初三英语书面表达指导

2012-2013天津市耀华中学中考英语书面表达指导和训练【基本概念】一、书面表达的新课标要求1.根据写作要求收集、准备素材；2.能独立起草短文、短信等，并在老师的指导下进行修改；3.能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系；4.能简单描述人物或事件；5.能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。

二、书面表达考察的几种能力（1）审题能力抓住写作要点，明确文章体裁，围绕文章中心，使用正确的时态和语法。

（2）语言能力准确用词，合理构句。

用到所学的固定搭配、短语和句式，根据能力使用复合句。

（3）组织能力建议适当用“逻辑词汇”，增加文章的层次。

使文章结构更加清晰（尤其是议论文）。

（4）创新能力尤其在英语竞赛中，经常出开放性作文或想象作文。

三、书面表达的文体（1）记叙文（Narration）这是最普遍、最基本的一种文体。

写作中应遵循以下几点。

〈1〉交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

〈2〉按事件发生的先后顺序叙述完整、具体。

o〈3〉要重点突出，目的明确。

记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

（2）说明文(Exposition)、描写文(Description)这是英文常见的两种文体，以解说和描述为主要表达方式。

如：描述自己的家庭、学校或同学。

文体多用一般现在时。

（3）日记(Diary)这是把自己当天生活中经历的有意义的事以及见闻或感受记录下来的书面形式。

文体自由，通常用第一人称写，时态多用一般过去时。

格式如下：a）Oct 26 , 1999 Wednesday FineIt is two months since I began this diary…….b）Friday May 1st CloudyToday is May Day ……(注意：常用以表示天气的词有Fine, Cloudy, Rainy, Windy, Snowy, Foggy等)（4）应用文书信（letters）一般分为私人信函（Personal letters）和正式信函（Business letters）。

英文书信从信封到正文，其格式与汉语有许多不同。

书信由以下几个部分构成：a. 信头（Heading）例：NO. 19 Middle School320 DenShan RoadNanChang, JiangXiChina, 330006August 28, 2000b. 信内地址（Inside address）收信人姓名、地址在左上方，位置比信头低一至二行。

私人信件一般不写信内地址。

c. 称呼（Greeting）Dear Mary, Dear Sir / Madam, Dear Mr. Smithd. 正文（Body）首句：I’m so glad to r eceive your letter.Many thanks for… (e.g. the invitation to your birthday party)How is everything going?e. 结束语（Ending）Best wishes!I’m looking forward to your letter.Please write back soon.I hope you will be better.f. 签名（Signature）Yours, / Yours sincerely, / Yours truly, / Your friend, / Love, Linda通知和便条（Notice , Note）有口头通知、书面通知两种形式，至少包括3项内容：1、时间，2、地点，3、活动内容。

便条一般有留言条，请假条。

特点是：格式简单，开门见山，三言两语。

例如：a. Attention, please. I have something to tell you……b. NoticeAll the League Members are requested to meet in classroom 403 on Monday (Sep. 25th) at 5:00 to discuss the sports meeting.电话留言TELEPHONE MESSAGEFrom: LiLei To: TomDate: Sep. 19th Time: 8:00 a.m.Message: Please go to the museum with Li Lei tomorrow at 9:00 by bus.（5）议论文(Argumentation)主要是对某件事或某种行为或现象发表自己的见解或评论。

通常的写作步骤是：先针对要谈论的内容确定题目和论点；然后简述某种行为或现象的发生并分析原因；再通过例证或对比，提出自己的看法或意见；最后给出结论。

【步骤技巧】步骤（一）审题1）圈出关键信息，明确几个要点。

2) 确定文章的主体时态。

3）确定文章的中心人称。

步骤（二）列点2）注意英语句法（简单句，复合句3-4个，尤其是状语从句）3）翻译要翻意，切莫翻字句。

4) 尽量选用有把握的词汇和句型。

5）灵活“汉译英”，适当添、删、变。

例：a) 每个地方都有有趣的故事。

___________ ___________ interesting stories __________.b) 应该避免或减少交通事故。

Traffic accidents ________ ________ _________ or ________.c) 林书豪实现了他的梦想。

Lin’s dream has _________ ___________.d) 帮助他人是我的习惯。

__________ others is my __________.e) 明天或许会很热。

_________ may be quite hot __________.f) 他正在酝酿一个计划。

He is __________ a plan.g) 要想学好英语，你应大胆张口。

If you want to learn English well, you should ________ ________ to do more ________ practice.步骤（三）连接1)\为列出的要点合理排序。

2）用符合逻辑的连词或副词串联句子以及段落。

常用的逻辑连词有：a) 表示并列或递进：and, as well (as), both…and, not only…but also, neither… nor, besides, what’s more, in addition (to)b) 表示选择：or, either… orc) 表示转折：but, however, although (though), after alld) 表示原因或结果：because, so, therefore, as a result (of), so (such) …thate) 表示条件：if, unlessf) 表示对比：instead (of), not…but, on one hand…on the other hand, rather thang) 表示解释：for example (instance), such as, that is to say, in other wordsh) 表示顺序：to begin (start) with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end (at the end of)i) 表示强调：actually, in fact, above all, the most important thing (we should do), most importantlyj) 表示结论或引出观点：in my opinion, all in all, altogether, in a word, in conclusion, generally speaking, from the bottom of my heart…步骤（四）添加1) 补全题目中给出不完整的句子。

2) 添加内容使文章充实，应用各种复合句和辨证扩充。

例如：状语从句可以讲明事情发生的时间、条件、原因、结果等；定语从句可以修饰文章中的关键字；辨证扩充就是指列出事情的优点的同时也可以扩充想象有何种缺点。

1）合理分段，增加逻辑和层次。

（个人观点一定要另起一段）2）在关键信息前添加一些好词作定语。

3）文中重复出现的内容尽量使用不同的句型或词汇来表达。

4）尽量美化首尾句，必要时可使用谚语。

5）注意书写字迹需美观。

步骤（六）检查1) 要点是否齐全。

2）人称、时态、语法、句子结构。

3) 字迹和字数。

4) 首句衔接和文章结尾。

补充注意：“失败”作文: 1) 语言繁琐；层次不清，令人感到单调和乏味。

2）词汇表达有错误，句子结构单一或重复。

3）表达不地道，汉语味道太浓。

4）书写潦草，无法辨认和评价。

“成功”作文: 1) 语言简洁，层次清晰。

2）选词精准，句式多变。

3）内容连贯，表达地道，无明显错误。

4）书写规范，卷面整洁。

【例题解析】根据调查，中学生面临太多的竞争和压力，体育锻炼的时间少了，身体素质有所下降，视力衰退，体力不足。

这一情况已经引起学校和社会的关注，请你根据下面的要求用英语写一篇短文。

呼吁同学们积极参加体育锻炼。

要求包含下列内容：1）锻炼身体的好处。

2）锻炼身体的方式。

3）对学校开展体育锻炼的看法和建议。

4）表明自己对加强体育锻炼的观点。

要求：1）内容必须包含以上要点，可适当发挥。

2）80词左后，开头已给出，不计入总词数。

3）语句通顺，意思连贯，条理清楚，字迹工整。

4) 文中不得出现真实校名及姓名。

Exercise is very important to us students. Nowadays, we are under so much competition andpressure______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________关键信息_________点；文章的主体时态：_________________；文章的中心人称______________步骤（二）列点（参考）1) 锻炼身体的好处有利于健康________________________________________________________________________提供给我们能量____________________________________________________________________减少疾病__________________________________________________________________________其他____________________________________________________________________________ 2) 锻炼身体的方式有很多的选择，室内运动____________________________________________________________室外运动____________________________________________________________其他________________________________________________________________3) 对学校开展体育锻炼的看法和建议留出更多的空闲时间________________________________________________________________提供更多的锻炼机会________________________________________________________________其他____________________________________________________________________________ __4）表明自己对加强体育锻炼的观点健康甚至比学习更重要______________________________________________________________最好多做锻炼______________________________________________________________________步骤（三）连接1）最符合逻辑的组织段落方式：观点——好处——方式——建议2）适当加入逻辑词汇：_____________________________________________________________步骤（四）添加1) 补全首句Nowadays, we are under so much competition and pressure______________________________________________________________________ ________In my opinion, health is even more important than study, so we’d better do more exercise when _____________________________（在何时锻炼）because doing exercise is not only good for our health, but also can provide us with more energy, with which __________________________________________(能量有什么作用). What’s more, diseases can be reduced by doing exercise. A lot of activities can be our nice choices, such as playing ball games, jogging, swimming and so on. Although doing exercise comes with a lot of advantages, we’d better do it properly and regularly or not do it too much at a time, otherwise, we may ___________________________________________________________________（不科学的运动有何后果）Above all, I hope our school can leave us more free time and offer us more opportunities to do exercise.步骤（五）美化可供参考的结尾句：Health always comes first.Health is followed by everything else.Nothing comes first except for health.No health, no future.The first wealth is health.Happiness lies first of all in health.Life is long if you know how to keep healthy.步骤（六）检查Exercise is very important to us students. Nowadays, we are under so much competition and pressuremakes our health worse and worse. We have poor eyesight. We feel tired all day and have no enough energy for study. All these worried us. We need to do more activities, especially outdoor ones. We should take part in them, such as have ball games, running, swimming and so on, which we can keep healthy and strong ,study better and live happy. No matter how busily ,we hope teachers to leave us less homework to do so that we have free time to take part in sports .We also wish our school can offer us much more chance to do some activities which is good for us .改错：1）审题2）语法3）行文【中考链接】2013中考作文热点及范文参考十大分类: 1.突发事件(自然灾害、流行疾病等) 2.身心健康 3.环境保护(水、土、大气等资源保护)4.语言学习 5.兴趣爱好 6.写人记事7.旅游和介绍地方8.新生事物评价(互联网，网上购物，手机等) 9.梦想和未来10.烦恼一、解决方法题型要求列举出解决问题的多种途径１．问题现状２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m co nfident that a bright future iswaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).二、说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）１．说明事物现状２．事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３．你对现状（或前景）的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has an important role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ----------------(Ａ的优点之一). Besides -------------------（Ａ的优点之二）.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent (显而易见). One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,------------------(Ａ的第二个缺点)．Through the above, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh（超过）the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)．(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the situations we are in. Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测)．)三、现象说明文Recently _______,what amazes us most is______________,it is ture that__________.There are many reasons explaining__________________________.The main reasonis____________________.what is more_________________________.thirdly__________________________.As a result_______________.Considering all there,________________________.For onething_____________________,for another________In Conclusion____________________.四、议论文的框架(1) 不同观点列举型（选择型）There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People,however,differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on one hand，___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, Isupporttheviewthat __观点一或二______.Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.（2）利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects（方面）as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative（消极的）aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantagesat the same time so that we will make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.五、议论文的步骤1.正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点）2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论)3.观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构）4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)六、改错练习1.［误］I think it is an useful English dictionary.［正］2.［误］I need a hour to finish this letter.［正］3.［误］My uncle is a unknown man, but he is a very kind man.［正］4.［误］There is a "f" in the word "football".［正］5.［误］I have a little brother. He is a 8-year-old boy.［正］6.［误］This bike is able to be repaired.［正］7.［误］This class is about to begin just now.［正］8.［误］The temperature is five degrees over zero.［正］9.［误］There is often thick cloud above the South of China in summer.［正］10.［误］There is a bridge above the river.［正］11.［误］He ran across the wood.12.［误］I don't afraid of him.［正］13.［误］Two weeks after he left.［正］14.［误］My father will be back after a few hours.［正］15.［误］He worked very hard in a hot afternoon.［正］16.［误］Mikealways against me.［正］17.［误］Tom's grandfather has been dead five years ago.［正］18.［误］Yesterday I met a friend. We didn't see each other for a long time since we left thecollege［正］19.［误］Does the teacher agree to us?［正］20.［误］Does he agree with our plan?［正］21.［误］The old man has two sons. All of them are workers.［正］22.［误］The all children are playing football now.［正］23.［误］You all are right.［正］24.［误］Nearly nobody thinks he is right.［正］25.［误］The old man lived lone but he didn't feel lonely.［正］26.［误］I didn't find the dictionary also.［正］27.［误］He did not speak loudly and clearly.［正］28.［误］My mother was angry to me.29.［误］He was angry with what I said.［正］30.［误］I have two sisters, one in America and another in English.［正］31.［误］Guess what’s in Alice’s another hand.［正］32.［误］Mary is a warmhearted girl. She is always ready to help the others.［正］33.［误］Someone is knocking at the door. Please reply the door bell.34.［误］Do you have some questions?35.［误］China is larger than any other countries in Asia.［正］36.［误］Here are some interesting books; you can choose anyone of these.［正］37.［误］I arrived Beijing the day before yesterday.［正］38.［误］This man works in the bank for a manager.［正］39.［误］My brother is so taller as Tom.［正］40.［误］I'll give him the note as soon as he will come.［正］41.［误］The student asked a question to the teacher.［正］42.［误］They asked some coffee with milk.［正］43.［误］He raised from his seat and rose a funny question at the meeting.［正］44.［误］The boys got some tickets of the exciting football game.［正］45.［误］There is a post office in the corner of the street.［正］46.［误］I'm sorry. I have to back home.［正］47.［误］Where do you from?［正］48.［误］We have won your class.［正］49.［误］The ball beat me badly.50.［误］He used to hit the little boy black and blue.［正］。