2005年川大细胞生物学考博真题
四川大学 考研真题普通生物学 2005
四川大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：生物学科目代码：356适用专业：植物学、动物学、微生物学、遗传学、细胞生物学、生物化学与分子生物学、生态学、生物信息学、生物安全、结构生物学、农药学（试题共四页）一、单项选择题：（总计15分，每题1分）1、在生物界流通的能量的最终来源是（）A、光合作用；B、新陈代谢；C、线粒体；D、太阳2、下列生物中不具备真正细胞核的是（）A、蓝藻；B、变形虫；C、酵母；D、真菌3、不属于二倍体的是（）A、大孢子母细胞；B、人类上皮细胞；C、被子植物胚乳细胞；D、蛙受精卵细胞4、原核生物乳糖操纵子调控模型中，调节基因产生阻遏蛋白，阻断（）的作用。
A、组蛋白；B、启动子；C、底物；D、调节基因5、尚未形成液泡的幼嫩植物细胞，其水势组分是（）A、渗透势+衬质势；B、衬质势；C、压力势+衬质势；D、渗透势+压力势6、遗传漂变导致（）的改变。
A、物种多样性；B、基因频率；C、种群大小；D、物种分布7、能够证实基因的本质是DNA的是（）A、1944年美国Oswald Avery等人的研究；B、1953年Waston 和 Crick的工作；C、1928年英国Fredrick Griffith等人的肺炎双球菌侵染小鼠实验；D、1959年M Nireberg和S Ochoa等人的研究。
8、花粉中的识别蛋白质是（）A、色素蛋白；B、脂蛋白；C、糖蛋白；D、金属硫蛋白9、在不发生低温伤害的情况下，适度的低温则（）。
A、促进衰老；B、影响生长速度，不影响衰老；C、可能促进也可能延缓衰老；D、延缓衰老10、如果DNA的编码从5’读是GTA，那么相应的反密码子的碱基序列从5’端读应该是（）A、GTAB、UACC、AUGD、CAU11、造成油菜花而不实的原因可能是缺（ ）A、MgB、MoC、KD、B12、食物链中每一个营养级上没有被利用或传递的能量以（）的形式释放出来。
A、热量；B、光能；C、化学能；D、彻底氧化13、神经信号的跳跃式传导与具有（）的神经纤维有关。
各校历年细胞生物学(部分分生、生化)真题(截止到2014年浙大考博初试前)
协和2014，细胞生物学2224填空35分，较简单，回来补充判断10分，名词解释45分：脂阀模型，核壳体，线粒体病，双向凝胶电泳，质粒，g蛋白偶联受体，微绒毛，核纤层，纺锤体，染色体乙酰化，细胞周期同步，原生殖细胞，胚胎干细胞，终末分化细胞，黏着斑。
大题12*5=60分：原位杂交与免疫荧光异同，细胞质基质和功能，细胞周期和调控，动物细胞凋亡途径，膜泡运输的分类和功能。
2014中山大学考博真题细胞生物学一、名词解释1.基因表达2.核小体3.呼吸链4.MAP激酶级联反应5.细胞周期检查点二、论述1.以炎症反应时白细胞渗出为例，说明细胞粘连分子如何作用。
2.试述微管和微管蛋白的功能。
体外组装微管的条件？3.试述细胞内膜系统中膜性细胞器的相互关系？4.以胰岛素为例，说明受体酪氨酸激酶传导途径？5.举例说明mRNA核受体（转录前产物）剪接。
简述mRNA核受体交替剪接的意义。
细胞生物学1.以白细胞渗出为例简述细胞黏附因子的作用。
2.微管及微管相关蛋白的作用，体外合成微管的条件。
3.膜性细胞器之间的相互作用。
4.以胰岛素为例，简述酪氨酸激酶信号通路。
5.mRNA前体的剪接以及mRNA交替剪接的意义。
浙江大学2013年考博回忆细胞生物学（乙）一、名词解释（全中文4分×9 ）细胞膜的主动运输P80 细胞分化P7，285 自噬P125（自噬性溶酶体、自噬体）信号肽P112，241 干细胞P8，401 蛋白激酶P377 微管P146 细胞骨架P13，143 呼吸链P185二、问答题（10选8题，64分)：1.细胞连接的概念，分类及特点。
P3352.线粒体在细胞死亡中的作用：P318、P331或P1803.有丝分裂M期各时相的事件及特征。
P256-2634.微丝的概念及生物学功能。
P154、P159-1635.微管的生物学功能。
P151-1546.大分子及颗粒物质在细胞内的转运途径。
P94-977.谈谈你对细胞膜液态镶嵌模型的认识。
四川大学细胞学考研
四川大学生命科学学院历届考研题－－细胞学专业考试科目：细胞生物学适用专业：植物学、动物学、生物化学与分子生物学、生态学研究方向：以上各专业各方向一、名词解释（每小题3分，共45分）1、支原体（mycopiest）；2、胞外基质（exiracellular natrix）；3、脂质体（liosome）；4、膜骨架（membrane associated cytoskeleton）；5、间隙连接（gap junction）；6、胞内体（endosome）；7、蛋白水解酶复合体（proteasome）8、端粒酶（telomerane）9、微管组织中心（MTOC）；10、成熟促进因子（M-phase-promoting factor, MPF）；11、癌基因（oncogene）；12、细胞全能性（cell totipotency）；13、兼性异染色质（facultative heterochromatin）；14、Na+-K+泵（ Na+-K+pump）；15、类囊体（thylakold）.二、简答题（每小题5分，共20分）：1、细胞可通过哪些方式限制质膜蛋白的二维流动性？2、人基因组DNA（3×109bp）全部包装成核小体结构，需要核心组蛋白各多少个分子？细胞通过何种进化机制满足如此多的蛋白分子的快速合成？3、如果细胞内某种蛋白质分子其N-端含有一段ER信号序列，中间含有一段核定位信号序列（NJS），请问该蛋白的转运命运如何，为什么？4、动物细胞和植物细胞具有不同机制实现对营养物质的摄取，请予以简要说明。
三、论述题（第1题必做，第2、3题任选一题回答，共25分）：1、论述真核细胞内蛋白质的合成、修饰与分选途径。
（15分）2、试述细胞信号传递通路中有哪两种分子开关蛋白的作用机制。
（10分）3、试述细胞增殖与细胞凋亡（apoptosis）在发育中的相互关系。
（10分）四、实验分析题（10分）：来源于rER的微粒体（microsome）可用于体外研究蛋白质的合成与跨膜转移。
细胞生物学试题库及参考答案
细胞生物学试题库及参考答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.患儿,男,1岁,因“面色苍白半年余”入院。
曾因“贫血”反复在多家医院就诊,每月输注一次红细胞纠正贫血。
现患儿能坐稳,不能站立、行走及说话。
入院检查,体温37.8℃,脉搏178次/分,呼吸40次/分,血压122/80 mmHg。
精神差,面色苍黄。
检查发现:各类血细胞减少,血清铁蛋白升高,促红细胞生成素升高;血乳酸增高。
腹部B超提示肝脏增大伴回声增强。
基因检测显示线粒体在11940~15930有大片段缺失。
上述检测结果提示该患儿可能为A、Kjer病B、骨髓-胰腺综合征(PearsonC、Leigh综合征D、Kearns-Sayre综合征E、Leber遗传性视神经病正确答案：B2.细胞松弛素B不会影响A、肌动蛋白纤维骨架的长度B、成纤维细胞的迁移C、巨噬细胞的吞噬D、细胞有丝分裂E、肌肉收缩正确答案：E3.下列哪一项不是细胞凋亡的生物学意义A、决定细胞分化B、参与个体发育和器官形成C、清除突变和衰老细胞D、参与免疫系统调节E、清除病毒感染细胞正确答案：A4.不属于细胞凋亡形态学特点的是A、线粒体空泡化B、细胞膜保持完整C、线粒体肿胀D、形成凋亡小体E、细胞核膨大正确答案：E5.信号识别颗粒是一种A、分子伴侣B、受体C、热休克蛋白D、核糖核蛋白E、糖蛋白正确答案：D6.将原肠胚早期预定发育为表皮的细胞(供体),移植到另一胚胎预定发育为脑组织的区域,供体细胞将发育为A、脑组织细胞B、内皮细胞C、血细胞D、表皮细胞E、肌细胞正确答案：A7.研究细胞超微结构的主要技术是A、电泳技术B、离心技术C、层析技术D、电镜技术E、光镜技术正确答案：D8.高尔基复合体形成面的标志性化学反应是A、胞嘧啶单核苷酸反应B、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸酶反应C、嗜锇反应D、糖基转移反应E、焦磷酸硫胺素酶反应正确答案：C9.人眼的分辨极限是A、0.2μmB、2μmC、0.002nmD、100μmE、2nm正确答案：D10.细胞对邻近细胞产生影响,并决定其细胞分化方向,及其形态发生的过程,称为A、组织形成B、细胞凋亡C、分化影响D、胚胎诱导E、形态决定正确答案：D11.细胞膜上的蛋白含量越多,则A、膜脂分布的不对称性越小B、膜的流动性越小C、膜蛋白分布的不对称性越小D、膜糖分布的不对称性越小E、膜具备的功能越少正确答案：B12.第一个被建立的人类细胞系是A、K562B、U937C、HeLaD、CHOE、OPM2正确答案：C13.关于常染色质的描述,下列哪项是正确的A、在间期细胞中结构较为松散、碱性染料着色较浅的染色质B、在间期细胞中结构较为紧密、碱性染料着色较深的染色质C、核小体是其基本单位D、常染色质纤维直径约20~30nm,螺旋化程度较高E、常染色质大多位于核的边缘正确答案：A14.在检测某细胞时,发现大量有活性的胱天蛋白酶(caspase)家族成员存在,提示此细胞发生了A、细胞分化B、细胞衰老C、细胞凋亡D、细胞癌变E、细胞坏死正确答案：C15.低密度脂蛋白LDL中不包含A、甾类化合物B、胆固醇C、磷脂D、载脂蛋白E、以上都包含正确答案：A16.将固定后的组织进行切片前还需要进行包埋。
大学mooc细胞生物学(川大)期末考试答案
4 / 10
C.受体返回质膜，而表皮生长因子进入溶酶体降解 D.表皮生长因子被激活，刺激细胞生长
A 正确答案： 你没选择任何选项
17
单选 (2 分)
以下哪些信号分子的受体不位于细胞内部 A.雌性激素 B.cAMP C.表皮生长因子 D.NO
C 正确答案： 你没选择任何选项
18
单选 (2 分)
不是由真核细胞构成的生物是 A.哺乳动物 B.真菌 C.酵母 D.细菌
A 正确答案： 你没选择任何选项
11
单选 (2 分)
以下哪一项对“细胞是生命活动基本单位”的理解不准确 A.细胞是联系上一代与下一代之间的桥梁 B.人体由多种细胞构成 C. 个体的生命活动与细胞关系不大 D.肌肉的收缩靠细胞完成
C 正确答案： 你没选择任何选项
12
单选 (2 分)
为了确定某种蛋白在细胞内的分布，下面最可行的方法是
22
单选 (2 分)
细胞膜中的脂分子运动频率最低的运动方式是 A.自旋运动 B.侧向运动 C.钟摆运动 D.翻转运动
D 正确答案： 你没选择任何选项
23
单选 (2 分)
脂质体是根据磷脂分子在水相中可自发形成稳定脂双层膜的现象而制备的人工膜。作为药物载体，脂质 体包裹脂溶性药物的包装部位是
A.脂质体的脂双层中 B.各选项都有可能 C.脂质体腔内 D.脂质体的表面
8
单选 (2 分) 低密度的脂蛋白颗粒（LDL）的功能是 A.把食物中的甘油酸脂和胆固醇从肠道经淋巴管输送到血液，随血液流到肝脏
青春须早为，岂能长少年。
©解忧书店，严禁转载，违者必究！
2 / 10
B.把体内自身合成的胆固醇转运到肝脏 C.把血液中胆固醇带走，送到结缔组织的表面受体 D.将甘油酸脂从肝脏输出
名校分子生物学考博真题汇总DOC
、名校分子生物学考博真题汇总ＤOC
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：
ﻩ
名校分子生物学考博真题汇总
中国疾控中心2０0５年分子生物学（博士）
一、名词解释
1.EST 2．YAＣ 3.Seｎｓe DＮA 4．RＮA ｉ 5.Ｒaceﻫ二、问答题
1、乳酸操纵子的结构。
ＩPＴG如何诱导结构基因表达?ﻫ２、正
3、PUC1向突变、抑制突变及回复突变的定义及与突变的关系。
ﻫ
８克隆载体的结构特征。
４、在做PＣR过程中，常遇到的问题及解决方法。
5、已知蛋白A、Ｂ之间相互作用,Ｃ、D分别与A、B 相似，如何签
6、试用分子生物学定C、D之间的相互作用,两种方法说明之。
ﻫ
相关知识建立动物模型的方法,如何建立病原生物学的动物模型。
ﻫ
军事医学科学院１9９5年分子生物学试题(博士）
1. Ａpoｐtoｓis的生物学意义及其调控基因。
ﻫ
2.基因转移的概念
3.原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基及基因转移载体应具备的条件。
ﻫ
因的机理。
４.人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。
5.染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。
6.噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。
1.什么是原癌基军事医学科学院1９９6年分子生物学试题（博士)ﻫ。
四川大学博士研究生入学考试《细胞生物学》试题
四川大学博士研究生入学考试《细胞生物学》试题
四川大学博士研究生入学考试《细胞生物学》试题
一、名词解释
1、导肽
2、微管组织中心
3、细胞决定
4、半桥粒
5、不对称分裂
6、转分化(transdifferentiation)
7、去分化
8、动粒结构域（kinetochore domain）
9、中央结构域（central domain）
10、配对结构域（pairing domain）
11、膜流
12、兼性异染色质
13、 Hayflick界限
14、异固缩
15、分子伴侣
16、分裂指数
17、配体闸门通道
18、基因敲出动物
16. 踏车模型
18、微粒体：
19、紧密连接
20、封闭连接（occluding iunction）
21、挽救受体
22、收缩环
二、问答题
1.细胞周期作用于核仁周期的机制
2.什么是诱导多能干细胞，用什么方法并证明，原理步骤
3.细胞骨架在有丝分裂过程中的作用，并证实存在
4.线粒体蛋白跨膜转运的特点
5.LDL受体与遗传性高胆固醇血症的关系
6.细胞外基质中蛋白聚糖是怎么合成和运输。
(1)--《细胞生物学》期末考试试卷
四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
博士硕士研究生入学考试-细胞生物学-简答论述及参考答案
博士硕士研究生入学考试-细胞生物学-简答论述及参考答案1.简述酵母双杂交系统原理及应用答：酵母双杂交系统（yeast two-hybrid system）是在酵母体内分析蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的基因系统，也是一个基于转录因子模块结构的遗传学方法。
酵母双杂交系统的建立得力于对真核细胞调控转录起始过程的认识。
许多真核生物的转录激活因子都是由两个可以分开的、功能上相互独立的结构域(domain)组成的。
例如，酵母的转录激活因子GAL4，在N 端有一个由147个氨基酸组成的DNA结合域(DNA binding domain,BD)，C端有一个由113个氨基酸组成的转录激活域(transcription activation domain,AD)。
GAL4分子的DNA结合域可以和上游激活序列(upstream activating sequence，UAS)结合，而转录激活域则能激活UAS下游的基因进行转录。
但是，单独的DNA 结合域不能激活基因转录，单独的转录激活域也不能激活UAS的下游基因，它们之间只有通过某种方式结合在一起才具有完整的转录激活因子的功能。
酵母双杂交系统正是利用了GAL4的功能特点，通过两个杂交蛋白在酵母细胞中的相互结合及对报告基因的转录激活来捕获新的蛋白质。
2.miRNA、siRNA、dsRNA、shRNA的区别和联系答：miRNA，siRNA，dsRNA和shRNA都是RNA干扰技术中用到的小分子RNA，其不同之处在miRNA 是单链RNA，其余均为双链RNA；siRNA和dsRNA相似；shRNA需通过载体导入细胞后，然后利用细胞内的酶切机制得到siRNA而最终发挥RNA干扰作用。
3.试述磷酸酰肌醇双信号通路的基本内容及功能答：在这一信号转导途径中,膜受体与其相应的第一信使分子结合后，激活膜上的Gp蛋白(一种G蛋白),然后由Gq蛋白激活磷酸脂酶Cβ (phospholipase Cβ, PLC), 将膜上的脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol biphosphate, PIP2)分解为两个细胞内的第二信使：二酰甘油( diacylglycerol, DAG)和1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)。
2005年川大攻读博士学位研究生入学考试分子生物学试题---05年两次考试
2005年川大攻读博士学位研究生入学考试分子生物学试题
名词解释
1.基因扩增
2.
3.原位菌落杂交
4.引物突变热点：基因突变热点就是突变几率较高的碱基序列。
5.共转化：不相连的两个或多个外源基因同时转移入一个细胞。
6.溶源转化：当温和噬菌体感染其宿主而使之发生溶源化时，
因噬菌体的基因整合到宿主的基因组上，而使后者获得了除免疫性以外的新性状的现象，称为溶源转变。
7.穿梭质粒
8.Ames测试：Ames试验全称污染物致突变性检测。
污染物对人体的潜在危害，引
9.聚合酶链反应
二填空
1.I型限制性酶由三种类型亚基组成，每种亚基具有不同功能，
其中R亚基负责，M亚基负责，S亚基负责。
2.基因表达调控主要表现在、及等方面。
3.证明基因突变的随机性的三个实验室、、。
4.在DNA修复系统中，校正差错的修复系统有、、、
而引起差错的修复系统为、。
5.微生物中可作为互补测验的系统有、、。
6.从遗传物质的结构改变来区分，基因突变包
括、、。
三问答题
1.比较E、coli rRNA和tRNA的转录与加工
2.分析比较细菌转座子的结构与特点
3.在一个克隆基因的分析中发现，一个含有转录位点上游
3.8kbDNA的克隆，其mRNA直接转录活性比仅含有3.1kbDNA
的克隆的转录活性大50倍，这说明什么？
4.什么事增强子？它们与其他调控序列有何不同
5.比较细菌和真核生物RNA翻译机理的异同。
第三军医大学细胞生物学2005年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页
第三军医大学
2005 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：细胞生物学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 论述题： 1.受体介导的内吞作用的过程以及特点? 2.细胞间有几种连接方式，其中那种具有细胞通讯作用，以及为什么? 3.成熟促进因子的组成以及在细胞周期调控中的作用? 4.细胞周期调控的研究方法? 5.在分子和细胞水平上对细胞衰老概念进行阐述?
医学历年考博真题总结
国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）一、名词解释（30分）：APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT二、填空（？分记不清了）1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。
2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。
3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。
4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。
5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。
6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。
7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。
8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。
其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。
9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。
10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。
11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。
12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。
13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题一、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1、血影2、内质网应激3、N-连接糖基化4、兼性异染色质5、不对称分裂6、脂筏7、类病毒8、核纤层9、成熟促进因子10、溶酶体过载11、器官发生12、失巢凋亡13、细胞决定14、重编程15、短暂细胞16、交叉端化17、巴氏小体18、间体19、干细胞巢20、热休克蛋白二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1、蛋白起始合成后的去向2、G蛋白偶联受体如何形成，设计那些细胞结构，如何转运到细胞膜3、亚细胞水平上，真核细胞三大结构体系是什么，并简述其各自的主要功能4、核仁周倜现象及其发生机制5、动物有丝分裂和胞质分裂中，细胞骨架作用，以及如何起作用6、一瓶细胞死亡，可用什么实验证明它发生凋亡，简述其依据。
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题三、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1血影:红细胞经过低渗处理，细胞破裂释放出血红蛋白和其他胞内可溶性蛋白，留下一个保持原型的空壳，称为血影。
2内质网应激：3N-连接糖基化：在内质网的腔面，寡糖链连接在插入膜内的磷酸多醇上，当与糖基化有关的氨基酸残基出现后，通过再摸上的糖基转移酶的作用，讲寡糖基由磷酸多连醇转移到相应的天冬酰胺残基上，这一过程称为N-链接的糖基化。
4兼性异染色质：在某些细胞类型或一定的发育阶段，原来的常染色质聚缩，并丧失基因转录活性，变为异染色质，如X染色体随机失活。
异染色质化可能是关闭基因活性的一种途径。
5不对称分裂：6脂筏:是一种相对稳定的、分子排列较紧密的、流动性较低的膜脂微区，富含鞘磷脂、胆固醇和膜蛋白，脂筏比质膜其他部位较厚一些。
7类病毒：与病毒不同的是，类病毒没有蛋白质外壳，为共价闭合的单链RNA8核纤层核纤层普遍存在于高等真核细胞中，是内层核被膜下纤维蛋白片层，其纤维直径为10毫微米左右，纤维纵横排列整齐呈纤维网络状。
核纤层在核内与核基质连接，在核外与中等纤维相连，构成贯穿于细胞核和细胞质的统一网架结构体系。
动物所2000-2005年细胞考博真题及答案
中国科学院动物研究所细胞生物学2000年博士研究生入学试题一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1 周期细胞:细胞周期指连续分裂的细胞从上一次有丝分裂结束到下一次有丝分裂完成所经历的整个过程。
包含G1期、S期、G2期、M期四个阶段。
2 PCR技术: 聚合酶链式反应（英文全称：Polymerase Chain Reaction）。
聚合酶链式反应(PCR)是体外酶促合成特异DNA片段的一种方法,由高温变性、低温退火（复性）及适温延伸等几步反应组成一个周期,循环进行,使目的DNA得以迅速扩增,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简便、省时等特点。
它不仅可用于基因分离、克隆和核酸序列分析等基础研究,还可用于疾病的诊断或任何有DNA,RNA的地方。
3 MPF：卵细胞促成熟因子（Mature Promoting Factor, MPF）或细胞促分裂因子（mitosis promoting f actor）或M期促进因子（M phase promoting factor）,细胞周期的每一环节都由特定的细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶（cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK）+ 周期蛋白（cyclin）结合和激活调节。
MPF为首先发现的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶家族成员(也称cdk1)。
在成熟的卵母细胞核中，至少有7种cdk。
同时发现有十多种细胞周期蛋白。
MPF由催化亚基P34cdc2（小亚基）和调节亚基CyclingB（大亚基）组成.其核心部分是P34cdc2。
MPF是一种蛋白激酶，在细胞从G2期进入到M期时起着重要作用。
已证实MPF能使组蛋白H1上有与有丝分裂有关的特殊位点，在细胞分裂的早、中期发生磷酸化，因而被认为可能参与了有丝分裂的启动与染色质的凝集；核纤层蛋白是MPF的另一个催化底物，核纤层蛋白在有丝分裂期处于高度磷酸化状态，到有丝分裂结束则发生去磷酸化，均与MPF的特异性的催化作用有关，而这一过程被认为是引起核纤层结构解体、核膜破裂的直接原因。
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题I. Reading Comprehension 30%, 1 mark each)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists ha ve emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to under stand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist ada pts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the ot her, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for thetheoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircra ft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys mu st be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than a n automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperature s as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do t he job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying t hem, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scienti sts specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even furth er subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences ha ve become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independen t of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for examp le -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowled ge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to und erstand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scient ist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. app lied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees Fa hrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in____ _.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the v arious sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classifi cation of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists ca n see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revi sed and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both ofradical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Wr itten with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wis dom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And wha t does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Sc hlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of pr ejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultur al advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democrat ic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and Ja mes Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the et hnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than th e radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in ar gument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some reader s, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Priz es for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democra tic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethni c and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. pref ers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each raci al group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellect ual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the read ers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of liter ary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the s ummers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to e ight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of th e earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade w inds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm w ater washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South A merica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area o f warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosph ere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds.El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, C hile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed s ome five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the econom ic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These c onditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last sum mer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetati on turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds we akenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade wind s strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by drou ghts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing i n Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called t he basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact ex plicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patien t can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's pat ient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the br ain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and tr iggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong em otion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative mem ory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we c an pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new exp erience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are speci fic subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distin ct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memoryare ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer l ayer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand wha t goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seem s to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its functio n, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you exper ience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experienc e in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with agin g, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvi ous that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, bu t it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or g row new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by exper ience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffer s from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damag es to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays f ootball, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he fi nds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researc hers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember.Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation whic h has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but o n the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social stat us, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in r ail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family contin uity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the fa mily as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conve ntionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt at titudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking with in a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, w ife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living toge ther but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in th e proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations ot her than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively betwee n classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with wa ys of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publica tions, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentag e of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All the se tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members ar e exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional fam iliesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabil ityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to w ork full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husb and, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in fami ly disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thi nking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose m embers __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with ea ch other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the sam e new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setsPassage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rai l tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who c laims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people. Mos t of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detect ed. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minut es.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naple s fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running a long the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per m inute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tack led from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in ne w tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighter s normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the vent ilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Rob ogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its con troller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-r esistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail s uspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main c an run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilat ionD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fir e tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin B, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a R obogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedII. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our ma in office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process f or testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get r id of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptom atic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded b y plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking a nd a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in soc iety will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ busine ssmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger no t only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ a ny important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical Sch ool.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investi gators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have mo re difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators ' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the te am found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior resea rchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers w ho had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on inf ormation from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."。
四川大学2009年博士研究生入学考试《生物学综合》试题
四川大学 2009年博士研究生入学考试《生物学综合》试题
1、试述植物激素的种类及其主要的生理功能。
2、植物是怎样适应逆境条件的？
3、微生物的发展方向及其在现代农业中的作用。
4、比较基因组学在微生物领域中的作用。
5、你认为人类基因组计划的意义是什么？今近年基因组研究有哪些重要进展？
6、遗传学有哪些重要的分支学科？为什么说遗传学即使生命科学的基础学科，又是生命科学的领头羊？
7、阐述真核细胞基因表达调控的基本环节、主要调控分子和调控方式。
8、蛋白质的结构层次、维持的因素及其测定方法。
9、请从不同层析不同角度阐述你所了解的组学概念，包括基因组学、蛋白质组学、作用组学和代谢组学。
它们通常采用何种技术进行研究，分别用于解决何种科学问题？10、一个物种的全基因组测序后，你应该怎么使用生物信息学方法对其进行研究？请从基因的功能研究、进行等角度进行阐述。
11、外来物种怎样成为入侵物种的？
12、请你就实验室工作的一个方向谈谈生物安全问题和措施。
13、生命科学的发展过程中有哪些重要的历史事件，请
用 3 个例子来说明它们对生命科学的发展所起到的重要作用。
14、为什么核糖核酸（RNA）已经开始成为现代生物学研究的热点领域？试从核糖核酸的生物学功能来分析它的科学意义及其重要性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2005年川大细胞生物学考博真题
一：名词解释（每小题三分，共15分）
1．Receptor受体是细胞膜上或细胞内能识别生物活性分子并与之结合的成分，它能把识别和接受的信号正确无误地放大并传递到细胞内部，进而引起生物学效应。
2．Phagocytosis吞噬作用：将体内异物和侵入的病原体摄进细胞质内并消化的过程。
3．Cytosol
4．Eukaryotic cell eukaryotic cell 真核细胞：指含有真核（被核膜包围的核）的细胞。
其染色体数在一个以上，能进行有丝分裂。
还能进行原生质流动和变形运动。
而光合作用和氧化磷酸化作用则分别由叶绿体和线粒体进行。
除细菌和蓝藻植物的细胞以外，所有的动物细胞以及植物细胞都属于真核细胞。
由真核细胞构成的生物称为真核生物。
5．Centromere 着丝粒：着丝粒区浅染内溢，又名主缢痕。
它包括着丝点、中央结构域、配对结构域三个结构域它是中期染色单体相互联系在一起的特殊部位，并与纺锤相连，在分裂后期时，是两染色单体分开移向两极。
二.简答题（每小题5分，共35分）
1．细胞生物学主要研究那些科学问题
2．为什么说衣原体可能是最小最简单的细胞存在形式
3．为什么说光学显微镜技术是细胞生物学研究中最常用的基本技术
4．细胞分离有哪些基本技术
5．线粒体的超微结构有那些
三．问答题（每小题10分，共50分）
1．在亚显微结构水平上，真核细胞有哪些基本结构体系？他们之间有何共同点？2．何谓细胞识别？细胞之间如何进行信号传递
3．什么叫染色质，它有哪些基本类型？他们之间的功能有何不同
4．蛋白质合成后要分泌到细胞外要经过那些途径，请以蛋白质所要经过的细胞器为线索进行说明，分泌型蛋白质有何结构特征
5．细胞周期主要有几个检查点（checkpoint）?与细胞癌变有何关系？常用什么方法检测细胞周期异常。