Study of the Chemical Flooding Effect in Gao-63 Reservoir
化学驱采出液破乳剂SWT-06的
广 东 化 工 2012年 第16期· 58 · 第39卷 总第240期化学驱采出液破乳剂SWT-06的研究孙玉鹏，覃小焕(陕西省石油化工研究设计院，陕西 西安 710054)[摘 要]文章针对郝家坪联合站化学驱采出液破乳脱水过程中存在的脱水速度慢、乳化层厚、脱出水含油高等问题，研制了由两种聚醚复配而成的SWT-06破乳剂，经室内和现场试验，与现用破乳剂相比，SWT-06破乳剂具有脱水效率高、使乳化层变薄及脱出水清的特点，解决了该联合站原油破乳脱水过程中存在的问题。
[关键词]化学驱；采出液；破乳剂[中图分类号]TE357 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1007-1865(2012)16-0058-02Study of Chemical Flooding Liquid Demulsifier of SWT-06Sun Yupeng, Qin Xiaohuan(Shaanxi Research Design Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Xi'an 710054, China)Abstract: Drawbacks such as slow dehydration speed, thick emulsion layer, and high oil content in water of dehydration occur to the demulsification dehydration process of the liquid extracted by chemical flooding method in Haojiaping Combination Station. A new demulsifier SWT-06 compositing of two polyethers was synthesized and applied in this process. In comparison with the current demulsifier, the proposed demulsifier affords faster dehydration speed, thinner emulsion layer and cleaner water of dehydration, and which solves the existing problem well.Keywords: chemical flooding ；produced fluid ；demulsifier作为增加油田可采储量和延长油田开发期的有效措施，化学驱技术已展示出其广阔应用前景，在显著增加原油产量和提高原油采收率的同时，化学驱替液中的驱油化学剂和其与油藏矿物及油藏水的作用产物，也给油田地面设施带来采出液油水分离和采出水处理困难的问题，能否经济有效地克服实施化学驱给地面采出液处理造成的困难，已成为制约化学驱技术推广应用的一个技术瓶颈。
英语作文-水生态环境保护与修复技术研究
英语作文-水生态环境保护与修复技术研究The preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems are paramount in ensuring the sustainability of our environment. With the increasing threats posed by pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change, it is imperative that we focus our efforts on researching and implementing effective techniques for the protection and rehabilitation of aquatic habitats. This essay explores various technologies and strategies employed in the study of water ecology and ecosystem restoration.One of the most pressing issues affecting aquatic ecosystems is water pollution. Chemical pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources contaminate water bodies, endangering the health of aquatic organisms and disrupting entire ecosystems. To address this challenge, researchers have developed advanced water treatment technologies aimed at removing contaminants and restoring water quality.Among these technologies, bioremediation stands out as a promising approach for mitigating water pollution. Bioremediation harnesses the natural abilities of microorganisms to degrade pollutants and cleanse contaminated environments. By introducing specific microbial strains or enhancing existing microbial communities, bioremediation can effectively break down pollutants such as oil spills, heavy metals, and organic compounds, restoring the ecological balance of aquatic systems.In addition to bioremediation, the implementation of constructed wetlands has emerged as a sustainable solution for water treatment and habitat restoration. Constructed wetlands mimic the natural filtration processes of wetland ecosystems, utilizing plants, soil, and microorganisms to remove pollutants and improve water quality. These engineered ecosystems not only provide habitat for diverse plant and animal species but also serve as effective buffers against flooding and erosion, enhancing the resilience of aquatic ecosystems to environmental disturbances.Furthermore, advances in monitoring and modeling technologies have revolutionized our understanding of aquatic ecosystems and their response to environmental changes. Remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and mathematical modelingtechniques enable scientists to analyze complex ecological data, identify patterns, and predict future trends in water quality and ecosystem dynamics. By integrating field observations with computational analyses, researchers can develop evidence-based management strategies for the conservation and restoration of aquatic habitats.Moreover, community-based approaches play a crucial role in promoting public participation and stewardship in water conservation efforts. Citizen science initiatives empower individuals and local communities to contribute valuable data on water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem health, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility for the protection of aquatic environments. Through education, outreach, and collaborative partnerships, stakeholders can work together to address the root causes of water pollution and advocate for sustainable water management practices.In conclusion, the preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems require a multidisciplinary approach that combines scientific research, technological innovation, and community engagement. By investing in the development and implementation of effective water management strategies, we can safeguard the health and integrity of our water resources for future generations. Together, we can strive towards a more sustainable and resilient aquatic environment for all living beings.。
山东省青岛市中考英语真题及答案
山东省青岛市中考英语真题及答案(考试时间：100分钟；满分：90分)说明：1. 本试卷分为第I卷和第II卷两部分,共六大题。
第I卷包含单项选择、完形填空和阅读理解,共40小题；第II卷包含词汇运用A、B,阅读表达A、B和书面表达。
2. 所有题目均在【点答题卡】上作答,在试题上作答无效。
第I卷I. 单项选择从每小题所给的四个选项中选出最佳选项。
1.What ________________ unusual school trip we had! I will never forget it.A. aB. anC. theD. /2.You'd better not hang out after school ________________ telling your parents. They may worry about you.A. byB. withC. withoutD. after3.Li Lei didn't play computer games last weekend. ________________, he worked asa volunteer in an old people's home.A. InsteadB. CertainlyC. ThoughD. Gradually4.Please remember to ________________ the electricity and water before you leave the laboratory.A. take offB. shut offC. go offD. putoff5.—Is this hat ________________?—No, the red one is ________________.A. Lucy's; herB. Lucy; herC. Lucy's; hersD. Lucy; hers6.Teachers expect all their students ________________ progress day by day.A. to makeB. makeC. to takeD. take7.In Chinese families, people won't start dinner ________________ the elders take their seats.A. afterB. whenC. becauseD. until8.My People, My Country is ________________ movie I've ever seen.A. more educationalB. the most educationalC. educationalD. less educational9.—Allen, shall we go to the bookstore this afternoon?— I'm sorry, David, but I ________________ meet my cousin at the train station.A. have toB. canC. mayD. could10.— Lily, could you tell me ________________?—About ten minutes.A. how far is it from your home to schoolB. how far it is from your home to schoolC. how long does it take you to walk to schoolD. how long it takes you to walk to schoolII. 完形填空阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
自然化学英语作文
自然化学英语作文【中英文版】Natural Chemistry Essayature is a magnificent chemist, continuously conducting reactions and synthesizing compounds that contribute to the balance and sustainability of our planet.From the photosynthesis in plants to the intricate metabolic pathways in living organisms, chemistry plays a pivotal role in shaping the natural world.大自然是一位卓越的化学家，不断地进行着各种反应，合成着维持地球平衡与可持续发展的化合物。
从植物的的光合作用到生物体内复杂的代谢途径，化学在塑造自然世界中起着至关重要的作用。
The beauty of natural chemistry lies in its diversity and complexity.Take the example of water, a compound so essential to life that it shapes the very landscape of our planet.Through a delicate dance of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, water exists in various forms, such as liquid, solid, and gas, each with unique properties that support life.自然化学的美在于其多样性和复杂性。
以水为例，这个对生命至关重要的化合物塑造了地球的地貌。
POLYMER FLOODING
POLYMER FLOODINGChemical flooding relies on the addition of one or more chemical compounds to an injected fluid either to reduce the interfacial tension between the reservoir oil and the injected fluid or to improve the sweep efficiency of the injected fluid. There are three general methods in chemical flooding technology. The first is polymer flooding, in which a large macromolecule is used to increase the displacing fluid viscosity. This leads to improved sweep efficiency in the reservoir. The second and third methods, micellar– polymer and alkaline flooding, make use of chemicals that reduce the interfacial tension between an oil and a displacing fluid.Polymer processThe addition of large-molecular-weight molecules called polymers to an injected water can often increase the effectiveness of a conventional waterflood. Polymers are usually added to the water in concentrations ranging from 250 to 2000 parts per million (ppm).A polymer solution is more viscous than a brine without polymer. In a flooding application, the increased viscosity will alter the mobility ratio between the injected fluid and the reservoir oil. The improved mobility ratio will lead to better vertical and areal sweep efficiencies and thus higher oil recoveries. Polymers have also been used to alter gross permeability variations in some reservoirs. In this application, polymers form a gel-like material by cross-linking with other chemical species.The polymer gel sets up in large permeability streaks and diverts the flow of any injected fluid to a different location. Two general types of polymers have been used. These are synthetically produced polyacrylamides and biologically produced polysaccharides. Polyacrylamides are long molecules with a small effective diameter. Thus, they are susceptible to mechanical shear. High rates of flow through valves will sometimes break the polymer into smaller entities and reduce the viscosity of the solution. A reduction in viscosity can also occur as the polymer solution tries to squeeze through the pore openings on the sand face of the injection well.A carefully designed injection scheme is necessary. Polyacrylamides are also sensitive to salt. Large salt concentrations (i.e., greater than 1–2 wt %) tend to make the polymer molecules curl up and lose their viscosity-building effect. Polysaccharides are less susceptible to both mechanical shear and salt. Since they are produced biologically, care must be taken to prevent biological degradation in the reservoir. As a rule, polysaccharides are more expensive than polyacrylamides. Polymer flooding has not been successful in high temperature reservoirs. Neither polymer type has exhibited sufficiently long-term stability above 160◦F in moderate-salinity or heavy-salinity brines. Polymer flooding has the best application in moderately heterogeneous reservoirs and reservoirs containing oils with viscosities less than 100 centipoise (cP).In the United States, there has been a significant increase in the number of active polymer projects since 1978. The projects involve reservoirs having widely differing properties, that is, permeabilities ranging from 20 to 2000 millidarcies (mD), in situ oil viscosities of up to 100 cP, and reservoir temperatures of up to 200◦F. Since the use of polymers does not affect the microscopic displacement efficiency, the improvement in oil recovery will be due to an improved sweep efficiency over what is obtained during a conventional waterflood. Typical oil recoveries from polymer flooding applications are in the range of 1–5% of the initial oil in place. It has been found that operators are more likely to have a successful polymer flood if they start the process early in the producing life of the reservoir.The micellar–polymer process uses a surfactant to lower the interfacial tension between the injected fluid and the reservoir oil. A surfactant is a surface-active agent that contains a hydrophobic (“dislikes” water) part to the molecule and a hydrophilic (“likes” water) part. The surfactant migrates to the interface between the oil and water phases and helps make the two phases more miscible. Interfacial tensions can be reduced from∼30 dyn/cm, found in typical waterflooding applications, to 10−4 dyn/cm with the addition of as little as 0.1–5.0 wt % surfactant to water– oil systems. Soaps and detergents used in the cleaning industry are surfactants.The same principles involved in washing soiled linen or greasy hands are used in “washing” residual oil off rock formations. As the interfacial tension between an oil phase and a water phase is reduced, the capacity of the aqueous phase to displace the trapped oil phase from the pores of the rock matrix increases. The reduction of interfacial tension results in a shifting of the relative permeability curves such that the oil will flow more readily at lower oil saturations. When surfactants are mixed above a critical saturation in a water–oil system, the result is a stable mixture called a micellar solution.The micellar-polymer processThe micellar solution is made up of structures called micro emulsions, which are homogeneous, transparent, and stable to phase separation. They can exist in several shapes, which depend on the concentrations of surfactant, oil, water, and other constituents. Spherical micro emulsions have typical size ranges from 10−6 to 10−4 mm. A microemulsion consists of external and internal phases sandwiched around one or more layers of surfactant molecules. The external phase can be either aqueous or hydrocarbon in nature, as can the internal phase.Solutions of microemulsions are known by several other names in the petroleum literature. These include surfactant solutions and soluble oils.A certain volume of the micellar or surfactant solution fluid A is injected into the reservoir. The surfactant solution is then followed by a polymer solution, fluid B, to provide a mobility buffer between the surfactant solution and a drive water, which is used to push the entire system through the reservoir. The polymer solution is designed to prevent viscous fingering of the drive water through the surfactant solution as it starts to build up an oil bank ahead of it. As the surfactant solution moves through the reservoir, surfactant molecules are retained on the rock surface due to the process of adsorption. Often a preflush is injected ahead of the surfactant to precondition the reservoir and reduce the loss of surfactants to adsorption. This preflush contains sacrificial agents such as sodium tripolyphosphate. There are, in general, two types of micellar–polymer processes. The first uses a low-concentration surfactant solution (<2.5 wt%) but a large injected volume (up to 50% pore volume). The second involves a high-concentration surfactant solution (5–12 wt %) and a small injected volume (5–15% pore volume). Either type of process has the potential of achieving low interfacial tensions with a wide variety of brine–crude oil systems. Both have been used in pilot field trials with moderate technical success. Whether the low-concentration or the high-concentration system is selected, the system is made up of several components.The multicomponent facet leads to an optimization problem, since many different combinations could be chosen. Because of this, a detailed laboratory screening procedure is usually undertaken. The screening procedure typically involves three types of tests: (1) phase behavior studies, (2) interfacialtension studies, and (3) oil displacement studies. Phase behavior studies are typically conducted in small (up to 100 mL) vials in order to determine what type, if any, of microemulsion is formed with a given micellar– crude oil system. The salinity of the micellar solution is usually varied around the salt concentration of the field brine where the process will be applied. Besides the microemulsion type, other factors examined could be oil uptake into the microemulsion, ease with which the oil and aqueous phases mix, viscosity of the microemulsion, and phase stability of the microemulsion.Interfacial tension studies are conducted with various concentrations of micellar solution components to determine optimal concentration ranges. Measurements are usually made with the spinning drop, pendent drop, or sessile drop techniques. The oil displacement studies are the final step in the screening procedure. They are usually conducted in two or more types of porous media. Often initial screening experiments are conducted in unconsolidated sand packs and then in Berea sandstone. The last step in the sequence is to conduct the oil displacement experiments in actual cored samples of reservoir rock. Frequently, actual core samples are placed end to end in order to obtain a core of reasonable length since the individual core samples are typically only 5–7 in. long.If the oil recoveries from the oil displacement tests warrant further study of the process, the next step is usually a small field pilot study involving anywhere from 1 to 10 acres. The micellar–polymer process has been applied in several pilot projects and one large field-scale project. The results have not been very encouraging. The process has demonstrated that it can be a technical success, but the economics of the process has been either marginal or poor in nearly every application.。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
对于化学耕作好不好的看法英语作文
对于化学耕作好不好的看法英语作文## English Answer:Chemical farming, a widely practiced method of agriculture, relies heavily on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to increase crop yields and protect plants from pests and diseases. While it hasbrought about significant benefits in terms of food production, concerns have been raised regarding itspotential negative impacts on human health, the environment, and the sustainability of agriculture.Human Health:Chemical farming has been linked to a range of health issues, including cancer, respiratory problems,reproductive disorders, and developmental delays. Exposureto pesticides and herbicides can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, leading to acute or chronic health effects. Studies have shown that certain pesticideshave been classified as probable carcinogens by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), increasing the risk of specific types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia.Environmental Impact:The widespread use of chemical fertilizers has contributed to nutrient enrichment of water bodies, leading to eutrophication and the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers can enter waterways through runoff, causing disruptions in aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, pesticides and herbicides can harm non-target organisms, such as beneficial insects, birds, and fish, altering the balance of ecosystems. The accumulation of these chemicals in the soil can also affect soil quality and fertility in the long term.Sustainability:Chemical farming practices can lead to a decrease in soil health and biodiversity. The excessive use ofsynthetic fertilizers can deplete natural soil nutrients and disrupt the delicate microbial balance. Overreliance on herbicides can create herbicide-resistant weeds, requiring higher doses of chemicals to achieve effective control. Furthermore, the reliance on non-renewable resources for the production of chemical inputs raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of this approach to agriculture.Alternative Approaches:In light of the concerns associated with chemical farming, there has been a growing interest in alternative approaches to agriculture that prioritize environmental and health sustainability. Organic farming, for example, prohibits the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, relying on natural inputs and methods to maintain soil fertility and pest management. Sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and integrated pest management, aim to minimize chemical inputs while maintaining crop productivity and environmental stewardship.Conclusion:While chemical farming has contributed to increasedfood production, its long-term sustainability and potential health and environmental risks warrant careful consideration. By embracing alternative approaches that prioritize ecological balance and human well-being, we can strive to develop a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system for the future.## 中文回答：化学耕作的看法。
化学耕作正反面观点英语作文
化学耕作正反面观点英语作文Chemical farming, also known as chemical agriculture or conventional farming, is a widely debated topic with both positive and negative viewpoints. In this article, we will explore the different perspectives surrounding chemical farming and its impact on the environment, human health, and food production.On the positive side, chemical farming has significantly increased crop yields, allowing farmers to produce more food to meet the growing global demand. The use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides has enabled farmers to control pests and weeds, resulting in higher productivity and improved profitability. Moreover, chemical farming has played a crucial role in reducing food shortages and malnutrition in many parts of the world.Additionally, chemical farming has contributed to the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which have the potential to address food security challenges. GMOs are engineered to resist pests, diseases, and environmental stresses, making them more resilient and adaptable. This technology has the potential to increase crop yields, enhance nutritional value, and reduce the need for chemical inputs.However, chemical farming also has its drawbacks. One of the major concerns is the environmental impact. The excessive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can lead to water pollution, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity. These chemicals can seep into groundwater, rivers, and lakes, harming aquatic ecosystems and threatening the health of humans and wildlife. Additionally, the overuse of pesticides can lead to the development of pesticide-resistant insects and weeds, creating a vicious cycle of increased chemical usage.Furthermore, chemical farming practices often result in the depletion of soil nutrients and the loss of soil fertility over time. The heavy reliance on synthetic fertilizers can disrupt the natural nutrient cycle, leading to imbalances in soil pH and nutrient levels. This can ultimately affect the quality and nutritional value of crops, posing risks to human health.In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the negative impacts of chemical farming, leading to the rise of alternative agricultural practices such as organic farming and sustainable agriculture. These practices focus on minimizing the use of synthetic inputs and promoting ecological balance. Organic farming, for instance, relies on natural fertilizers, crop rotation, and biological pest control methods to maintain soil health and protect the environment.In conclusion, chemical farming has both positive and negative aspects. While it has contributed to increased food production and addressed food security challenges, it has also caused environmental degradation, soil depletion, and potential risks to human health. As we move forward, it is crucial to find a balance between agricultural productivity and sustainability. Embracing alternative farming practices and adopting more environmentally friendly approaches can help mitigate the negative impacts of chemical farming and ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for agriculture.。
The Role of Water in Chemical Reactions
The Role of Water in ChemicalReactions在我们的生活中，水是不可或缺的重要物质。
我们需要水来饮用、洗涤、浇灌、烹饪等等。
除了这些基本用途之外，水还在化学反应中扮演着无比重要的角色。
本文将探讨水在化学反应中的作用，以及这些作用是如何发挥作用的。
化学反应是由原子间和化合物间的相互作用引起的。
在化学反应中，物质的能量状态发生变化，产生新的物质。
然而，许多化学反应需要外部能量的输入才能开始，这也是为什么我们需要点燃一根火柴来引发燃烧反应的原因。
幸运的是，水可以作为一个重要的催化剂，来加速化学反应的速度。
在化学反应中，水通常作为溶剂存在。
溶剂的作用是将化学物质混合在一起，并形成反应发生的环境。
水溶液中的离子（如钠离子、氯离子等）可以更容易地相互结合形成新的化合物。
这些化合物可能会溶解在水中，或者在其表面上形成薄的沉淀层。
水也可以通过吸收或放出热量来影响化学反应的速率。
在某些反应中，水作为热媒介，可以从反应中吸收热量，使反应速率加快。
例如，在氢氧化钠（NaOH）和硫酸（H2SO4）反应中，反应物释放出大量热量。
如果将反应物溶解在水中，水可以吸收反应产生的热量，从而使反应速率更快。
此外，水还在化学反应中扮演着重要的酸碱催化剂的角色。
酸是指能够释放出氢离子（H+）的化合物，而碱是指能够接受氢离子（H+）的化合物。
当物质在水中溶解时，其酸碱性质往往发生变化。
一些反应需要酸或碱催化剂才能发生。
例如，在酸催化下，乙醇（C2H5OH）和乙酸（CH3COOH）可以发生酯交换反应。
在碱催化下，乙醇和苯甲酸（C6H5COOH）可以发生酯交换反应。
总之，水在化学反应中发挥了多种多样的作用。
作为溶剂，它有助于化学物质混合在一起，并形成反应发生的环境。
作为热媒介，它可以从反应中吸收或释放热量，并影响化学反应的速率。
最重要的是，作为酸碱催化剂，它可以加速很多化学反应的发生。
因此，水在化学反应中发挥着非常重要的作用，使得化学反应可以更快、更稳定地发生。
化学学习重要性英语作文
化学学习重要性英语作文Chemistry is a fundamental science that plays a crucial rolein our daily lives, yet its importance is often underestimated. The study of chemistry is not just about memorizing the periodic table or balancing chemical equations; it is about understanding the very fabric of the universe and the interactions that govern the world around us. Here's why learning chemistry is essential:1. Understanding the World: Chemistry helps us comprehend the world at a molecular level. It explains the processes that occur in nature, such as photosynthesis in plants or the respiration process in animals.2. Innovation and Technology: Many of the technological advancements we enjoy today are a result of chemical research. From the development of new materials to the creation oflife-saving pharmaceuticals, chemistry is at the forefront of innovation.3. Environmental Awareness: Learning chemistry is key to understanding environmental issues such as pollution, climate change, and sustainable energy. It equips us with the knowledge to develop solutions to these global challenges.4. Health and Medicine: A basic understanding of chemistry is vital for anyone pursuing a career in healthcare. It is the foundation for understanding how different drugs interactwith the body and how they can be used to treat various diseases.5. Economic Impact: The chemical industry is a significant contributor to the global economy. It is involved in the production of a wide range of products, from plastics and fertilizers to cosmetics and detergents.6. Food and Nutrition: Chemistry is integral to the study of food science, where it helps in understanding the chemical processes that occur during cooking and how different nutrients interact with the body.7. Safety: Knowledge of chemistry is essential for safety in various contexts, from the workplace to the home. It helps us understand chemical hazards and how to handle substances safely.8. Educational Foundation: Chemistry provides a foundationfor further studies in related fields such as biology, physics, and materials science. It is a subject that builds critical thinking and problem-solving skills.9. Global Challenges: Addressing global challenges such as disease, hunger, and energy scarcity requires a deep understanding of chemical processes. Chemists play a vital role in finding sustainable solutions to these issues.10. Curiosity and Wonder: Lastly, chemistry fosters a sense of curiosity and wonder about the natural world. It satisfies the human desire to explore and understand the universe atits most fundamental level.In conclusion, chemistry is not just an academic subject; it is a discipline that intertwines with every aspect of our existence. It is the science that allows us to question, discover, and innovate, making it an indispensable part of education and a key to a better future.。
The Study of the Chemical Properties of Surfaces
The Study of the Chemical Propertiesof Surfaces在化学领域中，表面性质是一个至关重要的主题。
表面性质决定了物质如何与周围环境互动，以及物质如何吸附其他分子或粒子。
表面化学的研究旨在了解物质的表面吸附和反应的方式，以及如何控制它们的吸附和反应。
本文将讨论表面化学的一些方面，并且探讨它们的应用。
表面化学的重要性表面化学的重要性不仅在于它的本质和基础性，而且在于它对许多行业的影响。
例如，在材料科学和工程领域中，粗糙表面的细节对于吸附和反应都有重要影响。
生物医学领域中，纳米表面的化学性质也是至关重要的，可以用于制作医疗设备和药物递送系统。
食品工业中的包装和保存方式也是表面化学的重要应用范围之一。
总之，表面化学的研究对于推动现代科学和技术的进步有着至关重要的作用。
表面化学的研究方法研究表面化学的方法是多种多样的。
其中最常用的方法是表面积和吸附实验。
表面积可以通过不同的方式测量，包括气体吸附和液体吸附。
气体吸附测量方法主要用于测量粉末，多孔和固体材料的表面积。
具体方法是用各种气体溶剂浸泡样品，然后对溶剂等体积的吸附量进行逐一测定。
根据吸附量和体积，可以计算出样品的表面积。
液体吸附测量方法可以用来测量液体分子与表面的相互作用。
通常使用的液体是纯化的水和一些有机溶剂。
这些测量是通过监测吸附量来实现的，吸附量是通过在热平衡下将溶液接触至样品，然后根据溶液中的溶质浓度测量溶质吸附量来计算的。
吸附实验则需要结合物理学、化学和材料科学等多个领域的知识。
一般来说，吸附实验通过在实验室中接触样品与溶质的方式来研究样品的吸附能力。
不同类型的溶质和吸附物质可以用于模拟不同的环境条件。
通过在吸附和反应中对物质的理解，可以了解到吸附和反应的机理和动力学过程，以及不同变量之间的关系。
表面化学的应用表面化学的应用非常广泛。
其中一些领域的应用范围如下：催化剂：通过在固体催化剂表面吸附反应物质来促进某些化学反应的发生。
小学下册B卷英语第1单元真题
小学下册英语第1单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you call a group of lions?A. PackB. PrideC. FlockD. HerdB2.I help my mom cook ______.3.She has a ________ for her birthday.4. A barometer measures ______ (air pressure).5.I want to _______ (学习) about physics.6.The ________ has a beautiful tune that sings.7. A hamster sleeps in a cozy ______ (窝).8.What is the name of the third planet from the sun?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Mercury9. A common indicator of pH is ______ paper.10.The chemical formula for sodium benzoate is __________.11.The ______ protects the inner parts of the plant.12.The teacher is _____ (kind/strict) to us.13.The boiling point of water is ______ Fahrenheit.14.What do we call the main character in a film?A. ActorB. ActressC. ProtagonistD. SupportingcharacterC Protagonist15.The ice cream is ________ cold.16.I have a ______ (笔记本) where I write down my thoughts and ______ (梦想).17.The park is ______ during the weekend. (busy)18.The _____ (车站) is busy.19.The _____ (乌龟) basks in the sun on a rock.20.The weather is _______ (非常宜人)。
化学变化的利弊英语作文
化学变化的利弊英语作文Chemical changes can bring about both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, chemical reactions are essential for many industrial processes, such as the production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. These reactions allow us to create new materials and products that improve our lives in various ways.However, chemical changes can also have detrimental effects on the environment. For example, the release of pollutants from industrial processes can lead to air and water pollution, harming ecosystems and human health. Additionally, some chemical reactions produce greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change and global warming.On a more personal level, chemical changes can be both beneficial and harmful to our bodies. For instance, the chemical reactions involved in digestion help us break down food and extract nutrients, providing us with the energy we need to function. On the other hand, exposure to certainchemicals can lead to health problems, such as allergies, respiratory issues, or even cancer.In conclusion, chemical changes play a crucial role in our lives, enabling technological advancements andessential processes. However, it is important to be mindful of the potential negative impacts of these changes and to strive for sustainable and environmentally friendly practices.。
The Study of Chemical Waves
The Study of Chemical Waves在自然界中，我们经常会见到波的存在，如水波、声波等等。
但是，你有没有听说过化学波呢？化学波又称反应扩散波，是由一系列化学反应引起的，前后同步产生的局部激活或抑制。
而化学波的研究也被称为非平衡动力学的一种应用。
一、化学波的形成和特征化学波的形成需要一个包含化反物质“初始解”和反应“印迹”的扁平容器，这扁平容器中涂有催化剂。
当环境里的各种物质(如氨、漆酚、盐等)在催化剂的作用下在平面上反应时就会形成化学波。
如果峰值和谷底不随时间变化而扩散，被称为静止波；如果峰值和谷底沿着平面表面扩散，被称为扩散波。
常见的扩散波有单频波、螺旋波等。
化学波的特征是有规律和可控。
二、化学波的应用1. 生物化学化学波简单易制备，可以用于研究生物化学反应和分析酶的功能等。
利用化学波的模型可以为理解波动化生物系统的行为提供一个完整框架。
2. 化学分析化学波的制备很容易制定方法，可以方便地用于化学分析中。
因为化学波不仅介质中脆弱的畜群反应引起，同时在半导体电极表面制备的化学波还可以用于电子分析法。
3. 其他应用由于化学波的可控性和非线性特性，它还广泛地应用于领域，如人工智能科技、光学滤波器、光学学科等领域中。
三、化学波的研究现状对物理和数学定律的探究是非平衡动力学的重要组成部分。
而化学波作为非平衡动力学中的经典例子之一，已经受到了广泛研究。
许多学者做了大量研究，深入探讨了化学波运动的规律和现象，同时也推动了这一领域的不断进步和发展。
四、结语总之，化学波作为非平衡动力学中的一个重要应用领域，不仅有很大的学术意义，而且在现实生活中有着广泛的应用。
我们完全有理由期待，化学波这一领域会在不久的将来迎来更大的发展和繁荣。
新 argument 题目翻译及重复题目总结
1.woven baskets characterized by a particular disti nctive pattern ...2.A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkey...3.Over the past two years, the number of shoppers...4.Of the two leading real estate firms in our town (4)5.On Balmer Island, where mopeds serve as a popular...6.Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions...7.We recommend that Monarch Books open a cafe in its town.8.T o serve the housing needs of our students...9.Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products...10.Twenty years ago, Dr.Field, a noted anthropologist...11.The council of Maple County. Concerned about ...12.Fifteen years ago, Omega University (9)13.In an attempt to improve highway safety (18)14.A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian15.Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine16.In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports17.T o reserve a decline in listener number18.Over the past year, our late-night news program19.Two years ago, radio station WCQP20.同18（题目要求不同）21.同10（题目要求不同）22.According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is one the rise.23.同10（题目要求不同）24.A recently issued twenty-year study on headaches25.A jazz music club in Monroe 626.Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirinmuters complain the increased rush-hour traffic28.同2629.同2730.The birthrate in our city is declining31.In our region of Trillura32.During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent33.Several recent surveys indicate that home owners are increasingly eager to conserve energy34.In an effort to improve our employees' productivity35.One month ago, all the showerheads in the first three buildings36.An innovative treatment has come to our attention37.T en years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program38.Five years ago, at a tome when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies39.A recent sales study indicates that consumption of seafood dishes 23k and dairy products are rich in vitamin D41.A ten-year nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a helmet42.Erosion of beach sand along the shores43.Two years ago, consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill1144.Over the past year, the Crust Copper Companyst year the number of students who enrolled in online degree46.Medical experts say that only one-quarter of Corpora's citizens47.Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating48.Clearview should be a top choice for anyone749.同4550. An ancient, traditional remedy for insomnia51.butter has been replaced by margarine(第一句同15)后面与15 不同52.One month ago, all the showerheads on the first five floors（同35）53.The citizen of Forsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyle54.Human arrived in the Kaliko Islands55.Although the sales of Whirlwine video games56.A recent study of our customers suggests that our company is wasting the money57.同56（题目要求不同）58.同34(细微差别)59.A nationwide survey reveals that the two most-desired home features60.Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold61.For many years the city if Grandview have provided annual funding62.In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps63.Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league sports64.Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures65.When Stanley Park first opened,66.For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked67.Despite its downtown location, the Rialto Movie Theater68.A recent study reported that pet owners have longer, healthier lives on average69.T en years ago our company have two new office buildings constructed70.同69 （最后一句不同）71.Traffic here in Waymarch is becoming a problem72.Y our recent article on corporate downsizing73.The Mozart School of Music74.The president of Grove College75.The department of agriculture in Batavia1076.Over 80 percent of the respondents1577.Two years ago, the nearby town of Ocean View78.Recently, we signed a contract with the Fly-Away79.Since those issues of Newsbeat magazine80.According to a recent report from our marketing department81.As a result of numerous complains of dizziness and nausea82.A recent study of Dura-Socks83. In 1975 a wildlife census found that amphibians84.Two studies of amphibians（83）85.In a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens86.When XYZ lay off employees87.同85（题目要求不同）88.Our previous experience has been that our stores are most profitable189.同86（题目要求不同）90.同88（题目要求不同）91.Three years ago, because of flooding at the Western Palean Wildlife Preserve92.workers in the small town of Leeville take fewer sick days93.WWAC94.A recent national survey found that the majority of workers with access to the Internet at work95.Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulty obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric2196.同95（最后一句不同）97.Over the past ten years, there has been a 20 percent decline in the size of the average audience98.Since its opening in Collegeville twenty years ago, Monarch Books has developed a large customer99.同98（题目要求不同）100.Jazz music is extremely popular in the city of Monroe（与25相似）101.There is mow evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns102.同100（最后一句不同）103.同101（最后一句，结论不同）104.During the past year, workers at our newly opened factory reported 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than105.与104 相似Bulter Manufacturing106.同105（最后两句不同）107.同66（题目要求不同）108.同66（题目要求不同）109.Several factors indicate that radio station KNOW110.与109 相似111.In order to stop the recent decline in our profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Movies Galore's ten112.与111相似113.Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course114.几乎与78一样115.与69相似116.与78相似117.与78相似118.与14相似119.Evidence suggests that academic honor codes, which call for students to agree not to cheat 与22相似120.Several years ago. Groveton College 与22相似121.In a controlled laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps与62相似122.与121相似123.与41相似124.与121相似125.与41相似126.与113相似127.与113相似128.与35 相似129.与35 相似130.与15 相似131.与15 相似132.All the students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School133.与15 相似134.与134相似135.The data from a survey of high school math and science teachers show that in the district of Sanlee many of these teachers reported136.与132相似137.While the department of Education in the state of Attra recommends that high school students be assigned homework every day138.与22 相似139.Our citizens are well aware of the fact that while the Grandview与61 相似140.同137（要求不同）141.The city of Grandview与61 相似142.Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency roomafter roller-skating accidents143.When the Grandview与61 相似144.与53相似145.与60相似146.与60相似147.与74相似148.与74相似149.与74相似150.与60相似151.Benton City residents have adopted healthier lifestyles152.One year ago we introduced our first product, Bargain Brand breakfast cereal153.同152（要求不同）154.与60相似155.与60相似156.与74相似157.Five years ago Fish Emporium started advertising in the magazine Exotic Pets Monthly158.与157相似159.与5相似st october, the city of Belleville installed high-intensity lighting in its central business district161.与113相似162.与61 相似163.与36相似164.与25相似165.与54相似166.与36相似167.与32相似168.The primary function of the Committee for a Better Oka City169.Two years ago, the town of Seaside Vista opened a new municipal golf course and resort hotel170.The surface of a section of Route 101,paved just two years ago by Good Intentions Roadways171.Two years ago the city voted to prihibit skateboarding in Central Plaza 172.与160相似173.与5相似174.与39相似以下是小编为大家搜索综合整理有关新gre作文题库，argument introduction的7种区别，如有疏漏望大家踊跃补充。
热水和表面活性剂驱室内实验
热水和表面活性剂驱室内实验林日亿;周广响;杨开;王新伟;贾志英;喻西崇【摘要】针对辽河油田海26块油藏原油粘度高、常规水驱开发效果差等现状,通过对表面活性剂进行表面活性、界面张力、耐温性和吸附性等性能的评价,筛选出适用于海26块油藏的表面活性剂.通过一维管式驱油实验,研究了注入温度、表面活性剂溶液质量分数、注入方式对原油采收率的影响.结果表明,随着注入温度的不断升高,最终采收率不断增加,当注入温度超过120℃后,原油的最终采收率增加幅度变缓;随着表面活性剂溶液质量分数的增大,最终采收率不断增加,表面活性剂溶液质量分数达到0.3％后,最终采收率增加幅度变缓;表面活性剂与热水多轮次交替注入比单轮次注入表面活性剂的驱油效果要好.在注入温度为120℃、表面活性剂溶液质量分数为0.3％和4轮次交替注入优化参数下,热水和表面活性剂驱的最终采收率为83.67％.【期刊名称】《油气地质与采收率》【年(卷),期】2015(022)004【总页数】4页(P114-117)【关键词】热水驱;表面活性剂;驱油实验;采收率;交替注入【作者】林日亿;周广响;杨开;王新伟;贾志英;喻西崇【作者单位】中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛266580;中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛266580;中国石油辽河油田金马油田开发公司,辽宁盘锦124000;中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛266580;中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛266580;中海石油研究总院,北京100027【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE357.43稠油油藏因粘度大、流动性差，所以开采难度较大［1-3］。
辽河油田海26块油藏是典型的稠油油藏，常规水驱开发效果差，剩余油分布零散，采收率低。
为了更好地开发该油藏，笔者通过热水和表面活性剂驱油实验，充分发挥热水和表面活性剂的协同作用，有效提高原油采收率［4-5］。
聚合物溶液的水动力学尺寸研究
聚合物溶液的水动力学尺寸研究严文瀚1，2 刘卫东2 罗莉涛1，2 许可1，2【摘要】摘要聚合物在溶液中的性质及形态与所用溶剂有着很大的关系，溶剂的性质不同(如溶液的矿化度不同、溶液中表活剂的浓度不同等)，聚合物分子形态伸展程度都会不一样,其在溶液中分子尺寸(水动力学半径)也会发生很大改变。
运用微孔滤膜过滤法，通过对抗温抗盐聚合物(KYHPAM系列)在不同矿化度以及不同浓度表活剂的水中配成溶液,让其在恒定压力(0. 2 MPa)下经过不同孔径滤膜后测定其滤液浓度、黏度等性质，结果发现聚合物的分子量和浓度、表活剂的浓度、矿化度等因素都会对聚合物的水动力尺寸产生不同程度的影响。
【期刊名称】科学技术与工程【年(卷),期】2014(014)033【总页数】4【关键词】关键词聚合物水动力尺寸浓度表活剂聚合物驱是一种比较成熟的三次采油技术，已经在国内外得到了广泛应用并取得了良好的经济效益[1]。
聚合物溶液在流经多孔介质时会受到孔喉尺寸的自然选择，如果大部分聚合物水化分子在经过孔喉时受到阻碍，那么聚合物的注入将会变得很困难。
所以在矿场聚合物驱油时，选择合适的聚合物显得相当重要[2，3]。
聚合物的水动力学尺寸指的是聚合物水溶液中包裹着聚合物分子的水化分子层的尺寸。
对于水溶液中聚合物分子尺寸的传统认识，一般认为聚合物分子尺寸是由聚合物分子量决定的，而与其他因素无关。
然而，当聚合物浓度增加到一定程度，聚合物链将发生明显的缠结作用，聚合物的分子尺寸会增大[4—7]。
另外，水质的不同，水中阳离子的存在和大小都会对聚合物分子团的存在产生影响。
因此，需要运用实验的方法测定不同分子量、不同矿化度、不同表活剂浓度等因素对聚合物分子尺寸的影响，为进一步研究聚合物和孔隙介质的匹配关系提供依据。
1 微孔滤膜法的原理采用微孔滤膜法研究水溶性聚合物分子的水动力学直径的方法如下:在一定压力(0.2 MPa)下让聚合物溶液通过不同孔径的微孔滤膜,测定滤出液的聚合物浓度,绘制相对浓度(c/c0)与滤膜孔径的关系,认为曲线的拐点是聚合物分子的水动力学直径。
山东省新高考联合质量测评2022-2023学年高二下学期3月联考英语试题
山东省新高考联合质量测评2022-2023学年高二下学期3月联考英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解As Tangram Mall (133-33 39th Ave, Btn. Prince St. and College Point Blvd.) — the two story retail component of an enormous new office and residential compound in Downtown Flushing — continues to be built out, its first-floor food hall has already become the main draw. There are a handful of restaurants built throughout the rest of the mall.Juqi: HOMEMADE ROAST DUCKIt’s enough that you can get Peking duck in a mall. It’s even more impressive that this is one of the crispiest, juiciest versions I’ve had. Order the whole duck, mostly as an excuse to try the caviar-topped (淋满鱼子酱的) duck-skin canapés you’ll get while the chef carves the rest of the bird tableside.Soft Swerve: HOJICHA ICE CREAMIts caramel color would suggest coffee, but the maltiness of the roasted tea is a perfect foil for creamy sweetness — and it’s even better to put a chocolate in it.Na Tart: EGG TARTSThe ideal way to end your visit is a stop at Na Tart for a six-pack of Portuguese egg tarts taken to go. Employees are pulling trays from the oven nonstop, which is good because these pastries are best consumed warm.CrunCheese: SQUID-INK MOZZA AND HOT DOGAt this first New York branch of a popular Korean chain, get a half-beef, half-mozzarella corn dog dunked in squid-ink stained batter and rolled in cubes of potato confetti. It’s possible to add a final dusting of sugar or cheese, but with everything else going on, I say stick to ketchup.1．In the restaurant Juqi, why do custemers usually order a whole duck?A．It will be cheaper to order a whole duck.B．It will enable you to enjoy duck-skin canapés.C．It will be the most crispiest and juiciest to enjoy.D．It will make the chef carve the the rest of the bird for you.2．Which food mentioned above is better enjoyed while it is hot?A．EGG TART.B．HOJICHA ICE CREAM.C．HOMEMADE ROAST DUCK.D．SQUID-INK MOZZA AND HOT DOG. 3．What do the four restaurants have in common?A．They mainly offer some Asian food.B．You can enjoy meat food in the four restaurants.C．They offer some special delicious food or drink.D．The food in the restaurants tastes better while it is warm.When the UK’s second lockdown hit, I was learning Luwian, a language spoken and written in ancient Turkey some 3,000 years ago. It may not seem like the most obvious choice for a new hobby. It survives mainly in the form of mysterious symbols carved into scattered (散落的) rock monuments. But spending a couple of hours a week cracking this code, under the guidance of a Luwian expert, turned out to be an almost magical form of stress relief. After each session, I felt that my mind had been cut loose from endless worries related to the pandemic, and was free to wander and discover.Of all the pursuits people have adopted amid the pandemic, learning a language may seem like an odd choice. After all, the world is effectively closed, with much of international travel off limits. And even for those hoping that language learning could improve their career prospects, the job market remains unstable. “But turning to language may be able to uniquely connect us to something many have longed to feel again. During the lockdown, we weren’t able to travel, people’s holidays were cancelled, and so I think people were maybe missing cancelled holidays and wanted to get a flavour of another country in their home,” says Vicky Gough, school adviser for the British Council.As COVID-19 swept the globe, some decided it was time to tackle long-neglected life goals. A recent survey on lockdown language learning suggests that for many UK adults, a lack of foreign language skills is a cause of regret. Only 9% of respondents said they had kept up the foreign language they learned at school, but 64% wished they had done so. The pandemic may have stimulated that pent-up (被压抑的) interest.“In the age of machine translation, and given the dominance of English as a global language, there’s no point in learning another language. But we do find that language skills are still sought after by employers. The fact that in jobs like sales and customer service, those skills have been in demand for a while suggests that really being able to speak to customers intheir language is really important for businesses,” says Pawel Adrjan, an economist. 4．What benefit did learning Luwian bring to the author?A．It prepared her for a trip in Turkey.B．It free d her from pandemic pressure.C．It gave her chances to discover rock monuments.D．It turned her into a code expert after the lockdown.5．According to Vicky Gough, some British people learned a language to ________.A．Improve their career prospects.B．Keep up with the latest fashion.C．Feel another country in a special way.D．Make preparations for international trade.6．What can we infer from paragraph 3?A．They set a new life goal for themselves.B．They tried to explore their original interest.C．They regretted not learning languages at school.D．They wanted to ensure the certainty of their life.7．What’s Pawel Adrjan’s attitude towards learning languages?A．Doubtful.B．Negative.C．Unclear.D．Favorable.By studying light from hundreds of thousands of stars in the Milky Way, scientists have showed where the pieces that make up our galaxy came from.In a new study, scientists broke the light coming from 600,000 stars into ranges that determine the stars’ chemical composition. In doing this, they were able to find which groups of stars are at home in the Milky Way and which are interlopers (闯入者) with other origins.“The Milky Way ate up lots of smaller galaxies but we did not have enough evidence for sure.” Sven Buder, a scientist said. “That’s because simple images of stars in our Milky Way look the same whether they were born inside the galaxy or outside and then blended into the galaxy.”For some time, data showing the motion patterns of stars has indicated that there are many populations of stars in the Milky Way that were not born there. This data has shown that some groups of stars move in different directions from the rest, suggesting that they could have arrived from outside of the galaxy.Buder and his co-workers used the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) to split the lightof those stars into a range of individual colors. By studying these colorful ranges, scientists can see the differing chemical compositions of the observed stars.“By scanning, we measured how abundant 30 elements, such as iron and manganese (锰), were, and how they appeared in different concentrations depending on where the star was born,” Buder said.Stars that originated in the Milky Way appear greener, while those from outside glow in yellower shades. Understanding the origins of star populations in the Milky Way may help solve further mysteries of the galaxy’s structure and composition. In the band of the Milky Way, which is visible in the night sky from Earth, older stars are separated from younger ones, but they have not yet figured out why. “Although the Milky Way is our home galaxy, we still do not understand how it formed and evolved,” Buder said.8．What are scientists trying to know about the Milky Way?A．How many galaxies it has.B．Where its stars came from.C．When it came into existence.D．How far it is away from the Earth. 9．Why did Buder use AAT to split the light of stars?A．To identify the colour of stars.B．To judge the time of their births.C．To find out their chemical make-up.D．To research the process of theirformation.10．What stars look yellower in the Milky Way?A．The older stars.B．The younger stars.C．The stars appearing in the galaxy.D．The stars coming outside the galaxy. 11．What is mainly stressed in the last paragraph?A．The result of the research.B．The limit of the research.C．The outlook of the research.D．The significance of the research.Rising sea levels and the potential impacts to huge coastal populations worldwide rank near the top of concerns when it comes to outcome from an intensifying climate emergency. But a lesser-known danger poses an equal or arguably more upcoming threat to millions around the world living at much higher altitudes: flooding from glacial lakes.With average temperatures rising around the world in recent decades, a number of these lakes high above population centers in South America and Asia have become swollen and unstable as the reserves of snow and ice that feed them melt ever quicker.For the first time, an international team of researchers has quantified this threat. It reports in a study published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications that 1.5 million people are in the path of potential floods from these bloated bodies of water.“Understanding which areas face the greatest danger from glacial flooding will allow for more targeted and effective risk management actions, which in turn will help minimize loss of life and damage to infrastructure downstream,” co-author Rachel Carr, head of physical geography at Newcastle University, said in a statement.A 1941 GLOF from Lake Palcacocha there killed thousands in the town of Huaraz below and largely inspired the beginning of research into the phenomenon. Dams and other infrastructure were put in place to ease off the threat from the lake in the 1970s, but its volume is now over 30 times greater, requiring new modifications to safely release water pressure. Other dangerous lakes nearby threaten smaller towns, where almost no mitigations (缓解方法) are in place to reduce the threat.Lead researcher Caroline Taylor from Newcastle says the researchers also found that understanding the danger requires more than just counting lakes and measuring their volume. “Instead, it is the number of people, their closeness to a glacial lake and importantly, their ability to cope with a flood that determines the potential danger from a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) event.”12．What purpose does paragraph 2 serve?A．To introduce a method.B．To present the finding.C．To explain the reason.D．To demonstrate the result.13．What does the underlined word “modifications” mean in paragraph 5?A．Strict regulations.B．Little investigations.C．Public statement.D．Proper Adjustments.14．What plays a leading role in resolving the flood danger?A．Counting lakes.B．Coping with a flood.C．Constructing more dams.D．Measuring the volumes.15．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Cope with a GLOF EventB．Moderate Potential FloodsC．Threat from Climate Change Puts Millions at RiskD．Global Warming Poses a Threat to the People along Coastlines二、七选五Gardens are some of the most beautiful places on earth. The sad reality of gardening isMost people try to find a quick and easy solution to the problem of weeds by using chemical weed killers, known as herbicides. Sometimes, though, a solution can cause even bigger problems.Actually using chemical herbicides can have quite a few unintended consequences.17 They effectively kill weeds, but they can also kill other desirable plants and species. Not only that, but herbicides pose significant health risks to humans. And did you know that repeated use of herbicides can make weeds resistant to their effects? 18 After weeds have already invaded your flower bed or garden, you obviously have to find a way to handle them. There are two basic methods of removing weeds: physical removal and mechanical removal. Physical removal — when using this method you are literally destroying the weeds by putting them out of the ground. 19 This method is generally very effective, but it takes effort. Mechanical removal — this method, which uses a weed eater or a lawnmower, mows weeds down to the ground. It doesn’t take out the roots, though, so the weeds will grow back. 20 With this method, it not only beatifies the garden but also saves you much effort.By using some of these natural methods, you can keep your garden looking superb without using dangerous herbicides that could damage your health and the environment.A．But herbicides use isn’t the only way to get rid of weeds.B．Then, place garden plants close together to crowd out the weeds.C．You can pull out the weeds by hand or take them out with a shovel.D．As you might imagine, these chemicals poison the environment.E．Here are some solutions to keeping weeds from invading your garden in the first place.F．As for preventing weeds, covering the ground with landscapes fabrics may be a good way.G．As a result, weed control seems to be a never-ending part of sustaining the beauty of a garden.三、完形填空had done many times before.When I reached the top of the blue trails — only chairlift (缆椅), though, something in the atmosphere 24 . Why was it so cold? Were the blue trails always this sharp? The rhythm of the chairlift started to sound less 25 .It 26 that simply having skied “many times before” didn’t mean I was getting better at it. There’s a large body of 27 showing that practice—or even just doing — doesn’t make us any better at the activity, so it is with skiing. The joy of getting better sometimes comes along with the 28 of getting worse.One afternoon, I took a chairlift with a retired ski 29 named Bob. When I told him I was struggling, he 30 to watch me take an easy slope and assessed what I was doing wrong.Bob 31 me that the learning process looks a lot like backsliding (倒退). When babies first learn to walk, they progress from 32 imitation. Sometimes it seems that we’re losing ground, but we’re actually 33 a new skill. An 34 attempt is often a sign that you’re learning.“You’re skiing better already!” he shouted at me.“Thank you!” I yelled back.Then I skied a few more feet and 35 .21．A．frequently B．rarely C．mostly D．steadily 22．A．submitted B．reduced C．stuck D．restricted 23．A．tackle B．declare C．change D．skip 24．A．continued B．emerged C．conflicted D．disappeared 25．A．refreshed B．sensitive C．alien D．harmonious 26．A．took on B．turned out C．held on D．worked out 27．A．trend B．custom C．prejudice D．evidence 28．A．pain B．influence C．bonus D．award29．A．official B．director C．constructor D．instructor 30．A．offered B．learned C．managed D．preferred 31．A．urged B．reminded C．guaranteed D．stimulated 32．A．similar B．regular C．random D．effective 33．A．unlocking B．switching C．testing D．suspending 34．A．anxious B．awkward C．aimless D．early 35．A．fell B．balanced C．proceeded D．abandoned四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Na+质量浓度对三元复合体系的影响
Na+质量浓度对三元复合体系的影响李国桥【摘要】阳离子对三元复合体系(表面活性剂+聚合物+NaOH,alkaline/surfactant/polymer,简称ASP)的性能影响较大.在纯水配制的三元复合体系中,利用NaOH和NaCl的质量分数来调节其中Na+的质量浓度,考察三元复合体系中Na+质量浓度对体系黏度及其与原油之间油-水界面张力的影响.结果表明,三元复合体系中Na+质量浓度达到较高值时,三元复合体系黏度就不再变化.在三元复合体系中,无论是NaOH质量分数高而NaCl质量分数低,还是NaCl质量分数高而NaOH质量分数低,只要体系中Na+质量浓度在5200～7700 mg/L,就能与原油形成超低油-水界面张力,这是三元复合体系Na+质量浓度的变化导致表面活性剂分子在油-水界面上的吸附发生变化的结果.%Cations had great effects on the properties of alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) system. The ASP systems were prepared by the deionized water, and the Na~ mass concentration of the ASP system was adjusted by changing the mass fractions of NaOH and NaCl. The effects of Na~ mass concentration on the viscosity of ASP and the oil-water interfacial tension between crude oil and ASP were investigated. The results showed that when the mass concentration of Na~ reached a much higher value, the viscosity of the ASP system would not change any more. Whether there was high mass fraction of NaOH and low mass fraction of NaCl or high mass fraction of NaCl and low mass fraction of NaOH, as long as the mass concentration of Naf was in the range of 5200 mg/L to 7700 mg/L, the ultra-low oil-water interfacial tension (<10~3mN/m) between crude oil and ASP the crude oilcould be obtained, because the change of Na+ mass concentration may lead to the change of the surfactant adsorption at the oil-water interface.【期刊名称】《石油学报（石油加工）》【年(卷),期】2012(028)005【总页数】4页(P840-843)【关键词】三元复合体系;界面张力;离子浓度;黏度;钠离子(Na+)【作者】李国桥【作者单位】大庆油田有限责任公司第二采油厂,黑龙江大庆163414【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE357.46三次采油技术已经成为油田开采中不可缺少的采油方式。
过热蒸汽吞吐直井产能预测模型
过热蒸汽吞吐直井产能预测模型孙逢瑞;李春兰;邹明;李乾【摘要】随着过热蒸汽吞吐已经进入工业化应用，关于过热蒸汽吞吐产能的研究需求增加。
在直井过热蒸汽吞吐加热半径计算模型基础上，将油藏内热区和冷区内渗流分开计算。
冷区稠油由供给边界流向热区边界，热区稠油由热区边界流向生产井底。
利用有界地层中心一口井不稳定渗流微分方程的拟稳态解得到产能模型。
利用本文方法对库姆萨伊油田目标区块两个吞吐周期进行定油拟合计算，累计产水量计算值与实测值相对误差均小于0.5%。
%The superheated steam has been applied in the industrial application,and the demand for the study on the production capacity is increased.Based on the studies of radius calculation,the hot zone and cold zone have been calculated separately.The cold oil flows from the supply boundary to the hot zone,and then flows through the hot zone to well-bore.The quasi steady state solution has been used to solve the ing the model to calculate oil productivity for two cycles in KMK oil field,the relative error of cumulative water production is less than 0.5%.【期刊名称】《石油化工高等学校学报》【年(卷),期】2016(029)004【总页数】4页(P25-28)【关键词】稠油油藏;过热蒸汽吞吐;直井;产能【作者】孙逢瑞;李春兰;邹明;李乾【作者单位】中国石油大学北京，北京 102249;中国石油大学北京，北京102249;中国石油大学北京，北京 102249;成都理工大学，四川成都 610059【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TE33蒸汽吞吐产能模型经历了近50年的发展[1-6]，取得很大的成果。