中国石油大学考研专业课真题管理学08年

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新版中国石油大学(华东)管理科学与工程专业考研经验考研参考书考研真题

考研已落下帷幕考研虽然已经结束好长时间，而它对于我来说，就像是昨天刚发生一样，清晰且深刻。

回首考研的这段经历，我收获了很多，也成长了许多。

开始基础复习的时候，是在网上找了一下教程视频，然后跟着教材进行学习，先是对基础知识进行了了解，在5月-7月的时候在基础上加深了理解，对于第二轮的复习，自己还根据课本讲义画了知识构架图，是自己更能一目了然的掌握知识点。

8月以后一直到临近考试的状态，开始认真的刷真题，并且对那些自己不熟悉的知识点反复的加深印象，这也是一个自我提升的过程。

考研一路走来，真的很辛苦，考研帮里学长学姐们分享的宝贵经验不仅能让我打起精神背水一战，还使我的复习有条不紊地进行。

初试成绩出来的这两天，酝酿了一下，我也想为将要参加下一届考研的的学弟学妹们写一篇文章，希望你们从复习的开始就运筹帷幄，明年的这个时候旗开得胜。

文章字数很多，大家有时间可以阅读，文末有真题和资料下载分享，谢谢大家。

中国石油大学(华东)管理科学与工程专业初试科目：101 思想政治理论201英语一303数学三838管理学839经济学考试大纲：参考书目：《管理学》（第13 版）斯蒂芬•P•罗宾斯(Stephen P.Robbins)、玛丽•库尔特(Mary Coulter)著，刘刚、程熙镕、梁晗等翻译，中国人民大学出版社，2017 年1 月第1 版。

《西方经济学》（微观部分）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社第6 版《西方经济学》（宏观部分）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社第6 版关于英语复习的一些小方法英语就是平时一定要做真题，把真题阅读里面不会的单词查出来，总结到笔记上，背诵单词，在考试之前，可以不用大块的时间，但一定要每天都看最起码2小时英语，把英语当做日常的任务，真题一定要做，而且单词要背熟，我在考试之前背了3遍的考研单词，作文可以背诵一些好词好句，在考场灵活运用。

我从开始准备考试起每天要背单词，不要一直往后背，可以第二天复习前一天背的然后再往下走。

2008年管理类联考英语真题及答案

绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考英语试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。

2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。

3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。

否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。

Section I Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence, Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ___ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.fertileflexible D.raw B.A.bleak C.2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.presumeconsume C.resume D.assume B.A.3. You shouldn’t be so ____ I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.sophisticatedsensitive D.A.sentimental B.sensible C.4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ____ of art for later generations.themeA.viewpoint D.philosophy B.concept C.5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.suspect D.object C.withdrawA.deny B.6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.parallelneutral D.A.mutual B.optional C.7. Williams had not been there during the ____ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A.vital D.unique superior B.rigorous C.8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ___ of jobs.C.scale D.areafieldrange B.A.9. Modern manufacturing had ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.excludedextendedD.excelled C.A.exceeded B.11. Voices were ____ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.raiseddeveloped D.A.swollen B.increased C.12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ____ others will take a longer time.whereaswhere C.when D.which B.A.13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ____ about the food he eats.particular D.peculiar C.unusualA.special B.14. Britain might still be part of France of it weren't ____ a disastrous flood 200,000years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.in D.forwith C.A.upon B.15. The Water Prize is an international award that ____outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.requires C.relaysreleases D.A.recognizes B.16. In its 14 years of ____ , the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.existence D.eminence endurance B.A.emergence C.17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ____ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.________widespread belief, cockroaches(蟑螂)would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection II Cloze (10 Points)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes __21__ different nations compete against each other in a __22__ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to __23__ the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been __24__ , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with __25__ rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__ the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the __27__ of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to __28__ the Games effectively.The IOC also __29__ which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. __30__ , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen __31__ to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.__32__ the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into __33__ the host city’s time zone. __34__ the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay __35__ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36__ , in prime viewing hours.__37__ the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television __38__ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39__ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40__ . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, thecity was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. Suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the chip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim(the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun,” says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some ＄10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites . These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual moneythat it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than4, 600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier-what Bob Meyer, publisher of Barter News, calls “the double coincidence of wants.” That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered” because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade” trading partners for honesty, quality and so on . Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or non-tradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para . 1) probably refers to those who are________.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they________.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help .A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shootin”, start thinkin’, and keep livin’.” The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technologyin Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes) that after the murder the city will to longer stand by in coldness, For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty-almost one in three people lives below the poverty line-and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical, Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60%of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess, But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark: now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murderB. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye” (Line 5, Para.2) isA. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPTpoverty D.flood C.indifference violenceA.B.49. Mayor Booker’s efforts against crime seem to be ____.A.fruitlessimpractical C.effective D.idealisticB.50. The best title for passage may be ____.A. Stop Shootin’, Start Thinkin’, and Keep Livin’B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner, While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a from of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved, The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an “escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in bong-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible ＄100，000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage. “He’d think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.” Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy daysin the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”（from: ）51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because __ .A. “escape fund” helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy” (Line 2, Para, 2) probably means ____.simpleshrewd D.A.suspicious B.secure C.53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique womanB. She was once divorcedC. She is going go retireD. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show ____.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’ is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared thattheir economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it, Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs. Suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice. A little hypocrisy（虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that keep the post of managing director, but all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die.And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line 1, Para.1) means__ .A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because .A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned” (Lines3-4,Para.2) the author implies that ____.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have turned advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because if ____.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ____.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’ interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV Translation (20 points)Directions: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term “business model” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序) . Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and sub- components analyzed. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought? –and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model thebehavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V Writing (20 points)Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。

管理学原理(00054)自考真题+答案2008年4月

全国2008年4月高等教育自学考试管理学原理试题课程代码：00054一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．管理活动总是在一定社会生产方式下进行的，其中生产力决定了( )A．管理的社会属性 B．管理的自然属性C．管理的艺术性 D．管理的科学性2．下列哪一项是梅奥等人在总结霍桑试验的基础上得出的结论?( )A．职工是自然人 B．人的行为是由动机导向的，而动机则是由需要引起的C．人的需要是有层次的 D．新型的领导能力在于提高职工的满足度3．不确定性最高、对组织管理者挑战最大的组织外部环境是( )A．复杂稳定的环境 B．复杂动态的环境C．简单稳定的环境 D．简单动态的环境4．某化工企业为了在竞争中处于有利的地位，开发了某种投资很大的新产品，投产后非常畅销，企业领导也倍感欢欣。

但不久便得知，由于该产品对环境有害，国家正在立法准备逐步取消该产品。

企业顿时陷入一片阴影中。

从计划过程来看，该企业最有可能在哪个环节上做得不够周到?( )A．估量机会，确定目标 B．明确计划的前提条件C．确定抉择的方案 D．制定辅助计划5．“根据组织的使命而提出的组织在一定时期内所要达到的预期成果”称为( )A．战略 B．计划 C．组织 D．目标6．决策按决策对象的内容分类有( )A．战略决策和战术决策 B．经验决策和科学决策C．肯定决策和非肯定决策 D．程序化决策和非程序化决策7．下列选项中属于计量模型预测法的是( )A．德尔菲法 B．先行指标法 C．回归分析法 D．关连树法8．集权的致命弱点是( )A．稳定性差，适应性弱 B．弹性差，适应性弱C．稳定性差，平衡性弱 D．弹性差，平衡性弱9．确定合理的管理宽度是组织设计的一项重要内容，下列哪种说法是正确的?( )A．管理宽度越窄，越易控制，管理的费用越低B．管理宽度越宽，组织层次越少，管理的费用越高C．不同的管理者、下属素质、工作性质等因素将决定管理宽度D．管理宽度的确定仅取决于管理者的管理能力10．某钢铁厂是一家拥有300多亿资产的巨型企业，在目前钢材多样化和高科技化的市场需求面前，你认为最适宜的组织结构形式是( )A．直线型组织结构 B．职能型组织结构C．事业部制组织结构 D．矩阵结构11．去过医院的人也许或多或少对某些医院内部的管理程序感到有些不适应。

我国石油大学管理学在线考试题(卷)目

《管理学》在线考试（开卷）试题注意事项：1、通过在线考试模块完成该课程考核；2、抄袭、雷同作业一律按零分处理；一、简答题（每题10分，共70分）1、组织的任务环境包括那些？各自如何对管理产生影响？答：任务环境是指与组织实现其目标直接相关的那部分环境，它是由对组织绩效产生积极或消极影响的关键顾客群或要素组成的，一般包括供应商、客户、竞争者、政府机构及特殊利益集团。

供应商：只有与其精诚合作，才可以节约资金、保证质量和加快产品上市速度。

客户：客户决定了企业的成败。

顾客的数量、类型的变化，以及顾客口味、需求的变化，都会给企业带来机会或威胁。

企业的成功是建立在对顾客需求及其变化的正确反应之上的。

竞争者：对手之间的对立是管理者需要处理的最具威胁性的一种力量。

高度对立的结果是价格竞争，而价格的下降则会导致企业利润的降低和获取资源能力的下降。

但很多企业发现，通过合作而非竞争，同样可以达到原来确定的目标。

政府部门和社会组织：其在若干方面对企业实行严格的监督。

管理者必须充分意识到在政治、法律框架内所存在的形形色色的“压力集团”对企业行为的影响。

2、组织变革的阻力有哪些？答：主要有如下三种：1.个体因素，因为不同个体对组织变革的结果接纳性及风险意识不同，所以对变革的态度就会不同，所以人的因素是组织变革的核心问题，甚至直接关系到企业变革的成败。

变革中个体的阻力源主要来自于基本的人类特征如直觉、个性和需要。

2.群体因素，组织变革的阻力还会来自群体方面，对组织变革形成阻力的群体因素主要由群体规范和群体内聚力等。

（1）群体习惯。

（2）对专业知识的威胁。

（3）对原有资源分配的威胁。

3.组织因素。

在组织变革中，组织内部体制、决策程序、组织文化和奖励制度等组织因素以及变革的时机也会影响组织变革的进程。

3、沟通中有哪些障碍?你觉得应该如何克服？答：沟通障碍主要包括：主题障碍、信息障碍、媒介障碍、客体障碍和反馈障碍。

研究表明，工作中70%的错误是由沟通不善和沟通障碍造成的。

新版中国石油大学(北京)管理科学与工程考研经验考研参考书考研真题

得到拟录取消息的前些天一直忐忑不安，想象着自己失败时的沮丧或者自己成功时的兴奋。

终于尘埃落定，内心激动，又面色平静地拿起手机给每一个关心我的家人和朋友发了这个好消息。

也想在这里写下自己考研路上的点点滴滴，给自己留一个纪念，也希望大家能从中得到一些收获。

立大志者得中志，立中志者得小志，立小志者不得志。

所以我建议刚开始大家就朝着自己喜欢的，最好的学校考虑，不要去担心自己能不能考上的问题，以最好的学校的标准来要求自己去学习。

大家可以去自己想报考的学校官网上下过去的录取分数线，报录比之类的信息给自己一个参考和努力目标。

包括找一些学长学姐问下经验也是很有用的。

备考那个时候无论是老师还是同学们都给了我很多的帮助，让我在备考的路上少走了很多的弯路，尤其是那些珍贵的笔记本，现在回想起来依然很是感动，还好现在成功上岸，也算是没有辜负大家对我的期望。

所以想着成功之后可以写一篇经验贴，希望可以帮助大家。

话不多说，下面跟大家介绍一下我的经验吧。

文末有笔记和真题下载，大家可自取。

中国石油大学(北京)管理科学与工程初试科目：101思想政治理论201英语一303数学三870运筹学考研大纲：参考书目：《运筹学--经营管理决策数量方法（第四版）》，张宝生等编著，石油工业出版社，2010先聊聊英语单词部分：我个人认为不背的单词再怎么看视频也没用，背单词没捷径。

你想又懒又快捷的提升单词量，没门。

（仅供个人选择）我建议用木糖英语单词闪电版，一天200个，用艾宾浩斯曲线一个月能记完，每天记单词需要1小时（还是蛮痛苦的，但总比看真题时啥也看不懂要舒服多）。

好处在于是剔除了初高中的简单词，只剩下考研的必考词，能迅速让你上手真题。

背单词要一直从3-4月份持续到考研前几天，第一遍记完必须要在暑假前。

阅读完形部分：木糖英语真题手译就挺好用的，不需要做真题以外的任何阅读题。

因为真题就是最贴近实战的练习题了，还记得近十年的真题我是刷了大概有四五遍。

不过，我建议从05年的开始抠真题，需要一个单词都不放过，因为考研英语的试卷有80％的单词，去年的卷子重复过。

2008年管理类联考综合真题及答案

绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业学位联考综合试卷考生需知1.选择题的答案需用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。

2.其它题一律用蓝色或黑色钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在制定位置的答案无效。

3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。

否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。

一、问题求解（本大题共15小题，每小题3分，共45分。

下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

）1、2若ABC 的三边为a,b,c,满足222a b c ab bc ac ++=++，则ABC 为A 等腰三角形B 直角三角形C 等边三角形D 等腰直角三角形E 以上都不是3、P 是以a 为边长的正方形，1p 是以P 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，2p 是以1p 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，i p 是以1i p - 的四边中点为顶点的正方形，则6p 的面积是（） A 216a B 232a C 240a D 248a E 264a 4、某单位有90人，其中65人参加外语培训，72人参加计算机培训，已知参加外语培训而未参加计算机培训的有8人，则参加计算机培训而未参加英语培训的人数是（）A 5B 8C 10D 12E 155、方程2(10x x -++= 的两根分别为等腰三角形的腰a 和底b （a<b ）,则该三角形的面积是（）A 4B 8C 4D 5E 86、一辆出租车有段时间的营运全在东西走向的一条大道上，若规定向东为正向，向西为负向。

且知该车的行驶的公里数依次为-10、6、5、-8、9、-15、12，则将最后一名乘客送到目的地时该车的位置是（）A 在首次出发地的东面1公里处B 在首次出发地的西面1公里处C 在首次出发地的东面2公里处D 在首次出发地的东面2公里处E 仍在首次出发地7、如图所示长方形ABCD 中的AB=10CM ，BC=5CM ，设AB 和AD 分别为半径作半圆，则图中阴影部分的面积为： A 225252cm π- B 2125252cm π+ C 225502cm π+ D 2125504cm π- E 以上都不是8、若用浓度为30%和20%的甲乙两种食盐溶液配成浓度为24%的食盐溶液500克，则甲乙两种溶液各取：A 180克 320克B 185克 315克C 190克 310克D 195克 305克E 200克 300克 9、将价值200元的甲原料与价值480元的乙原料配成一种新原料，若新原料每一千克的售价分别比甲、乙原料每千克的售价少3元和多1元则新原料的售价是：A 15 元B 16元C 17元D 18元E 19元10、直角边之和为12的直角三角形面积最大值等于：A 16B 18C 20D 22E 以上都不是11、如果数列的前n 项的和，那么这个数列的通项公式是：A B C D E 以上都不是12、以直线y+x=0 为对称轴且与直线y-3x=2对称的直线方程为： A 233x y += B 233x y +-= C y=-3x-2 D y=-3x+2 E 以上都不是13．有两排座位，前排6个座，后排7个座。

管理学原理(00054)2008年7月真题

全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试管理学原理试题课程代码：00054一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．管理的五个基本职能是（）A．计划、组织、人员配备、领导、控制B．计划、组织、人员配备、决策、控制C．计划、组织、人员配备、沟通、领导D．计划、组织、人员配备、领导、决策2. 某家公司的总经理在制定规划过程中，通过环境分析，预计市场需求会增加，原材料价格将下跌。

他认为前者是一种机遇，后者是一种挑战。

他所做的工作是（）A．制定公司战略目标B．摸清公司的规划范围C．衡量公司的一般环境D．探究公司的内部条件3. 某生物制品企业运用原有技术优势，开发了一种固定资产投资极大的新产品，投产后非常畅销。

几家竞争对手看到该产品的巨大潜力，也纷纷跃跃欲试。

此时，有资料证实，该产品可以通过完全不同的其它途径加以合成，而投资只是原来的几分之一，该企业顿时陷入一片恐慌中。

从计划过程看，该企业在哪个环节上出现了问题？（）A．估量机会，确定目标B．明确计划的前提条件C．拟定派生计划，并通过预算使计划数字化D．提出备选方案，通过比较分析，确定最佳方案4. 在下列计划的诸形式中，哪一种是主要针对反复出现的业务而制定的？（）A．目标B．规划C．程序D．预算5. 假定未来的状况与较近时期有关，而与更早的时期关系不大时，应采用的预测方法是（）A．指数平滑法B．移动算术平均法C．因果关系分析法D．直观法6. 计划前提条件按范围可划分为（）A．外部前提和内部前提B．不可控的和可控的C．近期的和远期的D．定量和定性7. 保证在组织中“事事有人做”属于管理的（）A．计划职能B．组织职能C．领导职能D．控制职能8. 某家进出口公司设有：一名总经理、一名主管生产的副总经理、一名主管营销的副总经理和一名主管财务的副总经理，则该公司的组织结构是按（）A．区域划分部门B．职能划分部门C．顾客划分部门D．生产工艺划分部门9. 某公司销售经理被批评为“控制的太多，而领导的太少”。

中国石油大学华东历年考研专业课真题和答案

中国石油大学华东历年考研专业课真题和答案中国石油大学（华东）历年考研专业课真题目录：中国石油大学（华东）历年考研代码真题年代专业课真题科目211 翻译硕士英语2011212 翻译硕士俄语2011242 俄语2008---2011243 日语2008---2011244 德语2011245 法语2008---2011357 英语翻译基础2011358 俄语翻译基础2011448 汉语写作与百科知识2011703 公共行政学2011704 数学分析2011705 普通物理2011706 有机化学2000,2005---2009,2011 707 无机及分析化学2007---2009,2011 708 生物化学2011法学基础（法理学、民法学、刑2011710法学）711 中国古代文学2011715 中国化马克思主义原理2008,2011 体育学专业基础综合（体育教育2011716学、运动生理学、运动训练学）801 沉积岩石学2005---2008 802 构造地质学2003---2010 803 地震勘探2003---2009,2011 805 电子技术基础2011806 软件技术基础2011808 地理信息系统2011809 石油地质学2001---2011 810 测井方法与原理2005---2011 811 工程流体力学2001---2009,2011 812 理论力学2008---2011 813 材料力学2006---2011 814 物理化学1999---2009,2011 815 渗流物理2001---2009,2011 816 油田化学基础2011817 工程热力学2008---2011 818 化工原理1999---2009,2011 819 生物工程2011820 环境工程学2007---2009,2011821 环境基础2009,2011822 机械原理2005---2011823 控制工程基础2011824 工业设计概论2011825 安全系统工程2007---2009,2011826 材料科学基础2011828 电路2008---2011829 自动控制理论2008---2011830 信号与系统2008---2011油气储运专业基础综合（含工程2001---2011 831流体力学、传热学）土木工程专业综合（含材料力学、8322011 土力学与混凝土结构）834 传热学2008---2011836 通信原理2011838 管理学2008---2011839 经济学2008---2011840 财务会计学2008---2011行政管理专业综合（含政治学与8412007---2009，2011 行政法学）842 高等代数2011 843 量子力学2011 844 电动力学2011 849 古代汉语2011 852 外国哲学史2011 853 政治学原理2011 854 思想政治教育学2011 857 生物化学2011。

中国石油大学2007至2008学年第二学期经管类高等数学期末考试试题A

中国石油大学2007至2008学年第二学期经管类高等数学期末考试试题 AＡ卷中国石油大学2007—2008学年第二学期《本科高等数学(下)》试卷（经管类）专业班级姓名学号开课系室基础数学系考试日期 2008年6月23日页码一二三四五六总分得分阅卷人说明：1本试卷正文共6页。

2 封面及题目所在页背面及附页为草稿纸。

3 答案必须写在题后的横线上，计算题解题过程写在题下空白处，写在草稿纸上无效。

一、选择题(每小题3分,共18分)：请将所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.1.设则（）.(A) (B)(C) (D)2. 设二元函数，则下面正确的是（） .(A) 若函数连续，则其偏导数一定存在。

（B）若函数的偏导数存在，则函数一定连续。

(D)若函数的偏导数连续，则函数一定可微。

.3. 平面过轴，则（）.（A）（B）（C）（D）4. 若区域为D:，则二重积分化成极坐标系下的累次积分为（）.（A）（B）（C）（D）5. 级数是（）.（A）条件收敛（B）绝对收敛（C）发散（D）不能确定6. 设区域由直线和围成，是位于第一象限的部分，则（）.（A）（B）（C）（D）二、填空题（每小题4分，共20分）：请将答案写在指定位置上。

1. 设函数, 则grad=________.2. =________.3. 设, 将其交换积分次序后________.4. 过点且垂直于平面=5的直线方程为_________.5. 设, 则________.三、计算题（每题6分，共48分）1. 求的偏导数.2.3. 求锥面被柱面所割下部分的曲面面积.4. 求过点且与直线垂直的平面方程.5. 求，其中D是圆环形闭区域.6. 求的麦克劳林级数.7．设是由方程所确定的隐函数，其中可微，求 .8．求幂级数的和函数.四．解答题（每题7分，共14分）1.求函数在区域上的最大值与最小值.2.设，求.一、选择题(每小题3分,共18分)2.设则（ B ）(A) (B) (C) (D)2. 设二元函数，则下面正确的是（ D ）(A) 若函数连续，则其偏导数一定存在。

中国石油大学(华东)管理学2016-12统考题目及答案

中国石油大学(华东)管理学2016-12统考题目及答案《管理学》在线考试（开卷）试题—16秋注意事项：1、通过在线考试模块完成该课程考核；2、抄袭、雷同作业一律按零分处理；3、请务必于2017年1月6日前完成。

一、简答题（每题10分，共70分）1、何为管理？管理者应该具备哪些技能？2、人际关系学说的主要内容是什么？谈谈你对人际关系学说的看法。

3、为什么说在沟通中发送者与接收者都需要提高倾听能力？4、如何理解社会责任？对社会责任有几种观点，其观点内容是什么？5、谈谈管理与领导的区别与联系。

6、你认为作为一名管理者如何才能提高决策的有效性？7、何谓控制？管理者应该如何做到有效控制？二、案例分析题（共30分）工程师，他具有一项电动自行车的重要专利。

张厂长很想该工程师加盟飞跃厂，但该工程师开出的条件却让张厂长犹豫不决。

工程师的条件是飞跃厂一次性支付他50万的购房款以及每年不低于12万的年薪，另外按销售额的0.1%提取奖金。

张厂长认为，如果工程师的专利能够用得上，飞跃厂付出这样的代价还是值得的。

问题在于，对于平均年薪只有2万元的全厂职工能够接受这样的条件吗？后来，有家大公司主动上门提出兼并的方案：工厂整体迁移郊区，80%的员工继续上岗，原厂址另作他用。

张厂长举棋不定，想想企业，想想职工，在想想自己本人兼并以后的安排，还有那些跟随他几十年的副职们将面临怎样的命运呢？张厂长在一次陷入沉思……问题：减产和转产以及兼并方案对于飞跃厂来说，面临的制约因素分别是哪些？1、管理是社会组织中,为了实现预期的目标,以人为中心进行的协调活动.它包括4个含义：1.管理是为了实现组织未来目标的活动；2.管理的工作本质是协调；3.管理工作存在于组织中；4.管理工作的重点是对人进行管理.管理就是制定,执行,检查和改进.制定就是制定计划（或规定、规范、标准、法规等）；执行就是按照计划去做,即实施；检查就是将执行的过程或结果与计划进行对比,总结出经验,找出差距；改进首先是推广通过检查总结出的经验,将经验转变为长效机制或新的规定；再次是针对检查发现的问题进行纠正,制定纠正、预防措施.管理者的技能：根据罗伯特.卡茨的研究，管理者需要具备三大类的技能：技术技能，是执行一项特定任务必需的能力；人际技能，是指与人共事、激励或指导组织中各类员工或群体的能力，或者说是理解、改变、领导、控制其他个人或群体行为的能力；概念技能，是一种洞察既定环境复杂程度和减少这种复杂性的能力，或者说是分析判断一种状况并能识别其因果关系的能力。

2008考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案

2021考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案一、问题求解：第1—15小题,每题3分,共45分. 以下每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中, 只有一项为哪一项符合试题要求的. 请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑.1、学科竞赛设一等奖、二等奖和三等奖，比例为1：3：8，获奖率为30％、10人获得一等奖，那么参加竞赛的人数为〔A〕300 〔B〕400〔C〕500 〔D〕550〔E〕600【答案】B2、为了解某公司员工的年龄构造，按男、女人数的比例进展了随机抽样，结果如下：根据表中数据估计，该公司男员工的平均年龄与全体员工的平均年龄分别是〔单位：岁〕〔A〕32，30 〔B〕32, 29.5〔C〕32, 27 〔D〕30, 27〔E〕29.5, 27【答案】A3、某单位采取分段收费的方式收取网络流量〔单位：GB〕费用：每月流量20〔含〕以内免费，流量20到30〔含〕的每GB收费1元，流量30到40〔含〕的每GB收费3元，流量40以上的每GB收费5元，小王这个月用了45GB的流量，那么他应该交费〔A〕45元〔B〕65元〔C〕75元〔D〕85元〔E〕135元【答案】B4、如图，圆O是三角形ABC的内切圆，假设三角形ABC的面积与周长的大小之比为1：2，那么圆O的面积为【答案】A〔A〕π〔B〕2π〔C〕3π〔D〕4π〔E〕5π5、设实数,满足|-|=2，|-|=26, 那么+=〔A〕30 〔B〕22〔C〕15 〔D〕13〔E〕10【答案】E6、甲、乙两人进展围棋比赛，约定先胜2盘者赢得比赛。

每盘棋甲获胜的概率是0.6，乙获胜的概率是0.4，假设乙在第一盘获胜，那么甲赢得比赛的概率为〔A〕0.144 〔B〕0.288〔C〕0.36 〔D〕0.4〔E〕0.6【答案】C7、如图，四边形平行四边形， , , ,分别是四边的中点，, , ,分别是四边的中点，依次下去。

得到四边形序列〔m=1，2，3…〕，设的面积为且 =12，那么 + + +…=〔A〕16 〔B〕20 〔C〕24 〔D〕28 〔E〕30【答案】C8、圆 + =b，假设圆C在点〔1.2〕处的切线与y轴的交点为〔0.3〕，那么ab=〔A〕1-2 〔B〕-1 〔C〕0 〔D〕1 〔E〕2【答案】E9、有96位顾客至少购置了甲、乙、丙三种商品中的一种，经调查：同时购置甲、乙两种商品的有8位，同时购置甲、丙两种商品的有12位，同时购置乙、丙两种商品的有6位，三种同时购置有2位，那么仅购置一种商品的顾客有〔A〕70位〔B〕72位〔C〕74位〔D〕76位〔E〕82位【答案】C10、将6张不同的卡片2张一组分别装入甲、乙、丙3个袋子中，假设指定的两张卡片要在同一组，那么不同的袋法有〔A〕12种〔B〕18种〔C〕24种〔D〕30种〔E〕36种【答案】B11、某单位为检查3个部门的工作。

石大管理历年真题

一．名词解释（10分）1．目标2．管理宽度3．集权4．例外问题5．战略6．期望值7．目标管理8．法约尔桥9．中间产品10．最终产品二1.说明系统理论的主要观点。

（5分）2．说明权变理论的主要观点。

（5分）、三1．写出管理的定义？（5分）2．管理的主要职能是什么？（5分）3．简述领导职能的主要内容。

（5分）4．简述控制职能的主要内容。

（5分）四1．写出狭义计划的定义。

（5分）2．写出计划按层次分类的主要内容。

（5分）3．什么是战略计划。

（5分）4．说明战略计划的作用。

（5分）五1．什么是管理学意义上的组织。

（5分）2．建立新企业时在组织机构方面要做哪些工作？（5分）3．企业生意扩展时要做哪些组织工作？（5分）4．企业跨国经营时要做哪些组织工作？（5分）六1．试论分工与协作的关系（5分）2．试论集权与分权的关系（5分）3．试论直线职权与参谋职权的关系（5分）4．试论程序化决策与非程序化决策耳朵关系（5分）中国石油大学（北京）03年管理学原理硕士学位入学考试试题一名词解释（30分）1．集权2．授权3．管理宽度4．直接控制5．外聘制6．反馈控制7．期望值8．中间产品9．规则10．管理科学11．程序化决策12．法约尔桥13．使命14．战略15．目标管理二1．管理学的产生与发展经历了哪几个阶段？（6分）2．各阶段的主要特点是什么？（6分）3．各阶段对管理学理论的主要贡献是什么？（6分）4．管理的各项职能是什么？（6分）5．管理者的三种技能是什么？（6分）三1．给出管理的定义。

（6分）2．对给出的管理定义进行分析，提出不足之处。

（6分）3．领导者应有哪些责任？（6分）4．领导者应有哪些权利？（6分）5．简述管理者与领导者的区别与联系。

（6分）四1．绘出直线型组织机构的组织机构图，说名它的优点和适用条件。

（6分）2．绘出职能型组织机构的组织机构图，说名它的优点和适用条件。

（6分）3．绘出参谋型组织机构的组织机构图，说名它的优点和适用条件。