Master File of Legal Regulation
中华人民共和国律师暂行条例(英文版)
中华人民共和国律师暂行条例(英文版)【颁布单位】：全国人大常委会【颁布日期】：1980-08-26【正文】：【题目】中华人民共和国律师暂行条例(英文版)【颁布单位】全国人大常委会【颁布日期】1980.08.26【生效日期】1982.01.01【失效日期】1997.01.01【时效性】失效Important Notice:This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7) which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China Legal System Publishing House.In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.Whole DocumentINTERIM REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON LAWYERS (Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing Committee of theFifth National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. 5 of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on August 26, 1980, and effective as of January 1, 1982)ContentsChapter I The Task and Rights of LawyersChapter II The Qualifications of LawyersChapter III Business Organizations of LawyersChapter IV Supplementary ProvisionsChapter I The Task and Rights of LawyersArticle 1Lawyers are state legal workers whose task is to give legal assistance to state organs, enterprises and institutions, public organizations, people's communes and citizens in order to ensure the correct implementation of the law and protect the interests of the state and collectives as well as the lawful rights and interests of citizens.Article 2The principal duties of lawyers shall be:(1) to accept the mandate of state organs, enterprises and institutions, public organizations and people's communes to serve as their legaladvisers;(2) to accept the mandate of a party to a civil action to serve as his representative in litigation;(3) to accept the mandate of a defendant or the assignment of a people's court to serve as his defender in a criminal case; to accept the mandate of a private prosecutor or of the victim and his near relatives in a public prosecution to serve as their representative in litigation;(4) to accept the mandate of a party in a nonlitigious matter to give legal assistance or serve as its representative in mediation or arbitration;(5) to give consultative advice on legal questions and draft documents in connection with litigation or other legal matters.Lawyers shall publicize the socialist legal system through all their professional activities.Article 3In performing their duties, lawyers shall serve the cause of socialism and the interests of the people, act on the basis of facts and take the law as the criterion. In the performance of their functions according to law, lawyers shall be protected by the law of the state, subject to no interference by any organization or individual.Article 4When being retained by an organization as its legal adviser, a lawyer shall have the responsibility to give advice on legal questions arising from the client organization, draft and examine legal documents for it, represent it in litigation, mediation or arbitration, and safeguard its lawful rights and interests.Article 5When acting as representatives in litigation and nonlitigious matters, lawyers shall have the responsibility to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the client within the scope of the mandate.Within the scope of the mandate, the lawyer's procedural and legal acts shall have the same effect as those of the client.Article 6When acting as defenders in criminal cases, lawyers shall have the responsibility to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the defendants on the basis of facts and the law. A lawyer may refuse to act as the defender of a defendant if he believes that the defendant has not truthfully stated the facts of the case to him.Article 7In legal proceedings, lawyers shall have the right, to consult the materials of the case and may make enquiries from organizations and persons concerned in accordance with relevant regulations. When acting as defenders in criminal cases, lawyers may meet and correspond with the defendants held in custody.The organizations and persons concerned shall have the duty to render assistance to the lawyers engaged in the activities mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Lawyers shall have the responsibility to keep confidential state secrets and matters of personal privacy which they comeinto contact with in their work.Chapter II The Qualifications of LawyersArticle 8The undermentioned citizens who cherish the People's Republic of China, support the socialist system and have the right to vote and stand for election shall be eligible as lawyers after passing an examination:(1) those who have graduated from law faculties of universities or colleges and have been engaged for two or more years in judicial work, legal instruction or jurisprudential studies;(2) those who have had professional legal training and have worked as judges in people's court or as procurators in people's procuratorates; (3) those who have received college education, have completed three or more years of economic, scientific and technological work, are proficient in their professions and the relevant laws and decrees thereof, and have gone through professional legal training and who are fit for the work of a lawyer; and(4) those who have attained the same level of knowledge of practical legal work as is required of persons prescribed in Items (1) and (2) above and the same level of learning as is given by college education and who are fit for the work of a lawyer.Article 9To be eligible as a lawyer, a person must be examined and approved by the judicial department (bureau) of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government and issued a lawyer's certificate, and a report shall be made to the Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China for the record. Upon discovery of an improper examination and approval, the Ministry of Justice shall instruct the relevant judicial department (bureau) to conduct a reexamination.Article 10Those who are eligible as lawyers but are unable to leave their present positions to practise law may act as part-time lawyers. The current organizations in which they are working shall support such arrangements. Personnel presently attached to the people's courts, people's procuratorates and people's public security organs may not act as part- time lawyers.Article 11Those who have graduated from law faculties of universities or colleges or have gone through professional legal training may act as apprentice lawyers after examination and approval by the judicial departments (bureaus) of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government.The training period for apprentice lawyers shall be two years. Upon completion of the training period, apprentice lawyers shall be given lawyers credentials in accordance with the procedure prescribed in Article 9 of these Regulations; the training period may be extended if an apprentice lawyer fails to pass the examination.Article 12Lawyers who are incompetent shall be disqualified as lawyers by decision of the judicial departments (bureaus) of provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government and with the approval of the Ministry of Justice.Chapter III Business Organizations of LawyersArticle 13Legal advisory offices shall be the business organizations from which lawyers perform their duties.Legal advisory offices shall be public institutions under the organizational leadership and professional supervision of the judicial administrative organs of the state.Article 14Legal advisory offices shall be established in counties, cities and municipal districts. When necessary, specialized legal advisory offices may be established with the approval of the Ministry of Justice.Legal advisory offices shall not be subordinate to one another.Article 15The principal functions of a legal advisory office shall be to direct lawyers in the development of their professional work, to organize their political studies and professional studies in law and to sum up and exchange their work experience.Article 16A legal advisory office shall have one director and may have deputy directors where necessary. The director and deputy directors shall be elected by the lawyers in that office, subject to approval by the judicial department (bureau) of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government. They shall be elected for a term of three years and may be re-elected to successive terms in office. The director and deputy director(s) of a legal advisory office shall direct the work of the office and at the same time perform their duties as lawyers.Article 17The mandates for lawyers to handle cases shall be accepted and service fees collected exclusively by the legal advisory office.In the distribution of cases to lawyers, the legal advisory office shall, as best as possible and according to actual conditions, assign lawyers as requested by clients.Article 18A legal advisory office may appoint lawyers to carry out professional activities in other localities, and the legal advisory office there shall provide them with assistance.Article 19A lawyers association shall be established to protect the lawful rights and interests of lawyers, to exchange work experience, to further the progress of lawyers work and to promote contacts between legal workers both at home and abroad.The lawyers association is a social organization. It shall formulate its。
常见法律术语中英文表达法
draft 法案,草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制,合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止,取消rescission, annulment 废除,取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免,豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法,国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Criminal Law 刑事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利,公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税法律英语词汇2009-12-20 20:59:34| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读8 评论0 字号：大中小订阅管辖：jurisdiction级别管辖：jurisdiction by level地域管辖：territorial jurisdiction移送管辖：referral jurisdiction指定管辖：designation jurisdiction审判组织: trial organization回避withdrawal诉讼参加人participants in court诉讼当事人parties in court诉讼代理人agents ad litem期间：time periods送达service调解conciliation财产保全property preservation先予执行preliminary execution妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施：compulsory measures against impairment of civil actions 诉讼费：litigation costs第一审普通程序ordinary procedure of first instance第二审程序procedure of second instance起诉bring a lawsuit受理accept a case开庭审理trial in court诉讼中止suspension of a lawsuit诉讼终止conclusion of a lawsuit判决judgment裁定order简易程序summary procedure特别程序special procedure选民资格案件cases concerning certificates of voters宣告失踪proclamation of a person as missing宣告死亡proclamation of a person as dead无民事行为能力incompetent for civil conduct限制行为能力limited capacity for civil conduct无主财产property of ownerless执行申请application for execution执行移转referral of execution仲裁arbitration司法协助judicial assistanceAabsolute proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation匿名控告appeal上诉appear出庭appellant上诉人appellate action上诉行为appellate court上诉法院appellee被上诉人appealer上诉人appropriate拨款appurtenant附属物arbiter仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array陪审员名单arrest逮捕arrest warrant逮捕令（证）arrestee被捕人article条款，文章article of authority授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation公司组织章程artificial person法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault意图或威胁伤害assert主张，宣称asset资产assistant attorney助理法官associate judge副法官associate justice副大法官assumption违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt意图，企图attempted escape逃脱未遂attestation证词attorney代理人，律师attorney at law律师attorney general检察长authentication鉴定authority权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort机动车侵权行为autonomy自治（权）Bban禁令，禁止banishment流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge破产债务解除bankruptcy judge破产法官bar律师职业bar association律师协会barrister出庭律师battery殴打bench trial法官审beneficiary受益人benefit收益，福得bigamy重婚罪bill of lading提单bill of right《人权法案》bind over具保，具结binder临时保险单binding有约束力binding contract有约束力的合同binding force约束力binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association全美黑人律师协会blue sky law蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判法律英语词汇（2）2009-12-20 21:02:17| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读10 评论0 字号：大中小订阅Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用) designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务法律英语词汇（3）2009-12-20 21:03:22| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读16 评论0 字号：大中小订阅earnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利法律英语词汇（4）2009-12-20 21:04:29| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读12 评论0 字号：大中小订阅general acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权)inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官法律英语词汇（5）2009-12-20 21:05:16| 分类：专业英语词汇阅读19 评论0 字号：大中小订阅Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge法官judge-made law法官立法judge's chamber法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch司法部门judicial clerkship法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district司法区judicial interpretation司法解释judicial notice司法任职judicial opinion法官判决意见judicial review司法审查judicial scrutiny司法检查judicial subjectivity审判主观性judicial system法院系统judiciary法官jurisdiction司法管辖区jurisprudence法理学juror陪审员jury陪审团jury charge法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice公正，大法官justice of the peace治安法官justifiable homicide正当杀人juvenile court未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks回扣Kill杀人Killer杀人者Know-how技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law土地使用法last clear chance doctrine最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform法律改革lawsuit诉讼，官司lawyer律师lawyer in government政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice私人开业律师lawyerette律师娘lawman外行人lay witness普通证人；非专家证人lease租赁lease agreement租赁协议legacy遗产legacy tax遗产税legal合法的legal advice法律咨询legal commentary法律评论legal education法律教育legal effect法律教育legal enforcement法律效力legal English法律英语legal family法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利Jurisprudence，History of Legal Systems and Constitution按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book；case report；law report柏拉图Plato《保护人权与基本自由公约》（1950）Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms，1950（罗）被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed；be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation；accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律law of the place where the real property is situated；lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act；act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照consult参照具体情况in the light of actual conditions参照原文consult the original查士丁尼法典Code Justinian；Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编Authenticum超出法律范围的outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限exceed authority；beyond jurisdiction成文法written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法conflict of laws；rules of conflict冲突规则conflict rule；rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外except for otherwise stipulated （by this law）除外条款provisory clause除外责任条款exclusion clause触犯公共利益encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益go against the state's interests触犯人民利益encroach on the interests of the people；go against the people's interests传统法律观念traditional ideas of law纯粹法学pure theory of law次要法规by law次要规则secondary rule从宽解释原则doctrine of liberal construction从权利accessory right达到法定年龄come of age大法the fundamental law大法官Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty（中）大陪审团grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty （中）《大宪章》（1215）Great Charter，1215（英）单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people's congresses at different levels 地方各级人民法院local people's courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院local people's procuratorates at different levels 地方各级人民政府local people's governments at different levels第二读second reading第三读third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制dual constitutional monarchy system二元论the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制bicameral system法的本质the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替the replacement of one historical mode of law by another 法的历史渊源historical origin of law法的连续性continuity of law法的内容contexts of law法的社会作用social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code；statute book法典编纂codification of codes法定成年人的年龄age of majority；legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处罚statutory penalty法定代理人：agent ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing 法定年龄legal age；lawful age法定年龄限制 a statutory age limit法定期间prescribed time法定期限legal term法定权利legal right；right entitled by law法定权限limits of power prescribed by law法定人数quorum法定日appointed day法定时间appointed time法定时效statutory prescription法定条件legal condition法定限制statutory restrictions法定效力statutory force法定刑legally-prescribed punishment法定形式legal form法定责任statutory duty法定追溯期time of legal memory法定最高刑maximum statutory penalty；maximum statutory sentence 法官judge法官的自由裁量权judge's power of discretion法官权力范围extent of judge's power法官心证judge's mental impression法官中立原则Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa法规编纂condification of laws and regulations法规的解释interpretation of statutes法规汇编corpus of the laws and regulations《法国民法典》Code Civile de Francais （法）法理jurisprudence；principle of law法理学家jurisprudent法律保护legal protection法律编纂codification法律标准legal standards法律补救legal redress法律部门legal department法律草案draft regulations法律措施legal measures法律大全Corpus legum法律的本土化和改写the localization and adaptiion of laws 法律的本质essence of law法律的地位position of law法律的定义definition of law法律的废止abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论public order theory of law法律的规范性normalization of law法律的继承succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law；law enforcement法律的适用application of law法律的统一unification of law法律的推定presumption of law法律的推理analogy of law法律的完整性integrity of law法律的效力范围force's scale of law法律的效力形式force's form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进evolutin of law法律的原理principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法legal methodology法律分类classification of law法律赋予权力authority conferred by law法律改革law reform法律概念legal concept法律根据legal basis法律工作者legal professional法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行process of legal relation法律关系客体object of legal relation法律关系主体subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系system of legal rules法律含义intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件legal requirement法律依据legal basis法律意见legal advice法律意见书legal opinion法律意识law-consciousness法律意义legal sense法律用语legal language法律与正义先验论 a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源source of law法律原本注释gloss法律原理legal doctrines法律原则principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束legal binding；legal restraint法律责任legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体object of legal responsibility法律责任主体subject of legal responsibility法律哲学philosophy of law；philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策policy of the law法律职业道德legal ethics法律指导legal counsel法律制裁legal sanction法律制度regime of law；legal system法律秩序legal order法律主体资格capacity as a subject of law法律主张proposition of law法律属地原则territoriality of laws法律著述legal literature法律专家legal expert法律专业legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treati法律咨询legal advice法律尊严legal sanctity法盲legal illiterates法权right法社会学sociology of law法系legal system法协会law society法学jurisprudence法学博士doctor of jurisprudence法学导论leading principles of law法学的范畴体系the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识the consciousness of category of jurisprudence 法学的基石范畴fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法method of jurisprudence法学方法论methodology of jurisprudence法学会law society法学教科书law textbooks。
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
代写文书draftingoflegalinstruments
待决案件pendingcase
当事人陈述statementoftheparties
第三人thirdparty
吊销执业证revocationoflawyerlicense
调查笔录investigativerecord
J.D(jurisdoctor缩写，美国法学学士)
法学院lawschool
法院公告courtannouncement
反诉状counterclaim
房地产律师realestatelawyer;realpropertylawyer
非合伙律师associatelawyer
非诉讼业务non-litigationpractice
实习律师apprenticelawyer;lawyerinprobationperiod
实习律师证certificateofapprenticelawyer
高级合伙人seniorpartner
高级律师seniorlawyer
各类协议和合同agreementsandcontracts
公安局PublicSecurityBureau
公司上市companylisting
公诉案件public-prosecutingcase
公证书notarialcertificate
administrativeaccountability//administrativeliability
行政处分
disciplinarysanction
行政赔偿
administrativecompensation
statecompensation
法律在社会生活中的作用英语作文
法律在社会生活中的作用英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Role of Law in Social LifeLaws are the foundation upon which a well-functioning society is built. They serve as a set of rules and regulations that govern human behavior, ensuring order, justice, and the protection of individual rights. From the moment we wake up until we go to bed, the influence of law permeates every aspect of our lives, shaping the way we interact with others and the world around us.One of the primary roles of law in social life is to maintain order and stability. Without a legal framework in place, society would descend into chaos, with individuals acting solely in their own self-interest, disregarding the well-being of others. Laws establish boundaries and set expectations for acceptable behavior, deterring actions that could harm others or disrupt the peace. Traffic laws, for instance, ensure that vehicles operate in an orderly and predictable manner, reducing the risk of accidents and promoting safety on the roads.Beyond maintaining order, laws also serve to protect individual rights and freedoms. In a democratic society, citizens are granted fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to due process. Laws enshrine these rights, ensuring that they are upheld and safeguarded against infringement. Without legal protections, these liberties could be easily violated, leading to oppression and the erosion of civil liberties.Moreover, laws play a crucial role in promoting social justice and equality. Historically, laws have been instrumental in addressing discrimination and ensuring equal opportunities for all members of society, regardless of race, gender, or socioeconomic status. Anti-discrimination laws, for instance, prohibit unfair treatment in areas such as employment, housing, and education, creating a more level playing field and fostering a more inclusive society.In the realm of economic activity, laws are essential for regulating businesses, protecting consumers, and fostering a fair and competitive marketplace. Consumer protection laws, for example, safeguard individuals from deceptive or harmful business practices, ensuring that products and services meet certain standards of quality and safety. Antitrust laws, on theother hand, prevent monopolistic practices and promote competition, ultimately benefiting consumers through lower prices and greater innovation.Laws also play a vital role in protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices. Environmental regulations aim to mitigate the negative impact of human activities on the natural world, addressing issues such as pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources. By establishing guidelines and penalties for environmental violations, these laws encourage businesses and individuals to adopt moreeco-friendly practices, thereby contributing to the long-term preservation of our planet.Furthermore, laws facilitate the resolution of disputes and conflicts that inevitably arise in any society. The judicial system, governed by a comprehensive legal framework, provides mechanisms for resolving disagreements in a fair and impartial manner. Through civil and criminal proceedings, laws ensure that justice is served, and that those who violate the rights of others are held accountable for their actions.While the primary function of laws is to regulate human behavior and interactions, they also serve an educational and preventative role. By clearly defining what is acceptable and whatis not, laws raise awareness and promote ethical conduct. For instance, laws prohibiting discrimination not only punish discriminatory acts but also educate individuals about the importance of respecting diversity and fostering inclusivity.It is important to acknowledge, however, that laws are not static and unchanging. As society evolves and new challenges emerge, laws must adapt to reflect changing societal values, norms, and technological advancements. Laws are constantly being revised, amended, or introduced to address emerging issues, such as cybercrime, privacy concerns, and the regulation of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and genetic engineering.Despite their importance, laws are not perfect, and their enforcement and interpretation can sometimes be subject to human biases and flaws. It is essential to have robust systems of checks and balances, as well as an independent judiciary, to ensure that laws are applied fairly and impartially, without discrimination or undue influence.In conclusion, the role of law in social life is multifaceted and far-reaching. Laws serve as the bedrock of a well-functioning society, providing order, protecting individual rights, promoting social justice, regulating economic activities, safeguarding theenvironment, and facilitating the resolution of disputes. While not infallible, laws are essential for maintaining a stable, fair, and just society, and their continuous evolution is necessary to address the ever-changing dynamics of the world we live in.篇2The Role of Law in SocietyLaws are an integral part of every society, serving as the backbone that governs and regulates human behavior, interactions, and institutions. As students, we may often view laws as restrictive rules imposed upon us, but upon closer examination, we can appreciate the profound impact they have on maintaining order, protecting rights, and facilitating progress within our communities.Firstly, laws play a crucial role in establishing and preserving social order. Without a well-defined legal framework, chaos and anarchy would prevail, leading to a breakdown of societal structures. Laws act as a set of guidelines that define acceptable behavior, outline consequences for violations, and provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts. By adhering to these established rules, individuals can coexist peacefully, respecting one another's rights and responsibilities.One of the fundamental purposes of law is to safeguard the rights and freedoms of individuals within a society. Laws enshrine fundamental human rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, ensuring that these inherent entitlements are protected and upheld. Additionally, laws aim to prevent discrimination and promote equality, creating a level playing field for all members of society, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status.Furthermore, laws play a vital role in regulating economic activities and fostering a stable business environment. Commercial laws govern contracts, property rights, taxation, and intellectual property, providing a framework for fair and ethical business practices. This legal certainty encourages entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment, ultimately contributing to economic growth and development.In the realm of criminal justice, laws serve as a deterrent against criminal activities and ensure that those who violate societal norms are held accountable for their actions. The existence of a well-defined criminal justice system, with clear laws and appropriate penalties, discourages individuals fromengaging in harmful or illegal behaviors, thereby promoting public safety and social stability.Beyond establishing order and protecting rights, laws also facilitate societal progress and adaptation to changing circumstances. As societies evolve and face new challenges, laws can be amended or introduced to address emerging issues. For instance, laws related to environmental protection, consumer rights, and technological advancements are continuously updated to keep pace with the ever-changing world around us.However, it is essential to acknowledge that laws are not static or infallible. They are subject to continuous evaluation, debate, and reform to ensure they remain relevant, just, and aligned with the values and needs of society. The process of lawmaking and interpretation is an ongoing dialogue between lawmakers, legal experts, and the general public, allowing for the growth and refinement of the legal system over time.As students, we have a unique opportunity to engage with the concept of law from multiple perspectives. In our studies, we may analyze the historical origins and philosophical underpinnings of laws, examine case studies that highlight their practical applications, or delve into the intricacies of legal reasoning and interpretation.Moreover, by actively participating in discussions and debates surrounding legal issues, we can develop critical thinking skills, hone our persuasive abilities, and gain a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between law and society.In conclusion, the role of law in society is multifaceted and indispensable. Laws serve as the foundation for maintaining social order, protecting individual rights, fostering economic development, and promoting justice and accountability. While laws may sometimes be perceived as restrictive, they ultimately contribute to the greater good of society by providing a framework for peaceful coexistence, progress, and the protection of fundamental human values. As future leaders and citizens, it is our responsibility to engage with the legal system, understand its complexities, and strive to uphold the principles of justice, equality, and the rule of law.篇3The Role of Law in SocietyLaws are an integral part of any civilized society. They serve as the foundation that upholds social order, protects individual rights, and ensures a fair and just system for all citizens. As a student, I have come to appreciate the significance of law inregulating various aspects of our daily lives, from the way we interact with one another to the manner in which businesses operate and governments function.At its core, the primary function of law is to maintain order and stability within a society. Without a comprehensive legal framework, chaos would ensue, and the strong would oppress the weak. Laws establish clear boundaries and guidelines for acceptable behavior, deterring individuals from engaging in activities that could harm others or disrupt the peace. By defining what constitutes a crime and outlining the corresponding penalties, the law serves as a deterrent, discouraging people from engaging in unlawful acts that could jeopardize the well-being of the community.Moreover, laws play a crucial role in protecting the fundamental rights and liberties of individuals. The concepts of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to due process are all enshrined in legal statutes, safeguarding citizens from arbitrary government action or infringement upon their civil liberties. These laws ensure that every individual is treated equally before the law, regardless of their race, gender, or socioeconomic status, fostering a sense of fairness and justice within society.Another vital aspect of law is its ability to regulate economic activities and facilitate commerce. Contract law, for instance, provides a framework for parties to enter into legally binding agreements, ensuring that obligations are met and disputes are resolved in a fair and transparent manner. Property laws protect the rights of individuals and businesses to own and transfer assets, promoting economic growth and investment. Without such legal protections, the free market would be subject to chaos and uncertainty, hindering economic progress.Furthermore, laws play a significant role in shaping societal values and promoting ethical behavior. Environmental laws, for instance, aim to protect our planet's natural resources and promote sustainability, reflecting society's concern for thewell-being of future generations. Labor laws safeguard the rights of workers, ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, and protection from exploitation. These laws not only regulate specific activities but also reflect the moral and ethical principles that a society holds dear.Despite the numerous benefits of law, it is crucial to acknowledge that the legal system is not without its flaws. Laws can sometimes be outdated, failing to keep pace with the rapidly changing societal norms and technological advancements.Additionally, the interpretation and application of laws can be subject to bias or influence, leading to inconsistencies and injustices. It is, therefore, essential for the legal system to remain dynamic and adaptive, continually evolving to address emerging challenges and ensure that justice is served impartially.As a student, I have had the opportunity to study various aspects of law, from constitutional principles to criminal law and civil procedures. This exposure has deepened my understanding of the vital role that law plays in shaping our society and ensuring that it functions effectively. I have come to appreciate the intricate balance that must be struck between individual freedoms and the collective well-being of society, and the delicate interplay between laws and societal values.In conclusion, the role of law in society cannot be overstated. It serves as the foundation upon which our civilization is built, providing a framework for order, justice, and economic prosperity. While the legal system is not perfect, it remains an essential component of a well-functioning society, constantly evolving to meet the changing needs and aspirations of its citizens. As a student, I am committed to studying and understanding the complexities of law, for it is through thisknowledge that we can work towards creating a more just, equitable, and harmonious society for all.。
对赌协议法律适用问题研究——以“海富案”、“瀚霖案”和“华工案”为例
对赌协议法律适用问题研究——以“海富案”、“瀚霖案”和“华工案”为例摘要私募股权投资逐步成为公司融资的主要途径，由于私募股权投资的高风险性，对赌协议（又称为“估值调整机制”）这种用来规避交易风险的创新金融工具应运而生，以蒙牛、永乐、太子奶等与境外投资机构签订的对赌协议被人们所关注，以对赌第一案“海富案”首次进入司法实践中检视其法律效力。
关于对赌协议效力的认定在我国现有法律体系下并不明确，在理论界、实务界引起了广泛争议，同时对赌协议的适用领域不断扩大，交易结构不断创新，使其在我国的法律环境下长期徘徊于法律的灰色地带。
2019年11月份最高人民法院发布的《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》（简称《九民会议纪要》）肯定了对赌协议的效力，也为对赌协议的合法履行指明了法律规制的方向，鉴于这一新的裁判规则变化，进一步归纳分析相关案例、公司法理论及法律规范具有很大的现实意义。
本文运用文献研究法、案例研究法和比较研究法，从分析三起对赌协议的典型案例入手，从公司法理论及现有法律规定出发，归纳对赌协议在我国当前法律环境下存在的法律障碍，进而重新认识对赌协议的法律本质，厘清对赌协议的法律适用，合理认定其法律效力，有效规制其合法履行，使对赌协议这样的创新金融工具与我国的法律制度能够相互适应。
本文共有四部分：绪论部分：阐述了论文的选题背景和意义、归纳了对赌协议国内外研究现状、明确了研究方法，确定了论文研究的可行性及研究方向。
第一章：“案情回顾及争议焦点归纳”，该部分主要是介绍“海富案”“瀚霖案”和“华工案”三起典型案例的案情以及法院的裁判观点，在此基础上归纳整理案件的争议焦点。
第二章：“案件争议焦点的法理分析”，本文通过综合分析上述三起案例，分别梳理归纳出三个争议焦点，分别是：“海富案”中金钱补偿条款是否违反公司利润分配制度、“瀚霖案”中目标公司为原股东对赌提供担保是否违反公司担保制度、“华工案”中股份回购条款是否违反公司股份回购制度。
中外合作经营合同英文版7篇
中外合作经营合同英文版7篇篇1COOPERATION CONTRACTThis Cooperation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract”) is entered into by ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and ___________ (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”), in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China, on the basis of equality, mutual trust, and mutual benefit.I. CONTRACTING PARTIESParty A: ___________ (Full Name)Address: ___________ (Address)Party B: ___________ (Full Name)Address: ___________ (Address)II. COOPERATION OBJECTIVEThe parties agree to jointly establish a cooperative business entity for the purpose of ___________.III. COOPERATION PERIODThe cooperation shall be effective from the date of signing this Contract and shall continue for a period of ________ years. After the expiration of this period, unless otherwise agreed by both parties, the Contract shall be automatically renewed.IV. SCOPE OF COOPERATION1. The parties shall jointly invest and establish a business entity with Party A contributing _______% of the total investment and Party B contributing _______%.2. The business entity shall be primarily engaged in __________ (business scope).3. The parties shall jointly determine major business decisions, management policies, and share profits and risks in accordance with their respective shares in the investment.V. CAPITAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND MANAGEMENT1. The total investment of the business entity shall be determined by both parties upon joint negotiation.2. Party A shall contribute _______% of the total investment in cash/kind within _______ days from the date of signing this Contract. Party B shall contribute its share in accordance with the agreed proportion and terms.3. The management of the business entity shall be carried out in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and the articles of association approved by both parties.VI. PROFITS AND LOSSES1. Profits and losses generated during the cooperation shall be shared by both parties in proportion to their respective shares in the investment.2. After-tax profits shall be distributed to both parties based on their respective shares after deducting necessary expenses for the operation and expansion of the business entity.VII. CONFLICT OF INTEREST AND CONFIDENTIALITY1. Both parties shall not engage in any activities that are in conflict with the interests of the business entity during the term of this Contract.2. Any confidential information related to the business entity shall be kept confidential by both parties, and neither party shalldisclose such information to third parties without the consent of the other party.VIII. CONTRACT TERMINATION AND DISPOSITION OF ASSETS1. In case of termination of this Contract due to any reason, the remaining assets of the business entity shall be disposed of in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and the agreed terms of both parties.2. Any disputes arising from the termination of this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiation or legal means.IX. MISCELLANEOUS1. Both parties shall comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and policies during the implementation of this Contract. Any changes to relevant laws, regulations, or policies that affect the implementation of this Contract shall be notified to the other party in a timely manner.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. If no settlement can be reached, either party may submit the dispute to the court with jurisdiction over the place where the business entity is located for litigation resolution.3. This Contract is made in both Chinese and English languages with equal validity. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract shall be subject to approval by relevant authorities before its effectiveness if so required by law or regulation.5. This Contract is executed in ____ copies, with both parties holding equal number of copies each bearing equal validity and legal force from the date of signing by both parties concerned hereby confirmed by an authorized representative on behalf of each party.. 签署地点：____________ 日期：____________For Party A: （盖章）For Party B: （盖章）（以下空白留双方代表签字及盖章用）（以下空白留双方代表签字及盖章用）（Signature）（Signature）（Stamp）（Stamp）（Name）（Name）Title: _________________________ Title: _________________________ （双方代表签字及盖章处）（双方代表签字及盖章处）篇2Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by andbetween [Company Name of China] (hereinafter referred to as "Party A") and [Company Name of Foreign Country] (hereinafter referred to as "Party B").Article 1: Contract ObjectiveThe objective of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between Party A and Party B for the purpose of [specify the purpose of the cooperation, such as production, distribution, marketing, technology cooperation, etc.]Article 2: Terms of Cooperation1. The cooperation shall be implemented in accordance with the principles of mutual benefit, equality, fairness, and good faith.2. Party A and Party B shall contribute resources, technologies, expertise, and other necessary elements for the successful operation of the project.Article 3: Capital Contribution1. Party A shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] of the total capital required for the project.2. Party B shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] of the total capital required for the project, which may include foreign currency or technologies.Article 4: Operation Management1. The cooperative operation shall be managed by a Joint Management Committee composed of representatives from both parties.2. The Committee shall be responsible for overseeing the daily operations, making strategic decisions, and resolving any disputes that may arise during the course of cooperation.Article 5: Profit Distribution1. Profits generated from the cooperative operation shall be distributed in accordance with the capital contributions of both parties.2. Additional profit distribution arrangements shall be agreed upon by both parties in writing.Article 6: Risk SharingAny risks encountered during the operation shall be shared by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions and responsibilities.Article 7: Contract Duration1. The duration of this Contract shall be [specify duration].2. There shall be options for renewal upon expiration of the Contract as agreed by both parties.Article 8: Intellectual Property Rights1. Any intellectual property rights arising from the cooperative operation shall be owned by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions.2. Each party shall be responsible for safeguarding the other party's intellectual property rights.Article 9: ConfidentialityBoth parties shall maintain confidentiality of all information related to the cooperative operation that is not intended for public disclosure.Article 10: TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party in the event of a breach of Contract by the other party that is not rectified within a reasonable period.Article 11: Miscellaneous1. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through friendly negotiations between both parties.2. This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [specify applicable law].3. This Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and no modifications shall be made to it unless agreed upon by both parties in writing.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract by their respective duly authorized representatives on _________. The original text of this Contract shall be made in both Chinese and English languages, with equal legal effects. Any discrepancies shall be resolved by reference to the Chinese version.篇3Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by and between [Name of Chinese Party] (hereinafter referred to as the "Chinese Party") and [Name of Foreign Party] (hereinafterreferred to as the "Foreign Party"), through friendly negotiation and mutual understanding, in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.Article 1: ObjectiveThe purpose of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between the Chinese Party and the Foreign Party for the purpose of jointly developing, manufacturing, and marketing ___[describe the product/service合作经营的项目]___ in China.Article 2: Scope of Cooperation1. The parties shall cooperate in the areas of research, development, production, and sales of ___[产品/服务].2. The specific details of cooperation, including investment, profits distribution, risk sharing, management structure, and operation mode shall be further defined in subsequent agreements.Article 3: Term of CooperationThe term of this Contract shall be ___[Contract duration, e.g., "ten years"], commencing on the date of signing this Contract and expiring on the date specified.Article 4: Investment1. The Chinese Party shall contribute land, buildings, and other assets as its investment.2. The Foreign Party shall contribute technology, equipment, and cash as its investment.3. Details of investment structure, proportion, and timing shall be clearly defined in a separate investment agreement.Article 5: Management1. A joint management committee shall be established to oversee the operation and daily management of the cooperative enterprise.2. The committee shall consist of representatives from both parties and shall have equal decision-making power.3. Major decisions, such as changing the purpose of cooperation, major investments, and appointment of senior management personnel require the approval of both parties.Article 6: Operation and Management1. The cooperative enterprise shall conduct its business activities in accordance with the laws and regulations of China.2. The operation and management rules shall be formulated by the joint management committee based on agreed principles.3. The enterprise shall establish a sound management system to ensure the smooth operation of its business activities.Article 7: Profit Distribution and Risk Sharing1. Profits generated by the cooperative enterprise shall be distributed in accordance with the agreed proportion between the parties.2. Risks associated with the operation of the enterprise shall be shared by both parties in accordance with their respective contributions to the enterprise.Article 8: Intellectual Property1. The Foreign Party shall assign or license all intellectual property rights related to the technology it provides to the cooperative enterprise.2. The parties shall protect each other's intellectual property rights and take necessary measures to prevent any infringement of such rights.Article 9: Contract Termination1. In case of any breach of contract by either party, the other party may terminate this Contract in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.2. Upon termination of this Contract, all assets and rights related to the cooperative enterprise shall be disposed in accordance with agreed principles.Article 10: Miscellaneous1. This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation between the parties. If no settlement can be reached, such disputes may be submitted to ___ [specify dispute resolution mechanism, e.g., "the court having jurisdiction over the place where the cooperative enterprise is located"] for resolution.3. This Contract is made in both Chinese and [Foreign language], with the Chinese version being the official version. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract is effective as of the date of signing by both parties and shall be registered with relevant authorities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.The parties have read and fully understand this Contract, and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions.Chinese Party: _________ [Signature]Foreign Party: _________ [Signature]Date: _________ [Contract signing date]篇4Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation ContractThis Sino-Foreign Cooperative Operation Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made by and between [Party A Name], a legal entity duly organized under the laws of [Party A's Country], and [Party B Name], a legal entity duly organized under the laws of the People's Republic of China, through friendly negotiation and mutual understanding on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and in accordance with the laws of the People's Republic of China.Article 1: Contract ObjectiveThe objective of this Contract is to establish a cooperative operation between the two Parties for the purpose of [specify the purpose or industry, e.g., manufacturing, distribution, technology cooperation, etc.] in China.Article 2: Scope of CooperationThe scope of cooperation shall include but not be limited to [list specific areas of cooperation, e.g., product development, technology transfer, market expansion, etc.].Article 3: Term of CooperationThe term of this Contract shall be for a period of [specify duration, e.g., twenty years], commencing on [start date] and expiring on [end date].Article 4: Investment and Capital Contribution1. Party A shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] as investment, which may include [specify, e.g., cash, technology, equipment, etc.].2. Party B shall contribute [specify amount or percentage] as investment, which may include [specify, e.g., land, buildings, working capital, etc.].Article 5: Management StructureThe cooperative enterprise shall establish a management committee consisting of representatives from both Parties. Decision-making shall be based on mutual consultation and agreement.Article 6: Operation and ManagementThe cooperative enterprise shall be operated and managed in accordance with laws and regulations of China, and the operational activities shall be conducted based on the agreed management structure.Article 7: Profit DistributionProfits shall be distributed in accordance with the agreed ratio between the two Parties. Details shall be specified in the Supplementary Agreement.Article 8: Intellectual PropertyAll intellectual property arising from the cooperative activities shall be owned by the cooperative enterprise or used under license from either Party, as agreed upon by both Parties.Article 9: Risk SharingBoth Parties shall share risks in accordance with their respective contributions to the enterprise.Article 10: Contract TerminationThis Contract may be terminated upon agreement by both Parties or in cases of force majeure leading to permanent inability to perform the Contract. Termination shall be subject to the provisions of the Supplementary Agreement.Article 11: Miscellanea1. This Contract shall be subject to laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.2. Any disputes arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation between both Parties. If no settlement can be reached, either Party may submit such disputes to [specify arbitration institution] for arbitration.3. This Contract shall be made in both Chinese and English languages, with equal validity. In case of any discrepancies between the two versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.4. This Contract is effective as of the date when it is signed and approved by both Parties.Party A (China): [Name of Party A]Authorized Representative: [Signature] Date:XX-XX-XXXX篇5SINO-FOREIGN COOPERATION CONTRACT甲方：__________（以下简称中方）Party A: __________ (hereinafter referred to as the Chinese Party)乙方：__________ （以下简称外方）Party B: __________ (hereinafter referred to as the Foreign Party)鉴于甲方拥有独特的资源和技术优势，乙方拥有先进的国际管理经验和资金实力；经充分友好协商，双方就共同开展合作经营活动事宜，达成共识，并签订本合同。
网络作文之网络言论自由英语作文
网络作文之网络言论自由英语作文Online Composition: Freedom of Online ExpressionWith the rapid development of the internet, online communication has become an integral part of our daily lives. However, along with the convenience it brings, issues concerning freedom of online expression have emerged. In this online composition, we will delve into the topic of freedom of online expression and its significance in our society.Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right that allows individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions without fear of censorship or punishment. This right is even more pronounced in the online world, where individuals can openly share their views with a global audience.One of the main advantages of freedom of online expression is the ability to foster open and inclusive discussions. Through online platforms such as social media, people from different backgrounds can exchange ideas, challenge prevailing beliefs, and engage in healthy debates. This not only enhances our understanding of various issues but also promotes tolerance and empathy among netizens.Moreover, freedom of online expression acts as a vital check on the power of the government and other authoritative entities. It serves as a platform for individuals to voice their concerns, criticize policies, and hold those in power accountable. Online platforms have proven to be effective tools for organizing protests, advocating for social causes, and reporting on human rights abuses when traditional media outlets are restricted or biased.However, while freedom of online expression is essential, it also comes with certain challenges. The internet is a double-edged sword, as it provides a platform for both constructive discussions and the spreading of hate speech, misinformation, and cyberbullying. It is crucial to strike a balance between free expression and responsible online behavior.To protect individuals from the negative aspects of online expression, laws and regulations have been established in many countries to curb online harassment, hate speech, and the dissemination of false information. While these measures aim to maintain a healthy online environment, they should be implemented cautiously so as not to infringe upon the right to free speech.In addition, online platforms play a significant role in the promotion of responsible online expression. Social media platforms, for example, have implemented mechanisms to combat misinformation, hate speech, and cyberbullying. These measures include fact-checking systems, content moderation, and reporting mechanisms. By actively engaging in such self-regulation, online platforms can ensure a safer and more constructive online environment.Furthermore, individuals themselves bear the responsibility of exercising their freedom of online expression with caution. It is essential to approach discussions with respect and empathy towards others, abstain from spreading false information, and refrain from engaging in online harassment. By practicing responsible online expression, individuals contribute to a positive and conducive online environment.In conclusion, freedom of online expression plays a pivotal role in our modern society. It enables open discussions, challenges authority, andfosters social progress. However, it is crucial to address the challenges that accompany this freedom, such as hate speech and misinformation. Through a combination of legal measures, responsible online behavior, and self-regulation by online platforms, we can ensure that freedom of online expression continues to thrive while maintaining a safe and inclusive digital landscape.。
Guideline on Active Substance Master File Procedure Final
31 May 2013Committee of Human Medicinal Products CHMP/QWP/227/02 Rev 3/Corr *Committee of Veterinary Medicinal Products EMEA/CVMP/134/02 Rev 3/Corr *Guideline on Active Substance Master File Procedure FinalDiscussion at the HMPC November 2005 – January 2006 Adoption by the HMPC 22 January 2006 Draft agreed by Quality Working Party 9 February 2006 Adoption by CHMP for release for consultation 23 March 2006 Adoption by CVMP for release for consultation 20 April 2006 End of consultation (deadline for comments) 30 August 2006 Agreed by Quality Working Party 1 December 2011 Adoption by CHMP for release for consultation 15 December 2011 Adoption by CVMP for release for consultation 12 January 2012 End of consultation (deadline for comments) 12 March 2012 Rev. 03 Agreed by Quality Working Party 04 May 2012 Rev. 03 Adoption by CVMP 14 June 2012 Rev. 03 Adoption by CHMP 21 June 2012 Rev. 03 Date for coming into effect 1 October 2012 This guideline replaces guideline CPMP/QWP/227/02 Rev 2 (EMEA/CVMP/134/02 Rev.2).Keywords Active substance master file, ASMF, letter of access, submission letter 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United KingdomNote:The corrections introduced to this guideline aim to support the Working Group on Active Substance Master File Procedures in their initiatives to improve the ASMF procedure across the European Regulatory Network. To this end, the annexes to the guideline have been revised, and one new annex introduced. Some minor textual changes in the main part of the guideline have been introduced as a consequence of the revised annexes.* The correction concerns a clarification in:•Annex 1, detailing which manufacturing sites are to be declared in section 3.2.S.2.1;•Annex 3, detailing the need to declare the salt form, water content and grade of the active substance, as applicable.Table of contentsExecutive summary (4)1. Introduction (background) (4)2. Scope (4)3. Legal basis (4)4. Content of the Active Substance Master File (5)5. Use of the Active Substance Master File Procedure (5)6. Content of the MA-dossier when the Active Substance Master File Procedure is used (7)7. Changes and updates to the Active Substance Master File (7)ANNEX 1 (9)ANNEX 2 (14)ANNEX 3 (15)ANNEX 4 (19)ANNEX 5 (20)ANNEX 6 (21)ANNEX 7 (22)Executive summary1. Introduction (background)The main objective of the Active Substance Master File (ASMF) procedure, formerly known as the European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is to allow valuable confidential intellectual property or 'know-how' of the manufacturer of the active substance (ASM) to be protected, while at the same time allowing the Applicant or Marketing Authorisation (MA) holder to take full responsibility for the medicinal product and the quality and quality control of the active substance. National Competent Authorities/EMA thus have access to the complete information that is necessary for an evaluation of the suitability of the use of the active substance in the medicinal product.2. ScopeThis Guideline is intended to assist Applicants/MA holders in the compilation of the active substance section of their dossiers for a Marketing Authorisation Application (MAA) or a Marketing Authorisation Variation (MAV) of a medicinal product. It is also intended to help ASMF holders in the compilation of their ASMFs.ASMF Procedure and herbal substances/preparationsIn accordance with Directive 2001/83/EC as amended, the quality of traditional herbal medicinal products for human use has to be documented in accordance with existing European legislative requirements. These criteria are laid down in the following guidelines (which are applicable for all Human and Veterinary Herbal Medicinal products): ‘Guideline on quality of herbal medicinalproducts/traditional herbal medicinal products’ (CPMP/QWP/2819/00, EMEA/CVMP/814/00, in their latest revisions) and the ‘Guideline on specifications: test procedures and acceptance criteria for herbal substances, herbal preparations and herbal medicinal products/ traditional herbal medicinal products’ (CPMP/QWP/2820/00, EMEA/CVMP/815/00, in their latest revisions).It should be noted that the principles which are outlined in table 3 of Annex 1 in relation to traditional herbal medicinal products are equally applicable to other herbal medicinal products, both for Human and Veterinary use, which do not follow the simplified registration procedure.References:1. ‘Guideline on quality of herbal medicinal products/traditional herbal medicinal products’(CPMP/QWP/2819/00, EMEA/CVMP/814/00, in their latest revisions);2. ‘Guideline on specifications: test procedures and acceptance criteria for herbal substances, herbalpreparations and herbal medicinal products/ traditional herbal medicinal products’(CPMP/QWP/2820/00, EMEA/CVMP/815/00, in their latest revisions);3. ‘Guideline on summary of requirements for active substances in the quality part of the dossier’(CHMP/QWP/297/97, EMEA/CVMP/1069/02, in their latest revisions).3. Legal basisAnnex I to Directive 2001/83/EC as amended Part I, 3.2 Basic principles and requirements, (8) Active Substance Master File (for Human medicinal products) and Annex I to Directive 2001/82/EC asamended, Part 2.C.1 General Requirements, 1.1. Active Substances (for Veterinary medicinal products).4. Content of the Active Substance Master FileThe overall content of the ASMF should contain detailed scientific information as indicated under the various headings of the relevant Notice to Applicants for Marketing Authorisations for Medicinal Products in the Member States of the European Union (NtA).ASMFs linked to human medicinal products should be presented in the format of the Common Technical Document (CTD), see Annex 1 table 1.ASMFs linked to veterinary medicinal products should normally be presented in accordance with the format given in Annex 1 table 2, however in accordance with Parts 1.C and 2 of Directive 2001/82/EC as amended, all parts of such ASMFs (AP, RP, and their summaries) may be presented in the CTD format in the following circumstances1:•Where the active substance has been included in a medicinal product for human use authorised in accordance with the requirements of Annex I to Directive 2001/83/EC as amended;•In the case of any application for an animal species or for indications representing smaller market sectors;•Where the competent authority has publicly announced this possibility.The scientific information in the ASMF should be physically divided into two separate parts, namely the Applicant’s Part (AP) and the Restricted Part (RP). The AP contains the information that the ASMF holder regards as non-confidential to the Applicant/MA holder, whereas the RP contains the information that the ASMF holder regards as confidential, see Annex 1. It is emphasized that the AP is still a confidential document that cannot be submitted by anyone to third parties without the written consent of the ASMF holder. In all cases the AP should contain sufficient information to enable the Applicant/MA holder to take full responsibility for an evaluation of the suitability of the specification for the active substance to control the quality of this active substance for use in the manufacture of a specified medicinal product.The RP may contain the remaining information, such as detailed information on the individual steps of the manufacturing method (reaction conditions, temperature, validation and evaluation data of critical steps) and the quality control during the manufacture of the active substance. The National Competent Authorities/EMA may not accept that particular information has not been disclosed to the Applicant/MA holder. In such cases, the National Competent Authorities/EMA may ask for an amendment to the AP. In addition to the AP and RP, the ASMF should contain a table of contents, and separate summaries for both the AP and the RP. In cases where the ASMF is provided in the CTD format, both summaries should be presented as a Quality Overall Summary (QOS). In cases where the veterinary NtA format is used, they should be detailed and critical summaries. Each version of the AP and RP should have unique and independent version control numbers.5. Use of the Active Substance Master File ProcedureAn ASMF can only be submitted in support of an MAA or MAV. The relationship between the quality of the active substance and its use in the medicinal product needs to be justified in this MAA or MAV.1A correlation table should also be provided for ASMFs for Veterinary applications presented in the CTD format.Although the ASMF procedure is developed to keep intellectual property of the ASM confidential, it is also permissible to use the procedure when there is no confidentiality issue between the Applicant/MA holder and the ASM (e.g. when the Applicant/MA holder synthesises the active substance himself). It is expected that the ASM is also the holder of the ASMF.The ASMF procedure can be used for the following active substances, including herbal active substances/preparations. i.e.:A. New active substances;B. Existing active substances not included in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) or thepharmacopoeia of an EU Member State;C. Pharmacopeial active substances included in the Ph. Eur. or in the pharmacopoeia of an EU MemberState.The ASMF procedure cannot be used for biological active substances, see Annex 5.The ASMF holder may have an ASMF as well as a Certificate of Suitability (CEP) issued by EDQM for a single active substance. Generally, it is however not acceptable that the Applicant/MA holder refers to an ASMF as well as to a CEP for a single active substance of a particular MAA/MAV. In cases where the CEP contains too little information (e.g. stability) the National Competent Authorities/EMA may decide that additional information should be provided in the dossier. In such case it may be acceptable to refer both to an ASMF and a CEP.The ASMF holder should give permission to the National Competent Authorities/EMA to assess the data in the ASMF in relation to a specific MAA/MAV, in the form of a ‘Letter of Access’, see Annex 2.The ASMF holder should submit to the Applicant/MA holder:• a copy of the latest version of the AP (and, if applicable, responses to deficiency letters on the AP from a NCA/EMA if not already incorporated into the AP);• a copy of the QOS or detailed and critical summary, as appropriate, on the latest version of the AP;• a copy of the Letter of Access where this letter has not been submitted earlier for the product concerned.In addition, it is an essential requirement that the ASMF holder should submit to all National Competent Authorities/EMA involved in the MAA/MAV procedure:•the ASMF (and, if applicable, responses to deficiency letters from a NCA/EMA if not already incorporated into the ASMF), accompanied by a Submission Letter and Administrative Details, see Annex 3. This also applies to the ASMF holder's responses to deficiency letters from a NCA/EMA; •the Letter of Access where this letter has not been submitted earlier for the product concerned. The ASMF holder should submit the ASMF to the National Competent Authority/EMA either for each MAA and each MAV or only once according to national requirements. The submission of the relevant documentation by the ASMF holder to the National Competent Authority/EMA must be synchronised to arrive at approximately the same time as the MAA or the MAV i.e. not more than one month before and not after the intended MAA/MAV submission date.Where the ASMF procedure is used, the Applicant/MA holder should submit the MAA or MAV to the National Competent Authorities/EMA together with the Letter of Access where this Letter has not been submitted earlier by the MA holder/Applicant himself or by the ASMF holder for the product concerned.Where the same active substance is used in a number of applications for different products in one or more Member States, the ASMF holder should submit identical documentation to every National Competent Authority/EMA. Consequently, the National Competent Authorities/EMA may require that any ASMF updates made in relation to one MA should apply to all. It is the ASMF holder’s responsibility to notify the MA holders and National Competent Authorities/EMA concerned about any changes to the AP and/or RP, so that the MA holders can update all affected MAs accordingly.6. Content of the MA-dossier when the Active Substance Master File Procedure is usedThe Applicant/MA holder is responsible for ensuring that he has access to all relevant information concerning the current manufacture of the active substance.The specification used by the Applicant/MA holder to control the correct quality of the active substance should be laid down unambiguously in the MA dossier (CTD format section 3.2.S.4.1 and 3.2.S.4.2 or old human/veterinary NtA format part 2.C.1). The Applicant/MA holder should include a copy of the AP in the MA dossier (CTD format section 3.2.S or veterinary NtA format part 2.C.1). The version of the AP in the MA dossier should be the most recent and it should be identical to the AP as supplied by the ASMF holder to the National Competent Authority/EMA as part of the ASMF. The Applicant/MA holder should include all relevant details from the AP in the QOS/detailed and critical summary of the MA dossier. Issues of the ASMF that are specifically relevant to the product under consideration should be highlighted in the QOS/detailed and critical summary of the MA dossier.In the case of a single supplier and where the ASMF procedure or CEP procedure is used, the specification for the active substance provided by the Applicant/MA holder in the MA dossier should in principle be identical to that of the ASMF holder or the CEP holder. However, the Applicant/MA holder does not need to accept redundant tests in the specification, unnecessarily tight specification limits or outdated analytical methods.In cases where the Applicant/MA holder uses a different analytical method than that described in the ASMF, both methods should be validated. Technical tests in the specification that are relevant for the medicinal product, but which are normally not part of the specification in the ASMF (e.g. particle size), should be part of the specification of the Applicant/MA holder.In cases where there is more than one supplier, the Applicant/MA holder should have one single compiled specification that is identical for each supplier. It is acceptable to lay down in the specification more than one acceptance criterion and/or analytical method for a single parameter with the statement ‘if tested’ (e.g. in case of residual solvents).7. Changes and updates to the Active Substance Master FileAs for medicinal products, ASMF holders should keep the content of their ASMFs updated with respect to the actual synthesis/manufacturing process. The quality control methods should be kept in line with the current regulatory and scientific requirements.ASMF holders shall not modify the contents of their ASMF (e.g. manufacturing process or specifications) without informing each Applicant/MA holder and each National CompetentAuthority/EMA. This obligation remains valid until the Letter of Access has been withdrawn by the ASMF holder, see Annex 4. ASMF holders should provide the updated ASMF to all interested parties with reference to the revised version number.Any change to the ASMF should be reported by every MA holder to the relevant National Competent Authority/EMA by means of an appropriate variation procedure. A Submission Letter should be provided (Annex 3).In cases where the contents of the ASMF cannot be changed for a certain period of time because of other procedural provisions (i.e. mainly because of on-going MRP procedures), the ASMF holder should still provide the aforementioned data to the MA holder and National Competent Authorities/EMA making reference to this reason and requesting a later date of implementation.At the occasion of the 5-year renewal of a medicinal product, MA holders are required to declare that the quality of the product, in respect of the methods of preparation and control, has been regularly updated by variation procedure to take account of technical and scientific progress, and that the product conforms with current CHMP/CVMP quality guidelines. They will also declare that no changes have been made to the product particulars other than those approved by the CompetentAuthority/EMA.MA holders should therefore verify with their ASMF holders whether the above declaration can be met in respect to the active substance particulars. In case changes have not been notified to the MA holder and National Competent Authority/EMA, the necessary variation procedure should be initiated without delay.ANNEX 1OVERVIEW ASMF CONTENTSTable 1CTD format Applicant’s Part Restricted Part 3.2.S.1 General information x 3.2.S.1.1 Nomenclature x 3.2.S.1.2 Structure x 3.2.S.1.3 General properties x 3.2.S.2 Manufacture x X 3.2.S.2.1 Manufacturer(s)2 x 3.2.S.2.2Description of Manufacturing Process and Process controls a) b) 3.2.S.2.3 Control of Materials X 3.2.S.2.4 Control of critical steps and intermediates c) d) 3.2.S.2.5 Process validation and/or Evaluation X 3.2.S.2.6 Manufacturing Process Development X 3.2.S.3 Characterisation x 3.2.S.3.1 Elucidation of Structure and other Characteristics x 3.2.S.3.2 Impurities x e) 3.2.S.4 Control of Drug Substance x 3.2.S.4.1 Specification x 3.2.S.4.2 Analytical procedures x 3.2.S.4.3 Validation of analytical procedures x 3.2.S.4.4 Batch analysis x 3.2.S.4.5 Justification of specification x f) 3.2.S.5 Reference standards or materials x 3.2.S.6 Container Closure System x 3.2.S.7 Stability x 3.2.S.7.1 Stability summary and conclusion x 3.2.S.7.2Post-approval Stability Protocol and Stability Commitment x 3.2.S.7.3 Stability data x 2 Including all companies involved in the manufacture of the active substance, including quality control/ in process testing sites, intermediate manufacturers, milling and sterilisation sites.Table 2 NtA veterinary format Applicant’sPart RestrictedPart2.C.1 Name(s) and site(s) of ASM x X2.C.1.1 Specifications and routine tests x2.C.1.2.1 Nomenclature x2.C.1.2.2 Description x2.C.1.2.3 Brief outline of the manufacturing route (flow chart) x2.C.1.2.3 Detailed description manufacturing method X2.C.1.2.4 QC during manufacture c) d)Process validation and evaluation of data X2.C.1.2.5 Development Chemistry xEvidence of structure xPotential Isomerism xPhysiochemical characterisation xAnalytical validation x2.C.1.2.6 Impurities x e)2.C.1.2.7 Batch analysis x2.F.1 Stability xa) Flow chart and short description is regarded as sufficient, if detailed information is presented in theRestricted Part. However, full validation data on the sterilisation process may be requested in the Applicant’s Part (in cases where there is no further sterilisation of the final product).b) Detailed information.c) As far as the information is also relevant for the Applicant/MA holder.d) As far as the information is related to the detailed description of the manufacturing process and asfar as this information is not relevant for the Applicant/MA holder.e) In so far as the information is related to the detailed description of the manufacturing process andin so far as the ASMF holder sufficiently justifies that there is no need to control these impurities in the final active substance.f) As far as the information is related to the detailed description of the manufacturing process, controlof materials and process validation.Table 3 NtA CTD format3Herbal Active Substances/ Preparations Applicant’sPartRestricted Part3.2.S.1 General information X3.2.S.1.1 Nomenclature XFor herbal substance:Binomial scientific name of plant (genus, species,variety and author), and chemotype (whereapplicable)Parts of the plantsDefinition of the herbal substanceOther names (synonyms mentioned in otherPharmacopoeias)Laboratory codeFor herbal preparationsBinomial scientific name of plant (genus, species,variety and author), and chemotype (whereapplicable)Parts of the plantsDefinition of the herbal preparationRatio of the herbal substance to the herbalpreparationExtraction solvent(s)Other names (synonyms mentioned in otherPharmacopoeias)Laboratory code3.2.S.1.2 Structure X- Physical form- Description of the constituents with knowntherapeutic activity or markers (molecular formula,relative molecular mass, structural formula, includingrelative and absolute stereochemistry, the molecularformula, and the relative molecular mass).- Other constituent(s)3.2.S.1.3 General properties X3.2.S.2 Manufacturer(s)For herbal substancesThe name, address, and responsibility of eachsupplier, including contractorseach proposed site or facility involved inproduction/collection and testing of the herbalsubstance should be provided, where appropriate.For herbal preparationsThe name, address, and responsibility of each manufacturer, including contractors, and each proposed manufacturing site or facility involved in manufacturing and testing of the herbal preparation should be provided, where appropriate. XX3.2.S.2.2 Description of critical steps and intermediates Flow chart Detailedinformation 3ASMFs for Veterinary herbal medicinal products should be presented in accordance with section 4.1 above.For herbal substancesInformation should be provided to adequatelydescribe the plant productionand plant collection, including:Geographical source of medicinal plantCultivation, harvesting, drying and storage conditionsFor herbal preparationsInformation should be provided to adequatelydescribe the manufacturingprocess of the herbal preparation, including:Description of processingSolvents, reagentsPurification stagesStandardisation3.2.S.2.3 Control of materials XX 3.2.S.2.4 Control of critical steps and intermediates If also relevantfor the MAholder/applicant3.2.S.2.5 Process validation and/or evaluation X X3.2.S.2.6 Manufacturing Process Development XA brief summary describing the development of theherbal substance(s) and herbal preparation(s) whereapplicable should be provided, taking intoconsideration the proposed route of administrationand usage. Results comparing the phytochemicalcomposition of the herbal substance(s) and herbalpreparation(s) where applicable used in supportingbibliographic data and the herbal substance(s) andherbal preparation(s) where applicable described inS1 should be discussed, where appropriate.3.2.S.3 Characterisation X3.2.S.3.1 Elucidation of structure and other characteristics XFor herbal substancesInformation on the botanical, macroscopical,microscopical, phytochemical characterisation, andbiological activity if necessary, should be provided:For herbal preparationsInformation on the phyto- and physicochemicalcharacterisation, and biological activity if necessary,should be provided:3.2.S.3.2 Impurities X3.2.S.4 Control of drug substance X3.2.S.4.1 Specification X3.2.S.4.2 Analytical procedure X3.2.S.4.3 Validation of analytical procedure X3.2.S.4.4 Batch analysis X3.2.S.4.5 Justification of specification X X 3.2.S.5 Reference standards of materials X3.2.S.6 Container closure system X3.2.S.7 Stability X3.2.S.7.1 Stability summary and conclusion X3.2.S.7.2 Post-approval stability protocol and stabilitycommitment X3.2.S.7.3 Stability data XANNEX 2(< FROM ACTIVE SUBSTANCE MASTER FILE HOLDER ON HEADED PAPER>)TEMPLATE LETTER OF ACCESS[Address of Competent Authority/EMA][Date]Number of Active Substance Master File:<EU/ASMF/XXXXX4 or National ASMF reference number5>Name of Active Substance:Internal API Code (if applicable):Active Substance Master File holder: [name and address]The aforementioned Active Substance Master File holder hereby authorises the <name of National Competent Authority> <EMA including all CHMP and CVMP Members and their experts> to refer to and review the above mentioned Active Substance Master File in support of the following Marketing Authorisation Application(s) or Marketing Authorisation Variation(s)6 submitted by [Name of Marketing Authorisation Holder/Applicant] on [planned date of submission]:[Name of product7 and Marketing Authorisation number (if known)][Name of Applicant or Marketing Authorisation holder]The aforementioned Active Substance Master File holder commits to ensure batch to batch consistency and to inform [Name of Marketing Authorisation Holder/Applicant] and Competent Authority/EMA of any change in the Active Substance Master File.The aforementioned Active Substance Master File holder hereby is informed of and accepts that the EEA National Competent Authorities, the EMA including all CHMP and CVMP Members and their experts, and the Certification of Substances Division of the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Healthcare may share the assessment reports of the above mentioned Active Substance Master File amongst themselves.Signature for the Active Substance Master File holder[Name and function][Signature]4 EU/ASMF/XXXXX reference number is allocated from the CTS ASMF assessment report repository (when available) by the Competent Authority/EMA5 The national ASMF reference numbers is allocated by the Competent Authority and should be used for national Marketing Authorisations only or when the EU/ASMF reference number is not allocated6 i.e. to introduce a new ASMF from a new AS manufacturer.7If no invented name has been agreed at the time of submission for this product: it should be indicated ‘INN + Marketing Authorisation Holder name’ANNEX 3(< FROM ACTIVE SUBSTANCE MASTER FILE HOLDER ON HEADED PAPER>)Template Submission Letter and Administrative Details for documents relating to an ActiveSubstance Master File (ASMF)8From:<ASMF Holder name> <ASMF Holder address><ASMF Holder address><ASMF Holder <Post code> Town><ASMF Holder Country>To: <Name and Address of Competent Authority><Date> <Reference>Subject: Submission of documents relating to an ASMFfor <Name of Active Substance> - <EU/ASMF/XXXXX 9 or national ASMF reference number> 10Dear Sir or Madam:This Active Substance Master File is submitted in relation to the following product:Yours faithfully,<Signature of authorised contact person> <Name, address and position in company>8To be submitted together with the ASMF in conjunction with every MAA/variation submission as one document9EU/ASMF/XXXXX reference number is allocated from the CTS ASMF assessment report repository (when available) by the Competent Authority/EMA 10The national ASMF reference numbers is allocated by the Competent Authority and should be used for national Marketing Authorisations only or when EU/ASMF reference number is not allocated 11If no invented name has been agreed at the time of submission for this product: it should be indicated ‘INN + Marketing Authorisation Holder name’Medicinal productAllocated procedure number (as applicable)(Intended) Submission date of the marketingauthorisation application or variation (if known) <Name of the medicinal product>11<EMEA/H/C/product reference number/procedure reference> <RMS/H/product reference number/procedure reference> <National Marketing Application/Authorisation Reference><DD/MM/YYYY>。
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案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师counsel prohac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination〔指终审裁定〕裁决书award〔用于仲裁〕裁决书verdict〔用于陪审团〕采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena辩论状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party撤消执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律参谋legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联络contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s offi ce律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请参加律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人〔仲裁〕claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim推销法律效劳promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托受权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect工程融资project financing工程会谈project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures报案report a case (to security authorities)被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次辩论rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人v ictim’s agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回恳求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充辩论supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay辩论answer; reply辩论陈述书statement of defence辩论状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审讯员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze催促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对阻碍民事诉讼的强迫措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉辩论状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审讯制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People’s Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审讯庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提早介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审讯庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation 起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为才能、限制民事行为才能案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审讯长presiding judge审讯长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审讯管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审讯监视程序procedure for trial supervision审讯委员会judicial committee审讯员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实〔质〕体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜寻search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty 〞物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强迫拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审讯庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审讯庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty〞予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审讯员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme P eople’s Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原那么法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律标准norm of civil law受权标准authorization norm制止标准forbidding norm义务性标准obligatory norm命令性标准commanding norm民法根本原那么fundamental principles of civil law 平等原那么principle of equality自愿原那么principle of free will公平原那么principle of justice等价有偿原那么principle of equal value exchange 老实信誉原那么principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利才能civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion恳求权right of claim物上恳求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice成认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命安康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom声誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活机密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为才能capacity for act意思才能capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为才能perfect capacity for act限制行为才能restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为才能incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 理论性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency受权行为act of authorization受权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation获得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突标准rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保存reserve of public order法律躲避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice成心deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence忽略大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承当方式methods of bearing civil liability停顿损害cease the infringing act排除阻碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复声誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼抱歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原那么the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原那么principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property消费资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing制止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi好心占有possession in good faith恶意占有malicious possession按份共有several possession共同共有joint possession他物权jus in re aliena用益物权real right for usufruct使用权right to use; right of use土地使用权right to the use of land林权forest ownership采矿权mining ownership经营权managerial authority; power of management承包经营权right to contracted management相邻权neighboring right; relatedright地上权superficies永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract 地役权servitude; easement人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权real right for security物的担保security for thing物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage抵押人mortgagor抵押权人mortgagee抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage抵押权的消灭extinction of right tomortgageregistration of estate under mortgage抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage抵押优先权priority of mortgage留置权lien一般留置权general lien特别留置权special lien质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge佃权tenant right债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right债权人creditor债务人debtor相对人counterpart; offeree。
香港大学合规法授课型研究生申请要求
香港大学合规法授课型研究生申请要求香港大学简介学校名称香港大学学校英文名称The University of Hong Kong学校位置中国 | 香港 | 香港岛2020 QS 世界排名25香港大学概述香港大学（The University of HongKong），简称“港大（HKU）”，是中国的一所国际化公立研究型大学，通常被认为是亚洲最具名望的大学之一，有亚洲“常春藤”之称，其前身为香港西医书院。
香港大学奠基于1910年3月16日，次年3月30日正式注册成立，是中国香港历史最悠久的高等教育机构。
香港大学自创校以来始终采用英语教学，其学术研究多可与欧美无缝对接、良性互动，也得益于此，在很长一段时间里，以医学、商科、人文、政法等领域见长的香港大学都是中国高等教育界一面独特的旗帜，享誉亚洲乃至世界。
香港大学为环太平洋大学联盟、松联盟、Universitas21、中国大学校长联谊会、粤港澳高校联盟、京港大学联盟、沪港大学联盟成员，AACSB及EQUI S双重认证成员，是全球第一个界定出SARS病原体的科研单位。
合规法专业简介法规遵循和监管的LLM使学生能够接触到影响法规遵循任务的法律、法规、行业实践、政策和其他考虑因素。
合规和监管领域继续经历重大发展和变化，以应对越来越多的法律和监管要求，以及对违反这些规定的日益严重的后果----影响到金融服务行业的商业运作方式。
由一个知识渊博、经验丰富的学术人员以及行业和专业人士组成的团队提供的教学，给这个课题带来了不同的视角。
学生有机会研究当前影响金融服务行业各个领域的问题，如金融和证券法、财富管理、保险、洗钱等，以及在国际环境和中国证券法律等方面获得更广泛的视角。
该课程提供的课程范围使学生能够选择适合他们的课程。
该计划认识到，积累的知识可以帮助学生在未来的发展中，通过培养学生对日益复杂的领域的理解和专业知识，以及对可能影响未来法规遵循和监管的商业、政策、技术和其他因素的认识。
通过法律去约束我们英语作文
通过法律去约束我们英语作文Title: The Role of Law in Regulating SocietyLaw serves as the cornerstone of civilization, shaping societal norms, values, and behaviors. Its significance transcends mere regulation; it symbolizes order, justice, and the collective will of a community. In this discourse, wedelve into the multifaceted role of law in regulating society.Firstly, law establishes a framework for governance and maintains social order. Through statutes, regulations, and legal precedents, it delineates acceptable conduct and delineates the consequences of deviation. By defining rights and obligations, law fosters stability and predictability, essential for societal cohesion and progress.Secondly, law safeguards individual liberties andpromotes justice. Constitutional guarantees and human rights laws protect citizens from governmental abuse and ensureequal treatment under the law. Legal mechanisms such as due process and fair trial standards uphold the principles of justice, offering recourse to those wronged and holding wrongdoers accountable.Moreover, law serves as a tool for conflict resolutionand dispute settlement. Courts, arbitrators, and mediators interpret and apply legal principles to resolve disagreements and reconcile conflicting interests. Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, such as negotiation and mediation,offer efficient and amicable solutions, reducing the burdenon formal legal institutions.Additionally, law regulates economic activities and promotes market efficiency. Business laws govern transactions, contracts, and property rights, fostering trust andfacilitating economic exchange. Antitrust regulations, consumer protection laws, and competition policies mitigatemarket distortions and promote fair competition, safeguarding the interests of consumers and businesses alike.Furthermore, law plays a crucial role in environmental protection and sustainable development. Environmental laws prescribe standards for pollution control, resource management, and conservation efforts. By imposing liability for environmental harm and incentivizing eco-friendly practices, law strives to mitigate the adverse impact of human activities on the planet and preserve natural ecosystems for future generations.In conclusion, law is the bedrock of societal organization, serving as a bulwark against chaos and injustice. Its functions extend beyond regulation to encompass justice, conflict resolution, economic prosperity, and environmental sustainability. As guardians of the legal order, we must uphold the rule of law and harness itstransformative power to build a more just, equitable, and harmonious society.。
Prospects for Legal Regulation of China's Treasury
Journal of Commercial Law Review2022,VOL.6,NO.1,45-48DOI:10.47297/wspjclrWSP2516-249708.20220601Prospects for Legal Regulation of China's Treasury Bond Issuance——From the Perspective of National Debt Legislation Jiaqi XueNorthwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi'an Shaanxi,710000,P.R.ChinaABSTRACTThe issuance of treasury bonds is the basis and starting point of theoperation of treasury bonds.However,there are many deficiencies in thecurrent legal regulation on the issuance of treasury bonds.Therefore,thispaper calls for the formulation of a basic law on treasury bonds"NationalTreasury Bond Law"to solve the problem of treasury bond issuance.various deficiencies in it.KEYWORDSNational debt issuance;National finance;National debt legislationNational debt,also known as national public debt,is a creditor-debt relationship formed by the state based on its credit and by raising funds from the society in accordance with the general principle of debt.The resumption of issuance of treasury bonds has gone through decades of development.From more than4billion yuan in1981to45.3trillion yuan in2019,the issuance scale of treasury bonds has repeatedly increased.In his article"The Crisis of the Tax State"published in 1918,Joseph Alois Schumpeter put forward the theory of the taxation state crisis.In a broader field, because government operations need financial expenditure as support,the country's financial expenditure is excessively inflated,and tax revenue has been unable to meet the government's normal financial expenditure,which will eventually lead to the country's excessive borrowing.Most modern governments are debt governments and deficit finance.[1]To solve the government debt,on the one hand,it is necessary to rely on economic growth and increase government revenue,and at the same time,it is necessary to reduce government expenditure and regulate government behavior.This requires the national debt law to play a role to ensure the reasonable application of national debt funds.The healthy development of the treasury bond market is inseparable from the improvement of the legal environment of the treasury bond market.Through laws to regulate the issuance,trading and settlement of treasury bonds, standardize treasury bond management,enhance the transparency of the treasury bond market, coordinate the conflicts between various departments in treasury bond issuance,and prevent Different departments issue treasury bonds in violation of regulations for their own interests, correctly handle the contradictions and disputes in the issuance and transfer of treasury bonds, promote the smooth development of the treasury bond market,and provide a good legal environment for the smooth development of the treasury bond market.Jiaqi Xue 461The Basic Theory of National Bond Issuance1.1National debtTreasury bonds are bonds issued by the state.They are a kind of government bonds issued by the central government to raise financial funds.They are credit and debt certificates issued by the central government to investors and promise to pay interest and repay the principal at maturity in a certain period.John Maynard Keynes pointed out:"Leveraging has little impact on the economy and society.It is the best means to make up for fiscal deficits and a powerful measure to drive economic ernment borrowing has productive characteristics.For example,it is used for investment in the construction of railways and roads.It will promote economic development."[2] Yang Zixuan believes:"National debt is mainly used to make up for fiscal deficits for economic construction and for specific purposes."[3]And Montesquieu emphasized that national debt has no benefits,only harm:"These are the evils of public debt,and I have not found it to be of any benefit." Adam Smith,in"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations",listed the evils of government borrowing.Without knowing thrift,borrowing funds raised for unproductive spending will lead to a slowdown or recession in the country’s economy.”1.2Issuance of national debtThe issuance of treasury bonds refers to the process in which the Ministry of Finance promotes treasury bonds to the primary market and is subscribed by individual or institutional investors.It is the starting point and basic link of the operation of treasury bonds,and the premise of using treasury bonds for macro-control.It affects the circulation and repayment of treasury bonds..The quantity and scale of treasury bond issuance should take into account the repayment affordability of the government and residents,and the term structure of treasury bond issuance should also be considered to avoid a debt repayment peak.circulation,etc.The issuance of treasury bonds involves the functions of various departments of the central government.In the current treasury bond issuance,the Ministry of Finance plays a leading role.The core of treasury bond issuance is the way through which treasury bonds are sold to investors.The issuance of treasury bonds involves issuers, intermediaries and investors.They have common interests and different interest demands,which need to be regulated and adjusted by law..There are various ways of issuing treasury bonds,which are divided into two categories:direct issuance and indirect issuance,based on whether there are financial intermediaries involved in the sale.Direct issuance generally refers to the direct allocation of treasury bonds to specific large financial institutions by the Ministry of Finance on behalf of the central government.Indirect issuance is divided into four categories including agency sales, underwriting underwriting,bidding issuance and auction issuance.In addition,the issuance of treasury bonds is related to national public finance and budget issues,and the state authority should supervise and approve the issuance of treasury bonds.[4]2The issuance system of national debt from the perspective of national debt legislationThe issuance of treasury bonds is the starting point of the treasury bond market and the core link of the treasury bond market.In order to meet the normal demand and effectively reduce the risk of national debt,the issuance of national debt must be restricted by the legal system,and the procedures and links of the issuance of national debt must be regulated.In order to scientifically issue government bonds,the United States has established a special agency to monitor and forecast the national debt market,and to measure the appropriate size and structure of national debt.DueJournal of Commercial Law Review47to the lack of the tradition of finance under the rule of law in my country,strict legislation must be made in the issuance of government bonds,the scale and procedures of issuance of government bonds must be regulated,and relevant responsibilities should be clarified.It is undeniable that there are obvious deficiencies in the legal system of national debt issuance in my country at the current stage,which are mainly reflected in:the lack of a basic law in the legal regulation of national debt, the scattered legal regulation on national debt,,The decision-making body of national debt issuance is not coordinated,and there is a lack of clear supervision of national debt issuance.In the final analysis,all the problems of national debt in our country are the lack of the"National Debt Law".China urgently needs a special national debt law to rationally supervise national debt,so that the national debt market can form a complete and supporting legal system,so as to strengthen the legal regulation of national debt.The treasury bond market needs a sound legal system for treasury bonds,so as to regulate the issuance,trading,liquidation of treasury bonds and the behavior of the subjects involved in the whole process.my country's national debt legal system is extremely imperfect,which seriously restricts the development of the national debt market.It is not in line with the legal system and transparent concept of government debt,and is not conducive to the active role of the national debt market,which restricts the efficiency of the national debt market.To formulate the National Debt Law,it is necessary to integrate various scattered laws and regulations,comprehensively regulate the issuance,circulation,use,management and repayment of national debt,clarify the rights and obligations of all parties involved in the national debt market, and set restrictive means.The National Debt Law must stipulate the principles,scale,structure, procedures,investment use,project acceptance,effect inspection,and legal responsibilities of issuing national debt,and improve the national debt market and bond market management,so as to ensure the realization of the purpose of issuing national debt.At the same time,we will learn from the experience of foreign national debt legislation to promote the national debt market to be in line with international standards.[5]In formulating the National Debt Law,the principles of openness,rule of law,democracy and marketization should be adhered to.One of the main tasks of the government is to provide the public with public goods and services.The amount,interest rate,duration and target of the issuance of national debt should be announced before the issuance of national debt.According to the principle of fiscal law,the issuance of treasury bonds should also meet the conditions stipulated in the future treasury bond law.The starting mechanism for the issuance of treasury bonds should also follow the principle of parliamentary resolution,and widely listen to the opinions of all parties.The issuance of treasury bonds should also follow the principle of marketization.The formulation of the National Debt Law can learn from the relationship between the European Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance to solve the current problems of unclear and inconsistent issuers of my country's national debt.European law stipulates that the Ministry of Finance announces a detailed government bond issuance plan to the society at the beginning of each year according to the current fiscal budget,and then the central bank is responsible for the specific operation as the issuance agent of government bonds.Even if the legislation does not carry out legal transplantation,a single high-level,unified legal norm is enough to solve most of the current problems of unclear issuers.The formulation of the National Debt Law should rationalize and legalize the supervision of national debt by various agencies.The supervision of the national debt market should follow the regulatory objectives,reasonably allocate regulatory power,and implement scientific and prudent supervision around the failure of the national debt market and investor protection.At present,the supervision of my country's national debt market is chaotic,and the problem of market failure cannot be effectively corrected.A country has a more unified and specialized national debt law,Jiaqi Xue 48which can make its supervision more unified.Due to the scattered legal regulations on national debt in China,there are certain problems in work coordination.Therefore,the scattered laws should be integrated and regulated,and the supervision of the national debt market should be established on a specific and complete legal basis,so as to form a strong external constraint on the participants in the national debt market.[6]3ConclusionSince1950,the issuance scale of my country's government bonds in2019has reached45.3 trillion yuan.The most prominent manifestation is that the legislative process has not kept up with the development of the relevant national debt-that is,so far,there is no special legislation on national debt in our country,and it is only adjusted and regulated through scattered rules.As early as the State Council's1994Legislative Work Plan,the State Council Legal Affairs Office had included the National Debt Law in the Ministry of Finance's legislative plan,but for various reasons,the National Debt Law has not yet been promulgated.However,when our country deals with the actual problems related to national debt,there are many difficulties in applying the law,and at the same time,the existence of a large number of scattered regulations has led to the inconsistency between the law and the law,and the inconsistency between the subjects.[7]According to Marxist philosophical theory,to solve a problem,we must grasp the main aspect of the main contradiction of the problem.Obviously,the main problem of many problems in the issuance of my country's national debt is the lack of the basic law of national debt.If the country can promulgate a"National Debt Law",even if it is just a simple summary and summary of the various provisions scattered in the existing laws and regulations,just because of its legal effect and legal status,it can make the existing existing laws and regulations.Most of the problems are solved.About the AuthorJiaqi Xue,master,research direction:civil and commercial law.References[1]Li Z H.Research on the legal system of national debt[D].China University of Political Science and Law,2011.[2]John M K.General Theory of Employment,Interest,and Money[M].Commercial Press,2005.[3]Yang Z X.Economic Law[M].Peking University Press,2012.[4]Zhong Z.Research on the Legal System of my country's National Debt Issuance[D].Lanzhou Business School,2012.[5]Zhou J C.On the Legislation of my country's National Debt Law[J].Legal System and Society,2010(2).[6]Yang F.On the Legal Regulation of my country's National Debt[D].Hebei University,2017.[7]Xiang D.Research on the Legal System of Government Bonds in my country[D].Minzu University of China,2007.。
律所规章制度
律所规章制度英文回答：As a legal professional, I am bound by the firm's regulations and policies. These regulations and policies are in place to ensure that we provide our clients with the highest quality of legal services and maintain theintegrity of the firm.One of the most important firm regulations is the requirement to maintain client confidentiality. This means that we cannot disclose any information about our clients or their cases to anyone outside the firm without their express consent. We must also take steps to protect our clients' files and records from unauthorized access.Another important firm regulation is the requirement to avoid conflicts of interest. This means that we cannot represent clients in cases where we have a conflict of interest, such as if we have previously represented theopposing party or if we have a personal or financial interest in the outcome of the case.These are just a few of the many firm regulations and policies that we must follow. By following these regulations and policies, we can help to ensure that we provide our clients with the highest quality of legal services and maintain the integrity of the firm.中文回答：作为一名法律专业人士，我受制于律所的规章制度。
小学上册第二次英语第4单元真题
小学上册英语第4单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The __________ is the capital city of Chile. (圣地亚哥)2.What do we call a person who makes wine?A. WinemakerB. SommelierC. BrewerD. Distiller3.She is learning to ___. (dance)4.The Earth's interior contains both solid and ______ materials.5.What do we call a story that is not true?A. Non-fictionB. BiographyC. FictionD. HistoryC6.My grandma loves to . (我奶奶喜欢。
)7.__________ (反应中间体) are transient species formed during a chemical reaction.8.What is the capital of South Korea?A. SeoulB. BusanC. IncheonD. DaeguA9.I have a new ___. (computer)10.The ____ has a unique tail and enjoys climbing.11.The term "alloy" refers to a mixture of _______.12.The Earth's core is very ______.13.The _____ (紫罗兰) blooms in spring.14.The _______ (The Space Race) was a competition for space exploration between the US and USSR.15.The flower pot is ______ (colorful) and bright.16.I found a _____ (penny/dime) on the ground.17.My cousin loves to play ____.18.I love my _____ (玩具飞机) that flies high.19.I love to hear stories from my _______ (长辈). They have so much wisdom to share.20.The ____ is known for its loud quacking sound.21.The element with the symbol N is __________.22.The Earth's rotation affects the movement of ______ currents in the ocean.23.The ________ is a colorful flower that attracts butterflies.24.What is the name of the longest river in North America?A. MissouriB. MississippiC. ColoradoD. Rio Grande25. A solar system consists of a star and all its ______.26.What do we call the art of making things with clay?A. SculptureB. PaintingC. DrawingD. WeavingA27.My best friend is a good __________. (伙伴)28.What do we call the protective outer layer of a seed?A. CotyledonB. Seed coatC. EndospermD. GermB29.What sound does a cow make?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. RoarC30.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. WaterB. FlourC. SugarD. SaltB31. A colorful ___ (小鹦鹉) can mimic sounds.32.I enjoy ______ (读书) in my free time.33.In art class, we use ______ (颜色) to create beautiful paintings. I like to draw______ (动物) and nature.34.My favorite sport is _______ (冲浪).35.The llama is known for its soft _________ (毛).36.The ________ was a key battle during the Vietnam War.37. A ______ has a pouch for carrying its baby.38.We visit the ______ (自然历史博物馆) to learn about the earth.39.The smallest unit of an element is called an ______.40.I can ______ (积极参加) in discussions.41.What do you call the time it takes for the Earth to revolve around the sun?A. DayB. MonthC. YearD. Century42.The ____ is a small creature that loves to hop around.43.What is the term for a young female elephant?A. CalfB. FoalC. PupD. KidA44.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. MilkD. WaterB45.Which of these is a fruit?A. CarrotB. PotatoC. TomatoD. LettuceC46.I want to be a ___. (teacher)47. A chemical change often involves a change in _____ or energy.48.The park has _______ (很多设施).49.What is the opposite of ‘strong’?A. WeakB. PowerfulC. ToughD. Sturdy50.Astronomers use various types of telescopes to observe different _______ of light.51.The ______ (水分) in soil is crucial for growth.52.What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. RapidD. Speedy53.My aunt is a ______. She organizes events.54.The _____ (果蔬) are healthy.55._____ (gardeners) take care of plants daily.56.The smallest unit of a substance is called an ______.57.The bus arrives at _____ (eight/nine) o'clock.58.Seeds come in many different _______.59.The ____ has bright colors and loves to fly.60.My uncle is a __________ (文化专家).61.What do you call the process of turning a gas into a liquid?A. FreezingB. CondensationC. EvaporationD. SublimationB62.What is the name of the famous rock formation located in the Grand Canyon?A. El CapitanB. Half DomeC. The WaveD. Grand TetonC63.We need to _______ (鼓励)彼此。
研究生入学考试英语核心词汇.doc
研究生入学考试英语核心词汇王长喜abando n abide "bno rmal abolish abreast absorb absorption abuse accelerateaccept acceptable access accessible accessory accommodate accommodation accomplish accomplishment according to accordingly account accumulate accuse achievable achieve achievement acknowledge acquai nted acquire acquisition act action activate activity actual acute adapt adaptable add addict additional adequate adjust adjustment administer admiration admire admit adopt adva ntage advantageous advisable advise advocate affect affectionate affirm afford against aggressive agree ahead aid alike all elsealloy allia nee allowance almost along alter alteratio n alternate alternativealtitude amaze ambient ambiguous ambition ambitious amend among amo unt amplify amuse announcement annual answer an swerable anticipate anxious applaud apparent appeal appearance applicable apply appoint appreciate appropriate arbitrary arise around arouse arrange arrive asascend ashamed aside ask assemble assembly assent 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strict strike string strong stuff stumble style subject submerge submit subordi nate subscription subsequent subside subsidiary substance substa ntial substitute substitutio n subtle subtract succeed successi on successive such sudde n sufficie ncy sufficient suggest suit sum super superficial superior superiority supply suppose sure surplus surre nder suspicion suspicious sustain sway sweep swift swing switch symbol sympathy symposium system systematic tackle take talk tame team tear tedious tell temper temperament temperature temporary tempt tend tendency tense tentative term terminate testify theme thin thing thoroughthoughtful thread threat threshold throughout tie tight timely tire tiresome tolerable tolerate tone toss total touch tough tow towards trace track transactio n transfer transform tran sformatio n transitio n transmission tran smit transport transportati on trap treat tremendous trial trick trip trivial troubletrue trust truthfulness tube tumble tune turn una nimous uncertain un der underestimate undergoundermine unexpected undertake unfortunate uniform unique unk nown un pleasa nt unpredictable unquestionable unreasonable unusual up upright upset urgency urgent use up usual usually utilization vacant vain valid validity valuable value vanish variatio n variety vary vast venture verify versatile vibrate view vigorous violate violent virtual virtue vision vital vivid voice void volume voyage vulgar wait warehouse warm watch wave way weak weather welcome well well-known went off went over whoever wholesome whomever will willing win witch withdraw word work worry worship worth worthwhile worthy wrap wreck write wrong yet yield (2001-9-10)。
律所规章制度
律所规章制度英文回答：As a legal professional, it is crucial to adhere to the firm's regulations and policies. These regulations serve as a framework for our conduct and help maintain a professional and ethical work environment. By complying with these regulations, we not only protect the firm's reputation and clients' interests but also promote a harmonious and productive workplace.One of the most important regulations is maintaining client confidentiality. As attorneys, we have a duty to keep our clients' information private and secure. This means not discussing client matters with anyone outside the firm, including family and friends. We must also be careful about what we post on social media, as anything we share online could potentially be accessed by unauthorized individuals.Another important regulation is to avoid conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest arises when our personal or financial interests interfere with our ability to represent our clients objectively. For example, we cannot represent two clients with conflicting interests in the same matter. If we become aware of a potential conflict of interest, we must disclose it to the firm immediately.In addition to these ethical obligations, the firm also has regulations governing our conduct in the workplace. For example, we are expected to dress professionally, be punctual for meetings, and maintain a clean and organized workspace. We are also expected to be respectful of our colleagues and clients and to avoid engaging in any discriminatory or harassing behavior.By following the firm's regulations, we create a positive and productive work environment where everyone feels valued and respected. We also protect the firm's reputation and ensure that our clients' interests are always protected.中文回答：作为一名法律专业人士，遵守律所的规章制度至关重要。
法律条例英文
法律条例英文【篇一：常用法律条文英文版本】常用法律条文英文版本|法律英语天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
2.an act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.法无明文规定者不为罪。
3.this contract is made of one original and two duplicate originals, all of which are of the same effect.本合同一式三份，具有同等效力。
4. the law does not concern itself about family trifles.法律难断家务事。
5.this document is legally binding.该文件具有法律约束力。
6. this law is in abeyance.此法暂缓执行。
7. this law has become a dead letter.此法已成为一纸空文。
8. this law will go into effect on the day of its promulgation.本法自公布之日起施行。
9 the court dismissed the action.法院驳回诉讼。
10. the court ordered the case to be retried.法院命令重审此案。
.11.giving the killer what he deserves.予杀人者以应得之罪。
12. hate the sin but not the sinner.可恨的是罪行而非罪人。
13.everyone has the right to freedom of expression.每个人都享有言论自由。
14. everyone is equal before the law.法律面前人人平等。
15. first in time, first in right.先在权利优先。
何家弘《法律英语》第四版词汇大全
AAbsolute［'æbsəlju：t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还)条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知（书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge行政法法官administrative procedure行政程序administrator 管理人;监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用;允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护;诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判)affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白(不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称;指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association美国律师协会American Law Institute美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证)arrestee 被捕人article 条款,文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense andeducation fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张,宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治(权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律)Board of Governors(ABA）（美国律师协会的)董事会body of law 法体bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright—line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with theevidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy—sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case—in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑;挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引;传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family)普通法法系Common law marriage普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence比较过失Compensation 赔偿(金)Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug AbusePrevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存(判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Conventio制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction（法律的)结构，解释Construe 解释,分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System（orFamily) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权；著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal EducationOpportunities法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问；律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院；法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and PatentAppeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross—examination 交叉盘问；盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害；损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单（券）debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行；违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense’s case—in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder （恶意）杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation （陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用）designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现；折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移（保险）产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行；施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置（权)dissent 异议；反对dissenting opinion 异议；反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件；文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的”贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务；关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件)empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System（or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin（衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impactstatement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency（EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs唯一征税地点excusable homicide可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor （遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision法律明文规定express warranty明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发Fface amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act代理商留置权条例Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative ProcedureAct 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上(原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony—murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产)附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收;罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流,货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的）公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定;裁定holding 认定;裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人(罪)homosexuality 同性恋house counsel (公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为)IId。
高级法学英语翻译
高级法学英语仅供参考第一单元在法学家的眼中，合同只是包含双方当事人意思一致的条款。
合同经常被用于达成许诺的表示，法律会予以执行或至少会以某种方式加以确认。
英国法将合同定义为随着要约和承诺出现的一种协议。
一方当事人做出要约，另一方当事人接受要约。
当这些发生的时候（提供其他必要的因素，即约因和订立合同的意向存在），合同也就形成了。
在对合同定义的探讨中一些法学家认为承诺或者协议都不能完整的描述合同的定义。
法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。
没有迹象表明合同应该是双方的事务，一方承诺为某些事情，另一方承诺给予相应的报酬。
因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。
甚至说，合同是由没有迹象表明它们是作为对其他承诺回报的一系列承诺构成的。
但是如果认为所有的合同都是一方提供商品，一方给予对等的价值交换的真诚契约，这种想法是错误的。
每一个承诺都是一种协议，由多个承诺构成的每个人的对价也是一种协议。
协议意味着两个或两个以上的人对同样的事情上达成一致的意思表示。
它可能会产生法律义务，也可能不会产生法律义务，在这个层面上，并不是所有的协议在法律上都是可执行的。
这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。
事实上，情况并非总是如此。
人们有时候进行交易并不是基于先前的承诺或协议。
典型例子就是同时发生的买卖交易。
在商场里买东西然后为所买物品支付相应对价。
毫无疑问这些都是合法的合同，但是却被人看作是由协议或承诺产生的合同。
在这种情况下坚持认为在交换金钱和物品前要有先协议或一系列承诺存在意味着双方当事人有时间受法律约束去履行他们的承诺或协议。
但情况不一定就是这样。
还必须认识到这也可能是很好的主张，即就法律意图而言，在买卖进行之前就有隐含的协议存在。
承诺和协议无疑接近于合同概念的中心，但是至少有两种其他的想法也很接近中心。