语言学复习试题
语言学刚要试题及答案
语言学刚要试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么?A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案:A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 物理学答案:D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C4. 语言的语音系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式5. 语言的语法系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的书写形式C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案:D6. 语言的语义系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的句法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式答案:C7. 语言的语用系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案:B8. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响?A. 社会变迁B. 文化交流C. 科技发展D. 所有以上答案:D9. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面?B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案:D10. 语言的标准化通常包括哪些方面?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究人类________的科学。
答案:语言2. 语言的三大基本要素包括语音、________和语义。
答案:语法3. 语言的________是语言的最小意义单位。
答案:语素4. 语言学家通常将语言的演变分为内部演变和________。
答案:外部演变5. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的交际功能。
答案:语用6. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的意义。
答案:语义7. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的句法结构。
答案:语法8. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的发音规律。
答案:语音9. 语言学家将语言的方言差异归因于地理、社会和________等因素。
语言学复习试题及参考答案
语言学复习试题与参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of twoor more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur abovethe level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought aboutby the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分II. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False (10 x1)21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops and the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages. 24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t lik e nobody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40.psycholinguisticsfollowing questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案与评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分,能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案:B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分?A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案:D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分?A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案:B二、填空题1. 语言是______的,它由______和______构成。
答案:符号系统;形式;内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案:交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案:表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案:语言是指一种抽象的符号系统,它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构;言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案:索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式,而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案:语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响,因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系,而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战,要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案:语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具,使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会,随着全球化和信息技术的发展,语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易,同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此,掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
语言学理论试题及答案
语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案:B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念?A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案:C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是:A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案:B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案:B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指:A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案:A6. 语言的“语境”指的是:A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案:B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是:A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案:B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是:A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案:C9. 语言的“语料库”是指:A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案:C10. 语言的“方言”是指:A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案:语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分,而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案:形式;意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案:意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案:前缀;后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案:C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案:B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案:A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案:B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案:C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案:D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案:C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案:A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案:A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案:neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念,并给出一个英语例子。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 数学2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分?A. 语音和语义B. 语形和语义C. 语形和语用D. 能指和所指3. 在语言学中,“深层结构”和“表层结构”是由哪位学者提出的?A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨丕尔4. 下列哪个术语是描述语言随时间变化的现象?A. 语言变异B. 语言演化C. 语言转换D. 语言借用5. 社会语言学研究的是语言与哪种因素之间的关系?A. 社会结构B. 文化传统C. 个人心理D. 经济发展6. 哪种语言现象是指在特定情境下,说话者选择不同语言或语言变体的能力?A. 语码转换B. 语码混用C. 语用学D. 语言礼貌7. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容?A. 言语行为B. 隐喻理解C. 语言礼貌D. 语言的生物学基础8. 什么是“双重否定”?A. 使用两个否定词来表达否定意义B. 使用两个否定词来表达肯定意义C. 使用一个否定词来表达否定意义D. 使用一个否定词来表达肯定意义9. 在语言学中,“同音词”是指什么?A. 意义相同但拼写不同的词B. 拼写相同但意义不同的词C. 发音相同但意义不同的词D. 发音和意义都相同的词10. 下列哪项是“语言接触”的一个例子?A. 语言的地理分布B. 语言的独立发展C. 语言的借用和融合D. 语言的孤立使用二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. 语言学中的“_______”是指研究语言的结构特征,不涉及语言的社会功能。
答案:形式语言学12. 转换生成语法是由_______提出的,它强调语言的生成能力。
答案:诺姆·乔姆斯基13. “Hello”一词在不同的语境中可以有不同的功能,这属于_______的研究范畴。
答案:语用学14. 社会语言学中的“_______”是指语言随社会因素(如年龄、性别、社会阶层等)而变化的现象。
语言学期末考试题及答案
语言学期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的本质和结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案:B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案:C3. 语言的最小意义单位是?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C4. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的规则性?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇5. 语言的交际功能指的是什么?A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部形式C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的个人表达答案:C6. 语言的哪一部分负责表达概念?A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 词汇答案:C7. 下列哪项是语言的物理表现形式?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 语用答案:C8. 语言的哪一部分负责表达关系?A. 语法B. 语义C. 语音D. 词汇答案:A9. 语言的哪一部分负责表达情感?B. 语用C. 语音D. 词汇答案:B10. 以下哪个术语描述的是语言的变异?A. 语言变异B. 语言变化C. 语言演化D. 语言发展答案:A二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是______。
答案:语言2. 语言的三个基本功能包括表达、______和交际。
答案:指称3. 语音学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:声音4. 语法学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:结构5. 语义学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:意义6. 词汇学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:词汇7. 语用学研究的是语言的______方面。
答案:使用8. 语言的最小意义单位是______。
答案:语素9. 语言的最小声音单位是______。
答案:音素10. 语言的最小结构单位是______。
答案:词三、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. 请简述语言学的主要研究内容。
答案:语言学主要研究语言的本质、结构、发展、变化以及语言在社会和个人中的作用。
(完整word版)语言学复习试题及参考答案(word文档良心出品)
语言学复习试题及参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti al phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stopsoccur in the same phonemic contextor environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives ” and “performatives ”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to thesame Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like n obody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.III. Define Six of thefollowing ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40.psycholinguisticsIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分,能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。
语言学的考试试题
语言学的考试试题一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学2. 语言学中的“音素”是指:A. 语言中最小的意义单位B. 语言中最小的音位单位C. 语言中的词汇D. 语言中的语法规则3. 在语言学中,“词汇-功能语法”是由哪位学者提出的?A. Noam ChomskyB. Ronald LangackerC. HallidayD. Edward Sapir4. 下列哪个选项是“双语现象”的正确描述?A. 一个人能够使用两种语言B. 一个地区存在两种官方语言C. 一个人同时学习两种语言D. 一个国家有两种语言的使用者5. “转换生成语法”是由哪位语言学家提出的?A. Ferdinand de SaussureB. Noam ChomskyC. Leonard BloomfieldD. Wilhelm Wundt6. 语言学中的“同音异义词”指的是:A. 发音相同但意义不同的词B. 意义相同但发音不同的词C. 发音和意义都相同的词D. 发音和意义都不同的词7. 下列哪项不是社会语言学研究的内容?A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言的变迁C. 语言在不同社会群体中的使用D. 语言的生物学基础8. “语言习得”通常指的是:A. 学习第二语言B. 儿童学习母语的过程C. 成人学习外语D. 语言的演变过程9. 下列哪个选项不是语用学的研究范畴?A. 语境对语言使用的影响B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的内部结构D. 语言的理解和解释10. “语言的任意性”这一概念是由哪位语言学家提出的?A. Charles OgdenB. Thomas HobbesC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. William of Ockham二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. 语言学中的“_______”指的是语言的声音和书写形式之间的关系。
12. “_______”是指语言中最小的、有意义的音段,是构成词汇的基本单位。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
语言学概论期末考试复习题及参考答案
语言学概论(八)期末考试复习题及参考答案一、单选题1.(2分)语言符号的任意性是指A.语言符号可以任意使用和创造B.绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C,可以任意使用语言符号绐事物命名D∙语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变参考答案:B2.(2分)下列各组辅音中,发音部位相同的•组是A.image1..pngB.image2.pngC.image3.pngD.Image4.png参考答案:B3.(2分)“汽车”和“轿车”是A.上下位词B.同义词C.等义词D.近义词参考答案,A4.(2分)下列几种社会方言中,具有排他性的一项是A.阶级习惯语B.行话C隐语D.学生腔参考答案:C5.(2分)下列关于亲属语言的表述中,不正确的项是A亲属语言是社会完全分化的产物B∙亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系C.语言亲属关系有亲疏远近的分别D.亲属语言间不存在语音对应关系参考答案:D6..(2分)“老郎鼓励我考大学”是A.生谓诃组B.兼语词组C.连动词组D.复句词组参考答案,B7.12分)目前己知的最古老的拼音文字是一A.古埃及文字8.占希腊文字C腓尼基文字D∙中国的甲骨文参考答案:C9.(2分)划分词类的最本质的标准是A.分布标准8.意义标准C.形态标准D逻辑标准参考答案,A9.(2分)外语学习中的后期阶段被称为A.中介语阶段B.目标语阶段C低平期D高原期参考答案I D10.(2分)英语“students"中的"∙s"是.A.虚词语素B∙词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素参考答案:C11.(2分)认为“思维和语言各自发展,二者没仃关系”的学者不包括A.古希腊哲学家柏拉图B.法国哲学家迪卡尔C.英国哲学家座布斯D.苏联语言学家马尔参考答案:D12.(2分)以卜.不属于语言学的三大发源地的是A.中国B.埃及C.印度D希腊•罗马参考答案,B13.(2分)下列语言学流派中桀中研究语言本体的流派是A.功能语言学B∙社会语言学C认知语言学D.结构语言学春考答案:D14.(2分)下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的•组是A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.民航大厦/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究辨考答案:C15.(2分)关于语言获得的原因,卜列学说中偏重于内部条件解择的一项是A.天赋说B.摹仿说C强化说D剌激反应说参考答案;A16.(2分)传统上把汉字的单纯字符称为A偏旁B笔画C记号D.独体字参考答案,D17.(2分)北京话“面”单念时读作但“面包”却读作[mi?mpau),这种语流音变现象是A溺化B.增音C同化D.异化春考答案:C18.(2分)汉语中的词类(词的语法分类)可以首先分出的两个大类是一A.基本词和非基本词B.实诃和虚词C.典型词和兼类词D.体词和谓词参考答案:B19.(2分)目前对于语言和思维的关系,比较一致的观点是A.有什么样的思维,就有什么样的语言B∙有什么样的语言,就有什么样的思维C思维对语言有•定影响,但更重要的是语言决定思维D.语言对思维有一定影响,但更重要的是思维决定语言参考答案,D20.(2分)听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是A.音素B.国i音C音位D.音节参考答案:D21.(2分)首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是A洪堡特B.索绪尔D.萨丕尔分考答案:B22.(2分)判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考A.相互理解程度B.语言结构的差异程度C.共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D∙地域临近程度参考答案,C23.(2分)语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在丁语言符号的A.任意性B.强制性C离散性D.系统性参考答案:A24.(2分)下列各项中,谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是A.写黑板B.打篮球C.织毛衣D.寄包裹参考答案,C25.(2分)从词的构造类型上看,汉语“动人”一词属于A.单纯词B.复合词D.简缩词参考答案:B26.(2分)语法的演变之所以比语汇缓慢,是因为A语法规则比较简单B.语法规则数量较少C.语法规则具有强制性D∙语法规则具有抽象性参考答案IC27.(2分)构形语素属于A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.自由语素D.黏若语素参考答案:D28.(2分)下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是A.席卷耳鸣地震B.打倒切断推翻C发光散热出气D.天地欢乐爱好弁考答案:A29.(2分)在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,域大的类别是一A.语族B.语支C.语系D∙语群参考答案,C30.(2分)从语音的社公功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是A.音位B.音素C.音节D.各渡参考答案:B31.(2分)人类语言和动物的交际方式A.完全一致B.有根本区别C有•定的差别D∙基本一样参考答案:B32.(2分)“我知道你很聪明。
语言学考试试题及答案
语言学考试试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究语言的科学,它包括以下哪些分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语义学D. 所有选项答案:D2. 下列哪个术语不是语言学的分支?A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 神经语言学D. 化学语言学答案:D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词素C. 词D. 句子答案:B4. 以下哪个选项是语言的语音属性?A. 音高B. 音长C. 音色D. 所有选项答案:D5. 语言的语法规则可以是:A. 显性的B. 隐性的C. 两者都是D. 两者都不是答案:C6. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语言变异?A. 方言B. 社会方言C. 语言接触D. 语言消亡答案:D7. 语言的演变通常被认为是:A. 随机的B. 有目的的C. 无意识的D. 有意识的答案:C8. 语言接触可能导致:A. 语言融合B. 语言分离C. 语言借用D. 所有选项答案:D9. 语言的语用学研究的是:A. 语言的语境B. 语言的功能C. 语言的意义D. 所有选项答案:D10. 以下哪个术语不属于语义学研究的范围?A. 语义场B. 语义角色C. 语义关系D. 音位学答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的______属性包括音高、音长和音色。
答案:语音2. 语言的______属性包括语法、词汇和语义。
答案:结构3. 语言的______属性涉及语言的社会和文化方面。
答案:社会4. 语言学中的______理论认为语言是一系列规则的集合。
答案:形式主义5. 语言的______是语言学研究的基础单位。
答案:句子6. 语言的______是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案:变异7. 语言的______是指语言在不同地理区域的变体。
答案:方言8. 语言的______是指语言在不同时间的演变。
答案:历史9. 语言的______是指语言在不同语境中的使用。
答案:语用10. 语言的______是指语言的抽象意义。
语言学重点试题及答案
语言学重点试题及答案1. 什么是语言的双重性质?答案:语言的双重性质指的是语言既是社会现象,又是心理现象。
作为社会现象,语言是人们交流思想、情感的工具,是社会文化的重要组成部分;作为心理现象,语言是人类大脑活动的产物,是思维的载体。
2. 简述语音学与音系学的区别。
答案:语音学是研究人类语音的物理属性、生理机制和感知过程的学科;音系学则是研究语言中音位的系统和规律的学科。
语音学关注的是语音的自然属性,而音系学关注的是语音在特定语言系统中的功能和结构。
3. 请解释“词义”和“语义”的概念。
答案:词义是指词所表达的具体概念或意义;语义则是指语言符号所表达的意义,包括词汇意义、句法意义和语用意义等。
词义通常指单个词的意义,而语义则涉及整个句子或话语的意义。
4. 什么是语言的同源词?答案:同源词是指来自同一原始语源的词,它们在不同语言中保留了相似的词形和意义。
例如,英语中的“mother”和德语中的“Mutter”就是同源词。
5. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案:语用学是研究语言使用者在特定语境中如何使用语言进行交流的学科。
它关注的是语言的交际功能,包括言语行为、话语意义、语境分析等。
6. 什么是语言的方言?答案:方言是指在地理、社会或历史因素影响下形成的具有一定差异的语言变体。
方言通常与标准语或官方语言相对,它们在语音、词汇、语法等方面存在差异。
7. 简述语言的演变过程。
答案:语言的演变过程包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化等。
语音变化可能涉及音位的替换、合并或分化;词汇变化可能包括新词的产生、旧词的消亡或词义的演变;语法变化可能涉及句法结构的简化或复杂化。
8. 什么是语言的借词?答案:借词是指从一种语言借用到另一种语言的词汇。
借词通常是因为文化、经济或政治交流而产生的,它们可能在新语言中保留原有的发音和拼写,也可能发生适应性的变化。
9. 请解释“语言的谱系分类”。
答案:语言的谱系分类是根据语言之间的亲缘关系对语言进行分类的方法。
语言学基础试题及答案
语言学基础试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的科学?A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的结构和功能D. 语言的历史发展答案:C2. 语音学研究的是语言的哪个方面?A. 语言的物理性质B. 语言的生理机制C. 语言的社会功能D. 语言的心理认知答案:A3. 下列哪项不是语言学的主要分支?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 心理学答案:D4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C5. 语言中最小的可以独立运用的单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:B6. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项?A. 表达情感B. 传递信息C. 进行思考D. 艺术表现答案:C7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在哪个方面?A. 任意性B. 线性C. 离散性D. 系统性答案:A8. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的表达形式关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:C9. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的交际目的关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:B10. 语言的哪一项功能与语言的内在结构关系最为密切?A. 认知功能B. 社会功能C. 表达功能D. 工具功能答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究语言的________和________。
答案:结构、功能2. 语音学是研究语言的________和________的学科。
答案:物理性质、生理机制3. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语用学和________。
答案:语义学4. 音素是语言中最小的________单位。
答案:区别性5. 语素是语言中最小的________单位。
答案:意义6. 语言的交际功能包括表达情感、传递信息、________和艺术表现。
答案:进行思考7. 语言的符号性质主要体现在其________上。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言学?语言学是研究语言的科学,包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些?语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系,词汇研究词的形态和词义,句法研究语言的句子结构,语义研究词和句的含义,语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别?语音学研究语言中的语音现象,包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统,即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题(每题10分,共40分)1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案:D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支?A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案:C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容?A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案:D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象?A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案:A3. 简答题(每题10分,共30分)1) 什么是语言的演变?语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中,由于多种因素的影响,其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程,涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系?语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面,语言是人类思维的表达工具,通过语言的运用,人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面,语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式,不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际?语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释,以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
基础语言学考试题及答案
基础语言学考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言的最小意义单位是:A. 音素B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案:B2. 下列哪项不是语言的三大功能?A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 娱乐功能D. 信息功能答案:C3. 语言学中,研究语言结构的分支学科是:A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 句法学D. 社会语言学答案:C4. 以下哪个词不是派生词?A. 教师B. 快乐C. 勇敢D. 汽车答案:B5. 语言的演变主要受到哪些因素的影响?A. 社会变迁B. 技术进步C. 政治变动D. 所有以上因素答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学中,研究语言在社会中的使用和功能的学科是________。
答案:社会语言学2. 语言的________是语言发展变化的内在动力。
答案:内在机制3. 语言的________是语言发展变化的外在条件。
答案:外部因素4. 语言的________是指语言在不同地域的变体。
答案:方言5. 语言的________是指语言在不同社会群体中的变体。
答案:社会方言三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述语言的语音、语法和词汇三个基本要素。
答案:语言的语音是语言的物质外壳,包括音素、音节和语调等;语法是语言的组织规则,包括词法和句法;词汇是语言的词汇单位,包括词、短语和固定搭配等。
2. 描述语言的交际功能。
答案:语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流思想、表达情感和传递信息的工具,使人们能够相互理解和沟通。
3. 解释什么是语言的方言。
答案:方言是语言在不同地域的变体,通常具有相同语言基础但因地域、文化、历史等因素而形成的差异。
四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1. 论述语言与文化的关系。
答案:语言与文化是相互影响、相互制约的关系。
语言是文化的载体,文化通过语言得以传承和发展;同时,文化也影响语言的形成和发展,不同文化背景的人们使用的语言具有不同的特征。
2. 论述语言演变的原因。
语言学测试题及答案
语言学测试题及答案
1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?
A. 语言的起源
B. 语言的结构
C. 语言的使用
D. 语言的演变
答案:B
2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支?
A. 语音学
B. 句法学
C. 语义学
D. 心理学
答案:D
3. 请解释“语言”和“方言”的区别。
答案:语言是指具有独立语法和词汇系统的交流工具,通常与国家或民族相关联;方言则是语言内部的变体,通常与地域相关,但不具备独立的语法和词汇系统。
4. 什么是“音位”?
答案:音位是指语言中能够区分意义的最小语音单位。
5. 请列举三种语言的书写系统。
答案:汉字(汉语)、字母(英语)、西里尔字母(俄语)。
6. 以下哪个术语用于描述语言的演变?
A. 语言变化
B. 语言发展
C. 语言演化
D. 语言进化
答案:C
7. 什么是“词汇语义学”?
答案:词汇语义学是研究词汇意义及其变化的语言学分支。
8. 请解释“语法”。
答案:语法是一套规则,用于指导语言中单词的组合和排列,以形成意义完整的句子。
9. 什么是“社会语言学”?
答案:社会语言学是研究语言与社会结构、文化、身份和权力之间关系的学科。
10. 请列举两种语言的方言。
答案:普通话(汉语方言)、西班牙语(西班牙方言)。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?答案:语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案:孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学?答案:语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案:语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学?答案:形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案:句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段?答案:语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学?答案:社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案:方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得?答案:第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后,通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案:沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触?答案:语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案:语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划?答案:语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案:语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者,逐渐消失的现象。
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语言学复习试题及参考答案I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1)1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti al phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act13. Language change is ______________.A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematicB. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universalC. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematicD. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________.A. sound additionB. sound lossC. sound shiftD. sound movement15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes16. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of _________.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human18. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortexD. sensory organs19. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of ____ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. culturalB. grammaticalC. behaviorD. pragmatic20. According to the _______, the acquisition of a second language involves, and is dependent on, the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.A. acculturation viewB. mentalist viewC. behaviourist viewD. conceptualist view得分21. People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.22. In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stopsand the voiceless unaspirated stops occur in the same phonemic context or environment.23. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.24. Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.25. The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.26. Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27. Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to thesame Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.28. In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :He don’t know nothing.He don’t like n obody.He ain’t got none.29. The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.30.During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.III. Define Six of thefollowing ten terms, illustrate them if necessary (6 x 5).31. allomorph32. bound morpheme33. semantics34. reference35. synonymy,36. predication analysis,37. critical period hypothesis38. linguistic competence39. bilingualism40.psycholinguisticsIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary ( 4x10 ):1. How do you understand that language is arbitrary?2. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?3. Draw a tree diagram for the following statements:1 ) The people live a peaceful life in the countryside.2) He knows that I will come the day after tomorrow.4. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.参考答案及评分标准I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 每题一分1.D2.C3.D4.C5.D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10.C11D 12.C 13.A 14.B 15. C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.AII. True or False (10x1) 每题一分21.T 22.F 23.T 24.F 25.F 26.F 27.T 28.T 29.T 30.TIII. Define the following terms, illustrate them if necessary (5x6). 每题五分,能够举例不举例说明的扣二分。