经济学人杂志 2010 全球MBA排名 Economist Global Full time MBA Ranking 2010
经济学人世界大学商学院排名前100
安娜堡， 密歇
斯蒂芬罗斯 Michigan
Ross School of 根，美国/Ann
商学院
Business
Arbor,
Michigan, US
21
瑞士 IMD 商 IMD
International 洛桑，瑞士
学院
Institute for
/Lausanne
Management Switzerland
Darden school of Business
HEC School of Business IESE Business School
Harvard Business School
Haas School of Business
Leonard N Stern School of Business Graduate School of Business Columbia Business School
Business
士兰，澳大利
亚/Brisbane,
Queensland,
Australia.
17
埃默里大学 Emory University Goizueta
亚特兰大，乔
戈依祖塔商
School of
治亚州，美国
学院
Business
/Atlanta,
Georgia, US
18
欧洲工商管 INSEAD
INSEAD
Berlin,
Technology
Germany
27
香港大学商 University of Hong Faculty of
香港，中国
学院
Kong
Business and Hong Kong,
全球mba排名.xls
Rank Rank Rank3年in in in平均201020092008排名（3yearaveragerank）1121LondonBusinessSchool伦敦商学院U.K.20102111University ofPennsylvania:Wharton宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院U.S.A.20083354HarvardBusinessSchool哈佛商学院U.S.A.20084645StanfordUniversity GSB斯坦福大学商学院U.S.A.20105565Insead欧洲工商管理学院France /Singapore20096434ColumbiaBusinessSchool哥伦比亚大学商学院U.S.A.20096687IEBusinessSchool西班牙企业学院Spain20098978MITSloanSchoolofManagement麻省理工大学斯隆商学院U.S.A.2009911910University ofChicago:Booth芝加哥大学布斯商学院U.S.A.20072010年《金融时报》全球MBA排名Schoolname中文学校名称国家（Country）审计年度（Audit year）9161714HongKong USTBusinessSchool香港科技大学工商管理学院China200611121111IeseBusinessSchoolIESE商学院Spain200912152016IndianSchoolofBusiness印度商管学院India13101312New YorkUniversity:Stern纽约大学斯特恩商学院U.S.A.200813131514DartmouthCollege:Tuck达特茅斯大学塔克商学院U.S.A.200815141414IMD 瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院Switzerland200916191617YaleSchoolofManagement耶鲁管理学院U.S.A.200816201918University ofOxford:Saïd牛津大学赛德商学院U.K.200818291822HECParis 巴黎高等商学院France200819182119EsadeBusinessSchool西班牙Esade商学院Spain200920222823DukeUniversity:Fuqua杜克大学福库商学院U.S.A.200821171016University ofCambridge: Judge剑桥大学Judge管理学院U.K.20072281114Ceibs中欧国际工商学院China200622212422NorthwesternUniversity:Kellogg西北大学凯洛格商学院U.S.A.200824272224LancasterUniversityManagementSchool兰卡斯特大学管理学院U.K.200825263428Rotterdam SchoolofManagement,ErasmusUniversity鹿特丹管理学院Netherlands200626353030Cranfield SchoolofManagement克兰菲尔德管理学院U.K.200827244632NanyangBusinessSchool南洋商学院Singapore28ChineseUniversity ofHongKong香港中文大学China200628232726University ofMichigan: Ross密歇根商学院U.S.A.200828313230University ofCalifornia atBerkeley: Haas加州大学伯克利分校Haas商学院U.S.A.200731273330University ofVirginia: Darden弗吉尼亚大学达顿商学院U.S.A.200932393535ImperialCollegeBusinessSchool伦敦帝国理工学院田中商学院U.K.200833292529UCLA:Anderson 加州大学洛杉矶分校安德森商学院U.S.A.200834242628EmoryUniversity:Goizueta戈伊苏埃塔商学院U.S.A.201034514844CarnegieMellon:Tepper卡耐基梅隆大学Tepper商学院U.S.A.200936343635CornellUniversity:Johnson康奈尔大学商学院U.S.A.200836323936AustralianSchoolofBusiness澳大利亚商学院Australia200638403839GeorgetownUniversity:McDonough乔治敦大学麦克多诺商学院U.S.A.201038384841SDABocconi SDA博科尼商学院Italy200840322231ManchesterBusinessSchool曼彻斯特商学院U.K.201041414141CityUniversity: Cass伦敦城市大学卡斯商学院U.K.200742372936WarwickBusinessSchool沃里克大学商学院U.K.201043443741University ofMaryland: Smith马里兰大学史密斯商学院U.S.A.201044536454RiceUniversity:Jones莱斯大学琼斯商学院U.S.A.200845474044University ofToronto:Rotman多伦多大学罗特曼管理学院Canada201046454144University ofNorthCarolina: Kenan-Flagler北卡罗莱纳大学克南-弗拉格勒学院U.S.A.200747897169BostonCollege:Carroll波士顿卡罗尔管理学院U.S.A.200948464747University ofRochester: Simon罗切斯特大学西蒙商学院U.S.A.200749475350University ofWesternOntario:Ivey西安大略大学毅伟商学院Canada200849606959WashingtonUniversity: Olin华盛顿大学奥林商学院U.S.A.201051413041University ofStrathclydeBusinessSchool斯特拉斯克莱德大学商学院U.K.201052556457University ofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign伊利诺伊大学香槟分校U.S.A.201052497659University ofTexas atAustin:McCombs得克萨斯大学奥斯丁分校麦克布斯商学院U.S.A.201054494850YorkUniversity:Schulich约克大学斯古里克商学院Canada200954576157Texas A& MUniversity: Mays得克萨斯农业机械大学Mays商学院U.S.A.200854806466PurdueUniversity:Krannert珀杜大学克兰纳特管理学院U.S.A.201057606159IndianaUniversity:Kelley印地安那大学凯莱商学院U.S.A.200757606059University ofSouthernCalifornia:Marshall南加州大学马歇尔商学院U.S.A.201057567663VanderbiltUniversity: Owen范德堡大学欧文管理学院U.S.A.200957857171GeorgeWashingtonUniversity乔治·华盛顿大学U.S.A.20076180TulaneUniversity:Freeman杜兰大学商学院U.S.A.200561578467BostonUniversitySchoolofManagement波士顿卡罗尔管理学院U.S.A.200863527563eBusinessSchool 墨尔本商学院Australia200664635561University ofIowa:Tippie爱荷华大学Tippie商学院U.S.A.20086592Coppead 巴西Coppead商学院Brazil200665634859MichiganStateUniversity:Broad密歇根州立大学Broad商学院U.S.A.200967675563University ofSouthCarolina: Moore南卡罗莱纳大学代勒摩尔商学院U.S.A.201067676165ThunderbirdSchoolofGlobalManagement雷鸟商学院U.S.A.200767808778OhioStateUniversity:Fisher俄亥俄州立大学菲舍尔商学院U.S.A.201067958883Wisconsin SchoolofBusiness威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校U.S.A.200971777976University ofNotreDame:Mendoza圣母大学门多萨商学院U.S.A.200872746871ty ofCalifornia atIrvine:Merage加州大学欧文分校U.S.A.20077377AstonBusinessSchool阿斯顿大学商学院U.K.20107480DurhamBusinessSchool杜伦大学商学院U.K.20077583BirminghamBusinessSchool伯明翰大学商学院U.K.200775718477University ofMinnesota:Carlson明尼苏达大学卡尔森管理学院U.S.A.200777636468University ofFlorida:Hough佛罗里达大学Hough商学院U.S.A.200778674463University ofWashingtonBusinessSchool:Foster华盛顿大学MichaelG.Foster商学院U.S.A.20107986WakeForestUniversity:Babcock威克森林大学巴布科克商学院U.S.A.20108058University ofCalifornia:Davis加州大学戴维斯分校商学院U.S.A.2007809510092CaseWesternReserveUniversity:Weatherhead凯斯西储大学维泽赫德管理学院U.S.A.200782719282University ofBritishColumbia: Sauder不列颠哥伦比亚大学尚德商学院Canada20068398University ofMiamiSchoolofBusinessAdministration迈阿密大学工商管理学院U.S.A.200783415760University ofArizona:Eller亚利桑那大学Eller商学院U.S.A.200883928286BrighamYoungUniversity:Marriott杨百翰大学麦里特商学院U.S.A.200886778884University ofAlberta加拿大阿尔伯塔大学Canada201087836980University ofBathSchoolofManagement巴斯大学管理学院U.K.200787759786VlerickLeuvenGentManagementSchool比利时VLG管理学院Belgium89924475University ofEdinburghBusinessSchool爱丁堡大学管理学院U.K.201089875376BradfordSchoolofManagement/TiasNimbasBusinessSchool布拉德福大学管理学院/TiasNimbas 商学院U.K. /Netherlands /Germany200789717177University ofCapeTown GSB开普敦大学商学院SouthAfrica200789768884ArizonaStateUniversity:Carey亚利桑那州立大学凯瑞商学院U.S.A.20109393Ipade IPADE商学院Mexico20069497HultInternationalBusinessSchoolHULT国际商学院U.S.A. /U.K. /U.A.E. /China20109596McGillUniversity:Desautels麦吉尔大学Desautels管理学院Canada20099670SMU: Cox 南卫理公会大学考克斯商学院U.S.A.20109799EM LyonBusinessSchool里昂高等商学院France200998999898UniversityCollegeDublin:Smurfit都柏林大学斯默菲特商学院Ireland200799MacquarieGraduateSchoolofManagement麦觉理管理研究所Australia200699898491BabsonCollege:Olin百森商学院U.S.A.2008参考来源：《金融时报》（Financial Times）14234012481 ( 99)16084811175 ( 96)16188710987 ( 100)16486311085 ( 96)13994110279 ( 95)16067912177 ( 90)13945815989 ( 89)15405812083 ( 93)151******** ( 99)BA 排名加权薪资 (美元)（Weighted salary ）(US$)薪资增长百分比（Salary percentage increase ）毕业3个月后就业率（Employedat three months ）(%)11553513191 ( 90) 12889113686 ( 97) 14129116697 ( 99) 136******** ( 95) 152******** ( 99) 1403208688 ( 100) 139******** ( 99) 136******** ( 63) 12208610489 ( 87) 12282512681 ( 100) 12997710176 ( 97) 12569011089 ( 93) 12768813375 ( 84)138******** ( 98) 11221413178 ( 75) 11359510285 ( 87) 1338868995 ( 100) 11056710981 ( 100) 10313612793 ( 95) 1254219671 ( 91) 1404788281 ( 96) 132******** ( 100)12030610785 ( 87) 134******** ( 94) 12197311972 ( 100) 12683410281 ( 96) 12958210170 ( 95) 1228908781 ( 89) 12140211078 ( 91) 10356010585 ( 90) 1111509193 ( 84) 1206328393 ( 90) 1107008689 ( 90) 10422310085 ( 94)11407010583 ( 97) 964368783 ( 95) 1181179469 ( 100) 1183529682 ( 95) 11386411083 ( 81) 1028399287 ( 95) 1087469991 ( 89) 10999410691 ( 55) 9143511681 ( 94)1168669079 ( 93) 855478680 ( 93) 10230011189 ( 100) 10373710875 ( 93) 11041710068 ( 96) 1157469182 ( 96) 11408610373 ( 97) 1045719775 ( 91) 9893811683 ( 93) 10777410090 ( 89)1072477377 ( 92) 9084512685 ( 99) 10400211111 ( 100) 1030189074 ( 100) 9567211162 ( 92) 1001509361 ( 86) 9775010190 ( 85) 10326610291 ( 98) 10760110780 ( 97)1004839392 ( 99) 937179077 ( 91) 956628490 ( 85) 901619798 ( 47) 1032949378 ( 68) 991729579 ( 91) 1069988177 ( 100) 10373311381 ( 100) 1121258079 ( 97)955009853 ( 91) 835147483 ( 89) 987369662 ( 95) 9435710065 ( 100) 9792811583 ( 100) 793838575 ( 100) 1036406995 ( 92) 976776565 ( 95)982567389 ( 97) 969938586 ( 81) 1333526693 ( 96) 942908478 ( 96) 9362013689 ( 100) 986448773 ( 95) 834358093 ( 77) 1012998775 ( 95) 911226981 ( 84) 994566496 ( 89)11379658100 ( 48) 1097457771 ( 96)。
2010年全球大学排名榜400强
2010年全球大学排名榜400强WORLD RANK UNIVERSIT COUNTRY SIZEVISIBILITY RICH FILES SCHOLAR1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 美国2 1 1 72 Harvard University 美国7 2 12 13 Stanford University 美国4 4 2 244 University of California Berkeley 美国8 35 325 Cornell University 美国1 5 9 376 University of Wisconsin Madison 美国3 10 6 717 University of Minnesota 美国6 15 7 228 California Institute of Technology 美国18 6 20 309 University of Illinois Urbana Champaign 美国17 7 13 5110 University of Michigan 美国10 8 18 5511 University of Texas Austin 美国12 11 8 4412 University of Washington 美国 22 9 4 9413 University of Chicago 美国42 16 44 214 Carnegie Mellon University 美国5 24 3 9315 University of Pennsylvania 美国16 14 33 2616 Columbia University New York 美国19 12 21 9517 Texas A&M University 美国31 31 11 1718 University of Maryland 美国37 22 17 5219 University of California Los Angeles 美国13 17 26 11020 Purdue University 美国14 34 14 4621 Johns Hopkins University 美国59 27 49 322 University of Cambridge 英国26 13 70 8623 Pennsylvania State University 美国27 29 16 10224 University of Tokyo 日本32 26 65 3125 University of Arizona 美国20 36 19 13426 National Taiwan University 台湾34 33 79 1827 University of Florida 美国28 40 10 13028 University of Toronto 加元51 32 42 4029 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 美国11 45 48 3830 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 美国65 23 22 19231 Michigan State University 美国52 28 23 14732 New York University 美国30 21 40 18133 North Carolina State University 美国9 73 35 4234 Rutgers University 美国23 42 15 17635 University of California San Diego 美国53 30 24 14236 Yale University 美国55 18 61 24237 University of Pittsburgh 美国98 44 34 3338 Universidade de Sao Paulo 巴西76 54 53 2039 Princeton University 美国97 25 36 15840 University of Virginia 美国73 20 37 29941 University of British Columbia 加元118 37 31 8342 University of Oxford 英国122 19 51 15743 Duke University 美国75 35 29 16344 UNAM 墨西哥61 69 56 2145 Georgia Institute of Technology 美国119 79 25 1646 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich 瑞士84 49 76 4347 University of Southern California 美国49 41 62 13548 University of Colorado Boulder 美国89 43 27 18949 Kyoto University 日本56 52 157 3450 University of California Davis 美国47 56 32 20451 University College London 英国100 39 59 12652 University of Helsinki 芬兰67 89 43 5653 Florida State University 美国25 100 38 9754 Norwegian University of Science & Technology 挪威88 58 86 4555 University of Oslo 挪威62 67 39 12256 University of California Santa Barbara 美国41 60 30 24557 Simon Fraser University 加元121 50 95 5858 University of California Irvine 美国107 38 46 23859 Ohio State University 美国110 51 83 6660 University of Nebraska Lincoln 美国46 83 106 4161 University of Utah 美国15 65 47 28062 University of Georgia 美国24 72 52 24063 University of New Mexico 美国43 260 55 464 Washington University Saint Louis 美国33 91 41 19665 University of Oregon 美国72 61 88 13766 Iowa State University 美国54 94 28 24167 Arizona State University 美国38 62 66 28968 Universität Wien 奥地利130 87 57 6769 Universidad Complutense de Madrid 西班牙108 110 185 570 Boston University 美国36 70 67 26471 University of Edinburgh 英国196 59 63 12472 Universita di Bologna 意大利126 66 110 10973 University of Alberta 加元105 105 72 9174 University of Southampton 英国383 88 104 1975 George Mason University 美国101 53 45 40576 University of Iowa 美国35 96 54 35177 Australian National University 澳大利亚210 82 114 6578 University of Calgary 加元68 126 123 8079 Utrecht University 荷兰171 121 77 6380 Uppsala University 瑞典90 147 82 7081 Universite Catholique de Louvain * 比利时63 178 247 1082 Vanderbilt University 美国29 106 234 11583 Brigham Young University 美国117 74 131 15084 Freie Universitat Berlin 德国74 85 228 10685 Oregon State University 美国57 154 80 12086 Rice University 美国102 92 78 25287 University of California Santa Cruz 美国70 97 50 42188 Universite de Geneve 瑞士39 125 105 25789 University of Missouri Columbia 美国95 98 135 18090 University of Massachusetts Amherst 美国229 137 60 11391 University of Hong Kong 香港 128 109 195 10492 Linkoping University 瑞典66 188 141 6893 Universite de Montreal 加元140 93 120 19194 University of Groningen 荷兰58 207 164 5995 University of Tennessee Knoxville 美国78 75 102 46296 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 美国83 132 64 30897 Charles University 捷克150 90 75 30698 University of Tsukuba 日本86 239 248 1299 University Hamburg 德国115 168 155 62100 University of Delaware 美国169 113 58 291101 National Cheng Kung University 台湾230 214 183 6 102 University of South Florida 美国79 86 143 341103 Royal Institute of Technology 瑞典116 131 85 214104 Peking University 中国 225 80 357 64105 University of Waterloo 加元180 127 69 224106 Technische University Wien 奥地利60 135 205 171107 McGill University 加元253 78 151 197108 Lund University ** 瑞典149 114 112 188109 University of Queensland 澳大利亚71 223 264 28110 Northwestern University 美国166 118 111 186111 University of Amsterdam 荷兰212 101 91 253112 Louisiana State University 美国64 184 147 128113 Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen 德国48 140 276 170114 University of South Carolina 美国113 64 93 666115 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 巴西262 236 87 36116 Masaryk University 捷克92 298 249 14117 Brown University 美国50 129 134 389118 Washington State University Pullman 美国231 116 74 304119 University of Connecticut 美国146 138 148 145120 York University 加元194 159 109 127121 State University of New York at Buffalo 美国219 71 96 499122 LMU * 德国315 162 188 47123 University of Warwick 英国85 165 156 194124 National Sun Yat-Sen University 台湾214 201 238 25125 University of Kentucky 美国131 161 68 292126 University of Notre Dame 美国205 156 81 213127 Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港 168 268 168 27 128 University of Copenhagen 丹麦218 157 132 132129 Universit?Paris 6 Pierre and Marie Curie ** 法国134 134 107 301130 Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin 德国158 141 167 164131 University of Glasgow 英国239 123 139 222132 Universitat Leipzig 德国199 95 153 327133 University di Pisa 意大利256 259 116 53134 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Brasil 巴西391 243 208 13135 University of Bergen 挪威103 166 152 231136 Colorado State University 美国241 104 130 357137 Monash University 澳大利亚154 115 207 270138 University of Oklahoma 美国40 155 113 550139 University of Twente 荷兰228 187 309 49140 University of Melbourne 澳大利亚270 77 313 262141 EPFL 瑞士143 199 172 125142 Kansas State University * 美国271 117 119 343143 University of Rochester 美国238 160 115 223144 City University of New York 美国173 111 108 512145 University of Houston 美国111 145 103 456146 National Chiao Tung University 台湾151 133 199 267147 Tsinghua University China 中国 237 63 432 303148 TUM * 德国144 149 236 210149 Universidade do Porto 葡萄牙81 337 230 60150 Technische University Berlin 德国109 176 150 294151 University of Sydney 澳大利亚197 198 197 123152 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 巴西424 287 227 11153 Nagoya University 日本139 204 293 103154 Universit?du Quebec Montreal 加元236 152 268 155155 University of Illinois Chicago 美国217 143 84 474156 Osaka University 日本163 139 192 344157 Texas Tech University 美国174 303 136 96158 University of Kansas 美国221 202 98 266159 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg 德国160 194 269 131 160 University of Manchester * 英国462 81 240 317161 Universitat Politnica de Catalunya * 西班牙422 163 392 48 162 National University of Singapore 新加坡106 255 174 205 163 University of New South Wales 澳大利亚206 227 251 100 164 University of California San Francisco 美国21 150 290 673 165 Universidad Politnica de Madrid 西班牙316 122 189 363 166 University Karlsruhe 德国263 144 165 349167 University of Leeds 英国438 120 125 390168 University Munster 德国227 124 210 426169 University of Dublin Trinity College 爱尔兰296 313 128 89 170 Keio University 日本164 99 327 488171 Hebrew University of Jerusalem 以色列177 136 178 507 172 West Virginia University 美国96 274 144 269173 National Taiwan Normal University 台湾114 102 374 516 174 Universitat Automa de Barcelona * 西班牙207 128 390 274 175 Prince of Songkla University 泰国133 48 560 684176 University of Victoria British Columbia 加元246 186 212 243 177 Emory University 美国99 153 216 546178 University Freiburg 德国188 250 219 160179 Tohoku University 日本191 193 353 144180 Technische University Dortmund * 德国234 210 308 129 181 Syracuse University 美国327 142 101 537182 University of North Texas 美国80 301 92 429183 Utah State University 美国45 175 246 630184 Goteborg University 瑞典223 200 426 105185 Seoul National University 韩国179 310 306 73186 Universidad del PaVasco 西班牙138 264 304 146187 University of Birmingham 英国290 167 198 342188 Lomonosov Moscow State University 俄罗斯250 247 339 107189 Rochester Institute of Technology 美国337 257 159 165190 Auburn University 美国281 181 187 323191 Stockholm University 瑞典181 130 328 447192 Universitat de Barcelona * 西班牙450 169 259 190193 Tufts University 美国104 108 378 649194 University of Saskatchewan 加元157 226 320 195195 Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nurnberg 德国124 221 171 424196 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 巴西381 284 180 116 197 King Saud University 沙特阿拉伯87 312 372 139198 University degli Studi di Padova 意大利272 320 263 76199 University of California Riverside 美国261 173 146 466200 University degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza 意大利152 273 127 355201 University of Ljubljana 斯洛文尼亚285 321 163 136202 University Laval 加元182 203 253 325203 Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn 德国141 231 226 334204 Universidade de Brasia 巴西318 216 296 159205 Eindhoven University of Technology 荷兰127 307 241 218206 Technische University Chemnitz 德国397 55 483 627207 National Central University 台湾274 359 375 39208 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology 韩国137 358 202 168209 National Tsing Hua University Taiwan 台湾159 300 242 211210 Technische University Darmstadt 德国192 306 347 118211 University Bremen 德国252 183 237 392212 University of Nottingham * 英国360 190 330 212213 Wayne State University 美国82 420 243 184214 University of Vermont 美国91 325 341 233215 London School of Economics and Political Science 英国314 289 388 82216 Delft University of Technology 荷兰324 263 334 138217 University of Western Ontario 加元189 234 160 484218 Aarhus University 丹麦155 218 194 508219 Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main 德国332 254 274 200220 Dartmouth College 美国407 119 255 603221 Technion Israel Institute of Technology 以色列277 299 73 476222 Open University UK 英国473 171 415 166223 Universidad de Sevilla 西班牙275 197 282 366224 Indiana University/Purdue University Indianapolis 美国286 189 271 374225 Imperial College * 英国340 180 179 478226 University Regensburg 德国287 191 753 81227 Universidad de Chile 智利334 345 176 167228 Universidad Politynica de Valencia 西班牙209 229 292 361229 McMaster University 加元257 304 252 225230 Oklahoma State University 美国198 322 145 358231 University of Manitoba 加元145 279 218 388232 University of Bristol * 英国572 103 331 538233 Case Western Reserve University 美国135 146 288 776234 University of Miami 美国69 398 166 446235 Budapest University of Technology and Economics 匈牙利244 318 122 381236 San Diego State University 美国120 172 217 832237 Free University of Amsterdam 荷兰299 383 186 151238 Tel Aviv University 以色列232 402 71 391239 University of York 英国311 195 211 487240 Universityd''''''''''''''''Ottawa University of Ottawa 加元335 185 224 469241 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 巴西504 275 279 140 242 Universidad de Murcia 西班牙342 297 446 84243 Queen''''''''''''''''s University Kingston 加元468 334 154 179244 Jyvkyl University 芬兰343 371 435 57245 University of Wisconsin Milwaukee 美国224 112 326 895246 University Tubingen 德国176 333 191 350247 University of Central Florida 美国167 364 89 489248 Georgetown University 美国348 76 490 734249 Georgia State University 美国474 292 182 250250 University degli Studi di Torino 意大利123 339 170 464251 Technical University of Denmark 丹麦185 294 414 209252 Universidad de Granada 西班牙568 209 310 235253 Newcastle University 英国357 158 325 492254 University of Maryland Baltimore County 美国243 249 100 722255 George Washington University 美国553 107 278 699256 Technische University Dresden 德国405 224 193 425257 Drexel University 美国242 315 200 345258 Universitat d''''''''''''''''Alacant 西班牙129 211 439 454259 Leiden University * 荷兰627 212 379 162260 University zu Koln 德国282 316 254 288261 Lancaster University 英国406 448 231 87262 Universidade de Vigo 西班牙279 174 383 479263 Tokyo Institute of Technology 日本273 246 391 312264 University Stuttgart 德国359 277 291 277265 University of Sheffield * 英国679 148 222 556266 Stony Brook University * 美国183 327 133 573267 Universidade do Minho 葡萄牙370 340 499 79268 New Mexico State University 美国301 266 94 716269 Universidade Estadual Paulista 巴西480 465 204 88270 University Bielefeld 德国386 244 307 352271 Northeastern University * 美国266 319 124 548272 University of Adelaide 澳大利亚269 385 318 193273 Eotvos Lorand University (University of Budapest) 匈牙利186 262 173 751274 Czech Technical University 捷克162 276 342 465275 Ghent University 比利时172 472 351 141276 Universitat de Valcia 西班牙336 179 550 367277 Universitydegli Studi di Firenze 意大利235 344 315 326278 Clemson University 美国354 233 220 607279 University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 法国77 248 365 820280 Queensland University of Technology 澳大利亚496 360 621 50281 University Bern 瑞士187 271 382 453282 Tartu University 爱沙尼亚148 365 206 533283 Florida International University 美国240 418 149 420284 Boston College 美国558 296 355 228285 University of Cincinnati 美国245 311 129 742286 Radboud University Nijmegen 荷兰341 376 360 203287 Kyushu University 日本211 265 464 417288 National Chengchi University 台湾125 251 443 612289 University of North Carolina Charlotte 美国521 170 250 726 290 Philipps University Marburg 德国226 305 475 336291 Universidad de Buenos Aires 阿根廷298 362 196 468292 Montana State University 美国264 434 140 461293 Warsaw University ** 波兰258 386 245 403294 National Chung Cheng University 台湾395 293 514 229295 Michigan Technological University 美国463 241 161 744296 University Libre de Bruxelles 比利时248 478 301 230297 University of Nevada Reno 美国319 351 142 611298 Universidad Autonoma de Madrid 西班牙356 317 221 529299 University of Belgrade 塞尔维亚200 1,008 289 9300 Aalborg University 丹麦389 491 138 302301 Technische University Graz 奥地利233 192 656 521302 Durham University 英国509 379 209 331303 King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 沙特阿拉伯132 854 389 23304 King''''''''''''''''s College London 英国255 182 536 648305 University of Idaho 美国634 329 126 513306 Ecole Normale Superieure Paris 法国429 222 359 569307 Northern Arizona University 美国203 480 99 606308 University of Auckland 新西兰451 330 455 234309 University of Bath 英国686 487 190 148310 University Kassel 德国644 270 381 322311 University de Nice Sophia Antipolis 法国142 477 233 480312 University of Rhode Island 美国268 368 401 384313 Carleton University 加元415 355 201 564314 Weizmann Institute of Science 以色列487 164 486 700315 Hong Kong University of Science & Technology 香港642 569 121 172316 University degli Studi di Palermo 意大利475 390 280 356317 Zhejiang University 中国 220 444 551 236318 Universidad de Salamanca 西班牙216 208 822 495319 Portland State University 美国431 446 97 632320 Chulalongkorn University 泰国208 432 454 340321 California Polytechnic State University 美国440 366 169 646 322 Dalhousie University 加元577 349 265 437323 National Technical University of Athens 希腊541 295 317 536 324 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 德国592 374 158 562 325 Umea University 瑞典112 495 258 602326 Jagiellonian University 波兰707 361 395 232327 University degli Studi di Milano 意大利467 473 184 393328 University of Essex 英国621 324 329 411329 University of Alaska Fairbanks 美国317 219 418 823330 Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa 葡萄牙379 579 229 227331 Friedrich Schiller University Jena 德国288 568 261 268332 University of Texas Arlington 美国321 597 177 311333 Kobe University 日本156 380 649 375334 University Hannover 德国587 302 367 459335 Universitat Jaume I 西班牙459 387 438 307336 Helsinki University of Technology 芬兰353 561 213 320337 University degli Studi di Napoli Federico II 意大利365 521 430 187338 State University of New York at Albany 美国420 405 117 807 339 University of Alabama Birmingham 美国373 237 312 961340 Chalmers University of Technology 瑞典178 520 273 520341 Politecnico di Torino 意大利432 437 421 293342 Southern Illinois University 美国289 348 324 715343 Wroclaw University of Technology 波兰338 564 349 220344 Heriot-Watt University 英国1,351 245 305 416345 University of New Hampshire 美国313 367 270 753346 Kasetsart University 泰国190 377 303 838347 Universität Göttingen 德国375 290 488 588348 Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico 墨西哥371 526 1,274 15349 Virginia Commonwealth University 美国545 396 461 298350 University of Szeged 匈牙利295 436 295 592351 Tamkang University 台湾184 363 706 423352 Universidade Federal do Paran/a> 巴西610 663 487 29353 University of Alabama 美国362 342 319 719354 PUC 巴西759 456 345 226355 Universidad de Zaragoza 西班牙350 406 425 449356 San Jos State University 美国527 410 90 890357 Universidade de Coimbra 葡萄牙331 547 452 201358 Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf 德国307 285 496 717 359 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 希腊291 413 517 415360 Technische University Braunschweig * 德国276 370 555 490 361 Kyungpook (Kyungbook) National University * 韩国213 57 1,608 1,195362 Carl V on Ossietzky University Oldenburg 德国387 407 400 471363 Ruhr University Bochum 德国402 323 459 601364 University of Arkansas Fayetteville 美国306 280 521 725365 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 西班牙201 391 577 525366 University of Liverpool 英国529 415 175 718367 Universityde Liege 比利时410 601 434 149368 Catholic University of Leuven 比利时705 269 508 506369 Technical University Ostrava 捷克821 714 572 8370 Pohang University of Science & Technology 韩国165 518 481 434371 I-Shou University 台湾170 667 356 309372 University of Oulu 芬兰494 438 337 498373 University of Aberdeen 英国518 411 203 735374 University of New Brunswick 加元328 494 636 247375 Mississippi State University 美国447 457 321 541376 University of Saint Andrews 英国682 309 453 545377 University Innsbruck 奥地利361 341 579 567378 Baylor University 美国333 469 515 395379 Christian Albrechts University zu Kiel 德国437 442 338 589 380 University Mannheim 德国247 493 451 504381 Ecole Polytechnique (France) 法国380 392 457 591382 Temple University 美国349 400 335 770383 University of Leicester 英国877 378 363 422384 Universitat de les Illes Balears 西班牙254 404 469 704385 Universidad de Guadalajara 墨西哥554 205 845 593386 Universidad de Costa Rica 哥斯达黎加672 336 701 316387 University of Guelph 加元312 428 562 493388 University of Tampere 芬兰495 384 590 413389 City University of Hong Kong 香港 513 613 340 258 390 University Basel 瑞士482 286 652 619391 Tecnologico de Monterrey * 墨西哥646 291 494 663392 Universidad de Castilla La Mancha 西班牙505 357 397 709 393 National University of Ireland Cork 爱尔兰283 452 267 894 394 University of Wyoming 美国665 464 137 755395 Appalachian State University 美国501 206 684 835396 University Ulm 德国265 523 467 477397 University Trier ** 德国44 314 965 1,005398 University of Tromso 挪威300 542 564 315399 National Chung Hsing University 台湾308 347 518 804400 Kent State University 美国443 479 162 904以下无正文仅供个人用于学习、研究；不得用于商业用途。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)之欧阳道创编
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(6-7)Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples,they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that peopleare superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels fortreating headaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. But researchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases where it failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), that patient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and Drug Administration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, includingdrugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” faulty neural circuitry. Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of the patient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scans taken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity starting three months after treatment begins. Thechanges are similar to the improvements seen in patients who undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London, found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Although brain scans are useful in determining the longevity of the treatment, Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that the electrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called the locus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer.The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today'sTHE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” and will prove “proliferation resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 killed dozens immediately and has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about globalwarming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactors operate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of how to extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, China and their neighbours. These new power stations belong to what has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by their creators to be advanced. But will these new stations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be less accident prone. The most important feature of a safe design is that it “fails safe”. Fo r a reactor, this means that if its control systems stop working it shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, and stops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to someextent and some newer ones are truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be more expensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclear explosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in a bomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowedenough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilises the reaction rate.Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriouslyRUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, in waging war on climate-warminggases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output ofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with thedaft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsa re engaged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of action on climatechange, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheir personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tan k, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real business risks andopportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuringclients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected.Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 oftheseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m a yearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substancesforlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those140,000screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the lining of the lungs. According toHuang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, thefirm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animalexperiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs,vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthan live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use of animals might be banished from fundamental research.Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than women MEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, inAustralia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequicklyidentified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eightphotographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression,which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely togetkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company owners and bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep, routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and GeneralMotors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, as usual.The successful resolutions called for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, saw defeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidate failing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly ninetimes out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions wereall“precatory”—meaning that they merely advised management on the course of action preferred byshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen&Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder power butnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises that, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulators to make it easier for shareholders to put upcandidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if they will be back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensation committee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be far worse. Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and the rights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on American companies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly, companies and their clever bankers are usingthese assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bonds based on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7 billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties it will receive from itsfranchisees. The three private-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based on the films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains andfashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that the borrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recoup theirmoney, the assets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds are outstanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it。
企业管理硕士专业排名
企业管理硕士专业排名1. 简介企业管理硕士（Master of Business Administration, MBA）专业是培养高层次的管理人才的研究生教育项目。
MBA专业旨在提供一系列管理领域的知识和技能，使学生能够在企业中发挥领导者和管理者的作用。
由于MBA专业的受欢迎程度越来越高，各大院校和商学院参与其中，逐渐形成了一套行业内的排名体系。
下文将介绍全球知名的企业管理硕士专业排名。
2. 全球知名的企业管理硕士专业排名2.1 Financial Times全球MBA排名Financial Times（FT）是一家国际知名的财经类报纸，每年都会发布MBA专业排名。
其排名侧重于硬性因素，包括学校的学术水平、就业率、薪资增长等。
FT全球MBA排名被认为是MBA专业排名中的权威之一。
2.2 QS全球MBA排名QS全球MBA排名是一项以全球硕士项目为基础的排名，根据学校的学术声誉、雇主认可度、就业率和学生满意度等指标进行评估。
QS排名对学生的调研也很重要，以了解他们对MBA课程的实际体验和反馈。
2.3 Bloomberg Businessweek全球MBA排名Bloomberg Businessweek是一家国际商业杂志，每年发布全球MBA排名。
其排名侧重于学生满意度、校友网络、薪资增长和就业率等因素。
Bloomberg Businessweek的排名常常被用作衡量商学院教学质量和学生体验的重要指标。
2.4 The Economist全球MBA排名《经济学人》杂志（The Economist）是一家国际性的经济类期刊，其MBA排名被广泛认可。
该排名综合考虑了学术质量、就业机会、薪资增长和校友网络等因素。
排名结果所依据的数据主要来自学校和学生的调查。
3. 排名的意义及局限性企业管理硕士专业排名对于学生选报MBA课程具有重要的参考价值。
排名体系可以帮助学生了解全球范围内的MBA专业优势和劣势，选择最适合自己的学校和课程。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(The Economist整理版4-5)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new service hopes to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet services such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by routing part or all of each call over the internet, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text messages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a British start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packets across the internet, rather than being routed through operators' textmessaging infrastructure. As a result, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per message. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particularly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bundles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, says Doug Richard, the firm's co-founder. For really intensive text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15—are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 messages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-messaging accounts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margins on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accounts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Richard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that would undermine their own efforts to push new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other countries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentum,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. But as Skype has also shown, once a disruptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not just for its users, but for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clearer imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medicine and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid bodies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imaging relies on the fact that different materials absorb the radiation to different degrees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photographic negative. But Xrays are less good at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of Nature Physics, that they have manipulated standard X-ray imaging techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays but also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative positions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easily picked up, so doctors can detect even small variations in the composition of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contrast imaging—is already used routinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thought to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between the source of the X-rays and the body under examination, and two between the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce thedetailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contrasted image—which can then be combined to produce a high-resolution picture.The researchers tested their technique on a Cardinal tetra, a tiny iridescent fish commonly found in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gut of the fish, while the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater detail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no longer be the stuff of Nobel prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased significantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDupe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a dragon in every home.GeneDupe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really quite old animals, with the twist that even when they did exist, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. But GeneDupe's team of biologists and computer scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, since both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, biochemical. Virtual cell biology aspires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts list—mitochondria for energy processing, the endoplasmic reticulum for making proteins, Golgi body for protein assembly, and so on.Armed with their virtual cell, GeneDupe's scientists can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, by loading it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the right virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividing and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a computer, it happens fast. Passing from egg to adult in one of GeneDupe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minute. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDupe's scientists can add a little evolution to their products.Each computer starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eagle for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked by random electronic mutations. When they have matured, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are culled.Using this rapid evolutionary process, GeneDupe's scientists have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on which they are just embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, with actual DNA, the genetic material that the computer models predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nucleus removed. The result, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or what have you.Tales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the unexpected. Even so, on March 13th, six volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All ended up seriously ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find out whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so serious that Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a full inquiry. On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and human-cell cultures, and despite the fact that the doses in the human trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult result for the drug business because it raises questions about the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is unusual in that it is an antibody. Most drugs are what are known as “small molecules”. Antibodies are big, powerful proteins that are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for human therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, but hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody drugs are designed to work in one of three ways: by recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecule drug or a radioactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was unusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superagonistic” antibody, designed to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell known as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a number of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antibodies seemed like a good treatment strategy. Unfortunately, that strategy fell disastrously to pieces and it will take a little longer to find out why.The result highlights concerns raised in a paper just published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a group of experts based in London. It says there are special risks associated with novel antibody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that they might not bind to their targets in humans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceTwo possible explanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neutrinos beamed at it from getting through. Yet neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All but a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are known as electron neutrinos, tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realised that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neutrinos on their journey to Earth. Two other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK particle-accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near Chicago, confirmed these results. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos by firing an intense stream of protons into a block of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab site. The neutrinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt American workers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the midst of just such a quarrel now. Congress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegalworkers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-worker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immigration's defenders claim that foreigners come to do jobs that Americans won't—as if cities with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succumbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to go around.One common argument, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally distributed, typical wages have grown surprisingly slowly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actually fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially because recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of America's pool of workers, but 28% of those without a high-school education and over half of those with eight years' schooling or less.In fact, the relationship between immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capital as well as labour. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can still shift the relative pay of workers of different types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could push down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had complementary skills, natives would be relatively better off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayThe EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when using your mobile phone abroad that you realise there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she announced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: European consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roaming margins above 90%, European mobile operators make profits of around €10 billion a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home countries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sound good. But, as the industry is understandably at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone would take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator might have a network, bu t no customers, because they've all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thought to account for around 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafo ne, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposing price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadily reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cuts, too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovum, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are right that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the same. So expect them to lobby hard against the proposals over the next couple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome that would, of course, allow both sides to claim victory.Devices and their desiresEngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a device—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biology and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly different treatments, often with little in common. But that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnology industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of surgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasing stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceutical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer gradual progress. Instead of hanging out with breathless entrepreneurs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are based, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And unlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing blitzes to tell ailing consumers about its new drugs, medical-device sales teams act more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two business cultures together. Earlier this year, for example, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply drug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from sutures and syringes to catheters, in order to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broader approaches to health care. Genzyme says that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney disease, and realised that it needed to understand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. But combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer development cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceutical firms have no such option. If a difficulty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can do about it. “You can't futz with a molecule”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care industry analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering outfits were once divisions of pharmaceutical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold Howmedica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based Stryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. Now both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, drugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. But, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Medtronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceutical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; but probably less risk of wholesale rejection.Eat less, live moreHow to live longer—maybeDIETING, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. Thisstudy, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (high resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points out that it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie restriction actually extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a drug that will stave off old age is itself as old as the hills—as is the wishful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is known to be a family of enzymes called sirtuins, which act both as sensors of nutrient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Universal service?Proponents of “software as a service” say it will wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Mi crosoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-based service via a web browser, rather than as a product that must be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is obvious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than traditional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outbreak of iconoclasm. “Traditional software is dead,” says Jason Maynard, an analyst at Credit Suisse. Just as most firms do not own generators, but buy electricity from the grid, so in future they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc Benioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while SaaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billion last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billion by 2010—but even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. But there is much debate, even among its advocates, about how quickly it will grow, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusiastic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software, which is dominated by Microsoft, or for high-end enterprise software, which is dominated by SAP and Oracle, the middle ground is still highly f ragmented, which presents an opportunity. “This is the last great software market left—the last unconsolidated market,” says Zach Nelson of NetSuite, which provides a suite of software services including accounting, sales-force automation and customer service. His firm is targeting small and medium-sized businesses by providing “verticalised” services—that is, versions of its software adapted to particular types of company, such as professional-service firms, wholesale distributors and software firms.Large companies, says Mr Nelson, have already made big investments in traditional software. “They've already been through the pain,” he says. So they will not be in a hurry to ditch their existing investments in traditional software from the likes of SAP and Or acle. “I have no fantasy of replacing those guys,” says Mr Nelson. But Mr Benioff of disagrees. His firm provides customer-relationship management (CRM) software as a service, which is already used by many big firms including Cisco, Sprint a nd Merrill Lynch. “The world's largest companies are now using for the world's largest CRM implementations,” he says. “It's the future of our industry that everything will be a service.”Even so, Mr Maynard reckons it will be some time before large companies fully embrace the service model. However,。
2010泰晤士全球大学排名英文版
66.3 22.1 23.0 28.3 60.5 60.5 22.6 18.4 43.0 38.1 31.8 43.1 52.3 35.6 25.2
Data not 54.7 supplied 84.2 59.5
91.6 78.1 76.4 83.9 68.8 77.7 67.9 46.3 52.7 91.4 82.9 76.4 77.8 89.1 78.3
50.4
97.4
64.1
51.8
98.2
42
66.8
44.9
30.7
48.2
95.7
43
67.0
51.9
93.9
Data not 62.4 supplied 31.7 55.9 72.7
81.0
43 43 43 47
Germany Sweden
67.0 67.0 67.0 66.9
57.3 65.8 55.5 57.4
69.9
58.9
56.4
Data not 63.0 supplied Data not 56.1 supplied 42.2 61.9
88.6
39 40
69.5 69.2
57.9 59.9
77.9 67.3
91.4 86.8
41
Hong Kong University of Hong Kong 69.0 Science and Technology Ecole Normale Superieure, France Paris Australian National University University Gttingen Karolinska Institute University Wisconsin of Australia 68.6
经济学期刊分类排名(顶级、一流、二流、三流、四流)
不入流期刊： 其余期刊均为不入流,比如说《经济研究》、《世界经济》。 ;
Economist
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2014-5-31 22:25
1． 校正了引用杂志的水平（比如一篇文章被AER引用和被CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW引用的得分是不一样的）,
2． 使用更长的时间段。 SSCI 的影响力因子（IMPACT
版主
FACTOR）只用了过去两年发表在某杂志上的论文在今年被引用的平均次数,使那些时髦杂志如Journal of Financial
Economics,Journal of Health
Economics占了便宜（JHE的影响力因子有时可以排经济学前5）。 而这个排名用了过去7年发表的论文。
3. 采用的公理化（axiomatic）的体系。 该文证明了其采用的排名的方法是唯一满足4个公理的方法。 这四个公理是 reference
intensity, weak homogeneity, weak consistency,and invariance to splitting of journals。
经济学期刊分类(顶级、一流、二流、三流、四流) - ◆经济学...
/thread-312060-1-1.html
下面的最新经济学杂志排名(2004年)使用了最复杂和详细的方法,是至今发表在最高级别刊物上Econometrica（2004 年）的排名,纠正了以往排名的缺陷,这些方法包括
The_Economist整理版(《经济学人》原版英文,有4000词汇即可,练习阅读绝好资料)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(2-3)Moving marketsShifts in trading patterns are making technology ever more importantAN INVESTOR presses a button, sending 1,000 small “buy” orders to a stock exchange. The exchange's computer system instantly kicks in, but a split second later, 99% of the orders are cancelled. Having found the best price, the investor makes his trade discreetly, leaving no visible trace on the market—all in less time than it takes to blink. His stealth strategy remains intact.Events like this happen many times a day, as floods of orders from active hedge funds and “algorithmic” traders—who use automated programs to buy and sell—rush through the information-technology systems of the world's exchanges. The average transaction size on leading stock exchanges has fallen from about 2,000 shares in the mid-1990s to fewer than 400 today, although total trading volume has soared. But exchanges' systems have to cope with more than just a growing onslaught of “buy” and “sell” messages. Customers want to trade in more complicated ways, combining different types of assets on different exchanges at once. Then, as always, there is regulation. All this is pushing technology further to the fore.Recent embarrassments at the Tokyo Stock Exchange have illustrated what can happen when systems fail to keep up with the times. In just the past few months, the importance of technology has been plain in mergers (those of the New York Stock Exchange and Archipelago, and NASDAQ and INET); collaborations (the decision by the New York Board of Trade to use the Chicago Board of Trade's trading platform); and the creation of off-exchange trading networks (including one unveiled recently by Citigroup).Technology is hardly a new element in financial markets: the advent of electronic trading in the 1980s (first in Europe, later in America) helped to globalise financial markets and drove up trading volumes. But having slowed after the dotcom bubble it is now demanding ever more of exchanges' and intermediaries' attention. Investors can now deal more easily with exchanges or each other, bypassing traditional routes. As customers' demands and bargaining power have increased, so the exchanges have had to ramp up their own systems. “Technology created the monster that has to be ad dressed by more technology,” says Leslie Sutphen of Calyon Financial, a big futures broker.Aite Group, a research firm, reckons that in America alone the securities and investment industry spent $26.4 billion last year on IT (see chart), and may spend $30 billion in 2008. Sell-side firms spend most: J.P. Morgan Chase and Morgan Stanley each splashed out more than $2 billion in 2004, while asset-management firms such as State Street Global Advisors, Barclays Global Investors and Fidelity Investments spent between $250m and $350m apiece. With brokerage fees for trades whittled down, many have concluded that better technology is one way to cut trading costs and keep customers.Testing all enginesGlobal growth is looking less lopsided than for many yearsLARR Y SUMMERS, a Treasury secretary under Bill Clinton, once said that “the world economy is flying on one engine” to describe its excessive reliance on American demand. Now growth seems to be becoming more even at last: Europe and Japan are revving up, as are most emerging economies. As a result, if (or when) the American engine stalls, the global aeroplane will not necessarily crash.For the time being, America's monetary policymakers think that their economy is still running pretty well. This week, as Alan Greenspan handed over the chairmanship of the Federal Reserve to Ben Bernanke, the Fed marked the end of Mr Greenspan's18-year reign by raising interest rates for the 14th consecutive meeting, to 4.5%. The central bankers also gave Mr Bernanke more flexibi lity by softening their policy statement: they said that further tightening “may be needed”rather than “is likely to be needed”, as before.Most analysts expect the Fed to raise rates once or twice more, although the economy slowed sharply in late 2005. Real GDP growth fell to an annual rate of only 1.1% in the fourth quarter, the lowest for three years. Economists were quick to ascribe this disappointing number to special factors, such as Hurricane Katrina and a steep fall in car sales—the consequence of generous incentives that had encouraged buyers to bring purchases forward to the third quarter. The consensus has it that growth will bounce back to an annual rate of over 4% in the first quarter and stay strong thereafter.This sounds too optimistic. A rebound is indeed likely in this quarter, but the rest of the year could prove disappointing, as a weakening housing market starts to weigh on consumer spending. In December sales of existing homes fell markedly and the stock of unsold homes surged. Economists at Goldman Sachs calculate that, after adjusting for seasonal patterns, the median home price has fallen by almost 4% since October. Experience from Britain and Australia shows that even a soft landing for house prices can cause an acute slowdown in consumer spending.American consumers have been the main engine not just of their own economy but of the whole world's. If that engine fails, will the global economy nose-dive? A few years ago, the answer would probably have been yes. But the global economy may now be less vulnerable. At the World Economic Forum in Davos last week, Jim O'Neill, the chief economist at Goldman Sachs, argued convincingly that a slowdown in America need not lead to a significant global loss of power.Start with Japan, where industrial output jumped by an annual rate of 11% in the fourth quarter. Goldman Sachs has raised its GDP growth forecast for that quarter (the official number is due on February 17th) to an annualized 4.2%. That would pushyear-on-year growth to 3.9%, well ahead of America's 3.1%. The bank predicts average GDP growth in Japan this year of 2.7%. It thinks strong demand within Asia will partly offset an American slowdown.Japan's labour market is also strengthening. In December the ratio of vacancies to job applicants rose to its highest since 1992 (see chart 1). It is easier to find a job now than at any time since the bubble burst in the early 1990s. Stronger hiring by firms is also pushing up wages after years of decline. Workers are enjoying the biggest rise in bonuses for over a d ecade.Pass the parcelOnline shoppers give parcels firms a new lease of lifeTHINGS must be going well in the parcels business. At $2.5m for a 30-second TV commercial during last weekend's Super Bowl, an ad from FedEx was the one many Americans found the most entertaining. It showed a caveman trying to use a pterodactyl for an express delivery, only to watch it be gobbled up on take-off by a tyrannosaur. What did the world do before FedEx, the ad inquired? It might have asked what on earth FedEx did before the arrival of online retailers, which would themselves be sunk without today's fast and efficient delivery firms.Consumers and companies continue to flock in droves to the internet to buy and sell things. FedEx reported its busiest period ever last December, when it handled almost 9m packages in a single day. Online retailers also set new records in America. Excluding travel, some $82 billion was spent last year buying things over the internet, 24% more than in 2004, according to comScore Networks, which tracks consumer behaviour. Online sales of clothing, computer software, toys, and home and garden products were all up by more than 30%. And most of this stuff was either posted or delivered by parcel companies.The boom is global, especially now that more companies are outsourcing production. It is becoming increasingly common for products to be delivered direct from factory to consumer. In one evening just before Christmas, a record 225,000 international express packages were handled by UPS at a giant new air-cargo hub, opened by the American logistics firm at Cologne airport in Germany. “The internet has had a profound effect on our business,” says David Abney, UPS's international president. UPS now handles more than 14m packages worldwide every day.It is striking that postal firms—once seen as obsolete because of the emergence of the internet—are now finding salvation from it. People are paying more bills online and sending more e-mails instead of letters, but most post offices are making up for that thanks to e-commerce. After four years of profits, the United States Postal Service has cleared its $11 billion of debt.Firms such as Amazon and eBay have even helped make Britain's Royal Mail profitable. It needs to be: on January 1st, the Royal Mail lost its 350-year-old monopoly on carrying letters. It will face growing competition from rivals, such as Germany's Deutsche Post, which has expanded vigorously after partial privatisation and now owns DHL, another big international delivery company.Both post offices and express-delivery firms have developed a range of services to help ecommerce and eBay's traders—who listed a colossal 1.9 billion items for sale last year. Among the most popular services are tracking numbers, which allow people to follow the progress of their deliveries on the internet.A question of standardsMore suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies. MaybeANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil. In a paper just published in the Lancet, with the provocative title “Secret science: tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity”, David Hammond, of Waterloo University in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard, two members of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, a lobby group, criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT). They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels to smokers.It was and is no secret, as BAT points out, that people smoke low-tar cigarettes differently from high-tar ones. The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains. They therefore pull a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they draw on a low-tar rather than a high-tar variety. The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug.But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In particular, a bigger draw is generally a faster draw. That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may change, too, with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues, a series of studies conducted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this. The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke, as laid down by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases, uses a machine to make 35-millilitre puffs, drawn for two seconds once a minute. The firm's researchers, by contrast, found that real smokers draw 50-70ml per puff, and do so twice a minute. Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States.Dr Hammond suggests, however, the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked. A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design.A research report from 1979 puts it thus: “There are three major design featur es which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels; filtration, paper permeability, and filter-tip ventilation.” A conference paper from 1983 says, “The challenge would be to reduce the mainstream nicotine determined by standard smoking-machine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by the smoker”. Another conference paper, from 1984, says: “We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table. Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigarette...It should also be capable of delivering up to 100% more than its machine delivery.”Thanks to the banksCollege students learn more about market ratesA GOOD education may be priceless, but in America it is far from cheap—and it is not getting any cheaper. On February 1st Congress narrowly passed the Deficit Reduction Act, which aims to slim America's bulging budget deficit by, among other things, lopping $12.7 billion off the federal student-loan programme. Interest rates on student loans will rise while subsidies fall.Family incomes, grant aid and federal loans have all failed to keep pace with the growth in the cost of tuition. “The funding gap between what students can afford and what higher education costs has got wider and wider,” says Claire Mezzanotte of Fitch, a ratings agency. Lenders are rushing to bridge the gap with “private” student loans—loans that are free of government subsidies and guarantees.Virtually non-existent ten years ago, private student loans in the 2004-05 school year amounted to $13.8 billion—a compound annual growth rate of almost 30%—and they are expected to double in the next three years. According to the College Board, an association of schools and colleges, private student loans now make up nearly 22% of the volume of federal student loans, up from a mere 5% in 1994-95.The growth shows little sign of slowing. Education costs continue to climb while pressure on Congress to pare down the budget deficit means federal aid will, at best, stay at current levels. Meanwhile, the number of students attending colleges and tradeschools is expected to soar as the children of post-war baby-boomers continue matriculating.Private student loans are popular with lenders because they are profitable. Lenders charge market rates for the loans (the rates on federal student loans are capped) before adding up-front fees, which can themselves be around 6-7% of the loan. Sallie Mae, a student-loan company and by far the biggest dispenser of private student loans, disclosed in its most recent report that the average spread on its private student lending was 4.75%, more than three times the 1.31% it made on its federally backed loans.All of this is good news when lenders are hungry for new areas of growth in the face of a cooling mortgage market. Private student loans, says Matthew Snowling of Friedman, Billings, Ramsey, an investment bank, are probably “the fastest-growing segment of consumer finance—and by far the most profitable one—at a time when finding asset growth is challenging.” Last December J.P. Morgan, which already had a sizeable education-finance unit, snapped up Collegiate Funding Services, a Virginia-based provider of federal and private student loans. Companies from Bank of America to GMAC, the financing arm of General Motors, have jumped in. Other consumer-finance companies, such as Capital One, are whispered to be eyeing the market.In the beginning...How life on Earth got going is still mysterious, but not for want of ideasNEVER make forecasts, especially about the future. Samuel Goldwyn's wise advice is well illustrated by a pair of scientific papers published in 1953. Both were thought by their authors to be milestones on the path to the secret of life, but only one has so far amounted to much, and it was not the one that caught the public imagination at the time.James Watson and Francis Crick, who wrote “A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid”, have become as famous as rock stars for asking how life works and thereby starting a line of inquiry that led to the Human Genome Project. Stanley Miller, by contrast, though lauded by his peers, languishes in obscurity as far as the wider world is concerned. Yet when it appeared, “Production of amino acids under possible primitive Earth conditions” was expected to begin a scientific process that would solve a problem in some ways more profound than how life works at the moment—namely how it got going in the first place on the surface of a sterile rock 150m km from a small, unregarded yellow star.Dr Miller was the first to address this question experimentally. Inspired by one of Charles Darwin's ideas, that the ingredients of life might have formed by chemical reactions in a “warm, little pond”, he mixed the gases then thought to have formed the atmosphere of the primitive Earth— methane, ammonia and hydrogen—in a flask half-full of boiling water, and passed electric sparks, mimicking lightning, through them for several days to see what would happen. What happened, as the name of the paper suggests, was amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. The origin of life then seemed within grasp. But it has eluded researchers ever since. They are still looking, though, and this week several of them met at the Royal Society, in London, to review progress.The origin question is really three sub-questions. One is, where did the raw materials for life come from? That is what Dr Miller was asking. The second is, how did those raw materials spontaneously assemble themselves into the first object to which the term “alive” might reasonably be applied? The third is, how, having once come into existence, did it survive conditions in the early solar system?The first question was addressed by Patrick Thaddeus, of the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, and Max Bernstein, who works at the Ames laboratory, in California, part of America's space agency, NASA. As Dr Bernstein succinctly put it, the chemical raw materials for life, in the form of simple compounds that could then be assembled into more complex biomolecules, could come from above, below or beyond.Full to burstingRising levels of carbon dioxide will dump even more water into the oceansTHE lungs of the planet, namely green-leafed plants that breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen, also put water vapour into the atmosphere. Just as people lose water through breathing (think of the misted mirror used to check for vital signs), so, too, do plants. The question is, what effect will rising concentrations of carbon dioxide have on this? The answer, published in this week's Nature by Nicola Gedney of Britain's Meteorological Office and her colleagues, would appear to be, less water in the atmosphere and more in the oceans.Measurements of the volume of water that rivers return to the oceans show that, around the world, rivers have become fuller over the past century. In theory, there are many reasons why this could be so, but some have already been discounted. Research has established, for example, that it is not, overall, raining—or snowing, hailing or sleeting—any more than it used to. But there are other possibilities. One concerns changes in land use, such as deforestation and urbanisation. The soil in rural areas soaks up the rain and trees breathe it back into the atmosphere, whereas the concrete in urban areas transfers rainwater into drains and hence into rivers. Another possibility is “solar dimming”, in which aerosol particles create a hazy atmosphere that holds less water. And then there is the direct effect of carbon dioxide on plant transpiration.Dr Gedney used a statistical technique called “optimal fingerprinting” or “detection and attribution” to identify which of these four factors matter. Her team carried out five simulations of river flow in the 20th century. In the first of these they allowed all four explanations to vary: rainfall, haze, atmospheric carbon dioxide and land use. They then held one of them constant in each of the next four simulations. By comparing the outcome of each of these with the first simulation, the team gained a sense of its part in the overall picture. So, for example, they inferred the role of land use by deducting the simulation in which it was fixed from the simulation in which it varied.As with any statistical analysis, the results are only as good as the model, the experimental design and the data. Dr Gedney and her colleagues acknowledge that their model does not fully take into account the use of water to irrigate crops—particularly important in Asia and Europe—nor the question of urban growth. They argue, however, that these aspects, taken together, would remove water from rivers, which makes their conclusion all the more striking. And it is this: fuller rivers cannot be explained by more rainfall or haze or changes in land use, but they can be explained by higher concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.The mechanism is straightforward. A plant breathes through small holes, called stomata, found in its leaves. Plants take in carbon dioxide, and when the atmosphere is relatively rich in this gas, less effort is needed. The stomata stay closed for longer, and less water is lost to the atmosphere. This means that the plant doesn't need to draw as much moisture from the soil. The unused water flows into rivers.The great tech buy-out boomWill the enthusiasm of private-equity firms for investing in technology and telecoms end in tears, again?PRIME COMPUTERS, Rhythm NetConnections and XO Communications—all names to drain the blood from the face of a private-equity investor. Or so it was until recently, when investing in technology and telecoms suddenly became all the rage for private-equity companies. These investment firms—labelled “locusts” by unfriendly Europeans—generally make their money by buying big controlling stakes in companies, improving their efficiency, and then selling them on.In the late 1980s, Prime Computers became private equity's first great “tech wreck”, humiliating investors who thought they understood the technology business and could nurture the firm back to health away from the shorttermist pressures of the public stockmarket. After Prime failed, private-equity firms spent the best part of a decade focusing solely on the old economy. Only in the late 1990s, when the new economy was all the rage, did they pluck up the courage to return to tech and telecoms—a decision some of the grandest names in the industry were soon to regret. Hicks, Muse, Furst and Tate (Rhythm NetConnections) and Forstmann Little (XO) have both been shadows of their old selves since losing fortunes on telecoms.Now, investing in technology and telecoms is once again one of the hottest areas in the super-heated privateequity market. The multi-billion-dollar question is: will this round of investment end any less horribly than the previous two?Last month TDC, a Danish phone company, was finally acquired after a bid of $15.3 billion by a consortium including European giants Permira Advisors and Apax Partners, and American veterans Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), Blackstone Group and Providence Equity Partners. In the past five years, there has been private-equity involvement in about 40% of telecoms deals in Europe.On the other side of the Atlantic, the action has focused mainly on technology, rather than telecoms. Last summer, a consortium including Silver Lake Partners and KKR completed the biggest private-equity tech deal to date, buying SunGard Data Systems, a financial-technology firm, for $11.3 billion. Since then the deals have continued to flow. The $1.2 billion acquisition of Serena Software by Silver Lake is due to be completed by the end of March. Blackstone and others are said to be circling two IT outsourcing firms—Computer Sciences and ACS.There are reasons to hope that this time will be different. In telecoms, for instance, private-equity firms are mostly trying to buy established firms—often former national monopolists—that, while they might be threatened by internet telephony, have strong cash flow, physical assets and plenty of scope to improve the quality of management. These are the sorts of characteristicsprivate-equity investors thrive on. By contrast, the disastrous investments in the late 1990s were in new telecoms firms that were building their operations.In technology, private-equity interest has grown as the industry has matured, and cash-flow and profitability have become more predictable. Until recently, it has been the norm for tech firms to plough back all their profit and cashflow into investing in the business. They have carried no debt and paid no dividends. Now private-equity firms see the opportunity to pursue their classic strategy of buying firms by borrowing against cashflow, and then returning money to shareholders. Glenn Hutchins of Silver Lake thinks the tech sector is now in a similar condition to the old economy in America in the early 1980s, which is when private equity first started to have an impact, by restructuring and consolidating many industries.How to live for everThe latest from the wacky world of anti-senescence therapyDEATH is a fact of life—at least it has been so far. Humans grow old. From early adulthood, performance starts to wane. Muscles become progressively weaker, cognition fails. But the point at which age turns to ill health and, ultimately, death is shifting—that is, people are remaining healthier for longer. And that raises the question of how death might be postponed, and whether it might be postponed indefinitely.Humans are certainly living longer. An American child born in 1970 could expect to live 70.8 years. By 2000, that had increased to 77 years. Moreover, an adult still alive at the age of 75 in 2002 could expect a further 11.5 years of life.Much of this change has been the result of improved nutrition and better medicine. But to experience a healthy old age also involves maintaining physical and mental function. Age-related non-pathological changes in the brain, muscles, joints, immune system, lungs and heart must be minimised. These changes are called “senescence”.Research shows that exercise can help to maintain physical function late in life and that exercising one's brain can limit the progression of senescence. Other work—on the effects of caloric restriction, consuming red wine and altering genes in yeast, mice and nematodes—has shown promise in slowing senescence.The approach advocated by Aubrey de Grey of the University of Cambridge, in England, and presented at last week's meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is rather more radical. As an engineer, he favours intervening directly to repair the changes in the body that are caused by ageing. This is an approach he dubs “strategies for engineered negligible senescence”. In other words, if ageing humans can be patched up for 30 years, he argues, science will have developed sufficiently to make further repairs more effective, postponing death indefinitely.Dr de Grey's ideas, which are informed by literature surveys rather than experimental work, have been greeted with scorn by those working at developing such repair kits. Steven Austad, a gerontologist based at the University of Texas, warns that such therapies are many years away and may never arrive at all. There are also the side effects to consider. While mice kept onlow-calorie diets live longer than their fatter friends, the skinny mice are less fertile and are sometimes sterile. Humans wishing both to prolong their lives and to procreate might thus wish to wait until their child-bearing years were behind them before embarking on such a diet, although, by then, relatively more age-related damage will have accumulated.No one knows exactly why a low-calorie diet extends the life of mice, but some researchers think it is linked to the rate at which cells divide. There is a maximum number of times that a human cell can divide (roughly 50) before it dies. This is because the ends of chromosomes, structures called telomeres, shorten each time the cell divides. Eventually, there is not enough left for any further division.Cell biologists led by Judith Campisi at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California doubt that every cell has this dividing limit, and believe that it could be only those cells that have stopped dividing that cause ageing. They are devising an experiment to create a mouse in which senescent cells—those that no longer divide—are prevented from accumulating. They plan to activate a gene in the mouse that will selectively eliminate senescent cells. Such a mouse could demonstrate whether it is。
economist(经济学人)精品文章中英对照
Whopper to go至尊汉堡，打包带走Will Burger King be gobbled up by private equity?汉堡王是否会被私人股本吞并？Sep 2nd 2010 | NEW YORKSHARES in Burger King (BK) soared on September 1st on reports that the fast-food company was talking to several private-equity firms interested in buying it. How much beef was behind these stories was unclear. But lately the company famous for the slogan “Have It Your Way” has certainly not been having it its own way. There may be arguments about whether BK or McDonald’s serves the best fries, but there is no doubt which is more popular with stockmarket investors: the maker of the Big Mac has supersized its lead in the past two years.有报道披露，快餐企业汉堡王（BK）正在与数个有收购意向的私人股本接洽，9月1日，汉堡王的股值随之飙升。
这些报道究竟有多少真材实料不得而知。
汉堡王的著名口号是“我选我味”，但如今显然它身不由己，心中五味杂陈。
汉堡王和麦当劳哪家薯条最好吃，食客们一直争论不休，但股票投资人更喜欢哪家股票，却一目了然：过去两年里，巨无霸麦当劳一直在扩大自己的优势。
金融时报 2010年 全球商学院MBA分类排名
金融时报 2010年全球商学院MBA分类排名避免歧义，这是MBA的方向排名。
供参考。
多谢几位指出歧义。
国际商务项目排名1.雷鸟国际工商管理学院(Thunderbird School of Global Management)2.南卡罗莱纳大学代勒摩尔商学院(University of South Carolina: Moore)3.乔治敦大学麦克多诺商学院(Georgetown University: McDonough)4.欧洲工商管理学院(Insead)5.乔治•华盛顿大学(George Washington University)6.霍特国际商学院(Hult International Business School)7.瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院(IMD)8.曼彻斯特商学院(Manchester Business School)9.南加州大学马歇尔商学院(University of Southern California: Marshall)10.伦敦商学院(London Business School)金融学排名1.芝加哥大学布斯商学院(University of Chicago: Booth)2.纽约大学斯特恩商学院(New York University: Stern)3.宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院(University of Pennsylvania: Wharton)4.莱斯大学琼斯商学院(Rice University: Jones)5.罗切斯特大学西蒙商学院(University of Rochester: Simon)6.伦敦商学院7.哥伦比亚大学商学院(Columbia Business School)8.麦考瑞大学管理学院(Macquarie Graduate School of Management)9.爱荷华大学Tippie商学院(University of Iowa: Tippie)10.多伦多大学罗特曼管理学院(University of Toronto: Rotman)会计学排名1.杨百翰大学麦里特商学院(Brigham Young University: Marriott)2.芝加哥大学布斯商学院3.得克萨斯大学奥斯丁分校麦克布斯商学院(University of Texas at Austin: McCombs)4.纽约大学斯特恩商学院5.麦考瑞大学管理学院6.罗切斯特大学西蒙商学院7.康奈尔大学约翰逊商学院(Cornell University: Johnson)8.宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院9.莱斯大学琼斯商学院10.得克萨斯农业机械大学Mays商学院(Texas A& M University: Mays)创业学排名1.百森商学院(Babson College: Olin)2.斯坦福大学商学院(Stanford University GSB)3.伦敦帝国理工学院田中商学院(Imperial College Business School)4.加州大学洛杉矶分校安德森商学院(UCLA: Anderson)5.加州大学伯克利分校Haas商学院(University of California at Berkeley: Haas)6.麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院(MIT Sloan School of Management)7.剑桥大学Judge管理学院(University of Cambridge: Judge)8.瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院9.威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校(Wisconsin School of Business)10.欧洲工商管理学院经济学排名1.芝加哥大学布斯商学院2.克兰菲尔德管理学院(Cranfield School of Management)3.麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院4.耶鲁管理学院(Yale School of Management)5.罗切斯特大学西蒙商学院6.伦敦帝国理工学院田中商学院7.墨尔本商学院(Melbourne Business School)8.宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院9.西班牙企业学院(IE Business School)10.纽约大学斯特恩商学院企业社会责任(CSR)项目排名1.圣母大学门多萨商学院(University of Notre Dame: Mendoza)2.加州大学伯克利分校Haas商学院3.耶鲁管理学院4.墨西哥伊帕德商学院(Ipade)5.弗吉尼亚大学达顿商学院(University of Virginia: Darden)6.杨百翰大学麦里特商学院7.西班牙Esade商学院(Esade Business School)8.密歇根商学院(University of Michigan: Ross)9.北卡罗莱纳大学克南-弗拉格勒学院(University of North Carolina: Kenan-Flagler)10.雷鸟国际工商管理学院综合管理项目排名1.弗吉尼亚大学达顿商学院2.哈佛商学院(Harvard Business School)3.墨西哥伊帕德商学院4.达特茅斯大学塔克商学院(Dartmouth College: Tuck)5.瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院6.密歇根商学院7.西安大略大学毅伟商学院(University of Western Ontario: Ivey)8.西北大学凯洛格商学院(Northwestern University: Kellogg)9.斯坦福大学商学院10.杜克大学福库商学院(Duke University: Fuqua)市场营销学排名1.西北大学凯洛格商学院2.杜克大学福库商学院3.印地安那大学凯莱商学院(Indiana University: Kelley)4.墨西哥伊帕德商学院5.西班牙Esade商学院6.威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校7.伦敦帝国理工学院田中商学院8.密歇根商学院9.巴黎高等商学院(HEC Paris)10.康奈尔大学约翰逊商学院。
2010年全球最佳国际商学院前10名排名
2010年全球最佳国际商学院前10名排名：1. 法国、新加坡INSEAD2. 加拿大皇后大学商学院(Queen's School of Business)3. 西班牙IE商学院(IE Business School)4. 西班牙ESADE5. 英国伦敦商学院(London Business School)6. 加拿大西安大略大学毅伟商学院(Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario)7. 瑞士IMD(IMD)8. 加拿大多伦多大学罗特曼管理学院(Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto)9. 加拿大约克大学舒立可商学院(York University's Schulich School of Business)10. 剑桥大学佳奇商学院(University of Cambridge's Judge Business School)=======================================================================================泰晤士（Times）关于澳大利亚大学的排名基本体现了大学的综合实力，它不仅看重大学的研究水平，更重看大学的教学质量和顾主对毕业生的评价。
此排名主要从学术同行评价、顾主评价、论文被引用次数、国际学生比例等几个方面对世界大学进行打分和评估。
世界大学500强排名中的澳洲大学：16The Australian National University 澳洲国立大学37The University of Sydney 悉尼大学38The University of Melbourne 墨尔本大学43The University of Queensland 昆士兰大学45The University of New South Wales 新南威尔士大学47Monash University莫纳什大学83The University of Western Australia西澳大学106Adelaide University 阿德雷德大学182Macquarie University 麦考瑞大学206RMIT University 墨尔本皇家理工学院207University of Wollongong卧龙岗大学212Queensland University of Technology昆士兰科技大学232Curtin University of Technology科汀科技大学242La Trobe University拉筹伯大学273Flinders University佛林德斯大学291University of Tasmania塔斯马尼亚大学303University of South Australia 南澳大学325Griffith University格里菲斯大学396Deakin University 迪肯大学澳洲大学星级排名☆☆☆☆☆五星级大学悉尼大学The University of Sydney新南威尔士大学The University of New South Wales 墨尔本大学The University of Melbourne阿德雷德大学Adelaide University莫纳什大学Monash University昆士兰大学The University of Queensland西澳大学The University of Western Australia澳洲国立大学The Australian National University☆☆☆☆四星级大学麦考瑞大学Macquarie University纽卡斯尔大学The University of Newcastle卧龙岗大学University of Wollongong格里菲斯大学Griffith University佛林德斯大学Flinders University塔斯马尼亚大学University of Tasmania☆☆☆三星级大学西悉尼大学University of Western Sydney邦德大学Bond University迪肯大学Deakin University悉尼科技大学University of Technology , Sydney科廷科技大学Curtin University of Technology皇家墨尔本理工学院RMIT University昆士兰科技大学Queensland University of Technology 拉筹伯大学La Trobe University莫道克大学Murdoch University埃迪斯科文大学Edith Cowan University☆☆二星级大学堪培拉大学University of Canberra斯威本科技大学Swinburne University of Technology南澳大学University of South Australia中央昆士兰大学University of Southern Queensland 查尔斯特大学Charles Sturt University詹姆斯库克大学James Cook University圣母大学Notre Dame新英格兰大学The University of New England南昆士兰大学University of Southern Queensland☆一星级大学澳洲天主教大学Australia Catholic University巴拉瑞特大学University of Ballarat南十字星大学Southern Cross University阳光海岸大学University of Sunshine Coast维多利亚大学Victoria University北领地大学Northern Territory University。
经济学人
经济学人经济学人（The Economist）是一家国际知名的经济学与商业杂志，由英国皇家经济学家出版社（The Economist Group）出版。
创办于1843年，内容涵盖全球经济、政治、科技、文化等各个领域，以客观公正、权威独立的报道而闻名于世。
该杂志以其深入剖析问题的独到见解和高质量的调查报告而备受读者青睐。
经济学人的发行周期为每周一期，全年约有50期，每一期都围绕特定的主题进行深入研究。
杂志的各个版块包括国际新闻、财经、科技、商业、金融、文化等，涵盖了全球范围内的经济与商业问题。
经济学人以其独特的编辑风格而广为人知。
在撰写文章时，经济学人特别注重事实准确、分析深入和观点中立。
文章风格简洁明了，条理清晰，语言严谨，充满了经济学的思维方式和逻辑思维。
经济学人的读者群也是其独特性的体现。
经济学人的读者主要是来自商界、政界、学界和金融界的专业人士，以及对经济与商业问题感兴趣的广大读者。
很多政商要人通过阅读经济学人来获取最新的全球经济动态和商业趋势，以帮助他们做出决策。
经济学人作为一家国际化的杂志，在内容策划和报道方面非常注重全球视野。
无论是报道国际政治、全球经济形势还是科技创新发展，经济学人都能提供丰富的信息和独到的观点。
除了纸质杂志以外，经济学人还运营着一个全球性的网站和移动应用，为读者提供更为多样化和实时的资讯。
通过这些数字平台，读者可以随时随地获取经济学人的最新内容，并参与到有关经济与商业的讨论与辩论中。
总之，经济学人以其独特的品牌形象、高质量的报导和权威的分析，成为了经济与商业领域中不可或缺的声音之一。
无论是在政治经济、国际关系、科技创新还是商业趋势等领域，经济学人都始终保持着高度的影响力和价值。
它为读者呈现了一个全球的经济与商业画卷，为读者带来了关于全球经济格局和商业竞争的深刻思考。
2010年全球出版巨头排名分析
2010年全球出版巨头排名分析作者沈璐尤建忠美国《出版商周刊》从2007年开始每年发布一次全球出版业强社年度统计排名,这个排名是由著名出版咨询公司RudigerWischenbart所做,由法国的《图书周刊》赞助的。
这个排名着眼于世界出版业的发展动态,是第一个根据图书、期刊和数字出版的销售额发布的出版强社排行榜。
近日,美国《出版商周刊》刊登了2010年全球出版业前50名的排名(以2009年业绩排名)。
培生集团势头强劲,连续两年荣登榜首。
励德·爱思唯尔和汤姆森-路透集团分别位于第二名和第三名(见表1)。
另外,值得注意的是,中国的高等教育出版社以3.6791亿美元的总收入位列第39名,这也是高等教育出版社连续第4年进入全球出版50强。
一、出版巨头地域分布在这个前20名的榜单中,美国占5席,英国、德国和日本各占3个席位,加拿大2个席位,荷兰、法国、西班牙、意大利各1个。
由此可知,世界出版格局仍以美国和欧洲为主导,美国当仁不让占据世界出版的霸主地位,而整个欧洲在全球出版行业的地位和影响亦不容忽视。
亚洲方面,日本的集英社、小学馆、讲谈社分别位居第15、16、17位,可谓风头正劲。
另外值得一提的是,高等教育出版社是唯一一家进入前40强的中国出版社,从第一次进入前50强的第45位,再一跃至如今的39位,成绩斐然。
韩国的教元集团紧随其后,排在全球出版前50强的40位。
可见亚洲出版社作为新生力量,在国际出版业的地位逐渐提升。
目前,欧美国家仍然占据出版业的主导地位,这与英语仍是全球出版语言主流分不开的。
众多欧洲出版商已不仅仅把眼光放在本国,还把运营扩展到其他国家,如美国、澳大利亚,甚至整个英语市场。
这些出版业发达的欧美国家在全球各地都有业务分部,他们在海外的图书销售收入甚至超过在本国的收入,像德国出版巨头在全球图书市场上所获得的图书销售额在其图书总销售额中占有很大的比例。
同时,他们向全球输出大量的图书和版权,很大程度上影响着全球出版业的发展。
《经济学人》发布2018年全球MBA院校排名
《经济学人》发布2018年全球MBA院校排名数据显示，1991年全国仅有9所院校拥有MBA招生资格，目前有超过200家的学校都有MBA招生资格。
仅学费就十几万到三十几万不等，但相对于之后的回报率，高投入高产出的特点还是吸引力越来越多人的目光。
众多开设MBA的院校，究竟实力如何?近期英国知名《经济学人》杂志公布的排名颇具参考。
这里有必要说一下，可能大家对这家杂志社不太熟悉，它已有近两百年历史并且主打高端商务人士，而它的这份榜单应该是最具权威性的MBA榜单。
排名指标情况：主要数据来源于学生和校友给出的客观分数和主观分数的整合，数据类型和占比分别为：►可供选择的就业机会(35%);►个人职业发展和教育体验(35%);►薪资水平(20%);►潜在社交机会(10%)。
芝加哥大学布斯商学院重新夺回榜首之位，这也是七年之内布斯商学院第六次登上榜首。
与此同时美国商学院势头依然强劲，排名前20的学校中美国占据了16个席位，排名前一百中就有53个美国大学，全球首个MBA课程于1908年在哈佛大学开设，西北大学凯洛格商学院位列第二，哈佛、沃顿、斯坦福与去年持平，分别位列三、四、五位。
芝加哥大学布斯商学院的校友非常称赞其世界一流的设施和教师，就业服务和52,500多人的校友网络也得到了很高评价。
布斯商学院的就业成果非常突出，97%的MBA学生在毕业后三个月内找到新工作，平均薪水达到了129,400美元，比他们就读MBA项目之前足足增加了67%。
值得一提的是，西班牙的IESE成绩突飞猛进，上升11位取得第六名的好成绩，也是此次排名前十名中唯一一所非美国商学院。
IESE MBA项目良好的课程设置和活跃的国际校友圈得到了广大校友的好评。
相对便宜的学费(前十名中最低)和丰厚的薪资回报(前十名中薪酬增幅最大)让IESE MBA项目成为性价比之王。
与此同时，中国共有两所高校上榜，分别为香港大学商业及经济学院(39名)与中山大学商学院(69名)。
2010年BRANDZ全球最具价值品牌百强排行榜
2010年BRANDZ全球最具价值品牌百强排行榜2010年BRANDZ全球最具价值品牌百强排行榜(2010 BrandZ™ Top 100 Ranking Most Valuable Global Brands)[编辑]2010年BRANDZ全球最具价值品牌百强排行榜简介2010年4月28日，华通明略发布BrandZ全球最具价值品牌100强排行榜证明了强大品牌具有从经济衰退中迅速恢复的能力。
当绝大多数财经指标都呈现下降之时，100强品牌在去年取得了4%的增长，总价值已超过两万亿美元。
而7个中国品牌地进入更是刷新了中国品牌在该榜单上的历史纪录。
2010年“BrandZ全球最具价值品牌100强”排行榜，将企业分成23大类，并将消费者对品牌的观点计入价值评估体系。
在今年的榜单中，金融机构类总体价值增长12%，增幅最大，其次是增长10%的啤酒行业和增长6%的科技行业。
价值降幅最大的三个行业则分别是下跌15%的造车业、下降7%的保险业、以及下降6%的咖啡业。
科技企业的表现尤为抢眼，谷歌(Google)以1140亿美元的品牌价值，继去年之后再次位居百强首位。
IBM以860亿美元紧随其后。
苹果(Apple)位居第三，品牌价值达830亿美元。
之后是品牌价值760亿美元的微软(Microsoft)。
可口可乐(Coca-Cola)、麦当劳(McDonald's)排名第五和第六。
在进入百强的7家中国企业中，中国移动(China Mobile)以526亿美元的品牌价值位居百强第8位，排名较去年下降1位，但仍居中国品牌之首，以及全球移动通信运营商之首。
另外6家进入百强的中国企业分别是中国工商银行(ICBC，较去年上升1位，排名11，价值439亿美元)、中国银行(Bank of China，较去年上升3位，排名24，价值219.6亿美元)、中国建设银行(CCB，较去年下降3位，排名27，价值209亿美元)、中国石油(PetroChina，新进榜，排名51，价值139亿美元)、百度(较去年上升32位，排名75，价值94亿美元)、中国招商银行(China Merchants Bank，较去年下降10位，排名90，价值82亿美元)。
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The Economist
American schools are in the ascendancy in The Economist’s ranking of full time MBA programmes This is the ninth year that The Economist has published a ranking of full-time MBA programmes. Our latest ranking is probably the most turbulent in that short history. Usually, schools move up or down just a few places year on year. This time around, however, swings have been wilder. The main reason for this is the difficult job market. A school’s ability to open new career opportunities for its graduates and the salaries those graduates can expect to be paid have a combined weight of 55% in our ranking. The careers data in this year’s ranking are from 2009, when the situation was bleak for almost everyone. But some schools stole a march on their sluggish counterparts.
Global full time MBA ranking, 2010
Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Institute
Chicago, University of - Booth School of Business Dartmouth College - Tuck School of Business California at Berkeley, University of - Haas School of Busin... Harvard Business School IESE Business School - University of Navarra IMD - International Institute for Management Development Stanford Graduate School of Business Pennsylvania, University of - Wharton School HEC School of Management, Paris York University - Schulich School of Business Virginia, University of - Darden Graduate School of Business... Columbia Business School Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT Sloan School of ... New York University - Leonard N Stern School of Business Cranfield School of Management Northwestern University - Kellogg School of Management Henley Business School Southern California, University of - Marshall School of Busi... London Business School ESADE Business School Carnegie Mellon University - The Tepper School of Business IE Business School INSEAD Yale School of Management Michigan, University of - Stephen M. Ross School of Business Mannheim Business School Hult International Business School Duke University - Fuqua School of Business Bath, University of - School of Management Cambridge, University of - Judge Business School University College Dublin - Michael Smurfit Graduate School ...
Washington, University of--Foster School of Business Cornell University - Johnson Graduate School of Management Warwick Business School Indiana University - Kelley School of Business Emory University - Goizueta Business School UCLA Anderson School of Management EMLYON Notre Dame, University of - Mendoza College of Business North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of - Kenan-Flagler... Rice University - Jesse H Jones Graduate School of Business Boston University School of Management Texas at Austin, University of - McCombs School of Business Melbourne Business School - University of Melbourne Washington University in St Louis - Olin Business School Vanderbilt University - Owen Graduate School of Management Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Hong Kong, University of - Faculty of Business and Economics EDHEC Business School Georgetown University - Robert Emmett McDonough School of Bu... International University of Monaco Hong Kong University of Science and Technology - School of B... City University - Cass Business School Wisconsin School of Business Durham Business School Pennsylvania State University - Smeal College of Business Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Monash University Wake Forest University Schools of Business California at Davis, University of—Graduate School of Man... Manchester Business School Grenoble Graduate School of Business Minnesota, University of - Carlson School of Management Macquarie Graduate School of Management SDA Bocconi School of Management Iowa, University of - Henry B Tippie School of Management Ashridge Birmingham, University of - Birmingham Business School Nanyang Business School - Nanyang Technological University Chinese University of Hong Kong Oxford, University of - Saï d Business School Audencia Nantes School of Management George Washington University—School of Business Aston Business School University of Edinburgh Business School Curtin Graduate School of Business Strathclyde, University of - Business School Southern Methodist University - Cox School of Business British Columbia, University of - Sauder School of Business Thunderbird School of Global Management Queensland, University of - Business School Calgary, University of - Haskayne School of Business International University of Japan - Graduate School of Inter... National University of Singapore - The NUS Business School