TOEFL tops
托福评分标准与评分对照表
托福评分标准与评分对照表托福考试是评估考生在英语沟通能力方面的标准化考试。
考试的评分标准是被严格制定的，以确保公平和一致性。
评分标准涉及四个方面：听力、阅读、口语和写作。
下面是托福考试的评分标准与评分对照表。
听力评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能理解材料的基本内容，没有正确回答问题的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够理解基本内容，但对细节理解有限，回答问题的准确性不高。
第三档（18-23分）：能够理解主要意思和一些细节，能够基本回答问题。
第四档（24-30分）：能够准确理解主要内容和细节，能够回答问题，并且运用推理能力理解材料的暗示。
阅读评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能理解材料的基本内容，没有正确回答问题的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够理解基本内容，但对细节理解有限，回答问题的准确性不高。
第三档（18-24分）：能够理解主要意思和一些细节，但对复杂的文章结构和推理要求有困难。
第四档（25-30分）：能够准确理解主要内容和细节，包括文章结构和推理要求。
口语评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：几乎没有表达能力，没有组织语言的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够表达基本观点，但很难组织语言，有很多错误和不连贯之处。
第三档（18-25分）：能够表达主要观点，并且有时能够组织语言，但有时会有错误和不连贯之处。
第四档（26-30分）：能够表达清晰的思想和观点，并且能够有效地组织语言，几乎没有错误或不连贯之处。
写作评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能充分理解题目，内容没有明确的观点，并且有很多语法和拼写错误。
第二档（10-17分）：对题目的理解基本正确，但观点不明确，语言有错误和不连贯之处。
第三档（18-25分）：对题目有明确的观点，并且支持观点的逻辑清晰，但可能有一些语法和拼写错误。
第四档（26-30分）：对题目有明确的观点，并能够充分支持观点，语言基本上没有错误或不连贯之处。
托福考试(TOEFL)应知应会知识
托福考试（TOEFL）应知应会知识TOEFL是"Test of English as a Foreign Language"的缩写。
由美国教育测验服务社(ETS,Educational Testing Service)在全世界举办，它是一种针对母语非英语的人进行的英语水平的考试。
现在已成为出国留学（美国、加拿大）的必备考试成绩。
在美国和加拿大，已有超过3000所大学和学院承认这项考试成绩。
作为全球最先进的学术英语测试，托福考试（TOEFL®）自1964年问世以来，目前全球已有超过2000万人次参加该考试，110个国家逾6000所高等院校采用托福考试作为衡量学生英语能力的标准。
美国教育考试服务中心（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS）成立于1947年，是目前世界上最大的私营非营利教育考试评估机构，也是教育研究领域的领导者。
该组织致力于为近200个国家的个人、教育机构和政府部门提供服务，并在全球范围内开展、管理着每年1200多万人次的考试，其中包括我们所熟悉的TOEFL;SAT;GRE; GMAT;TOEIC （Test of English for International Communication（国际交流英语测评））；SLEP考试等。
TOEFL 考试是全世界适用范围最广的考试之一，除澳大利亚外的所有英语国家都将 TOEFL 考试成绩作为申请本科、硕士和博士入学的必备成绩之一。
具体而言，TOEFL 成绩广泛适用于美国、加拿大、英国、法国、德国、爱尔兰、新西兰、新加坡、日本、比利时、荷兰、丹麦、芬兰、挪威、奥地利、南非、香港等国家和地区的留学申请。
许多政府部门、奖学金计划或执照证明机构多以托福成绩作为评审英文程度的标准。
新托福的英文全名为TOEFL-ibt，IBT=Internet-Based Test，于2006年5月登陆中国。
由于新托福考试基于电脑和互联网进行，颠覆了旧托福的纸笔考试形式。
托福考试详细介绍(全)
托福考试详尽介绍一．托福概述1.名称：托福名为TOEFL，全称为The Test of English as a Foreign Language即“检定非英语为母语者的英语能力考试”，由美国教育测验服务社（ETS）举办。
新托福为TOEFL IBT，即托福网考。
2.适用范围：美国、加拿大大部分高等院校，欧洲部分国家以及东南亚的一些国家和地区承认TOEFL成绩。
但需要注明的是自2014年4月起英国不再承认TOEFL成绩，因此准备赴英留学的同学需要考雅思而不是托福。
同时近年来一些联合国驻华机构，外企等在录用职员时也采用TOEFL成绩。
3.成绩用途： TOEFL成绩与奖学金的成功率是相关的。
一般来说，我国学生成绩能达到80分，则有可能被美国普通大学的研究生院录取；如果能考到100分左右，则申请奖学金的机会就更大了。
4.形式：现在基本采用新托福考试模式，采用真实场景，综合考查听说读写四项英语语言能力。
采用机考的形式。
5.考试有效期：两年6.考场：TOEFL在中国大陆共133个考场（在南京有南大，东南，南师大等考点）7.考试时间：托福每个月都有考试时间，根据官网公布的时间选定自己要考的时间。
二．托福题型1. 新托福由四部分组成：阅读，听力，写作，口语。
2. 题型分别阐述：（1）阅读： A. 共3篇文章B. 文章可以划分为三种基本类型：解释说明型，立论型，历史题材型文章。
C. 题型为：①传统的单项选择题②题目带有4个选项，只有1个正确答案;要求考生在文章中最合适的位置“插入一句话”③阅读理解文章内容概要类题目有4个以上的选项，而且有不止1个正确答案（2）听力： A.共2篇长对话和4篇演讲B.材料包括学术讲座和长对话。
听力对话场景可能是学生与教授或助教在办公室的交谈，或者是学生和大学工作人员之间有关服务方面的对话。
办公室对话的内容通常与学术内容或课程要求有关。
服务对话的内容可能是关于缴纳公寓住宿费、注册课程或者询问图书馆的信息。
toefl junior 等级
TOEFL Junior 是针对年龄在11到15岁之间的学生设计的英语水平考试。
TOEFL Junior 考试分为三个等级：初级（Low）、中级（Mid）和高级（High）。
每个等级都评估学生的听力、阅读、口语和写作能力。
以下是每个等级的参考要求：
初级（Low）：
听力：能够听懂简短的对话和简单的问题。
阅读：能够理解短文和简单的问题。
口语：能够用简单的句子回答问题，描述图片和日常生活经历。
写作：能够写出简单的句子和段落。
中级（Mid）：
听力：能够听懂较长的对话和文章，并回答相关问题。
阅读：能够理解较长的文章，并回答相关问题。
口语：能够用较流利的语言表达自己的观点，描述图片和人物。
写作：能够写出较长的文章，包括句子和段落。
高级（High）：
听力：能够听懂较复杂的对话和讲座，并回答相关问题。
阅读：能够理解较复杂的文章，并回答相关问题。
口语：能够用流利且准确的语言表达自己的观点，描述图片和情境。
写作：能够写出连贯、准确和逻辑性强的文章。
需要注意的是，TOEFL Junior 的等级并不与TOEFL iBT 或TOEFL PBT 等级相对应，它们是独立的英语水平考试。
托普考试会不会取代托福考试
托普考试会不会取代托福考试
托普更注重实用能力
ＥＴＳ有关官员介绍，ＥＴＳ托普考试（ＴＯＰＥ）是专门为母语非英语
国家的政府公务员和企业雇员开发的英语实用技能测试。
其设计思想和内容架
构均以当前中国的商业环境为参照，因此将首先在中国，包括香港、澳门推出，随后推广到亚洲和世界其它市场。
和ＥＴＳ的其它拳头产品——托福、ＧＲＥ等相比，ＴＯＰＥ将更注重英
语的实际应用能力。
根据ＥＴＳ为每一位考生或企业人力资源部门提供的分项
成绩报告，招聘经理们可以在面试前根据ＴＯＰＥ成绩对众多求职者进行筛
选。
针对早先被炒得沸沸扬扬的“托普将取代托福”一说，美国ＥＴＳ有关负
责人解释：ＴＯＰＥ和ＴＯＥＦＬ（托福）定位不同，不存在取代问题：美国、加拿大等国家大多数学院和大学的入学仍要求学生提供ＴＯＥＦＬ成绩，而Ｔ
ＯＰＥ则是对中国国内商业场合等所需的英语能力的一次评估。
３月９日首考，费用１０９５元。
据了解，ＥＴＳ托普考试第一次正式考试已于今年３月９日举行，报名时
间为１月８日至２月１２日，报名者可进入ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｔｏｐｅ．５１ｔ
ｅｓｔ．ｃｏｍ进行网上报名和付费。
目前，授权考点已覆盖北京、上海、广州、深圳、福州、成都、武汉、厦门、沈阳、天津、郑州、重庆和大连。
ＴＯＰＥ首次考试费用为人民币１０９５元，此外，今年５月３１日、９
月２１日和１１月９日，ＥＴＳ还将举行３次ＴＯＰＥ考试，报名时间待
定。
托福写作评分对应表
托福写作评分对应表
托福写作评分对应表是托福考试中用来评判考生写作水平的标准。
以下是对此表格的描述和解释：
整体分数：托福写作的整体分数范围为0-30分，分为四个等级：0-9分为弱，10-17分为中等，18-25分为强，26-30分为非常强。
任务完成度：任务完成度是评估考生是否能完整地回答所给的问题，是否能充分发挥主题的能力。
任务完成度的分数范围为0-5分，分为五个等级：0分为无法理解，1分为严重不足，2分为不足，3分为基本完成，4-5分为很好完成。
语言使用：语言使用是评估考生使用语言的准确性和多样性的能力。
语言使用的分数范围为0-5分，分为五个等级：0分为无法理解，1分为严重不足，2分为不足，3分为基本完成，4-5分为很好完成。
语法和拼写：语法和拼写是评估考生语法和拼写错误的数量和严重程度的能力。
语法和拼写的分数范围为0-5分，分为五个等级：0分为无法理解，1分为严重不足，2分为不足，3分为基本完成，4-5分为很好完成。
词汇使用：词汇使用是评估考生是否能够使用丰富多样的词汇来表达自己的思想的能力。
词汇使用的分数范围为0-5分，分为五个等级：0分为无法理解，1分为严重不足，2分为不足，3分为基本完成，4-5分为很好完成。
总结：托福写作评分对应表是评估考生写作水平的标准，通过对任务完成度、语言使用、语法和拼写、词汇使用等方面的评估，来给出考生的整体分数。
考生需要注意任务的完成度，语言的准确性和多样性，以及语法和拼写的正确性，同时要尽量使用丰富多样的词汇来表达自己的思想。
小托福TOEFLJunior简介
小托福T O E F L J u n i o r简介集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-TOEFL Junior考试介绍TOEFL? Junior?考试TOEFL Junior(初中托福)考试是由ETS(美国教育考试服务中心)研发的一项针对11~15岁青少年的语言能力测评，是大名鼎鼎的托福家族新成员，又称“小托福”。
这项考试于2010年首先在韩国、巴西、越南三个国家推出，2011年进入包括中国在内的30多个国家。
目前已在50多个国家和地区登陆.截至目前，TOEFL Junior已在我国北京、上海、广州、武汉、汉口和长沙开设有常规考点.TOEFL Junior考试在中国大陆地区的报考年龄上限为17周岁(含)，下不设限。
TOEFL Junior目前在中国所推行的版本有两个，一个是PBT考试(Paper-Based Test)，即纸笔考试;另外一个考试版本是CBT(Computer-Based Test)，即计算机考试。
机考版TOEFL Junior考试相比目前的纸笔考试，加入了口语及写作两部分主观题。
TOEFL Junior最大的特殊性是，在整个考试测评之后，会有一个非常完整的考试分数报告，这个报告和国际性的测评工具对接，分别是欧洲共同语言框架体系（ CEFR ）、蓝思阅读分级（ Lexile ）以及US Grade。
也就是说考生借助该成绩报告，考生可以从听力、口语、语法、阅读等各个方面准确解读自己语言学习的程度，还可以找到最适合自己当前水平的阅读材料，更重要的是还能进一步估算出自己的英语水平在美国同龄或同年级学生当中所处的百分位。
这对于家长送孩子出国读书的决策无疑具有非常高的参考价值。
TOEFL? Junior?考试内容TOEFL Junior目前在中国所推行的版本有两个，一个是PBT考试(Paper-Based Test)，即纸笔考试，测试的是听力、语言形式和含义、阅读三个部分。
托福综合写作top范文推荐5篇
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If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!托福综合写作top范文推荐5篇托福综合写作top范文第一篇Reading PassageMain points: Reading less among young people has unfortunate effects.Sub point 1: Decline sharp for literature cause missing out on important benefits.Sub point 2: Diverting time has lowered the level of culture.Sub point 3: Writing is likely to decline since poor standards of readers.LectureAttitude: Why?Sub Point 1:Doesnt have to be literature to be intellectually stimulating.(History， Political， creative，imagination.)Sub Point 2: Less time with book does not mean culture is in decline.(Music and movies， more directly.)Sub Point 3: Writers write modern literature difficult to understand.Answers托福综合写作top范文第二篇ReadingThe cane toad is a large ( kg)amphibian species native to Central and South America.It was deliberately introduced to Australia in 1935 with the eXpectation that it would protect farmers crops by eating harmful insects.Unfortunately， the toad multiplied rapidly， and a large cane toad population now threatens small native animals that are not pests.Several measures have been proposed to stop the spread of the cane toad in Australia.One way to prevent the spread of the toad would be to build a national fence.A fence that blocks the advance of the toads will prevent them from moving into those parts of Australia that they have not yet colonized.This approach has been used before: a national fence was erected in the early part of the twentieth century to prevent the spread of rabbits， another animal species that was introduced in Australia from abroad and had a harmful impact on its native ecosystems.Second， the toads could be captured and destroyed by volunteers.Cane toads can easily be caught in simple traps and can even be captured by hand.Young toads and cane toad eggs are even easier to gather and destroy， since they are restricted to the water.If the Australian government were to organize a campaign among Australian citizens to join forces to destroythe toads， the collective effort might stop the toad from spreading.Third， researchers are developing a disease-causing virus to control the cane toad populations.This virus will be specially designed: although it will be able to infect a number of reptile and amphibian species， it will not harm most of the infected species; it will specifically harm only the cane toads.The virus will control the population of cane toads by preventing them from maturing and reproducing.ListeningThe cane toad won’t be as easy to get rid of as the reading suggests.The measures proposed by the reading are likely either to be unsuccessful or to cause unwanted environmental damage.First of all， a national fence probably won’t stop the spread of the toad.That’s because young toads and toad eggs are found in rivers and streams.No matter where the fence is located， at some point there will be rivers or streams flowing from one side to the other.These waterways will be able to carry the young toads and their eggs to the other side.Since it’s only necessary for a few young toads or eggs to get through the fence in order to establish population on the other side， the fence is unlikely to be effective.Secondly， a massive group of volunteers could have success trapping and destroying toads.But it’s likely that these untrained volunteers would inadvertently destroy many of Australia’s native frogs.Some of which are endangered.It’s not always easy to tell the cane toad apart from native frogs especially when it’s young.Third， using the virus is a bad idea because it could have terrible consequences for cane toads in their original habitat in Central and South America.You might be wondering how can a virus released in Australia cause harm in the America.Well，Australian reptiles and amphibians are often transported to other continents by researchers or pet collectors for eXample.Once the animals infected by the virus reach Central and South America， the virus will attack the native cane toads and devastate their populations.That would be and ecological disaster because in the America cane toads are a native species and a vital part of the ecosystem.So if they are eliminated，the whole ecosystem will suffer.托福综合写作top范文第三篇In the reading passage，the author raises that reading less literature has caused unfortunate effects on the reading public，the cultural general and literature the contrary，theprofessor strongly contradicts with it.To begin with，according to the reading passage，the author mainly talks about reading less literature cannot provide readers with intellectual contrast，the lecturer disagrees with it and she reasons that a book doesn’t have to be literature to be intellectually books，history and political analysis aren’t literature but they are often of high quality and some of those books are just as creative and well-written as novels and don’t assume that someone who isn’t reading literature isn’t reading a good book.To be followed，the reading passage indicates that the culture is in speaker holds the opposite opinion and she says that people are not just spending less time in literature and they are spending less time with books in are many culturally valuable material that isn’t written such as a brilliant song and good are not wasting their time when they listen to good songs and watch good non-literal activities will not lower the some of those creative forms can speak more directly to contemporary concerns than literature does.Lastly，the writer in the reading part says that it is the readers’fault to lead to the less support for comparison，the listening material presents a totally different opinionthat it is the authors’fault because today’s literature is intended to be difficult to don’t assume the earlier’s generations of readers would read a lot modern literature today.托福综合写作top范文第四篇The lecture and the reading discuss ( ).The lecturer puts forward 3 pioints and effectively contradicts the opinions of the reading.First of all， the reading says that ( ).In contrast， the lecture claims that ( ).By this way， the lecture contradicts the first opinion of the reading.Second， the reading claims that ( )， while according to the lecture， this is not the case.The lecturer says that ( ).By casting doubt on an important peice of evidence of the reading，the lecture contradicts the second claim of the reading.Finally， the reading states that ( )， while the lecture claims that ( ).Thus the lecture refutes the last claim of the reading.托福综合写作top范文第五篇The reading passage contends that…(详细的写)The listening material completely refutes the reading passage .It is pointed in the listening that ……(写出main idea 就行) First， the point， stated in the reading passage， isthat … In contrast， the listening passage holds the opposite opinion and believes that ……Second， the reading passage contends that …… But the speaker in the listening says that …Third， the author， in the reading passage， believes that ……However，the lecturer in the listening argues that ……。
toefl考试的用途
TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）考试是一种用于评估非英语母语人士英语语言能力的标准化考试。
TOEFL考试的主要用途包括：
1.留学申请：TOEFL成绩是许多国际大学和学术机构录取国际学生的重要标准。
申请本科、研究生或其他学术项目时，TOEFL成绩通常是入学要求之一。
2.移民申请：在某些国家，TOEFL成绩也可能是申请移民或工作签证时的一项要求。
这表明申请者具备足够的英语语言能力，以适应在英语环境中的学习和工作。
3.专业认证：一些专业机构和认证机构可能要求申请者提交TOEFL成绩，以证明其在英语方面的能力。
这在特定行业或专业领域可能是必要的。
4.奖学金申请：一些奖学金计划可能要求申请者提供TOEFL成绩，以确保获奖者能够在英语授课的学术环境中成功。
总体而言，TOEFL考试在帮助国际学生和专业人士展示其英语语言能力方面起着关键作用，促进了跨国界的学术和职业交流。
托福(TOEFL)考试详细介绍托福
托福(TOEFL)考试详细介绍托福————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2智课网TOEFL备考资料托福(TOEFL)考试详细介绍--托福考试介绍TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language，作为外语的英语考试——托福)是由美国教育考试服务处Educational Testing Service，ETS)举办的为申请去美国或加拿大等国家上大学或入研究生院学习的非英语国家学生提供的一种英语水平考试。
美国教育考试服务处由1965年开始承办此项考试的管理工作。
新托福2005年9月，美国教育考试服务中心ETS在全球推出了一种全新的综合英语测试方法，即能够反映在一流大专院校教学和校园生活中对语言实际需求的新托福考试，即TOEFLiBT(Internet Based Test)。
新托福由四部分组成，分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。
每部分满分30分，整个试题满分120分。
一、阅读(Reading)：有三篇文章与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。
每篇文章对应有11道试题，均为选择题。
除了最后一道试题之外，其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问，试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。
最后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。
新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，难度也有所增加。
这部分持续时间为1小时，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。
二、听力(Listening)：取消了短对话由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成，课堂演讲每篇长约5分钟。
由于是机考，考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。
在播放录音资料时，电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。
提分必看!ETS发布托福TPO听力难度对照表,请对号入座!
提分必看！ETS发布托福TPO听力难度对照表，请对号入座！在托福考试中，听力部分被大多数的考生认为是难以攻克的重难点，不知道如何突破。
备考中，常常会寄希望于TPO，什么是TOP?TPO，TOEFL Practice Online 的缩写，即托福在线考试练习，是ETS之前考过的真题，是所有考生备考的主要也是最靠谱的备考资料，没有之一！有很多考生面对TPO时不知道从何复习，这时候就需要对托福TPO听力整体难度进行把握，这样才能进行循序渐进提高。
ETS官方曾发布的托福tpo听力难度表，请大家对号入座有针对性的进行备考~托福tpo听力难度表(ETS官方发布)内容具体如下：1.第一阶段：基础段听力成绩：13-15分阶段目标：熟悉托福听力的题型和考试内容，摸索适合自己的学习方法。
推荐材料：TPO1-10 套，OG难度分析：年代最早的TPO材料，整体来说比较简单，但TPO8&9套的题目难度较大，如果做的结果不好，不需要沮丧。
2. 第二阶段，分题型、分场景、分学科背景专项训练强化段听力成绩：16-19分阶段目标：总结学科背景，体会不同题型的解题技巧。
推荐材料：TPO11-20套难度分析：大部分文章都属于普通难度，第11套比较简单，第12、15、16、19套中，各有一篇高难度的文章。
3. 第三阶段，套题模考强化段听力成绩：20-24阶段目标：适应听力部分的长度和考试强度，体会每一篇对话的话题转折处，以及讲座的段落层次考点。
推荐材料：TPO21-30难度分析：TPO21-23属于高难度套题，TPO25之后和现在考试难度相似。
4. 第四阶段，冲刺段听力成绩：25+阶段目标：巩固解题技巧，查缺补漏，调整心态。
推荐材料：TPO30-42难度分析：TPO30之后的题目，尤其是37-42套和现在的考试非常接近，是很好的模拟练习材料。
温馨提醒：备考原则：先易后难，反复练习，稳步提升同学们在使用托福TPO听力时一定要深入了解TPO每一套题的难度，在练习之前可以做到心中有数，进行有侧重的复习有助于大家更好高效的利用托福TPO听力试题。
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo75原文译文题目答案背景知识
托福阅读TOEFL三篇tpo75原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (35)背景知识 (36)阅读-3 (40)原文 (40)译文 (44)题目 (47)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Clutch Size in Birds①Each year the emperor penguin lays one egg,the pigeon lays one or two eggs,the gull typically lays three eggs,the Canada goose four to six eggs,and the American merganser ten or eleven eggs.What determines clutch size in birds?The ultimate factors that determine clutch size are the requirements for long-term(evolutionary)survival. Clutch size is viewed as an adaptation under the control of natural selection.②Natural selection will favor those birds that leave the most descendants to future generations.At first thought we might hypothesize that natural selection favors a clutch size that is the physiological maximum the bird can lay.We can test this hypothesis by taking eggs from nests as they are laid.When we do this,we find that some birds,such as the common pigeon,are determinate layers;they lay a given number of eggs,no matter what.The pigeon lays two eggs, if you take away the first,it will incubate the second egg only.If you add a third egg,it will incubate all three.But many other birds areindeterminate layers;they will continue to lay eggs until the nest is "full".If eggs are removed once they are laid,these birds will continue laying.When this subterfuge was used on a mallard female,she continued to lay one egg per day until she had laid100of them. Evidence from other,similar experiments suggests that most birds under normal circumstances do not lay their physiological limit of eggs but that ovulation is stopped long before this limit is reached.③The British ornithologist David Lack was one of the first ecologists to recognize the importance of evolutionary thinking in understanding adaptations in life history traits.In1947Lack put forward the idea that clutch size in birds was determined by the number of young that parents can provide with food.If his hypothesis is correct,the total production of young ought to be highest at the normal clutch size.And if one experimentally increased clutch size by adding eggs to nests, increased clutches should suffer greater losses because the parents could not feed the extra young in the nest.④One way to think about this problem of optimum clutch size is to usea simple economic approach.Everything an organism does has somecosts and some benefits.The benefits of laying more eggs are very clear--more descendants in the next generation.The costs are less clear.There is an energy cost to make each additional egg,and there is a further cost to feed each additional nestling.If the adult birds must work harder to feed their young,there is also a potential cost in adult survival-the adults may not live until the next breeding season.If adults are unable to work harder,there is a risk of reduction in offspring quality.Models of this type are useful because they help us think about the costs and benefits for a particular ecological strategy. No organism has an infinite amount of energy to spend on its activities. The reproductive rate of birds can be viewed as one sector of a bird's energy balance,and the needs of reproduction must be maximized within the constraints of other energy requirements.The total requirements involve metabolic maintenance,growth,energy used for predator avoidance,competitive interactions,and reproduction. According to Lack's hypothesis,if enough additional eggs are placed in a bird's nest,reproductive energy requirements escalate and the whole brood will suffer from starvation so that,in fact,fewer young birds will fledge from nests containing large numbers ofeggs.⑤In England,the blue tit normally lays a clutch of nine to eleven eggs.What would happen if blue tits had a brood of twelve or thirteen?A researcher artificially manipulated broods at hatching by adding or subtracting chicks and found that the survival of the young blue tits in manipulated broods was poor.Blue tits feed on insects and apparently cannot feed additional young adequately,so more of the young starve. Consequently,it would not benefit a blue tit in the evolutionary sense to lay more eggs and the results are consistent with Lack's hypothesis. Individual birds appear to produce the clutch size that maximizes their reproductive potential.译文鸟窝的大小①每年，皇帝企鹅会产下一枚蛋，鸽子会产下一颗或两颗蛋，海鸥通常会产下三颗蛋，加拿大鹅会产下四到六颗蛋，而美洲红颈潜鸭则会产下十到十一颗蛋。
2023年托福考试分数等级划分
2023年托福考试分数等级划分2023年托福考试分数等级划分1. 百分等级概念：在总样本中，在此样本值以下的样本数占总样本数的百分比。
例如：托福阅读28分的百分等级为84，那么在所有托福考生中，有84%的考生的阅读成绩低于28分。
2. 听说读写四科中，听力和阅读这两门以客观题形式考查的科目，各分值人数分布曲线走势相对平缓，在16-30分区间内，各分值人数所占百分比较为平均，在4%-6%不等。
阅读20分以上(含20分)人数占总人数的61%，听力20分以上(含20分)人数占总人数的58%。
3.口语、写作这两门以主观题形式考查的科目，人数分布曲线波动较大。
73%的考生的口语成绩落在17-24分区间内，成绩为22、23分的人数最多，各占13%。
所以23分是口语的一道坎，有80%考生的口语成绩卡在了24分以下，要突破口语23分的瓶颈，需要付出更多努力。
53%的考生的写作成绩集中在20-25分区间内，极值出现在21分，占总人数的13%。
所以25分是写作的瓶颈，高于25分的考生人数只占15%。
4.将主观题(口语、写作)与客观题(阅读、听力)进行比较，口语和写作拿低分的概率较小，口语在0-10分区间内的考生比例只有2%，写作为3%，所以只要敢于开口说、落笔写，就一定能取得10分以上的成绩。
而客观题拿低分的概率更高，阅读、听力成绩在0-10分区间内的考生比例分别为9%和10%，考生如果看不懂、听不懂，自然无法正确做对客观题，因此稳扎稳打、夯实基础是在客观题部分致胜的最佳策略。
而高分段的情况恰恰相反，口语、写作想要取得25分以上的高分明显更加困难，主观题取得高分(26-30分)的人数远远少于客观题高分人数。
托福考试流程步骤托福阅读：共三篇*，约42题，答题时间60分钟。
可以在阅读部分时间未结束之前复查、修改已提交的题目或跳过未作答的题目，可以使用铅笔、稿纸做笔记。
托福听力：分两个section，每个section有一段对话，两段讲座。
托福阅读：Top-down VS Bottom-up 究竟应该如何精读？
托福阅读：Top-down VS Bottom-up 究竟应该如何精读？相信不少托福阅读老师在课后，都会让学生采用精读的方式去提升阅读质量，以此巩固学生阅读基础，同时加深作业的记忆和吸收程度。
但往往学生对“精读”这个概念非常模糊，究竟怎么样才算是精读?是查出所有单词, 还是句句翻译，亦或者写解题思路?需不需要归纳段落大意?往往不同班型，不同基础的学生对于精读的理解也各不相同，这里就需要老师根据学生自身情况和文本难度，对学生有不同的精读要求。
为何需要分情况进行精读?长久以来，不少学生在阅读中形成了习惯性的的共同认识: 阅读需要从单词和词组开始，也就是所谓的“Bottom-up Model”——自下而上式的托福模式。
学生对于托福阅读文本采取decoding解码的过程，先查出段落中的所有单词，然后逐步上升到短语、分句的解码翻译，最后落实句子、段落和语篇的理解;学生不断地对输入的托福阅读文本进行信息处理和整合，整个过程结束，阅读也就结束，随后才进行题目分析。
Bottom-up Model虽然是一种从基础→繁复的自然理解过程，但也将阅读过程简单化，忽略了托福阅读过程中的语境因素: 我们会发现，不少学生似乎能够全段都翻译下来，但基本上还是以词汇和语法为中心，采用分析语法结构的方法，理解重心完全放在了语言因素(词汇，语法，语句分析等)，往往忽略了非语言因素的影响(句间逻辑，逻辑推理，作者目的，背景知识等)。
这种Bottom-up的阅读模式虽然在教学初期可以采用，但由于精读过程非常繁琐冗长，且会让学生产生“只见树木不见树林”的阅读观感，对于程度较好的学生并不适用。
为了解决“自下而上”的阅读模式所产生的问题，另一种阅读模式也就应运而生: Top-down的心理阅读模式。
这种模式要求学生在阅读的过程中，能够act as a positive participant, 根据自己已有的句法，语法和语义知识，对于段落文本形成 Scanning→Predicting→Testing→Confirming→Revising 的五段加工模式;简而言之，就是学生要能从段落整体框架入手，确立文本展开模式，随后将句子，分句，词组和单词按照语法规则往框架内部做填充，进行信息甄别处理。
2022年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案4新
2022年托福考试模拟训练试题及答案4【新东方】轻松直达90分！2022年托福（TOEFL）金牌课程火热开售中>>During the second half of the nineteenth century, the production of food and feed crops in the United States rose at an extraordinarily rapid rate. Corn production increased by four and a half times, hay by five times, oats and wheat by seven times. The most crucial factor behind this phenomenal upsurge in productivity was the widespread adoption of labor-saving machinery by northern farmers. By 1850 horse-drawn reaping machines that cut grain were being introduced into the major grain-growing regions of the country. Horse-powered threshing machines to separate the seeds from the plants were already in general use. However, it was the onset of the Civil War in 1861 that provided the great stimulus for the mechanization of northern agriculture. With much of the labor force inducted into the army and with grain prices on the rise, northern farmers rushed to avail themselves of the new labor-saving equipment. In 1860 there were approximately 80,000 reapers in the country; five years later there were 350,000.After the close of the war in 1865, machinery became ever more important in northern agriculture, and improved equipment was continually introduced. By 1880 a self-binding reaper had been perfected that not only cut the grain, but also gathered the stalks and bound them with twine. Threshing machines were also being improved and enlarged, and after 1870 they were increasingly powered by steam engines rather than by horses. Since steam-powered threshing machines were costly items — running from $ 1,000 to $4,000 — they were usually owned by custom thresher owners who then worked their way from farm to farm during the harvest season. "Combines" were also coming into use on the great wheat ranches in California and the Pacific Northwest. These ponderous machines — sometimes pulled by as many as 40 horses — reaped the grain, threshed it, and bagged it, all in one simultaneousoperation.The adoption of labor-saving machinery had a profound effect upon the sale of agricultural operations in the northern states — allowing farmers to increase vastly their crop acreage. By the end of century, a farmer employing the new machinery could plant and harvest two and half times as much corn as a farmer had using hand methods 50 years before.1. What aspect of farming in the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How labor-saving machinery increased crop Production(B) Why southern farms were not as successful as Successful as northern farms(C) Farming practices before the Civil War(D) The increase in the number of people farming2. The word "crucial至关重要的" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) obvious(B) unbelievable(C) important(D) desirable3. The phrase "avail利用themselves" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) take care(B) make use(C) get rid(D) do more4. According to the passage , why was the Civil War a stimulus for mechanization?(A) The army needed more grain in order to feed the soldiers.(B) Technology developed for the war could also the used by farmers.(C) It was hoped that harvesting more grain would lower the price of grain.(D) Machines were needed to replace a disappearing labor force.5. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutmachinery after the Civil War?(A) Many farmers preferred not to use the new machinery.(B) Returning laborers replaced the use of machinery.(C) The use of farm machinery continued to increase.(D) Poor-quality machinery slowed the pace of crop production.6. Combines and self-binding reapers were similar because each(A) could perform more than one function(B) required relatively little power to operate(C) was utilized mainly in California(D) required two people to operate7. The word "they" in line 19 refers to(A) grain stalks(B) threshing machines(C) steam engines(D) horses8. It can be inferred from the passage that most farmers did not own threshing machines because(A) farmers did not know how to use the new machines(B) farmers had no space to keep the machines(C) thresher owner had chance to buy the machines before farmers did(D) the machines were too expensive for every farmer to own9. The word "ponderous沉重的，笨重的" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) advanced(B) heavy(C) complex(D) rapidACBDC ABDB语法小试牛刀(1) 遗漏n1.+n2àn1+of+n2 两个名词不见面例题：46.(A number of) the Pacific Islands are volcanoes that have (pushed up from) the ocean floor; others are the (tops sunken) mountain (ranges).答案: C tops sunkenàtops of sunken53. Christopher Plummer is a Canadian (actor) (who) has starred (in stage), television, and film productions on both (sides the) Atlantic Ocean.答案: D sides theàsides of the(2) 多余eg: When she was (forty years of old), Mary Morris Vaux (became) the first woman (to climb) Mount Stephen (in British Columbia).答案: A forty years of oldàforty years old(3) 误用eg: a common use with goldà a common use of gold (with 有使用意义，与use重復)文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
TOEFL简介
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TOEFL考试技巧与策略
阅读理解技巧
快速阅读法
在有限时间内快速浏览文章，抓住主题和重 要信息，忽略无关细节。
定位关键息
针对问题，迅速定位到相关段落或句子，提 高答题效率。
理解复杂句子
学会分析长句、难句的结构，理解其深层含 义。
推理判断题
根据文中信息进行逻辑推理，而非主观臆断 。
听力理解技巧
TOEFL考试适用人群
总结词
TOEFL适用于所有母语非英语的人士，无论是在学术或职业领域，都需要证明 自己的英语能力。
详细描述
无论是高中生、大学生还是职场人士，只要希望证明自己的英语水平，都可以 参加TOEFL考试。该考试成绩被全球范围内的大学、研究生院和雇主广泛接受 和认可。
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TOEFL考试内容
TOEFL简介
汇报人： 2023-12-31
目录
• TOEFL考试简介 • TOEFL考试内容 • TOEFL考试成绩与等级 • TOEFL考试技巧与策略 • TOEFL考试备考建议 • TOEFL考试发展趋势与影响
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TOEFL考试简介
TOEFL考试定义
总结词
TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是由美国教育 考试服务中心（ETS）开发的，用于 评估母语非英语人士的英语能力水平 。
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TOEFL考试成绩与等级
TOEFL考试成绩
TOEFL考试成绩是衡量考生英语能力的标准，满分为120分，考试成绩根据考生的表现划分为不同的级 别。
考生的成绩报告单上会详细列出考生的各项得分，包括听力、阅读、写作和口语四项，以及总分数和对 应的级别。
考生可以根据自己的成绩报告单了解自己在各个方面的表现，从而有针对性地提高自己的英语能力。
托福评分标准
托福评分标准托福（TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage，简称TOEFL）是由美国教育测验服务处（ETS）主办的英语考试，目的是评估申请者在学习、工作和生活中使用英语的能力。
该考试极大地影响着申请者出国留学、就业和移民等，因此，认真对待TOEFL是非常重要的。
TOEFL有四个主要评分标准：听力、阅读、口语和写作。
其中，听力、阅读和口语都是基于一套标准的自动机器批改的，评分范围从0到30分，最高分为30分。
而写作则是由专家评分，评分范围从0到6分，其中0分表示未及格、1分是及格，2分代表乏力、3分代表表达正确，4分代表表达清晰，5分代表文章具有一定的强度，而6分表示达到非常好的水平。
一般来说，要获得比较高的TOEFL总分，听力、阅读和口语的得分都必须达到18分及以上，而写作的分数至少要5分以上，考生在听、说、读、写四项能力中都要有很强的表现，才能获得较高的TOEFL 成绩。
首先，考生要在听力上有一定的基础，掌握基本的听力技巧，有效地获取听到的信息，并正确地理解其核心内容。
另外，考生还要尽可能多地练习听力，尤其是常见的题型，这样才能更好地提高听力分数。
其次，考生要在阅读方面有一定的英文阅读能力，熟悉阅读文章的写作特点，将其中的重点内容准确抓取，并正确判断文章的内容和观点。
另外，建议考生读一些文章、报刊杂志，尽可能地提高英文阅读的水平，这样才能更好地提升TOEFL的阅读分数。
同时，考生也要充分准备考试的口语部分，掌握基本的口语表达技巧，扩充英语词汇量，这样才能有效地表达自己的观点。
另外，考生还要多练习口语，定期参加一些英语活动，尽可能多地去接触英语，这样才能更好地提高TOEFL的口语分数。
最后，考生要在写作上有一定的能力，学会发挥自己的思维、想象和表达能力，多思考完成短文，写出有思想的文章。
另外，建议考生多收集一些写作范文，慢慢积累，熟悉考试的格式和内容，这样才能更好地提升TOEFL的写作分数。
托福考试满分是多少 考托福多少分算高分
托福考试总分值是多少考托福多少分算高分托福考试总分是多少考托福多少分算高分托福总分多少托福TOEFL iBT考试是去以英语作为沟通语言的国家和地区留学或就业的英语水平考试，尤其适合去北美国家留学的同学，是美国高校招生官的首选。
美国、加拿大、德国和法国各高校所接收的托福成果多于全部其他英语考试的总和。
TOEFL iBT考试供应4项技能分数，分别为阅读、听力、口语以及写作，其中阅读0-30分、听力0-30分、口语0-30分、写作0-30分，总分为4项技能分数之和，为0-120分，即托福总分是120分。
托福35-45分：相当于雅思5、0，属于英语根底水平，根本把握英语，能进展日常沟通。
托福46-59分：相当于雅思5、5，可以通过申请国外高校语言班来到达主课要求。
托福60-78分：相当于雅思6、0，属于英语合格水平，能够较流利使用英语，可以申请国外高校预科。
托福79-93分：相当于雅思6、5，可以申请国外高校本科或商量生主课。
托福94-101分：相当于雅思7、0，属于英语良好水平，能有效运用英语，偶有错误，一般这个分段及以上，可以申请国外高校大局部专业本科或商量生。
整体来看，出国留学读预科通常要求托福总分59及以上，读本科和商量生通常要求托福总分93分及以上，局部专业、荣誉课程、商量型课程要求雅思总分101分及以上。
托福高分托福成果93分以上算好，一般出国留学读预科通常要求托福总分59及以上，读本科和商量生通常要求托福总分93分及以上，局部专业、荣誉课程、商量型课程要求雅思总分101分及以上。
因此托福成果到达93分及以上就能申请大局部学校的本科或商量生课程，算是比较好的分数。
托福TOEFL iBT考试是去以英语作为沟通语言的国家和地区留学或就业的英语水平考试，是由美国教育考试效劳中心〔ETS〕测评研发的一个学术英语语言测试，尤其适合去北美国家留学的同学，是美国高校招生官的首选。
美国、加拿大、德国和法国各高校所接收的托福成果多于全部其他英语考试的总和。
托福分数分类
托福分数分类
托福分数分类包括四个主要部分：听力、阅读、口语和写作。
每个部分的最高分为30分，总分最高为120分。
成绩通过以下五个得分等级进行分类：0-30分为初级，31-60分为中级，61-90分为高级，91-110分为优秀，111-120分为卓越。
在听力部分，初级得分为0-13分，中级得分为14-19分，高级得分为20-23分，优秀得分为24-26分，卓越得分为27-30分。
阅读部分也采用相同的分类方法。
在口语部分，初级得分为0-9分，中级得分为10-17分，高级得分为18-25分，优秀得分为26-28分，卓越得分为29-30分。
写作部分也采用相同的分类方法。
要注意的是，每个学校和每个项目都有不同的入学要求，因此不同的得分等级可能会对不同的学生产生不同的影响。
因此，学生在准备托福考试时应该了解他们所申请的学校和项目的具体入学要求。
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小托700成绩和ar对照
小托700成绩和ar对照摘要：I.引言- 介绍小托700成绩和AR对照的相关背景II.小托700成绩的含义- 解释小托700成绩的含义和作用- 分析小托700成绩的优点和局限性III.AR对照的意义- 阐述AR对照的概念和原理- 介绍AR对照在教育领域的应用和价值IV.小托700成绩与AR对照的关联- 分析小托700成绩与AR对照之间的关系- 解释如何使用小托700成绩和AR对照来评估学生的学习进度和成果V.结论- 总结小托700成绩和AR对照在教育中的重要性- 提出如何更好地利用这两种工具来提高教育质量的建议正文：【引言】在我国教育领域，小托700成绩和AR对照是两个经常被提及的概念。
它们在评估学生学习成果、监测教育质量等方面发挥着重要作用。
本文将对这两个概念进行详细解读，并探讨它们之间的关联。
【小托700成绩的含义】小托700成绩，全称为“小托福700分成绩”，是指学生在参加小托福考试后，所获得的700分以上的成绩。
小托福考试，即“青少年托福考试”（Test of English as a Foreign Language, Junior，简称TOEFL JUNIOR），主要针对11-15岁的青少年，旨在评估他们在学术和社交场合使用英语的能力。
小托700成绩意味着学生具备较高的英语水平，能够适应国际化的学习和生活环境。
然而，小托700成绩并非完美无缺。
它主要侧重于测试学生的语言能力，无法全面反映学生在其他学科的表现。
此外，小托700成绩仅作为一个单一的评估标准，很难对学生进行全面、多角度的评价。
【AR对照的意义】AR（Accelerated Reader）对照是一种阅读能力评估工具，它根据学生的阅读难度和阅读理解能力，为学生推荐适合的书籍。
AR对照通过让学生阅读一系列不同难度的书籍，帮助他们提高阅读能力，扩展知识面。
AR对照在教育领域的应用价值非常高。
它可以帮助教师了解学生的阅读水平，为每个学生量身定制阅读计划。
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TOP1 Why do people attend college/knowledge,friends,experience2 Do you think that parents are good teachers/yes.first teacher ,life time ,experience3 Easier preparing food changes people’s life? Yes,convince,everywhere,caused physical disease4Which is more important between knowledge in book and compare and contrast knowledge from experience /book /library ,will not easily get lost ,are more than the sum of true experience5 Do you support a factory build near your community or not? Describe the advantages and disadvantages /no ,pollution , more out coming population ,caused more collision between the estate merchant and the public6,If you have a chance to chang your hometown ,what will you change? /found a special economic zone7 How do movies and TV changes people’s life/ more convince ,a convert of knowledge ,more chronic disease8 disagree or not that TV spoiled the communication between families and friends disagree/ people have same topic like soap drama to talk about / families can watch a programme together/the real thing distract the relation ship is the internet9 Do you prefer to live in a small town or a big city big city/ more convince in transporting /easily to get entertainment/ better medication10 Do you think that people get success is just because of hard effort and it is nothing to do with success agree/ hard effort makes good preparation (Napoleon :the fate always give the chance to the prepared people) ,the hard effort give knowledge and experience, luck will not always help you11 Do you think that the universities should pay on sport activities as many as they spend on the library agree/ sport is important for health ,sport contribute student’s interest on outdoor activities，sports bring prominent to the school as well as academic achievement12 Why do you think people visit museums as they come to a new city /learn culture history custom, for private interest like buy cultural souvenirs ,for art enjoyment13 Do you prefer to eat at food stand and restaurants or eat at home home/ home has the food quality, home is cheaper , home can make the food on your on in a new style14 Do you think that university students should pick course on their on or not agree / the students have the rights to learn the thing they like, the society need specialized employee, some courses are useless15 What are the qualities of good neighbors/ kind , honest , like to help you16 Do you agree or not to build a restaurant in your neighborhood agree/ more convince, boost the near by other small retail industry,more option for party17 Do you like to study alone or with teachers alone /essential for good ,learn fast student/ better to operate the time/ learn what you want to learn18 What are the qualities of a boss /ambition , passion , kind honest hard working19 Should gov spend more money on transporting service or improve roads and railways transporting service/ to relief the environment, release the traffic jam,contribute to the poor people 20 Do you agree or not that it is better for a child to grow up in countryside instead of cities o/ cities have better educational service , the transporting service in cities is ... The medication,the social security...21 In general ,people are living longer discuss the reason why because the medication, the diet,the political improvement ,the entertainment22 What is the importance of a coworker / leadership , honest , caring the others , intelligence23 Would you like to have a job while you are a student yes/ give experience, money , more confident, career preparation24 A person is moving to SZ city ,what he likes or dislikes in SZ like : environment, entertainment , salary, scenery.dislike : high living cost, price of estate, the traffic, the number of the population25 Agree or not that a shopping center will be built in your neighborhood agree/ promote the price of estate, more convince, more entertainment ,more option26 Agree or not that a move theater (cinema) will be built in your neighborhood 同上27 Agree or not that people should do some thing that they are not take pleasure in doing it agree/ it gives you knowledge, valuable experience , reward, revenue, relation ship28 Agree or not that medias have pay too much attention on the famous people agree/ invasion the other’ s right, more attention to the good thing , more attention confine the development of culture, distress the people’s mind29 Agree which one ? Human make the Earth a better place to live or make it harm like hell agree, pollution, war, hunt , slash and burn , mining industry30 Agree or not that a high school will be built in you community agree / more opportunity to have school/ boom the price of estate31 Do you prefer to live in one place for whole life or live in many place for job, community ,climate ,house32 Is it better to spend your earned money or save it for the future save it/ tuition ,save for buying house, for possible medication33 You got a mount- od money as gift would you buy jewels or tickets about a concert tickets/ people should have it’s way to enjoy arts,entertainment, relax ,learn , improve self culture34 Do you agree or not that business should hire a employee for a whole life or not agree/ the society aging is crucial, more employment,the old can do less tired work, not so alone35 Agree or not that is better to have a live one than to watch on TV agree/ better aural ,optical feelings , better condition, communicate with the player or other real famous people36 Which one you would like to choose as a transporting facility cars bike airplane cars/ must learn to drive cars ,convince, more comfortable, self-operational , more useful37 Agree or not that progress is aways good disagree, more comfortable , more convenience, less damage(pollution ,waste), more entertainment, high efficient38 Agree or not that learning history is of no use disagree / acknowledging culture ,for comparing with contemporary age,for self- cultivation39 Agree or not that with the help of modern facilities the students can learn better agree / convenience , easier for comprehending , promote passion40 Agree or not that never give up means do not stop to purchase your dream agree/ dream is the thing of crisis to achieve , dream is a great motivator , dream will help you fine the right advancing direction, dreams is the only thing keep with you forever41 Agree or not that people should save more lands for endangered animal than build farmland housing and industry agree / it is important for human to protect / save for the variously ecosystem/for people to observe42 Choose one important skill for you to success intelligence/ know the direction to success, helpyou make plan , help deal with trouble,enable to learn other good quality ,43 Why do you think that people are more tend to do dangerous sports than to do dangerous activites/ for achievement, for entertainment, thought it is more funny to do that, make prominent, for exercise44 Do you prefer to travel with a companion or not agree, more fun, communication , not so boring , more safety, less average cost, better relation with he or she45 Do you prefer to get up early and start a day’s work or get up late and work until late at night get up late/ better rest , high efficient, more quiet, stimulate mind46 What is the important quality of a good daughter or son / do not get parents into trouble, study well , help parents to do what else, honest ,kind, hard working47 Do you prefer to work in a small company or a big company big / more salary , better facilities, more welfare , less risk48 What are the other reason people make money except want to live/ entertainment, relax, things they want to purchase, for the poor ,for improve the self-cultivation49 Agree or not that face to face communication is better than the other kinds of ways to communicate/agree , more feelings , more convenience , less misconception,enable to show something in real50 Do you prefer to do only the thing that you did well or attempt new things with risk and changes / no, attempt is a good way to be skillful , life need more skills , learning is useful , learning is important for daily life , less cost to hire a fix man51 Do you agree that success comes with risks and changes or success from careful plan , careful plan, success comes with well-preparing, plan can be less risks, more possible to success, better to be operated52 What will make your hometown more appealing to people /to become a special economic zone/ absorb more foreign investment , more convenience, more shopping center,boost tourism53 Agree or not that the most important aspect of a person’s job is money no/ is the opportunity , more skill ,exp , show up yourself54 Agree or not that a person should never judge another by it’s appearance agree, skill , heart , wealth55 Agree or not that a person should make important decision on it on agree/ improve the decision skill, learn to be independent, more exactly for your own condition,others cannot make it for you in the life time56 A company will give some money to either arts or protest the environment which one to choose environment/ economic dependent on it, more beautiful place to live , bad environment cannot produce high quality arts57 Which one do you prefer : serious ,designed to make audience thinking or just for pure entertainment , serious one/ acknowledge knowledge, improve self culture, attract more well-educated audience to watch ,contribute to the society58 Agree or not that the businessman should do anything to make money/disagree, break laws, harm public health , kill the moral basis of the society , depress the economic59 Do you prefer to live a fast rhythm ora slower one? Fast, save time, more break time , more self-designing time , utilize the time60 Agree or not that games are as important for adults as children agree/ relax ,comfortable , less pression , promote high efficient, make to learn the children’s space61 Agree or not that parents and relatives should make important decisions for their’s older children(15-18)yes/. They may not know how to make one62 Which one is the most important quality for you of your friend(intelligence\ sense of humor \reliable)63 Agree or not that most of your experience is useless in real life no / mistake( no again),communicate with the others,save the time of doing in the next time64 Do you prefer to work for yourself and a business or work for a employer on my own / more opportunity ,text self-operational skills, easily get fame,absorb the political coupon from the national government65 Agree or not that a city should reserve it’s old ,historical building or just cash and build modern building .agree/ tourism ,archaeology,sign of art,land mark, culture66 Agree or not that classmates are more essential that a student’s parents for it’s success at school agree, close to the teenagers in mental or in relation, help in academic ability , cooperation, same age67Agree or not that homework is important for children agree/ retrospect,patch the hole of knowledge, further knowledge68 Do you want to study a opportunity that you haven’t study before agree/ improve sight, interesting ,exp, certificate,skill is useful in the other late dates,get friends69 Do you think that auto mobile improved modern life or caused serious problem caused serious problem, contamination.push hours,less exercise, harm public or waste it70 Which one do you prefer : high paying job but less time with families and friend or contradict one . High paying job / to improve the family’s financial condition ., more opportunity, progressive ,later have time as being a senior employer71 Agree or not that grades encourage students a lot /best access to show the students’ academic ability,parents are happy too, as a prominent in the class72 Which one to agree? PC makes life more easier and more convenient or make life more complex and stressful easier/ widely used, help save the time ,boost the economic , for entertainment, for relax73 Agree or not travel is better to go with a tour guide agree,disagree/cheat money , less freedom , not considering the tourists’ wish74 Which one to agree : university students should take more course or just specialized in one course / more, self - cultivation , necessary language course, more fun , make more friends, more opportunity75 Agree or not that a student should start to learn a foreign language as they start to have school agree, more opportunity , self- cultivation, mor friends, less pressure as grow up in working76 Agree or not that boys and girls should take separate school disagree/ have sexual internal, bad for teenagers’love,harm for the normal relation ship, caused homosexual, bad for mental , physical health77 Agree or not that that it is important for a person to work with a team agree, high efficient, less pressure, good for interpersonal skills, good for knowledge exchange, good for overcome lure78 Which one to choose : the city is going to build a monument or a statue . Monument.contains more information, for tourism, better for memorizing.79 Describe that which custom in your country that foreigner would choose . Hong Kong , less smuggle, more convenience for foreigner, international , close to flourishing cities , less corruption80 Agree or not that technology has made the world a better place to live agree, more convenience, more efficient, more healthy, more entertainment, better education81 Which one to agree ；internet provides useful information others think internet gives a lot of information. Agree, academic information, news, private massage, more entertainment of videos and musics82 A foreign visitor is going to visit your country ,where do you suggest he or she goes Hong Kong / food , shopping history culture83 If you can go back to the past in a time or a place .When and where will you go back . The world war II / to talk with the united countries how to defeat to triangular countries, and talk with the greatest scientists, performers, prevent the communist parties from being grown84 discover in the last 100 years the most beneficial person in your country , the President Jiang / defeat Japan intruders,fight against communist part , lead the old China to the one of the greatest country in the four of the United National country85 Agree or not that telephone and email has made the communication less personal disagree , the email and phone can be passed by input pass code, the can be protected by security software,no body can open the email or phone like opening a papery mail86 If you have a chance to go to the past and meet a famous person ,who will you meet Einstein, nuclear physics, violin scientist , how to be such clever87 If you can meet a famous athlete or a famous entertainer ,who will you meet Mendelson, talk about violin pieces, talk about how to be a composer, how to be romantic88 If you could ask a famous person a question ,what will you ask how can a person learn all the knowledge in a life time89 Do you prefer to live in a not changed weather for all year lone or live in a changed several times all year lone weather living in a changeable weather, more fun in feeling the chance, more contract , better for health , wear different cloth90 What are the important qualities of your roommate kind honest ,easy going ,helpful91 Agree or not that paid an important role in culture agree/ culture is the basis of a country , promote country quality , better for tourism , for the heritage of nation92 Which one do you agree : the gov should pay more money to explore the space or more money to serve the basic need on the earth . Explore/ science,better for the construction of the basis, for the progress of the society93 What is the best for you to release stress ? Like ( read do exercise gardening）read/ relax by the beautiful essay, the comedy make fun , the philology makes life delight94 Agree or not that the salary of tutor depends on how much the student learn disagree, some students are self-denying because of given up , sometimes the teacher have their’s own effort95 If you are asked to sent a one thing to the international exhibitions as the thing stands for you country china, embellish / Chinese pattern , manufactured , cultural sign for thousand years96 Which one to choose ？Assigned roommate or a self—choice roommate assigned, more chance to make new friend, try to learn more patterns of people , more interesting97 Which do you agree that the gov should spend more money on PC technology or basic needs basis needs the PC is developing fastly, it needs no more increasing budget,basis is breaking , basis is weak , population is growing98 Which one do you prefer: work by hand or work by machines hand /more valuable, more endurable ,natural ,99 Agree or not that the school should ask their students to evaluate it’s teachers agree/ assessment , improve the teaching quality , for patching bugs100 What is the most important characteristic for a person to success?(honest,intelligence,a sense of humor)。