,180,87谷氨酸钙 10% pH6.5~7.088,89,90,91,100,103,104,107,111,113,114,116,124,126,127,129,132,136,141,146,147,149,159,161,164,166,167,168,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,93,101,108,110,115,118,119,121,130,135,142,152,153,154,156,162,165,169,180157,94,95,96,97,88谷氨酸钠 28.75% pH6.5~7.089,90,91,93,99,100,103,104,105,108,113,114,119,121,122,123,124,126,127,128,129,131,132,133,135,138,141,146,147,154,156,159,160,161,163,166,167,168,170,172,173,174,176,95,96,97,107,110,111,112,115,116,118,120,125,130,136,137,142,143,145,149,162,164,165,169,106,134,89精氨酸 25% pH3.0~5.090,91,93,99,100,101,103,104,105,107,108,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,118,119,120,121,123,124,126,127,128,129,131,132,135,136,137,138,141,145,146,147,148,149,154,156,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,18194,95,130,134,143,166,106,90肌苷 5% pH8.5~9.591,92,99,100,113,114,118,119,121,122,123,124,128,129,133,135,141,158,159,161,166,168,170,172,173,176,177,178,179,104,105,107,108,112,116,117,120,125,127,130,134,136,137,143,145,146,147,162,163,164,169,180,93,106,132,138,142,175,91葡醛内酯 5% pH5.092,93,95,97,100,103,107,111,112,113,114,118,119,124,125,127,132,136,146,149,159,160,161,162,163,166,167,173,174,130,134,154,156,158,180,18292奥曲肽 0.1% pH4.0~4.593,99,107,119,120,121,122,131,135,136,141,154,164,165,166,167,171,172,173,175,176,177,147,170,93辅酶A 50U/ml pH5.597,99,101,103,104,108,110,111,112,113,114,116,117,118,119,120,122,123,124,126,127,128,129,131,132,134,135,137,141,142,145,147,148,149,151,154,156,158,159,160,161,163,168,170,171,172,173,174,176,177,95,96,100,105,107,115,121,125,130,136,146,162,164,165,166,167,169,175,106,133,心血管系统药94地高辛 0.25mg/ml pH6.5~7.598,108,136,139,147,148,149,117,143,144,159,179,182106,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,121,134,141,142,176,180,99,100,101,102,103,105,107,135,138,146,151,153,154,155,156,157,158,165,166,167,168,169,170,95毒毛花苷K 0.25mg/ml pH5.0~6.096,97,99,104,113,116,117,118,120,123,124,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,135,136,137,138,141,147,148,149,158,159,160,163,164,170,171,172,173,174,175,177,178,180,182106,119,121,130,143,176,101,103,105,107,109,110,114,151,154,156,162,165,166,167,168,169,96毛花苷C 0.2mg/ml pH5.0~7.0104,113,116,118,119,124,125,126,127131,135,136,137,138,142,145,147,148,149,158,160,161,164,170,171,172,173,175,177,178,180,182117,121,167,106,141,176,101,103,105,107,110,112,114,115,134,151,154,155,156,162,165,166,168,169,97去乙酰毛花苷 0.2mg/mlpH5.0~7.099,111,113,114,116,118,119,123,124,125,126,127,128,131,132,133,135,136,141,142,147,148,149,159,160,161,162,163,164,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,100,110,121,130,143,158,165,166,167,169,170,182,138,103,105,107,112,151,154,155,156,168,98氨力农 5mg/ml pH3.2~4.0100,101,105,108,110,111,112,113,115,116,117,121,143,144,147,167,168,135,136,141,148,154,158,164,166,170,176,177,178,155,156,99盐酸美西律 5% pH4.5~6.5101,103,105,112,113,114,115,116,118,119,123,124,125,126,127,128,133,135,136,149,159,162,164,171,172,173,174,175,107,130,131,132,158,176,180,182134,141,148,154,155,156,138,102,108,109,122,147,165,166,167,168,170,121,100盐酸普鲁卡因胺 10% pH3.5~6.0103,110,114,116,118,119,123,124,125,126,127,132,146,159,161,170,171,177,178,101,117,134,138,141,142,143,156,166,169,176,180,130,109,102,105,106,107,112,113,147,148,149,151,152,153,101托西溴苄铵 0.4% pH4.5~7.0102,108,109,111,116,123,125,126,127,128,131,132,147,149,158,159,165,166,167,170,174,103,107,112,114,115,117,119,130,134,136,137,143,144,148,151,160,180,182164,102盐酸胺碘酮 5% pH2.5~4.0103,111,112,113,115,116,117,148,170,177,121,135,176,179,105,108,109,134,136,143,144,147,150,154,155,156,165,166,167,168,182,。
动物有机磷农药中毒救治原则
动物有机磷农药中毒救治原则定安县富文畜牧兽医站符式群动物有机磷农药中毒救治是一项综合性的治疗,关键在于早期消除毒物,合理应用抗胆碱药和特效解毒药,积极防治并发症。
笔者10来,采取综合性治疗方法救治过115例治愈111例,死亡4例,积累了一定经验,简介如下。
1、排除毒物1.1外用有机磷农药经皮肤中毒的,应停止继续接触,并用清水冲洗。
1.2经口服中毒的:(1)、洗胃,一般认为胃内容物经4—6小时进入小肠,故对口服中毒患畜务必争取在农药进入小肠前彻底清洗。
(2)、清除肠道内残留毒物以减少再吸收中毒。
常用0.1%高锰酸钾液灌胃以氧化破坏毒物,大家畜用4000—5000ml,猪、羊用1000—1500ml。
用药性炭和芒硝以吸附排泻毒物,药用炭大家畜150g—200g ,猪羊用30—50g,芒硝按泻剂常规使用。
2、尽早达到阿托品化2.1阿托品化的意义“阿托品化”是指阿托品治疗急性有机磷农药中毒过程中达到最佳治疗效果而不至于引起中毒。
因此正确使用阿托品是抢救有机磷农药中毒成败的重要措施。
2.2阿托品化指标(1)、当缩小瞳孔恢复正常或扩大是提示阿托品已达到治疗效果,重度扩大提示阿托品过量,瞳孔的大小在阿托品早期应用有很好的价值。
(2)、由流涎变口干,是阿托品化较为可靠指标。
(3)、呼吸急促变为平稳,腹痛、呕吐症状缓解。
(4)、心率增快达到100—120次/分钟。
2.3阿托品的用药原则应用时注重“早期、足量、反复、持续”的原则,不能忽视个体差异和用药中观察病畜的表现。
对阿托品的用量应灵活掌握,严密观察患畜症状、体征,结合中毒的程度以及畜别等灵活使用。
一般而言,毒性大、数量多、就诊晚及口服中毒者,阿托品作量则大。
大家畜10—50mg,小家畜5—10mg,首次用药可大剂量,以1小时以上未见病情消减时可考虑提前重复用药。
重复用药为首次药量的2/3,同时密切注意病畜反应,当出现瞳孔散大,停止流涎或出汗、脉数加速等阿托品化现象后应提防阿托品中毒,可按正常每隔4—5小时给小剂量维持阿托品化状态巩固疗效。
几种常用特效解毒药物的临床应用及疗效体会
几种常用特效解毒药物的临床应用及疗效体会杨务彬【摘要】Objective To explore the clinical application and effect observation of several effective detoxification drugs in common use. Methods Information of clinical diagnosis and treatment of 36 cases of acute poisoning admitted to our hospital from September 2005 to September 2010 were collected and analyzed.Results Hospitalization time 1-20 days,35 patients were cured, no adverse effects,total cure rate97.22% ,1 case died of metal poisoning caused respiratory failure,making the mortality rate 12.5%. Conclusion Effective detoxification drugs used in the clinical of different types of poisoning has positive and safe effect.%目的探讨几种常用特效解毒药物的临床应用及疗效体会.方法收集分析2005年9月至2010年9月本院急性中毒患者36例的临床诊断和治疗资料.结果患者住院1 ~20 d,治愈35例,未发生不良反应,总治愈率97.22%,其中有1例金属中毒患者死于呼吸衰竭,病死率12.5%.结论特效解毒药物应用于临床中不同类型的中毒疗效肯定、安全.【期刊名称】《医学综述》【年(卷),期】2011(017)016【总页数】2页(P2560,封3)【关键词】特效解毒药物;临床应用;疗效体会【作者】杨务彬【作者单位】湖北医药学院附属太和医院药学部,湖北,十堰,442000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R781.66随着我国社会经济的发展,人们生活压力的加大,中毒事件增多,作为一类重要的突发公共卫生事件,越来越受到重视。
《肾移植围手术期处理操作规范(2019版)》解读
·标准与指南·《肾移植围手术期处理操作规范(2019版)》解读李杨,薛武军(西安交通大学第一附属医院,陕西西安710061)《肾移植围手术期处理操作规范(2019版)》是中华医学会器官移植学分会制定的肾移植操作规范系列之一。
该规范对肾移植围术期受者一般护理、液体管理及主要内科并发症诊治原则进行了介绍。
本文对规范内容进行解读,以期为肾移植围术期的治疗提供借鉴。
2019年6月,由中华医学会器官移植学分会编写的《肾移植围手术期处理操作规范(2019版)》(下文简称规范)在《器官移植》杂志发表。
这是中华医学会器官移植学分会第一次对肾移植围术期管理制定的指南,其目的是为了进一步规范肾移植术围术期的处理技术。
本规范主要涉及肾移植围术期受者一般护理、液体管理及主要内科并发症诊治。
本文将对该指南的重要内容进行进一步解读。
1 总体原则目前肾移植手术已经较为成熟,对移植医师而言,移植手术技术已经不再是难题,而围术期管理对肾移植受者的早期康复显得尤为重要。
由于肾移植围术期是多种并发症高发时期,因此,规范肾移植受者围术期管理,促进其早日康复,特别是对围术期并发症的处理,对改善肾移植早期效果具有重要的意义。
2 重点推荐内容肾移植患者由于麻醉、免疫抑制剂应用、水电解质酸碱代谢不稳定、移植肾的多尿或少尿等原因,围术期的情况不稳定,因此,需要从环境、生命体征、出入量、饮食、临床和实验室检查等多个方面进行全面、细致地处理。
本文就肾移植术后一般护理、少尿期管理及相关并发症的处理等方面做重点解读。
2.1保护性隔离:肾移植患者受原发病、手术创伤、术后免疫抑制剂应用等影响,肾移植围术期是感染易发时期,应当在这段时间内做好隔离防护措施。
既往的指南推荐保护隔离时间为2周[1],随着加速康复外科理念逐渐应用到肾移植手术中[2],肾移植受者恢复时间缩短,本规范将保护性隔离推荐时间缩短到7 ~ 10 d,在患者保护隔离期间,仍需要做好以下措施:①规范强调隔离区应确保空气流通,保持通风循环,或定时开窗通风。
含镁能量合剂与黄芪注射液佐治慢性心力衰竭的疗效对比观察
CH 者发生心律失常 。资料 显示许多C 患者的心律失常不 F HF 是折返原理所致,通常由非折返原理所致的莹 陛心律失常能被
而低镁和洋地黄类药的应用 , 均能抑制Na_ _ T + K+ A P 心率 、 血压及肺部哕音的变化 , 每天记录 1 次;并记录有无不 镁消除 , 酶的活性 ,导致细胞膜 离子运转 中断 ,使 细胞 失钾 ,促进 良反应 ;治疗前后查 尿常规 、电解质 、肝功能 、肾功能 、血
糖及评定心功 能分级 。 律失常和洋地黄 中毒的发生, 而补镁 既能激活Na _ .A P酶 + K+ T I
14 总疗效评定标准 显效 :治疗 后临床症状和体征 明显改 及心肌腺 甙环化酶 ,并 能维持心肌线粒体的完整性 与促进其 . 善, 心功能改善 2 。有效:临床症状 和体 征有 改善 , 级 心功 能 氧化磷酸化过程 ,进而改善心肌代谢 ,增强心肌收缩力 ,增 改善 1 级。无效 :未达上述效果 , 临床症状 、 体征及心 功能无 加心排血量 。另外 ,镁具有扩张血管 、松弛支气管 平滑肌 以
AC I H l 例 ,Ⅱ级 5 。两组性别、年龄 、 9 例 病程 、病情 、 发病及心 后果 。血管紧 张素转换酶抑制药 ( E)是治疗 C F的基 原
功能分级等大体相似 。
石 ,可用于各期心力衰竭的患者 ,联合应用 p 受体 阻滞药可
血管紧张素I受体拮抗药对改善 CHF患者 I 12治疗方法 对 照组入 院后予常规治疗 ( . 吸氧、卡托普利 、 进一步改善预后 , 强心、利尿 ,纠正酸碱平衡和 电解质紊乱 ,并控制输液量 及 预后有益 ,但与前二者 联合 应用 ,患者耐受性差 ,仅建议在 E 的副作用 时作为替代 , 利尿药和洋地黄对 病因治疗 )的基础上加 黄芪注射 液 3 m1 %葡萄糖注射 液 患者不能耐受AC I 0 +5 HF的症状 十分有效 [。对于住院的 C 2 1 HF患者 ,予营 2 0 静脉滴注 , 次/日, 5 ml 1 治疗组在常规治疗基 础上 加2 %硫 改善 C 5
能量合剂的组成配伍
能量合剂的组成配伍(最新版)目录1.引言2.能量合剂的定义和作用3.能量合剂的组成部分4.配伍原则5.实际应用案例6.结论正文【引言】能量合剂是一种能够提供生物体所需能量的药物,被广泛应用于临床医学、运动营养学等领域。
然而,如何科学合理地组成和配伍能量合剂,以达到最佳的效果,是一门深奥的学问。
本文将从能量合剂的定义和作用、组成部分、配伍原则以及实际应用案例等方面,详细解析能量合剂的组成配伍。
【能量合剂的定义和作用】能量合剂是由多种成分组合而成,能够为生物体提供必需能量的药物。
在临床医学中,能量合剂主要用于治疗营养不良、消耗性疾病等;在运动营养学中,能量合剂则可以作为补充能量,提高运动员体能的表现。
【能量合剂的组成部分】能量合剂的主要组成部分包括碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质以及维生素和矿物质等。
碳水化合物是能量的主要来源,脂肪则是能量的储备和长期供应者,蛋白质则是身体组织的重要构成部分。
维生素和矿物质等则是为了保证能量合剂的完整性和人体健康所需。
【配伍原则】在能量合剂的配伍中,需要遵循以下原则:首先,各种营养素的比例要合理,以满足人体的生理需求;其次,各种营养素的形态和存在形式要易于吸收,以提高能量合剂的生物利用率;最后,要考虑营养素之间的相互作用,以防止产生不良反应。
【实际应用案例】在实际应用中,能量合剂的配伍要结合个体的具体情况进行调整。
例如,对于运动员来说,能量合剂中应该增加蛋白质的比例,以助于肌肉的修复和生长;对于营养不良的患者来说,能量合剂中应该增加脂肪和矿物质的比例,以提高能量密度和改善营养不良状况。
【结论】能量合剂的组成配伍是一门深奥的学问,需要充分考虑个体的生理需求和营养素之间的相互作用。
常用护肝药物及应用适应症
常用护肝药物及应用适应症常用的护肝药物主要有八大类。
一、常用的护肝药物1.基础代谢类药物:主要包括维生素及辅酶类。
主要是各种水溶性维生素,如维生素C、复合维生素B(含维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、烟酰胺、泛酸钙)、维生素E。
维生素C具有可逆的还原性,在体内形成单独的还原系统,起到递氢作用,参与氧化还原反应,减轻肝细胞的脂肪变性、促进肝细胞再生及肝糖原合成。
复合维生素B是糖代谢、组织呼吸,脂质代谢、蛋白质代谢所需辅酶的重要组成成分。
维生素E有促进肝细胞再生作用。
酶和辅酶类药物是生物的催化剂,纠正人体的功能失调,恢复机体的正常代谢。
辅酶A(COA)、为体内乙酰化反应的辅酶,对糖、脂肪、蛋白代谢有重要的作用。
三磷酸腺甘(ATP)是含有高能磷酸键的物质,是体内器官活动的信使或递质,能供给机体生理生化反应所需要的能量。
肌苷进入细胞后转变为肌苷酸,进而变为三磷酸腺苷参与细胞代谢。
在肝细胞受到损伤时不论是在维持自身功能方面还是在其自身修复方面都需要维生素和辅酶类的参与。
2.肝细胞膜保护剂:多烯磷脂酰胆碱(易善复)。
磷脂是细胞膜的重要组成部分,肝细胞在受到致病因子攻击时,膜的稳定性受到破坏,最终导致肝细胞破裂坏死。
多烯磷脂酰胆碱在化学结构上与重要的内源性磷脂一致,它们主要进入肝细胞,并以完整的分子与肝细胞膜及细胞器膜相结合,补充外源性磷脂成分,增加细胞膜的流动性,对肝细胞的再生和重构具有非常重要的作用。
口服胶囊(228mg/粒):开始时3次/日,两粒/次,每日服用量最大不能超过6粒胶囊。
一段时间后,剂量可减至每日三次,每次一粒维持剂量。
针剂:每安瓿5ml含必需磷脂(天然胆碱磷酸二甘油酯,含多量不饱合脂肪酸,主要为亚油酸70%,亚麻酸和油酸)250mg,苯甲醇(用作保护剂)45mg。
成人和青少年一般每日缓慢静注1~2安瓿,严重病例每日注射2~4安瓿,用葡萄糖溶液作稀释剂(1:1)。
因为含有苯甲醇,故新生儿和妊娠前3个月孕妇禁用,大剂量口服可导致腹泻,极少数有过敏反应。
眼科护理常规
4、病情观察 (1)观察患者体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压变化。 (2) 注意切口有无出血、感染等。 (3) 观察术眼疼痛的程度、有无眼内出血及恶心、呕吐等眼压增高的 表现,一旦发生立即通知医生给予检查并协助处理。 (4) 注意加压包扎敷料有无松动、移位、渗血,必要时更换。 5、术后1—2日出现眼部疼痛多与手术切割有关,眼内有异物感多与 结膜缝线有关,拆线后就会好转。 6、瞩病人勿移动敷料,勿用手揉眼。术后术眼遮盖,有利于休息。 五、健康教育 1、教会患者滴眼药水涂眼药膏的方法,告知患者应坚持点眼药,预 防感染。 2、出院后数日内不宜作剧烈运动,避免高空作业,搬运重物,勿用 力大便。 3、定期复查,如出现视力下降和恶心呕吐,应随时来医院就诊。 4、术后一周内勿洗头,揉碰术眼,以防引起刺激症状房积血系虹膜睫状体血管破裂的结果。临床上前房 积血有原发和继发之分。原发性出血系伤后立即发生 的出血,继发性出血伤后一周内均可发生。后者不仅 出血量多,而且可发生反复出血,可延续数周,预后 较差。 【护理常规】 一、按眼科疾病手术一般护理常规 二、双眼包扎5-7日,半坐卧位,适当限制活动,酌情 使用镇静剂,防止产生继发性出血。随时注意眼压变 化。 三、告诉患者一些避免眼压升高的诱因如减少活动、 避免长时间低头弯腰、衣领不宜过紧、勿一次性大量 饮水、勿用力排便等。
五、合理安排治疗时间,创造良好环境,促进病人休息。 六、按时督促病人服用激素类药物,并严密观察用药后反 应。 七、用眼罩及有色眼镜保护眼睛,避免强光刺激.。 八、进行球结膜或筋结膜下注射时,应充分麻醉后进行,避 免加重病人疼痛。 九、密切观察眼压变化,嘱病人出现眼胀、眼痛等眼压升 高的症状立即告诉医 务人员,以便及时处理。 十、密切观察瞳孔的变化,遵医嘱使用散瞳剂,维持瞳孔 的药物性散大状态。避免一些引起眼压升高的诱因,如便 秘、一次性大量饮水,衣领过紧,长时间低头等。 十一、局部湿热敷,每天3次,每次15分钟,促进局部血液 循环。
常见静脉滴注用药物配伍禁忌及给药注意事项
常见静脉滴注用药物配伍禁忌及给药注意事项配伍禁忌,是指两种以上药物混合使用或药物制成制剂时,发生体外的相互作用,出现使药物中和、水解、破坏失效等理化反应,这时可能发生浑浊、沉淀、产生气体及变色等外观异常的现象。
物理性配伍禁忌是某些药物配伍在一起会发生物理变化,即改变了原先药物的溶解度、外观形状等物理性状,如水溶液与油溶液配伍出现分层;由于溶剂改变使溶质析出等等。
化学性配伍禁忌较为常见,是指某些药物配伍在一起会发生化学反应,不但改变了药物的性状,更重要的是使药物减效、失效或毒性增强,甚至引起燃烧或爆炸等,常常可以观察到外观的改变,如变色、产气、沉淀、水解、燃烧或爆炸等。
药理性配伍禁忌即2种或2种以上药物互相配伍后,由于药理作用相反,使药效降低、甚至抵消或药物联用导致药效过度增强而使毒性增强、人体不能耐受的现象。
药理性配伍禁忌也可以称为“药物相互作用”,通常不伴随外观的改变。
分瓶静点是避免体外配伍禁忌的有效方法,但对于连续应用存在配伍禁忌的两种药物时,输液管中的配伍禁忌仍然存在,在两组溶液之间冲管可以有效避免输液管配伍禁忌,保证临床用药的安全性及有效性。
临床药学室对我院常用药物的配伍禁忌进行了总结,供临床参考使用。
能量合剂的组成配伍
能量合剂的组成配伍【一、能量合剂的概述】能量合剂是一种用于补充人体能量、增强体力的药物。
它主要含有多种营养成分,如糖、电解质、氨基酸等,能够迅速补充人体在劳累、疾病或其他原因导致的能量消耗。
能量合剂广泛应用于临床,有助于病后康复、提高免疫力以及缓解疲劳。
【二、能量合剂的组成成分】1.糖类:如葡萄糖、果糖等,为人体提供能量。
2.电解质:如钠、钾、钙、镁等,维持体内电解质平衡。
3.氨基酸:如赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸等,参与蛋白质合成,提高机体免疫力。
4.维生素:如维生素C、维生素B族等,增强体力,提高抵抗力。
5.其他:如中药成分、酶等,具有调节作用,提高药物疗效。
【三、能量合剂的配伍原则】1.依据患者需求,合理选用成分,如针对糖尿病患者,可减少糖类成分。
2.注意药物间的相互作用,避免配伍禁忌。
3.儿童、老年人、孕妇等特殊人群需按照医生建议使用。
4.注意药物浓度、剂量和疗程,避免过量使用。
【四、能量合剂的临床应用】1.病后康复:用于治疗疾病后患者,提高体力,促进康复。
2.疲劳缓解:长时间劳累、熬夜等导致的疲劳症状。
3.营养支持:用于营养不良、食欲不振等患者,提高免疫力。
4.运动营养补充:运动员在高强度训练期间,补充能量,提高运动表现。
【五、能量合剂的注意事项】1.严格按照医生建议使用,切勿自行购买使用。
2.开封后尽快服用,避免长时间暴露导致污染。
3.注意药物保质期,过期后不宜使用。
4.服用期间,保持良好的作息和饮食习惯,增加锻炼。
【六、总结】能量合剂作为一种补充人体能量的药物,在临床应用中具有重要意义。
了解其组成成分、配伍原则以及注意事项,能够确保患者安全、有效地使用能量合剂,达到缓解疲劳、提高免疫力的目的。
灯盏花素联合能量合剂在突发性耳聋治疗中的应用效果及安全性
76包头医学院学报 2〇17 年 9 月第33 卷第 9 期Journal of Baotou Medical College, Sep ,2〇l7, Vol.33,N【临床医学】灯盏花素联合能量合剂在突发性耳聋治疗中的应用效果及安全性蔡有军(仪征市中医院,江苏仪征21100)[摘要]目的:探讨灯盏花素联合能量合剂在突发性耳聋治疗中的应用效果和安全性。
方法:选取2013年1月至 2016年12月收治的突发性耳聋患者214例作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组107例,观察组患者给予灯盏 花素联合甲钴胺能量合剂进行治疗,对照组患者单独给予能量合剂进行治疗,观察两组患者的临床疗效和安全性。
结果:观察组患者听力恢复总有效率为95.33 %,高于对照组的74.77 %(X=9. 335,P=0.010),耳鸣改善总有效率为94.52 %,高于对照组的86.84 %(X=3.546,P=0.042),眩晕改善总有效率为95.59 %,高于对照组的84.85 %(X= 3.587, P =0.041)。
结论:在传统甲钴胺能量合剂使用的基础上加用灯盏花素治疗突发性耳聋,能够有效恢复患者听 力,改善耳鸣、眩晕等临床症状,可推广使用。
[关键词]突发性耳聋;灯盏花素;能量合剂;效果;安全性D0I:10.16833/ki.jbm c.2017.09.031The effect and safety analysis of breviscapine com bined w itli energy m ixture in the treatm ent of suddCAI Y oujun(Yizheng Hospital o f Traditional Chinese Medicine,Jiangsu,Yizheng 2H400,China)ABSTRACT O bjective:To i n v e s t i g a t e t he e f f e c t and s a f e t y o f breviscapine combined with energy mixture i n t he treatment o f sudden deafness.M etliods :214 p a t i e n t s with sudden deafness h o s p i t a l i z e d from January2013 t o December2016 were t i o n group and t he c o n t r o l group, 107 p a t i e n t s i n each group.The observation group was t r e a t e d with breviscapine combined with mecobalamine energy mixture,while the c o n t r o l group was t r e a t e d only w i t l i energy mixture,w i t l i t he c l i n i c a l e f f e c t and s^ety observed.R esults: The t o t a l e f f e c t i v e r a t e was 95.33 %i n the observation group,which was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher than t h a t t o t a l e f f e c t i v e r a t e o f t i n n i t u s improvement was94.52%,which was s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher than t h a t =0. 042).The t o t a l e f f e c t i v e r a t e i d i z z i n e s s improvement i n t he observation group was95.59c o n t r o l group(84.85%)(^2=3.587, P - 0.041). Conclusion :Breviscapine combined with mecobalamine energysudden de^ness can e f f e c t i v e l y r e s t o r e t he hearing o f patients,improve the c l i n i c a l symptoms o f v e r t i g o and tinnitus KEY W ORDS Sudden deafness;Breviscapine;Energy mixture;Effect;S a f e t y突发性耳聋(sudden deafness)是指突然发生的、原因不明的感音神经性听力损失,患者临床表现为单 侧听力下降,伴有耳鸣、耳堵塞感、眩晕、恶心、呕吐等,是耳鼻喉科常见的急诊病症之一,患者发病后在数分 钟或数小时内听力降至最低点。
应用碟脉灵联合能量合剂治疗感音性耳聋36例的体会
应用碟脉灵联合能量合剂治疗感音性耳聋36例的体会作者:钱卫东来源:《中外医疗》 2011年第15期钱卫东(泰兴市第二人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科江苏泰兴 225411)【摘要】目的探求碟脉灵、能量合剂治疗感音性耳聋的效果。
方法对36例(44耳)感音性耳聋应用碟脉灵、能量合剂静脉滴注。
结果治愈24例,好转10例,无效2例,总有效率达94.45%。
结论碟脉灵是治疗感音性耳聋一种新的疗效确切、价廉的药物。
【关键词】碟脉灵感音性耳聋耳蜗螺旋器【中图分类号】 R764.43 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1674-0742(2011)05(c)-0142-01感音性耳聋是耳鼻咽喉头颈外科常见病之一,临床病例有不断增多的趋势,其病因较复杂,病变发生在耳蜗螺旋器、听神经或听神经皮层中枢,最常见的病变是螺旋器的损害,使感觉声音发生障碍,耳鸣多为高音调。
我科自2008年应用碟脉灵、能量合剂治疗该类统计完整的36例病人,疗效显著,现报道如下。
1 临床资料患者36例,44耳;其中,男26例,女10例;年龄18~72岁,双耳28例,单耳8例;病程最短3d,最长达6个月,见表1。
2 治疗方法应用碟脉灵40mL加入0.9%生理盐水250mL静脉滴注,每日1次,应用2周,最多应用3周,同时应用能量合剂(维生素C、维生素B6、三磷酸腺苷、辅酶A、门冬钾镁)静脉滴注,每日1次,开始5d加用地塞米松5mg静脉滴注。
3 疗效标准3.1 治愈自觉症状消失,听力恢复正常,纯音听力在25dBHL以下。
24例占66.67%。
3.2 好转自觉症状明显改善,听力明显提高,纯音听力在40dBHL以下。
10例占27.78%。
3.3 无效自觉症状无改善,听力无提高,纯音听力损失无改善。
2例占5.55%。
4 讨论(1)该病病因较多,可分3类:①遗传性聋。
②非遗传性先天性聋。
③非遗传性获得性感音神经性聋:该类发病率占临床确诊感音神经性聋的90%以上,较常见的主要有药物性聋、突发性聋、噪声性聋、老年性聋、创伤性聋、病毒或细菌感染性聋、全身疾病相关性聋等。
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能量合剂的应用及变化:能量合剂的应用及变化:能量合剂:下面是最普通的一个能量合剂配方10%GS Vitc VitB6 ATP Co-A 肌苷10%Kcl 500ml 1-3g 100mg 40-80mg 100U 0.4 10-15ml 1.KCl 需视具体情况而用,血清Kcl 低,需要使用;血清Kcl 正常时,输高糖时亦需适当补充,因为在糖代谢过程中,K+随之进入细胞内,血清K+会降低,这就是有些病人输能量后,反而觉得疲劳的原因;血清Kcl 高时,高糖是降低血清Kcl 重要的措施之一。
2.肌苷为次黄嘌呤的一种制剂。
能透过细胞膜进入人体细胞,活化丙酮酸氧化酶类,从而使处于低能、缺氧状态下的细胞能继续顺利进行代谢,并参与人体能量代谢与蛋白质的合成。
极化液(GIK)组成:10%GS 正规胰岛素(RI)10%Kcl 500ml 8U 10-15ml 能量+极化液=心肌营养合剂1U 的胰岛素能对冲4g 葡萄糖,胰岛素的使用当视病情而定。
注意,RI可灵活些,如果患者需补充葡萄糖,则胰岛素可少加不加,10%GS 500ml 中加8U 即可;不需要糖,可加到12U 单位;对于糖尿病患者,对RI 不敏感者,甚至可加更多,如16U,以对抗血糖。
能量+脑细胞营养药=脑细胞营养合剂能量胞二磷胆碱500ml 0.5。