指代关系在雅思阅读解题中的运用
雅思g类阅读考满分攻略
雅思g类阅读考满分攻略雅思阅读是雅思考试中一个重要的板块，有些同学却偏偏在这里丢了分，为了帮助大家提高分数，下面小编给大家分享一下雅思g类阅读考满分攻略，希望对大家有所帮助。
雅思阅读提分的三大必备要素要素一：要具备扎实的语言功底词汇量能体现语言功底来，词汇量直接影响的就是考生对于文章的细节的理解，进而影响做题速度和准确率，所以在雅思学习的任何阶段都不可忽略词汇的记忆，读到任何一篇新的文章，都会遇到一些比较关键的生词，大家在平时的学习中要注意积累，随时记下这些比较关键的生词，当然了，并不是要你记下一个就去查一个，而是在记录完一批后再去查，并时常拿出来反复记忆;雅思培训7分班老师认为扎实的语法功底是另外一个影响文章理解的重要因素，雅思阅读中往往有很多从句、复合句，对于这些长难句的理解，万不可忽视的就是对句子的语法分析，熟悉语法规律才能在遇到这些长难句时准确快速的理解文章意思。
要素二：要对考试规律和题型的解题技巧非常了解通常这是通过大量做题总结出来的，当然我们也为了让大家更快地了解并熟练使用这些规律和技巧，总结出了许多做题的经验供大家学习。
当然了，你如果能在做题过程中总结出一些更适合自己使用的技巧那就更好了，因为只有在对题型了解足够充分的情况下，才有可能总结出一些可用的技巧。
要素三：要有目的地拓宽自己的阅读量尤其是一些常考的题材，比如：自然科技类、社会人文类、语言类等。
如果你原本知识面就较广泛，那么在雅思阅读中就更容易去理解文章大意，也更加有助于理解文章的细节信息。
提高雅思阅读成绩要怎么做首先，是如何提高自己英语阅读的基本能力。
而这样的能力又主要分为两个层次：词汇的掌握和读句子的能力。
阅读基本能力的提升，需要至少2个月的时间，通过给学生专业化的方案指导，将课堂上的学习和课堂后的复习相结合，让其在一个合理的时间规划期内去提升自己的基础能力，达到一个最佳的效果。
这也是对于我们老师在教学中要求一直秉持的原则，忌急于求成，囫囵吞枣。
雅思写作常见错误分析：指代不清
雅思写作常见错误分析：指代不清
本文收集整理了雅思写作常见错误分析：指代不清。
希望对大家雅思备考有所帮助！
指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)
指代不清主要指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后使用的代词不一致，如：
1. Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to become her bridesmaid.
分析：
读完上面这句话后，作者无法明确判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。
如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象明确，意思就一目了然了。
改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to become her bridesmaid.
2. We can also know the society by serving it yourself.
分析：
句中代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
改为：We can also know the society by serving it ourselves.。
雅思阅读 Mindmap
结合题干所需，确定最佳答案；
基础必考类
填空类
摘要、笔记、表格、图表、简答
字关数系、对原应文，原考词点、词顺通序常；在答空案格句左，或逻右辑。
带选项的summary
可位能，会整换体词理，解可，能逻会辑乱关序系；对区应域；定
判断题
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
段需注落读意主全转旨段折一，词般需，在跳跳首读过二，举句提例或取和末重细尾点节句信说；息明若，；
顺案没序的提；概）整念；句理理解解与，应预用测（考符点合；、三矛种盾答、
配对题
人名配观点 人名在原文中一般会出现两次或以上，注意圈注
事物配事物特征描述
题不描干同述是公，对司对某的几一政个事策同物描比中述实不，验同对的类实描比验述项中等的不。描同述实，验如对：象对的
乱选应顺序项；带；）在定两，扫位组一读部信组原分息解文选，题定项一，位；组不其定一它位定题（是型通一时常一，为对可
能力提升类
选择题：
单选、多选 主旨类
选段意 List of Headings
顺词序语，，通词常组一-词段组出，一句题子，-句连子续的段同出义题替；换重理点解考；察词语一题项般选，在取选文；取章无最最需佳后定；一位题，，做问完作其者它的题写目作，目读的题或干文和章选标
题目在文章前；考察段落主旨；
which paragraph contains the
词汇 句式拆解 代词指代关系
阅读基础
雅思阅读
阅读技能 题型方法 篇章类型
略读 Skimming 扫读 Scanning
123...文文文章章章标第每题一段和段的副前标1-题2句话 带着题干定位词／细节信息 回原文锁定区域，锁定答案句。
“代词”在雅思阅读中的地位
代词的指代意义在英语语言教学与实践当中不可忽视。
其地位在雅思阅读当中更是体现的淋漓尽致。
现在让我们通过剑桥真题来剖析其具体的实用价值。
以剑桥6的TEST1的passage2的一个判断题为例：题目：“International trade is increasing at a great rate than the world economy.”原文：“International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that.”解析：题目译文：国际贸易比世界经济的增速要快。
原文译文：国际贸易正在以惊人的速度在增长。
同时全球经济正在以每年3%多一点的速度在扩张，贸易量的年度增长率是世界经济的两倍。
本题目中“twice that”中的“that”明显代指“global economy”，本题目中对于“that”的正确理解与否直接影响到题目的答案判断。
以剑桥6的TEST4的passage2的一个选词填空为例：题目：“As a result, factors such as family wealth and attitudes to children have been eliminated, and it has been shown that maternal literacy can in itself improve infant health and survival.原文：“most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family’s wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children’s health and survival.”解析：题目译文：结果，像家庭的富裕程度和对孩子的态度这些因素已经被消除了，并且表明母亲的文化程度可以本质上改善孩子的健康和存活状态。
剑桥雅思Test阅读解析
剑桥雅思T e s t阅读解析文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-剑桥雅思11Test3阅读解析Passage 1Question 1答案： tea关键词： 3000 BC, cocoon, fell into, emperor's wife定位原文: 第1段第5句“It just so happened that... ” 这些蚕茧中的一粒掉进了热茶中并开始松散成为一根细丝。
解题思路: “3000BC”和“皇帝的妻子”都很好定位，在第一段的第二句中便可看到，但却偏偏没有“掉进”这个信息，直到读者看到第五句中的landed in这个同义表述才能恍然大悟，答案为tea。
【附解析】Question 2答案： reel关键词： emperor's wife, invented, pull out silk fibres定位原文：第1段第8句“She also devised a special reel to draw... ”她还设计发明了一种特殊的卷轴来将蚕茧中的纤维纺成丝线。
解题思路：此题的定位距离上一道题不远，仍是皇帝妻子所做的事。
题干说“皇帝的妻子发明了一个 _____ 来拽出丝绸纤维”，读者只需回到原文找到devised这个对invented进行同义表述的单词，即不难发现答案为reel。
Question 3答案： women关键词： only, allowed to produce定位原文：第2段第1句“Originally, silkworm farming …” 起初，桑蚕业完全是只由女性来进行的，她们要负责种植、收获和纺织。
解题思路：此题基本是考査考生对于solely表示only这个意思的认知。
题干说“只有被允许生产丝绸”，根据语法还可推知此空格内需填写名词的复数形式。
定位到原文的solely restricted to即可得到答案women。
雅思剑12巧解雅思阅读题
雅思剑12巧解雅思阅读题很多考生对雅思阅读的困扰在于，文章很长，读不懂，时间不够，其实这也是出题人的用意所在——雅思阅读文章之所以长，是因其涉及很多专业词汇，一局部为干扰性，即考验考生根据题目进行信息聚焦而排除干扰信息的能力；另一局部，为理解性，即考验考生结合语境综合理解文本信息。
首先，笔者所理解/或定义的“解释〞信号为作者为让读者理解一些生僻词汇所设置的语言提示，常见的有指代、因果、转折，本文仅探讨这三种。
1.指代关系想了解指代关系，首先要理解一个前提，英文中前后句需表达逻辑一致性，而逻辑一致性的一个表达在于：指代。
例如，我在街上看到一个金色头发的男人，那个人竟然在随地大小便。
注意划横线的那个人指代的是上一句的一个金色头发的男人，这样上下句通过指代关系就有了一定的逻辑一致。
核心总结〔敲黑板！〕：句中出现指代信号词，指代的东西一定在前文有出现过。
常见可表指代功能的词有：the〔可表特指〕、this/that、these/those、such、it/they/them和定语从句中常用的which/that等。
〔注意：此处仅列出笔者认为较常用的〕例题：C12-Test 5-Passage 1-Cork-Question 6-13题型：complete the notes belowChoose ONE WORD ONL Y from the passage for each answerComparison of aluminium screw caps and cork bottle stoppersAdvantages of aluminium screw capsare 7_____________ to produceare 8_____________ to useAdvantages of cork bottle stopperssuit the 9_____________of quality productscork forests aid 12_____________----------审----------题---------分----------割----------线-----------原文如下：引用局部自倒数第二段和最后一段The result has been a gradual yet steady move first towards plastic stoppers and，more recently，to aluminium screw caps. These substitutes are cheaper to manufacture and，in the case of screw caps，more convenient for the user.The classic cork stopper does have several advantages，however. Firstly，its traditional image is more in keeping with that of the type of high quality goods with which it has long been associated. Secondly-and more importantly-the cork is a sustainable product that can be recycled without difficulty. Moreover，cork forests are a resource which support local biodiversity and prevent desertification in the regions where they are planted.分析：〔先7 8后9 12〕从第7题开始，定位词aluminium screw caps又长又怪，相信定位不难，然后是前后搭配are____ to produce，很大可能是填一个形容词adj，同理第8题也是adj啦，相信童鞋们都能触类旁通。
雅思阅读中的指代分析
“这”是啥？“那”是啥？“这些”“那些”又是啥？——雅思阅读中那些傻傻分不清的指代关系王润宇对于很多目前仍与雅思“厮守”的“烤鸭”来说，阅读文章本就很难了：各种生词不认识，各种难句看不懂。
最要命的是，做了阅读才发现，我们从小刚学英语就背的滚瓜烂熟的“it”“that”“this”“those”，到了雅思阅读里竟然也能把我们绕的头晕脑胀：“它”是啥？“这”是啥？“那”又是啥？造成这种情况的重要原因就是考生无法正确判断这些代词在文中到底指代的是什么。
今天我们就一起来看一看，雅思阅读中的指代关系。
在阅读文章里，常见的指代不外乎用代词指代，和用同义词指代。
今天我们先来看前者。
弄清楚文中的代词到底意指何物，可以帮助我们更清楚地理解句意。
比如剑10 Test 1 Passage 1的第2题判断题：Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection.该句后半句里的“those”一词指代全句中离其最近的名词functions，所以这个我们可以用“functions”一词替换掉“those”，带入后半句中，变成“in addition to functions related to water collection”，其中“related to water collection”用来解释functions，指跟水的收集有关的功能，这句话的意思就好理解了。
同组题目内紧接着的第3、4题也出现了指代替换：3. The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere.该句出现了比较关系，那么到底是谁和谁比呢？通过我们在环球雅思基础段语法课程上学的比较级知识点，能找出前者是stepwells in Delhi，根据比较级句型的特点，后者在“than”一词之后，为“those”，那么这个those指什么呢？指前边和它处于平行位置的stepwells。
source of knowledge雅思阅读
source of knowledge雅思阅读摘要：1.雅思阅读的简介和重要性2.雅思阅读的题型和解题技巧3.如何提高雅思阅读能力4.结论正文：一、雅思阅读的简介和重要性雅思（International English Language Testing System）是国际英语语言测试系统，主要用于评估非英语母语者在英语听、说、读、写四个方面的能力。
其中，雅思阅读是测试考生阅读英语文章并理解其中信息的能力。
在雅思考试中，阅读部分占据了相当大的比重，因此，提高阅读能力对于想要获得理想雅思成绩的考生来说至关重要。
二、雅思阅读的题型和解题技巧雅思阅读题型多样，主要包括以下几类：1.事实细节题：要求考生从文章中找出具体的事实信息，如日期、地点、人名等。
2.推理判断题：要求考生根据文章内容进行推理和判断，如判断某个观点的正确性、作者的态度等。
3.指代关系题：要求考生根据上下文理解代词、数字等指代关系的含义。
4.词汇题：要求考生理解生词或难词在文中的意义。
5.段落标题题：要求考生根据文章内容为各个段落选择合适的标题。
针对不同题型，考生可以采用以下解题技巧：1.快速浏览：在开始阅读之前，先快速浏览题目，了解题型和题目要求，以便在阅读时有针对性地寻找答案。
2.词汇积累：提高词汇量有助于更好地理解文章内容，可以通过背单词、阅读英文文章等方法进行积累。
3.筛选信息：根据题目要求，筛选出与答案相关的信息，忽略无关内容。
4.注意转折和连接词：文章中的转折和连接词往往暗示着答案，要特别留意。
三、如何提高雅思阅读能力1.多读：多读英文文章，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
可以选择感兴趣的话题，从简单的文章开始，逐步提高难度。
2.培养阅读习惯：每天安排固定的阅读时间，养成良好的阅读习惯。
3.学习阅读策略：学习一些阅读技巧和策略，如快速浏览、筛选信息等，提高阅读效率。
4.做练习：通过做一些雅思阅读练习题，熟悉题型，提高解题能力。
5.参加培训课程：如有条件，可以报名参加雅思培训课程，在专业老师的指导下提高阅读能力。
雅思阅读：培养阅读技能更重要
雅思阅读：培养阅读技能更重要在雅思培训中，老师基本上讲的都是做题技巧，而阅读技能本身讲的很少。
因为讲做题技巧最有针对性，学生来听课的主要目的也是希望知道怎么做题，讲阅读技能本身就是吃力不讨好的工作。
因此大部分老师都在分析总结各种题型的解题特点，解题规律等。
但是，有些题目是不能纯粹靠做题技巧来解决的，必须结合一定的阅读技能才能顺利解出。
否则，很多做题技巧就难免有牵强附会之嫌。
而且，雅思阅读题型有10种之多，这么多纷繁复杂的题型似乎又各自有着自己的一些解题技巧和解题步骤，在考试时一篇文章后面往往会有几种题型，而考生需要记清不同的解题方法会显得力不从心，手忙脚乱。
而其实从雅思阅读的出题思路来看，不同的题型测试的技能确实有些不同，但很多时候是重叠的，过于强调题型本身的差异而忽略这些题型背后测试的阅读技能只会导致学生机械地使用一些解题步骤和所谓的技巧，而忽略在解题背后测试的阅读技能。
我们举几道例题来说明其实很多不同的题型背后测试的阅读技能其实是一样的。
剑三Test 3 Question 7-12这道题是一道Matching题，要考生去Match each exhibit with the collectiontypes。
而题目要求里面告诉我们题干中的each exhibit是选项中的collectiontypes的具体例子(examples)。
扫描题干和选项之后应该知道定位词应该是题干，因为题干中含有一些大写的装有名词，例如：Bolivian, Indian,Arctic等。
带着这些词回去定位，可以迅速找到是在文章的第三段当中。
这个时候我们需要清楚地知道我们找到的这些exhibit是具体的例子，需要找到的是这些exhibit属于哪些collectiontypes。
也就是说这道题目是想测试我们通过例子找到其对应的主题。
我们必须知道在雅思学术性阅读文章中，一般作者都会先说主题，再举具体的例子来支持这个主题，并往往会在主题和例子之间使用一些举例的连接词，例如forexample, for instance, such as, like等等。
阅读理解解题技巧-代词指代法课件
02 理解上下文语境还需要注意句子之间的关联和衔 接，以及段落的主题和结构。
排除法应用
在确定代词指代对象时，可以使 用排除法来缩小范围，提高解题
效率。
排除法主要是根据上下文语境和 逻辑关系，排除一些不可能的指
代对象。
使用排除法时需要注意，剩下的 选项中可能存在多个可能的指代
应该与主语保持一致，表示复数意义，因此用have。
练习题二解析
题目
He, who _____ a good friend of mine, _____ a doctor.
答案
is; is
解析
第一空填is，因为"he"是先行词，在从句中作主语，表示单数意 义；第二空填is，因为主句的主语是"he"，谓语动词用单数形式。
代词指代法的解题技巧
确定指代对象
确定代词的指代对象是解题的关键，需要根据上 01 下文语境和逻辑关系进行判断。
代词指代对象通常在代词前不远的地方出现，需 02 要仔细阅读并理解上下文。
判断指代对象时，需要考虑性别、数量、时态等 03 因素，确保指代准确。
分析上下文语境
01 代词的指代对象需要根据上下文语境进行判断， 需要理解整个句子的含义和逻辑关系。
05
意事项
学习建议
掌握代词的基本用法
培养语感和语境意识
了解并掌握代词的基本用法，包括人 称代词、物主代词、指示代词等，是 理解和运用代词指代法的基础。
语感和语境意识对于理解代词的指代 非常重要，因此，建议多读、多听、 多说，培养自己的语感和语境意识。
大量阅读和练习
英语阅读理解指代文章内容题目的解题技巧
英语阅读理解指代文章内容题目的解题技巧全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Cracking the Code: Mastering Reference Questions in English Reading ComprehensionAs students, we all know the dreaded feeling of being stumped by those pesky reference questions in English reading comprehension exams. You know, the ones that ask you to identify what a particular word or phrase refers to in the passage. It's like trying to solve a linguistic puzzle, and one wrong move can cost you precious marks. But fear not, my fellow bookworms! I've been through the trenches and have some tried-and-true strategies to help you conquer these reference questions once and for all.First and foremost, let's talk about the importance of active reading. I can't stress this enough – you need to be fully engaged with the text as you're reading it. Passive reading is a surefire way to miss crucial details and context clues that will come in handy when tackling those reference questions. So, put away yourphone, find a quiet spot, and get ready to immerse yourself in the passage.As you read, keep an eye out for any pronouns, demonstrative adjectives (like "this" or "that"), or other referential words or phrases. These are the linguistic breadcrumbs that reference questions will likely focus on. Whenever you encounter one of these, pause and ask yourself, "What is this referring to?" Jot down a quick note in the margin if it helps you keep track.Another crucial strategy is to pay close attention to the context surrounding the referential word or phrase. The clues you need to decipher its meaning are often found in the preceding or following sentences (or sometimes even paragraphs). Look for any nouns, descriptions, or explanations that could help you identify the referent.For example, let's say the passage mentions "this groundbreaking discovery" in one paragraph. In the previous paragraph, the author might have discussed a scientific breakthrough in detail. Bingo! You can safely assume that "this groundbreaking discovery" is referring to that particular scientific finding.Now, it's important to remember that not all referents will be explicitly stated in the passage. Sometimes, you'll need to use your powers of inference and logical reasoning to figure out what a word or phrase is referring to. In these cases, consider the broader context of the passage, including the main idea, tone, and any relevant background information provided.Let me give you an example from a literature passage I encountered last semester. The passage discussed the themes and symbolism in a famous novel, and at one point, it mentioned "this tragic flaw." Based on the context and my knowledge of literary terms, I inferred that "this tragic flaw" was referring to the protagonist's fatal character flaw, which was a central element of the plot.Another handy tip is to pay attention to any transitional words or phrases that might signal a shift in focus or topic. Words like "however," "nevertheless," "in contrast," or "on the other hand" can indicate that the author is about to introduce a contrasting idea or referent.For instance, let's say the passage states, "While many scientists supported the theory, others disagreed with this claim." In this case, "this claim" likely refers to the theorymentioned in the previous sentence, and the passage is about to discuss the opposing viewpoint.Now, I know what you're thinking – what if there are multiple potential referents in the passage, and you're not sure which one is correct? This is where the context of the question itself comes into play. Carefully read the reference question and look for any additional clues or constraints that might help you narrow down the options.For example, the question might ask, "What does the pronoun 'it' refer to in the third paragraph?" Immediately, you know to focus your search for the referent within that specific paragraph, eliminating any potential options from other parts of the passage.Sometimes, the question itself might provide a descriptive hint about the referent, such as "What does the phrase 'this groundbreaking discovery' refer to in the context of scientific research?" In this case, you can use that additional context to better identify the intended referent.Now, I know all of this might sound a bit overwhelming, but trust me, with practice and persistence, you'll become a pro at deciphering these reference questions. And remember, the key isto actively engage with the text, look for context clues, and use your logical reasoning skills to make educated inferences.Don't be discouraged if you struggle at first – we've all been there. Just keep practicing with past exam materials or sample passages, and you'll start to develop a keen eye for spotting those pesky referents.And if all else fails, don't be afraid to ask your English teacher or a classmate for help. Sometimes, a fresh perspective or a little guidance can make all the difference in cracking these linguistic codes.So, there you have it, my fellow students – the ultimate guide to tackling reference questions in English reading comprehension exams. With these strategies in your arsenal, you'll be able to approach those tricky questions with confidence and sail through that section with flying colors.Happy reading, and may the referents be ever in your favor!篇2Title: Cracking the Code: Mastering Reference Questions in English Reading ComprehensionAs a student, one of the most challenging aspects of English reading comprehension tests is tackling reference questions. These questions require you to identify the specific words or phrases that certain pronouns or references are referring to in the passage. It's like piecing together a puzzle, and if you get it wrong, it can derail your entire understanding of the text. But fear not, my fellow learners! With the right strategies and a bit of practice, you can become a pro at decoding these pesky reference questions.First things first, let's understand what reference questions are all about. Imagine you're reading a passage about the life of a famous scientist, and you come across a sentence like this: "She made groundbreaking discoveries that changed the course of history." The pronoun "she" is a reference, and the question might ask you to identify who or what it is referring to. In this case, it's likely referring to the famous scientist mentioned earlier in the passage.Now, you might be thinking, "But what if there are multiple scientists or people mentioned? How do I know which one the pronoun is referring to?" That's where context clues come into play, my dear Watsons.Tip #1: Pay Attention to ProximityOne of the golden rules when it comes to reference questions is to look for the closest relevant noun or name preceding the reference. Pronouns and other references usually refer to the most recently mentioned person, place, or thing. So, if you see a pronoun like "it" or "they," scan the sentences or paragraphs immediately before it to find the closest logical referent.Tip #2: Consider the ContextWhile proximity is important, context is king. Sometimes, the reference might not be pointing to the nearest noun or name if it doesn't make sense within the context of the passage. Always read the surrounding sentences or paragraphs carefully to understand the overall flow and meaning of the text. This will help you eliminate irrelevant referents and zero in on the correct one.Tip #3: Watch for Singular and Plural AgreementEnglish grammar can be a tricky beast, but it can also be your best friend when it comes to reference questions. Pay close attention to whether the reference is singular (he, she, it) or plural (they, them), and make sure it agrees with the noun or name it's referring to. If the pronoun is singular, the referent should also be singular, and vice versa.Tip #4: Look for Logical ConnectionsReferences often have logical connections to their referents. For example, if the passage is discussing a particular event or phenomenon, a pronoun like "it" is likely referring to that event or phenomenon. Similarly, if the passage is describing a person's actions or thoughts, a pronoun like "he" or "she" is probably referring to that person.Tip #5: Eliminate Irrelevant OptionsIn multiple-choice reference questions, the options provided can be a lifesaver (or a trickster, depending on how well you understand the passage). Once you've identified the potential referents based on context and logic, systematically eliminate the options that don't make sense or don't agree with the reference in terms of singular/plural agreement or proximity.Tip #6: Practice, Practice, PracticeLike any skill, mastering reference questions in English reading comprehension takes practice. The more passages you read and questions you attempt, the better you'll become at recognizing patterns and applying the strategies mentioned above. Don't be discouraged if you struggle at first – keeppracticing, and soon enough, you'll be decoding references like a linguistic detective.Remember, reading comprehension is not just about understanding the literal meaning of words; it's about grasping the deeper connections and nuances within the text. By honing your skills at identifying references, you'll be able to unlock a whole new level of understanding and confidence when tackling English reading comprehension tests.So, fellow learners, embrace the challenge, apply these tips, and watch as those pesky reference questions become mere child's play. Happy reading and decoding!篇3Mastering the Art of Reference Questions in English Reading ComprehensionAs students, we've all been there – staring at a dense reading passage, our eyes glazing over as we struggle to comprehend the intricate web of pronouns, synonyms, and other referential language. Answering reference questions can feel like a daunting task, but fear not! With the right strategies and a bit of practice, you can conquer these pesky questions and unlock a deeper understanding of the text.First and foremost, it's crucial to grasp the concept of referential language. Simply put, referential language is the use of words or phrases that refer to something else within the same context. This can include pronouns (he, she, it, they), synonyms (alternate words with similar meanings), and other linguistic devices that point back to previously mentioned ideas or concepts.Now, let's dive into some tried-and-true strategies for tackling reference questions like a pro:Pay Attention to Context CluesContext is king when it comes to deciphering referential language. Before attempting to answer a reference question, take a step back and carefully read the surrounding sentences or paragraphs. Look for clues that might help you identify the referent – the thing that the word or phrase is referring to.For example, if the passage mentions "the famous scientist" and later uses the pronoun "she," you can deduce that "she" is referring to the previously mentioned female scientist. Similarly, if a synonym like "the groundbreaking discovery" is used, you can connect it to a specific discovery described earlier in the text.Identify Pronoun AntecedentsPronouns are a common source of confusion in reading comprehension passages, but fear not! With a little practice, you can become a pro at identifying their antecedents (the words or phrases that pronouns refer to).When encountering a pronoun, scan the preceding sentences or paragraphs for a noun or noun phrase that matches the pronoun in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter). This noun or noun phrase is likely the antecedent you're looking for.For instance, if the passage states, "The scientist conducted an experiment. She observed the results carefully," you can infer that "she" refers to "the scientist" mentioned earlier.Look for Logical ConnectionsReading comprehension passages often employ logical connections and transitions to link ideas and concepts. Pay close attention to words and phrases like "this," "that," "these," "those," "such," "the former," "the latter," and so on. These referential expressions often point to specific ideas or details mentioned earlier in the text.For example, if the passage states, "The experiment yielded unexpected results. This finding challenged the prevailingtheory," you can deduce that "this finding" refers to "the unexpected results" mentioned in the previous sentence.Consult the Question StemRemember, the question stem (the part of the question that asks about the reference) can provide valuable clues about the type of referent you're looking for. Is the question asking about a specific person, event, concept, or idea? Use this information to narrow down your search for the referent within the passage.For instance, if the question asks, "What does the pronoun 'it' refer to in the following sentence...?" you know to look for a singular, neuter referent (likely a thing or concept) mentioned earlier in the text.Eliminate Incorrect ChoicesIn multiple-choice reference questions, the process of elimination can be your best friend. Even if you're unsure of the correct answer, you can often identify and eliminate choices that are clearly incorrect based on the context and logical flow of the passage.For example, if one of the answer choices refers to something that hasn't been mentioned or is completelyunrelated to the passage, you can safely cross it off your list of potential answers.Practice, Practice, PracticeLike any skill, mastering reference questions in English reading comprehension passages takes practice. The more you expose yourself to different types of referential language and practice identifying referents within various contexts, the more comfortable and proficient you'll become.Seek out practice materials, such as sample reading passages and accompanying questions, and work through them diligently. Don't be discouraged if you struggle at first – with time and dedication, you'll develop a keen eye for referential language and the confidence to tackle even the trickiest reference questions.Remember, reading comprehension is a journey, and every step you take toward understanding referential language brings you closer to becoming a master of English reading comprehension. Embrace the challenge, apply these strategies consistently, and watch as those pesky reference questions become manageable obstacles on your path to success.Happy reading, and may the referents be ever in your favor!。
英语阅读指代题怎么做
英语阅读指代题怎么做英语阅读指代题怎么做导语：大家知道英语阅读指代题怎么做吗？如何在文中快速定位关键内容？不如跟着店铺一起学习吧！指代题（1）标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某个代词，要求辨别其指代关系。
（2）解题顺序：① 返回原文，找出出题的指代词。
② 向上/下搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。
③将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。
例题：2004 text353.When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about ________.[A] gold market[B] real estate[C] stock exchange[D] venture investment解题三步骤：（1）阅读题干，确定关键词：关键词：the $4 million to $10 million range（2）定位到段（文章第三段）Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” saysbroker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.（3）定位到句，同义替换，得出答案。
英语阅读理解指代文章内容题目的解题技巧
英语阅读理解指代文章内容题目的解题技巧1. Read the entire passage carefully to understand the main idea and key details.2. Look for pronouns in the passage that refer back to specific nouns. Pay attention to words like "it," "they," "she," "he," etc.3. Identify the noun or phrase that the pronoun is referring to. This will help you understand the context and meaning of the pronoun.4. Underline or highlight the pronouns and their antecedents in the passage to keep track of them.5. Consider the gender, number, and person of the pronoun to determine its antecedent. Make sure the pronoun agrees with its antecedent in these aspects.6. Pay attention to any indicators or signal words that help clarify the relationship between the pronoun and its antecedent, such as "this," "these," "that," "those," etc.7. Use the information from the passage to answer questions about which noun or phrase the pronoun isreferring to. Make sure your answer is supported byevidence from the text.8. Practice with a variety of passages to improve your skills in identifying and understanding pronoun references.1、仔细阅读整篇文章，理解主要观点和关键细节。
雅思阅读乱序题技巧
雅思阅读乱序题技巧
雅思阅读乱序题是考察考生理解文章结构和逻辑关系的能力，以下是一些解题技巧：
1.先审题：仔细阅读题目要求，了解题目要求找出一篇文章的
逻辑顺序。
2.寻找线索词：在文章中寻找线索词，例如时间词、转折词、
因果关系等，帮助找到答案的位置。
3.注意文章的主题句：主题句通常出现在文章的开头或结尾，
可以帮助你确定段落的逻辑顺序。
4.注意代词：代词常常指代前文提到的名词，通过找到代词所
指的名词来确定答案的位置。
5.注意文章的连贯性：文章的结构和逻辑应该是连贯的，通过
理解并寻找文章主旨和段落之间的关系，可以帮助你确定答案的位置。
6.细节信息匹配：注意主旨句和细节信息之间的联系，有时细
节信息的位置可以帮助你确定答案的位置。
7.练习题目：多做一些练习题目来提升自己的解题技巧和速度。
总之，理解文章的结构和逻辑关系是解决雅思阅读乱序题的关键。
通过练习和积累经验，可以提高你的解题准确率。
指代关系在雅思阅读解题中的运用
指代关系在雅思阅读解题中的运用
邓罡
【期刊名称】《新东方英语》
【年(卷),期】2015(000)006
【摘要】具有指代功能的词汇(以代词为主,但不限于代词)在雅思阅读的文章中随处可见,在总结题、标题段落配对题等题型的题干中也经常出现,正因为如此,指代关系在雅思阅读的考查中不可避免。
然而,很多考生却没有意识到指代关系对解题的意义。
就笔者的观察,指代关系能对考生解题发挥以下作用:
【总页数】3页(P13-15)
【作者】邓罡
【作者单位】上海新东方学校
【正文语种】中文
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
如何理解托福阅读长难句中的代词指代
如何理解托福阅读长难句中的代词指代大连朗阁培训中心对于许多托福考生而言，理解长难句的难点除了逻辑关系词之外，代词的指代也令人头疼，因为在汉语中，我们很少使用代词，但是在英语中，作者为了避免重复，为了上下文衔接更加紧凑，大量使用代词，代词所指代的内容是否清晰很大程度上决定了这个长难句我们是否能看懂。
关于代词的指代，大连朗阁培训中心的专家提醒广大考生要注意三个方面。
其一，指代，顾名思义，一定是上文说过的，所以绝大部分的代词所指代的内容都在代词的前面；其二，注意单复数，尤其是复数代词，them指代的内容一定是个名词复数，往往会以s结尾；最后一点也是最重要的一点：注意并列结构：a and b; the former...while the latter; one...the other; some...the others等。
并列结构中一定遵守前后一致原则。
下面这个例句里面一共出现了三个代词，我们来检查一下大家是否能找出这三个代词的指代。
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. (TPO 1 The Origin of Theater)正解：them=certain rites, they=some early societies; them=the myths解析：这句话虽然比较长，但是主谓很容易辨别。
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指代关系在雅思阅读解题中的运用作者：邓罡来源：《新东方英语》2015年第06期具有指代功能的词汇（以代词为主，但不限于代词）在雅思阅读的文章中随处可见，在总结题、标题段落配对题等题型的题干中也经常出现，正因为如此，指代关系在雅思阅读的考查中不可避免。
然而，很多考生却没有意识到指代关系对解题的意义。
就笔者的观察，指代关系能对考生解题发挥以下作用：在审题时帮助考生进行与解题相关的预判；在解题时帮助考生精准地寻找包含答案信息的原文句子；还有助于考生推断段落主旨。
下面笔者首先介绍指代关系的基本特点，然后再通过真题实例谈谈如何利用指代关系解题。
指代关系的基本特点常见的具有指代功能的词汇主要由代词和“代词+被修饰的名词（词组）”这两类构成，不过在某些情况下，数字等也可以发挥指代功能。
下面笔者以代词为例来讲解指代的三个特点。
首先，指代遵从单复数一致原则。
就代词而言，单数代词指代单数概念的名词或不可数名词，复数代词指代复数概念的名词，考生可以利用这一点来寻找代词的指代对象。
值得一提的是，当代词作主句或从句的主语时，其单复数除了与它所指代的对象单复数保持一致外，还应跟谓语的单复数形式保持一致，这一点在解题中也能用到。
比如，当关系代词（如who、which等）在从句中作主语时，依据主谓一致的原则，可以根据从句的谓语单复数来判断关系代词所指代对象的单复数情况。
其次，指代具有前推性。
除了it作为形式主语（前置主语）和形式宾语（前置宾语）等少数情况外，在一般情况下，代词指代的对象都是其前面已经出现过的概念，因为一般而言代词只能指代已知对象。
因此，考生应该往前推，才能找到代词所指代的对象，这就是指代的前推性。
比如下面两句话：“Many studies have shown that children harbor misconceptions about …pure‟ curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but ...”第二个句子中的名词词组these misconceptions指代的便是上一句中的misconceptions about “pure” curriculum science。
最后，指代具有连续性。
当考生在做指代前推时，有时候难以在上一句话中找到确切的指代对象，因为上一句话也是用代词指代了该对象，此时考生只需要继续往前推即可，这一特点即为指代的连续性。
比如《剑四》“Volcanoes—Earth-shattering News”一文里的一段话：“The flow， thought to be in the form of convection currents， is powerful enough to fracture the …eggshell‟ of the crust into plates， and keep them bumping and grinding against each other， or even overlapping， at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones， where the collisions occur， are where earthquakes happen. And， very often，volcanoes.”由最后一句话可知，火山经常发生在上一句话里提到的经常发生地震的地方，也就是these fracture zones，而这个词组由代词these加名词词组facture zones构成，是一种指代，那么它指代的对象是什么呢？由于这个词组位于句首，考生必须去上一个句子找指代对象。
考生会发现，these fracture zones指代的是复杂句中的them bumping and grinding所发生的地点，而them本身又是代词，考生需要继续往前读才能搞清楚them的指代对象。
最后，考生可以发现，them指代的是复数名词plates （板块）。
经过这一连串的追踪，考生最终可以确定these fracture zones指的是“板块碰撞的地方”。
这个例子就体现了指代的连续性特点。
指代关系在解题中的运用在了解了指代关系的三个基本特点之后，下面笔者结合真题来讲解指代关系在审题、定位答案信息和推断段落主旨方面的应用，希望对考生解题有所启发。
用于审题雅思阅读各大题型的题干都可能出现代词，考生在审题时可以根据代词的特点对答案进行预判，或是从指代关系中找到答题线索，进而找到解题的突破口。
下面以两道总结题为例来具体说明。
1At first， the scientific language of choice remained 28 . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. （《剑5》Test 2 Reading Passage 3 “The Birth of Scientific English”）解析：这道题具有一定的难度。
首先，从语法角度来看，空格前的remain为系动词，其后面可以接名词、形容词、过去分词等，因此无法确定空格处应填入单词的词性。
就题干关键词而言，空格所在句子中的scientific language是文章主题词，choice是抽象名词，均不适合用于定位答案信息。
在束手无策之余，考生可以发现该空格后面的句子包含具有指代含义的代词it。
根据指代的前推性，it应指代空格所在句子中的单数名词或不可数名词。
由于阅读原文的主题就是讲述“科技语言的选择演变”（主要为Latin与English之争），考生可以推测出it应该不是指代上一句话中的名词词组“scientific language of choice”，而应该指代某种具体的语言，也就是说空格处应填入某种语言的名称。
考生根据it所在句子的protect、exploitation回原文定位，能很快发现28题应填入Latin。
2Having rented a garret， he took on a number of 4 ， who stood at a long central desk. （《剑5》T est 1 Reading Passage 1 “Johnson‟s Dictionary”）解析：这是一道总结题，题目空格后面的who为关系代词，其指代对象为人，考生可以推断空格处必须填入一个表示人的名词，再结合空格前面的a number of，考生可以推断出空格处的名词应为复数形式。
然后，考生通过题干关键词garret和a long central desk，回原文定位到如下包含答案信息的句子：“James Boswell， his biographer， described the garret where Johnson worked as …fitting up like a counting house‟ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.”考生结合审题时对空格处的预判，再对比选项与原文句子，可以轻松发现空格处应填入copying clerks。
用于准确定位答案信息考生利用题干中的关键词定位答案信息时，通常可以在原文中找到题目所对应的句子。
然而这个句子未必就是答案所在，考生有可能需要对句子的上下文进行进一步阅读才能确定答案。
那么到底阅读上文还是下文来寻找答案呢？此时考生可以特别关注定位到的句子里是否含有表示指代关系的词。
如果答案信息跟指代词（组）相关，那考生可以优先阅读上文寻找答案。
下面来看两个例子。
335. Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span. （《剑六》Test 3 Read ing Passage 3 “The Search for the Anti-aging Pills”）A. caloric-restricted monkeysB. control monkeysC. neither caloric-restricted nor control monkeys解析：这是一道判断题，要求考生根据原文内容判断题干说明的对象是选项中的哪一个。
考生通过题干关键词monkeys和life span能很快在原文定位到相关句子：“They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer， however， to know whether low-calories intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys.”读完这个句子，考生会发现，只要弄清楚they 与the other monkeys的含义，便能轻松地解答此题。
根据指代的前推性，考生可以判断出应该读上文才能弄清楚they指代的对象。
前一句话如下：“Further， it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time （nearly 15 years） have less chronic disease.”考生可以看出they指的是rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets，即caloric-restricted monkeys，那么the other monkeys自然指的是与caloric-restricted monkeys进行对照的猴子，即control monkeys。
由考生定位到的原文句子可知，这两种猴子都需进行长期跟踪调查才能判断出低卡路里摄入是否能延长寿命。
因此，考生可以判断出本题的答案应该为选项C。
4However， only 51% of the 36 volunteers assigned a circle to 37 deep. （《剑4》Test 1 Reading Passage 3 “Visual Symbols and the Blind”）解析：这是一道总结题。