M2U3 Grammar 过去完成时
高中英语外研版必修3Module 3 Section Ⅲ Grammar — 过去完成时的被动语态和间接引语
It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue. 那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。 (4)在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语与谓 语构成动宾关系时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If I had been invited earlier, I would have gone there. 如果早点儿邀请我的话，我就去那儿了。
[我的发现] (1)②句采用了过去完成时，其构成形式为： 主语＋had done 。 (2)①③句采用了过去完成时的被动语态，其构成形式为： 主语＋
had been done 。 _______________
(3)④～⑦句均为直接引语变间接引语的句子，在变间接引语时，
人称 、 时态 、 语序 等方面都要做相应的变化。 _____
ction_Ⅲ
Grammar —过去完成时的被动语态 和间接引语
语法图解
探究发现 ①By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured. ②By the late 1890s, he had moved to Galveston, where he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane struck. ③Coghlan traveled back to Canada — after he had been buried in Texas! ④She says, “Tom was very kind.” →She says that Tom was very kind.
Paris.
模块二第三单元M2U3Grammar and usage past perfect tense 过去完成时
The usage of the past perfect
Upon their entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which he had left in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.
Past
Carter left his lucky pet bird in Cairo.
6. 过去完成时常用句型
By the 1920s, he had become an explorer, searching for the tombs of the Egyptian kings.
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
I _________(be) had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
5. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend(打算) 等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希 望，打算或意图等。
4.如果主句用一般过去时，定语从句中的动作 发生在主句前，用过去完成时。 I ________ ___________ returned (return) the book that I had borrowed (borrow).
【改错】 She had found the key that she had lost.
M2U3过去完成时
M2U3过去完成时Module 2 Unit3 GrammarPast Perfect Tense学习重难点：How to use Past Perfect Tense correctly.学习目标: Learn to use Past Perfect Tense方法设计：分层次问题学习：Step 1：lead in （A）By the end of last term we had learned 2000 words.The train had left when we got there.Step 2: Structure and usage（B）定义：1.表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。
①The film had already begun when I got there.②They had left before I returned.③We had finished the work by la st month( by the time he came.)2 表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.基本用法：1. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.2. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.She didn’t go to bed until she had finished his work.3.表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, plan, intend ,suppose，want等，用过去完成时表示表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。
module3 grammar时间状语从句&过去完成时态
• • • • • • • • • •
6.我一到，就给你打电话 I will call you immediately I arrive. 7.我第一次见到她，我就爱上她了 The first time I see her, I fall in love with her. 8.他去伦敦之前已经学了3年英语 He had learned English for 3 years before he went to London. 9.没过多久我就忘了那件事情 It was not long before I forgot it. 10.孩子们上床睡觉后，她开始备课 After children had gone to bed, she began to prepare the lessons.
刚…就…; 一…就…
• 表示先后性 • Before; after; when (= after)
• 1. 请不要在别人工作时如此大声说话 • Please don’t talk so loud when/while others are working. • 2.在我能说话之前他就已经冲了出去 • He rushed out before I could say a word. • 3.随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越乐观 • As I get older, I become more and more optimistic. • 4.别担心。我一见到他我就告诉他这个消息 • Don’t worry. I will tell him the news immediately/ directly/ the moment/ as soon as I see him. • 5.我得到你的消息后立刻就来了 • I came immediately/ as soon as/ … I got your message.
高一英语 M2U3 Grammar 过去完成时
The usage of the past perfect (4)
1. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
2. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 3. It was the third time that she had been out of work
Summary:
Whether to use the simple past tense or the past perfect tense depends on the sequence(先 后顺序) of the events.
The present perfect or the past perfect?
Past
George Gould had been to the tomb.
Present
He caught a high fever and t Perfect tense is used when
we are discussing the past and want to talk
2. If he _h_a_d__c_o_m_e___ (come) earlier, he wouldn’t have missed the first bus.
总结五: 用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句
中。If条件句使用 had done, 主句用would (should, could, might) + have done 的形式。
when we are talking about a past event in
M2U3 Grammar(1)模块二 第三单元 语法 过去完成时
M2 U3 Amazing people语法——过去完成时主备人：冯亮检查人：乔雨行政审核人：【教学目标】：让学生理解过去完成时的用法【教学重点】：掌握过去完成时用法【教学难点】：如何正确使用过去完成时【教学过程】一、引入1. By the 1920s, he ______________ (become) an explorer.2. It was the most important tomb that ____________________ (ever find).3. Upon their entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which he ____________(leave) in Cairo, was swallowed by a snake.What verb tenses are used in the sentence? _______________________________ 二、新授内容Past Perfect Tense（一）概念过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
即____________----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------->那时以前那时现在（二）构成由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成( had 通用于各种人称)They _____________ (already have) breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。
H e didn’t go to bed until he ______________ (finish) the work.他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
外研版 必修三 MODULE 3 grammar(共22张PPT)
4.Coghlan travelled back to Canada after he had been buried in Texas!
以上四个句子都使用了过去完成时 (时态)。其中,第一句和第四句
为 被动 语态,句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者,即有
动宾
关系;第二句和第三句为主动
语态,句子的主语
2．句式的转换 (1)陈述句的转换
①that引导 ②人称、时态变化
(2)一般疑问句的转换
①if/whether+陈述句 ②人称、时态、语序变化
(3)特殊疑问句的转换
①特殊疑问词引+陈述句 ②人称、时态、语序变化
(4)选择疑问句的转换 用 whether… or…表达，而不用 if… or…也不用 either… or…。 He asked，“Do you speak English or French？” →He asked me whether I spoke English or French. (5)祈使句的转换 He said, “Do it now and don't put it off until tomorrow.” →He told me to do it then and not to put it off until the next day.
(mean) to take a good holiday this year,but
he wasn’t able to get away.
2
间接引语
间接引语
1．基本概念 直接引语表示直接引用别人的原话，通常都用引号括 起来。间接引语表示用自己的话把别人的话转述出来。间 接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。
M2U3 grammar过去完成时(公开课)
Warming up
1. Tom来看我之前我已经做完作业了. I had finished my homework before Tom visited me. 2. 他说他已经住这三年了. He said he had lived here for three years.
过去完成时: had +p.p
①by“直到…为止” / by theБайду номын сангаасend of“直 到…末” / until /before / after/ since+ 过去时间点 ②for+时间段 . (1) By the end of last year, we had learned . (learn) seven hundred English words.
过去完成时的用法
returned Hong Kong ________ (return) to China
in 1997.
returned to China in 1999. Macao ________ had returned to China Hong Kong ____________ before Macao came back to China.
③after/ before/ since/ when / until /
as soon as/ by the time “直到…时
候”+ 时间状语从句 (一般过去时),
主句用过去完成时 .
.
(1)警察到达时，小偷们早跑了。
When the police arrived the thieves (arrive),
2. We can also use the past perfect tense
高中英语Module3MusicSectionⅢGrammar时间状语从句与过去完成时教案含解析外研
高中英语Module3MusicSectionⅢGrammar时间状语从句与过去完成时教案含解析外研版必修20928115Section ⅢGrammar——时间状语从句与过去完成时语境自主领悟先观察原句①He learned to play the harpsichord when he was four, he started composing musicwhen he was five, and when he was six, he played the harpsichord in a concert for the Empress of Austria.②By the time he was 14, Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord,piano and violin, as well as for orchestras.③While he was still a teenager, Mozart was already a big star and toured Europegiving concerts.④He showed musical talent when he was very young，and learned to play the violinand piano from his father, who was a singer.⑤After they had known each other for many years, Beethoven said, “He is a goodcomposer, but he has ta ught me nothing.”⑥As he grew older, he began to go deaf.后自主感悟1.以上例句中都包含一个时间状语从句。
2.以上例句中都包含了一般过去时或过去完成时。
牛津译林版 课程教学设计过去完成时 M2U3 Grammar
(4)掌握句型It is the first/second/...time that sb has/have done.
It was the first/second/...time that sb had done.
能力目标
(1)从听说读写几个方面培养学生综合运用英语的能力
Step 7
Pair work
Give each pair of students a task. Ask them to finish the task with their partners and use the past perfect tense and the present tense as often as possible.
By the comparing the last two sentences, help students find out the different usages of the same sentence patter which have been learnt earlier.
Jack established Alibaba in 1999 with 17 friends and only 500,000 RMB.
口诀：两个动作都发生在过去，先后发生，先发生的用过完，后发生
的用过去。
Task 1
Group Work
Give each group of students an envelope which contain a piece of paper which has 5 Chinese translation on it and 13 little pieces of paper which have English words or phrases or time expressions on it. Ask the students to put the pieces of paper together to make 5 sentences according to the Chinese translation.
牛津高一英语M2U3 grammar 过去完成时
Complete the sentences
5. 她到家时，她的孩子已经睡着了。 When she got home, her children __________ had slept (sleep). 6. 在他们到达之前电影已经开始了。 had already Before they arrived, the film ______ started (start). ________
2) That/It was the first/second time + that（从句用过完） It was/had been +一段时间 +since（从句用过完）
这是他第一次通过考试。 That was the first time that he had passed the exam. had It was ten years since we had _______(have) such a wonderful time. 我们十年没这么高兴了。
过去完成时 VS 一般过去时
过完强调“过去的过去” 一般过去强调过去某特定时间
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
高考连接 Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I B ______my book in the cafe. （2015安徽卷） A. have left B. had left C. would leave D. was leaving
country music
B3module3Grammar
B3 module3 GrammarStudying aims:1. 过去完成时的被动语态2. 直接引语和间接引语Grammar（Ⅰ）过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式：①过去完成时被动语态的肯定结构：had been+过去分词。
例如：They said that production costs _________________________.他们说生产成本已经下降了。
The classroom _______ _______ ______ before the teacher came. (clean)The students _______ _______ _______ how to use it before they used it.(teach)②过去完成时被动语态的否定结构：had not been + 过去分词。
例如：The classroom ______________________ before the teacher came. (not clean)③过去完成时被动语态的疑问句结构：had + 主语+ been + 过去分词。
_______ a new school _________________by the end of last year? (set up)How many buildings ______________________ when the hurricane ended? (destroy)思维拓展某些动词的主动形式表示被动含义，这类动词有：①表示状态特征的联系动词，如look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove，appear等。
例如：The steel _________ cold. (feel)The mixture ___________ delicious. (smell)②表示“开始”“结束”“运动”的动词，begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，move等。
模块2unit3单元语法过去完成时课件
过去完成时
1. 定义:
☻表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发 生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的 时间是“过去的过去”
☻指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完 成了的一个事件。
2. 基本结构: 主语+had+过去分词+其他.
【用法】
1.过去完成时表示：
1)过去某一时刻或动作以前已完成的动 作或存在的状态
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
• 4. He _h_a_d__s_t_u_d_i_e_d__English for five years before he came here. 来这儿之前，他已经学过五年英语了。
1. I C_ at the bus stop for 20 minutes
when a bus finally came.
解析： 正确答案为D。guests先“离开”， Tom后“到达”。
• 2. We ______ four thousand new words by the end of last year.
A. had learnBiblioteka d B. have learned
C. learned D. will have learned
• The pen I ______ I ______ is on my desk， right under my nose.
• A. think；lost B. thought；had lost • C. think；had lost D. thought；have lost
M2U3 Grammar and usage (1)
在by, by the end (在…结束/末之前), by the time （在…时之前）, until（直到), before, since后接 表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。 1. 到昨晚上，他已写完了那封信。
By yesterday evening, he___________ had written （write） that letter.
4. 状语从句中，在过去不同时间发生的 两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时； 发生在后，用一般过去时。 e.g. When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. , before, as soon as, till/ until等引导时 间状语的从句连用，强调动作发生的时间前后。
Hong Kong ________ returned to China in 1997.
Macao ________ returned to China in 1999. Hong Kong ____________ had returned to China before Macao came back to China.
Past
Friday
Present
build a garden
I ___________ had cleaned the house before I _____ built a garden.
用法
1. 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作完 成之前完成的动作或状态。强调过去 某一动作发生在另一动作之前
1.
3.我完成作业了就去睡觉了。 As soon as I _____________ had finished (finish) my work I went to
《英语》(新标准)(高中阶段)必修2 M3 grammar (时间状语从句+过去完成时)
第一页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
• I had hardly heard the voice, when I knew father was coming.
• Hardly had I heard the voice, when I knew father
was coming.
第二页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
3. We were about to start _____ it began to rain.
A. as B. when C. so D. while
第十一页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
1. He remained there till\ until she arrived.
2. He won’t go to bed until\ till she returns.
happy songs. • 3. As I was getting off the bus, I noticed Байду номын сангаасhat
the person next to me was my English teacher.
第五页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
• B____ time passing, Beethoven began to go
D.we heard the doorbell rings
第九页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
• There are times when I need the peace and quiet of the countryside.
第十页，编辑于星期三：三点 二十二分。
1. In some places women are expected to earn money _____ men work at home and raise their children.
2021年高中英语 Book2 Module3 Grammar-过去完成时用法小结讲练 外研版必修2
2021年高中英语 Book2 Module3 Grammar-过去完成时用法小结讲练外研版必修2【语境展示】观察下面各组句子中过去完成时的用法，并加以总结。
1. a. By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand stamps.b. When we got there the basketball match had already started.2. a. Nancy had been in China for five years by the end of last year.b. I hadn’t seen Emily since I left London.3. a. I had planned to go, but I didn’t have time.b. We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.c. I had meant to go on Saturday but have stayed on.4. a. It / This / That was the first time that I had driven a taxi.b. It / This / That was the third time that he had entered the house.c. It was five years since her father had died.d. It was seven years since she had left school.e. Hardly had she begun to speak, when there was a shout from the back of the hall.【自我归纳】通过观察以上句子，我们可总结出：☆过去完成时可表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。
Grammar(M2U3)-ZNF
before.
A. never saw B. had never seen
C. never sees
D. has never seen
4. I can’t see any coffee in this cupboard. _____? A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished C. Has it all finished D. Did it all finished
2. We ______ four thousand new
words by the end of last year. A.
had learned B.
have learned
learned will have learned
C.
D.
3. When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He ____ her
1. When we got to the station, the train had
left.
2. Then a few months after Carte Lord Carnavon fell ill
with a fever and died.
3. Howard Carter had received money from
Grammar and usage
The past perfect tense
Lead in
Hong Kong ________ returned to China in 1997.
Macao ________ returned to China in 1999. Hong Kong ____________to had returned China before Macao came back to China.
2019-2020同步译林英语必修二新突破讲义：Unit 3 Section Ⅲ Grammar——过去完成时
Section Ⅲ Grammar——过去完成时一、过去完成时的构成过去完成时由“had ＋过去分词”构成。
二、过去完成时的用法1．过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作或存在的状态。
可以用by ，before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可通过上下文来表示。
When the explorer hurried to the destination ，the others had already left .当这名探险者匆忙赶到目的地的时候，其他人已经离开了。
By nine o'clock last night，we had gotten 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到飞船发来的200张图片。
[即时演练1] 用所给动词的适当形式填空①I had finished (finish)my homework before supper was ready.②The play had started (start)when we got to the theatre.③By the end of June they had treated (treat)over 10，000 patients.2．表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的时间状语连用。
He told us that he had done the scientific research for 5 years.他告诉我们他做科学研究已经5年了。
3．动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图等。
I had never thought that you were content to help me.我从未想过你愿意帮我。
牛津·模块2-Unit-3-Grammar-and-usage-过去完成时态-学案.doc
译林牛津英语•模块六Unit 3 Amazing peoplePast perfect tense （过去完成时态）过去完成时•态是由“had (not) +过去分词”构成。
过去完成时态的基本用法：1、过去完成时态表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。
这个过去的时刻常和by, before, when, until等引导的时间状语连用，也可以通过上下文语境来表示。
By the 1990s the number of Tibetan antelopes had fallen to about 50,000.截止到20 世纪90 年代, 藏羚羊的数量下降到了大约5万只。
Johnson went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets had sold out.约翰逊在午饭时去售票处，但是票已售完。
【警示误区1】过去完成时态不能孤立地用于一个句子中，只有和过去某个时间或某个动作相比较才能用到该时■态。
—Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?—昨天艾伦和老朋友玩得高兴吗？—Yes, he did. He hadn't seen his old friends for a long time.—是的，很高兴。
他己经好久没有见到他的老朋友了。
2、过去完成时态还可以表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去，这时常与for, since, before, after, by then, by that time, by the end of..., by the time+过去时态的句子等引导的时间状语(从句)连用。
It rained at last the day before yesterday after it had been dry for several months.在干旱了儿个月之后，前天终于下雨了。
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Observation and revision经典再现(来自课时达标训练单元质量检测题):1.The housekeeper mentioned that the dog ____ her daughter more than once.A.would attackB. was attackingC. was attackedD. had attacked2.The next morning they arrived at the mountain village on time as they ______.A.promisedB. has promisedC. would promiseD. had promisedGrammar (语法学习)------ the Past Perfect Tense (过去完成时)Ⅰ．Basic Knowledge ( 夯实基础概念)More examples:They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.1.概念：过去完成时表示在__________________或____________之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即"过去的过去（past-in-the-past ）"。
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->那时以前那时现在2.基本结构：_______________________________She said she would come as soon as she had done her work.3.否定形式：_______________________________I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.4.被动式：________________________________They said that production costs had been reduced.4.一般疑问句：_______________________________Had he finished his homework by the time you got there?Ⅱ. The Basis for Determining (掌握判断依据)Observation and Consideration 1(1)I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.(2)We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3)They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.Summary 1: 由_______________来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。
与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1 ）by + 过去的时间点。
（2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。
（3 ）before + 过去的时间点。
Observation and Consideration 2(1)She said that she had seen the film before.(2-1)When I got to the station, the train had already left.(2-2)After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.(3)We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.Summary 2: 由"___________________"来判定。
过去完成时表示"过去的过去"，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。
这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）__________从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。
在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
（ 2 ）__________从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
注意：① before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.②By the time they get here, we'll have finished the work.By the time l got to the station，the train had already gone。
通常by the time引导一个时间状语从句，表示“到……的时候”. 若从句用___________时，主句通常用_______________;若从句用_____________表____________时，主句通常用__________________.（ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"More examples:(1) I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.(2) I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.(3)I had meant to come, but something happened.Observation and Consideration 3I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.Summary 3:根据____________来判定。
Ⅲ.The differences between the past perfect tense and the present perfect tense (过去完成时与现在完成时的区别)Observation and Consideration：1) I have learned 1000 English words so far.2) I had learned 1000 English words till then.3) - -I'm sorry to keep you waiting.- -Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.（"等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）4)--- John returned home yesterday.--- Where had he been?（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即"过去的过去"）Summary:现在完成时表示的动作发生在________，但侧重对_________产生的结果或造成的影响，与__________有关，其结构为"助动词have (has) + 过去分词"；过去完成时则是一个__________的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在_________，更强调"________________"，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
Ⅳ. The differences between the past perfect tense and the simple past tense (过去完成时与一般过去时的区别)虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：Observation and Consideration 1:1) They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.2) They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.Summary 1: _______________不同过去完成时在时间上强调"_________________"；而一般过去时只强调____________某一特定的时间。
Observation and Consideration 2:She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.Summary 2: 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据______________来判断：先发生的用___________时，后发生的则用_________________时。
Observation and Consideration 3:1)He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper2)I (had) called her before I left the office.Summary 3: 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before ，after ，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。