water quality
水处理常用名词中英文对照
水处理常用名词中英文对照1、给水工程water supply engineering原水的取集和处理以及成品水输配的工程。
2、排水工程sewerage ,wastewater engineering收集、输送、处理和处置废水的工程。
3、给水系统water supply system给水的取水、输水、水质处理和配水等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
4、排水系统sewerage system排水的收集、输送、水质处理和排放等设施以一定方式组合成的总体。
5、给水水源water source给水工程所取用的原水水体。
6、原水raw water由水源地取来的原料水。
7、地表水surface water 存在于地壳表面，暴露于大气的水。
8、地下水ground water存在于地壳岩石裂缝或工壤空隙中的水.9、苦咸水（碱性水）brackish water ,alkaline water碱度大于硬度的水，并含大量中性盐，PH值大于7。
10、淡水fresh water含盐量小于500mg/L的水。
11、冷却水cooling water用以降低被冷却对象温度的水。
12、废水wastewater居民活动过程中排出的水及径流雨水的总称.它包括生活污水、工业废水和初雨径流以及流入排水管渠的其它水。
13、污水sewage ,wastewater受一定污染的来自生活和生产的排出水。
14、用水量water consumption 用水对象实际使用的水量.-15、污水量wastewater flow ,sewage flow排水对象排入污水系统的水量。
16、用水定额water flow norm对不同的排水对象,在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值。
17、排水定额wastewater flow norm对不同的排水对象,在一定时期内制订相对合理的单位排水量的数值.18、水质water quality在给水排水工程中，水的物理、化学、生物学等方面的性质。
给排水专业英语汇总
UNIT 1给水工程 water supply engineering 排水工程 sewage engineering市政工程 civil engineering市政工程师 civil engineer环境工程 environmental engineering 水文学 hydrology水力学 hydranlies水环境 natural aquatic environment 流域 watershed水体 waterbody地表水 surface water淡水 freshwater地下水 groundwater含水层 aquifer天然含水层 natural aquifer地下含水层 underground aquifer水文循环 natural hydrologic cycle 渗滤 infiltration降水 precipitation渗入 precolation蒸发 evaporation蒸腾 transpiration城市水文循环 urban hydrologic cycle 水源 water source水资源 water resource取水 water withdrawal水处理 water treatment配水 water distribution用水 water use污水 sewage废水 wastewater废水收集 wastewater collection废水处理 wastewater disposal受纳水体 receiving waters污染 pollution pollute污染物 pollutant玷污、污染 contamination致污物 contaminant未污染 uncontaminated水污染 water pollution水污染控制 water pollution control水污染防治 water pollution prevention污水回用 wastewater reuseUNIT 2水短缺 water scarcity地表水资源 surface water resource管网 Pipe Network供水系统 water supply system市政配水系统 municipal distribution system建筑给水系统house water supply system分区供水系统 dual distribution system小区 micro district小社区 small community冷水供水系统 cold water supply system热水供水系统 hot water supply system消防系统 fire protection system喷淋系统 fire protection sprinkler system自动水幕系统 automatic drencher system半自动水幕系统semi automatic drencher system消火栓 hydrant排水系统 drainage system生活排水系统 sanitary system工业排水系统 industrial system雨水排水系统 stormwater system合流制 combined sewers分流制 separate sewers建筑排水系统 building drainage system卫生洁具 plumbing fixtures卫浴设备 bathroom fixtures输水系统 water transmission system漏水率 leakage rate配水系统 water distribution system环状管网 grid (looped)system支状管网 branching(branched) system下水管道 sanitary sewer污水节流管 intercepting(中间截取) sewer污水节流系统 intercepting sewer system污水节流井 sewage intercepting well支管 collection (目的：收集)sewer collectorsewer生活污水 sanitary sewagedomestic sewagedomestic wastewater工业污水 industrial wastewater工业污水/液/物 industrial wastes农业用水 agricultural wastewater/wastes雨水 rainwater stormwater水位 waterlevel海拔、标高 elevation坡度 grade倾斜度 slope明渠 Open channel开挖 ex cava tion深度 excavation depth水力分析 hydraulic analysis水头 pressure head总水头 total headUnit 3水头损失 Head loss速度头动压头 Velocity head静压 Static head摩擦水头 Friction head水力坡度线 Hydranlic grade line 重力流 Gravity flow水塔 Water castle贮水箱 Cistern泵站 Pump station给水泵站 Water pump station污水泵站 Sewage station提升泵站 Lift pumping plant增压泵 Booster pump离心泵 Centrifugal pump潜水泵 Submer sible pump潜水艇 Submerine深井泵 Well pump虹吸虹吸管 Siphon人孔 Manhole法兰 Flange阀门 Valve闸阀 Gate valve泵送系统 Pumping system流量 Flow rate流速 Fluid velocity层流 Laminar flow滞流粘性流 viscous flow过渡流 Transitional flow湍流 Turbulent flow紊流 Turbulence flow涡流 Eddying flow雷诺数 Teynolds number 水质 Water guality水源 Water sources供水水源 Water supples原水 Raw water未处理水 Untreated water出水 Finished water原水水质 Raw-water quality水质标准 Water quality standards水质要求 Water quality requirements饮用水 Drink water\potable water自来水 Tap water纯水 Pure water饮用水标准 Drinking water standards饮用水一级标Primary drinking water standards最大允许浓度 Maxmum permissible levelsmaxmum allowable levels最大污染物浓度 Maxmum contaminant levels主要污染物 Primary contaminants有机化合物 Organic chemicals合成有机化合物 Synthetic organic chemicals挥发性有机化合物 Volatile organic ohemicals无机化合物 Inorganic chemical微生物 Micro organisms\microbes微生物污染 Microbial contaminants病原微生物 Pathogenic micro organisms病原体 Pathogenic病毒 Pathogenic bacterin细菌 Bacteria大肠杆菌 Coliform bacteria病毒 Viruses藻类 Algae浊度 Turbidity放射性 Radionuclide感官性状 Esthetic qualities审美 Esthetic味 Taste嗅 Odo色 Colour变色 Discolouration变色 Discolor水质物理参数 Physical parameters of water quality水的物理性质 Physical quality of water浊度值 Turbidity values浊度单位 Turdidity unit浑浊单位 Turdid嗅阈值 Threshold odor number化学性质 Chemical quality水质化学参数Chemical parameters of water quality溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (DO)溶解氧浓度 Do level溶解氧平衡 Do balance氧损 Oxygen depletion有机污染物 Organic pollutant生化需氧量 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)总氮 Total nitrogen (TN)总凯式氮 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)悬浮固体 Suspended solids (SS)总悬浮固体 Total suspended solids (TSS)溶解 Dissolved (DS)总溶解 Total dissolved (TDS)Unit 4溶解的铁和锰 Dissolved iron and manganese硬度 Hardness碱度 Alkalinity盐度 Salinity有害物质 Toxic and hazardous materials氰化物 Cyanides急性毒性 Acute toxity慢性毒性 Chronic toxity基因毒性 Genetic toxicity基因 Gene难降解有机化合物 Refractory organic chemicals 永久性有机污染物 Persistent organic pollutants 致癌化学性 Carcinogenic chemicals三卤甲烷 Trihalo methanes卤素 Halogen甲基 Methyl氯仿 Trichloromethane三氯甲烷 Chloroform杀虫剂农药 Pesticide害虫 Pest杀虫剂 Insecticide除草剂 Herbicide杀菌剂 Germicide细菌 Germ防腐剂 Preservative保证 Preserve清洗剂 Cleaning agent洗涤剂 Detergent发泡剂 Foaming agent泡沫 Foam化肥 Fertilizer肥沃的 Fertile富营养化 Eutrophication营养的 Trophic营养水平 Trophic level生态位 NicheUnit 5原污水 Raw sewage 原废水 Raw wastes处理水 Treated wastes回用水 Redaimed water水处理过程 Water processing收集 Collect处置 Dispose处理方法 Treatment method处理费用 Treatment costs处理单元 Treatment process运行模式 Operational mode间歇处理方式 Batch treatment approach均匀均化 Equalization均匀 Equalize调蓄水池 Equalization storage调节池 Equalization tank蓄水池 Storage tank降解 Degrade分解 Decompose分离 Separate隔离 Separation物理法 Physical process物理处理 Physical treatment物理处理过程 Physical treatment process一级处理 Primary treatment初步处理 Preliminary treatment格栅筛滤 Screening格栅 Screen格栅 Bar screen栅条 Bars钢栅条 Steel bars渣耙 Cleaning rakes圆形破碎机 Circular grinder破碎 Grind除砂 Degritting砂 Grit沙 Sand除砂 Grit removal沉砂池 Grit chamber沉淀 Settling沉淀池 Settling tank澄清池 Clarifier初澄清池 Primary clarifier初沉池 Primary settling tank一级出水 Primary effluent二级处理 Secondary treatment二级处理工艺 Secondary treatment process生物处理 Biological treatment二澄清池 Secondary clarifier二沉池 Secondary settling tank最终澄清池 Final clarifier最终沉淀池 Final settling tank二级出水 Secondary effluent三级处理 Tertiary treatment深度处理 Advanced treatment废水消毒 Waste disinfection出流出水 Effluent flow允许浓度 Allowable levels优异出水 High-quality polished effluent废水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水处理厂 Sewage treatment plant二级处理厂 Secondary treatment plant城市污水处理Municipal wastewater treatment市政工程 Municipal engineering土木工程 Civil engineering城市污水处理厂Municipal wastewater treatment plant 污水处理能力 Sewage treatment capacity电容 Capacitance污水处理设施 Municipal treatment facilities 多反应器设施 Multi-reactor facility处理池 Treatment tank负荷 Load负荷 Loadings水力负荷 Hydrautic loading污染负荷 Pollutant load有机负荷 Organic load无机负荷 Inorganic load不含化肥、农药无机的 Unorganic周期性负荷 Periodic(intermitlent) loading第五部分：物化处理1．混凝 n. coagulation混凝过程 coagulation process化学混凝 chemical coagulation凝聚 n. aggregation絮凝 n. flocculationv. flocculate异向絮凝 perikinetic flocculation同向絮凝 orthokinetic flocculation混凝剂 n. coagulant混凝剂投量 coagulant dosage烧杯实验 jar test最佳混凝剂投量 optimum coagulant dosage 助凝剂 coagulant aid助凝剂 flocculation aid聚电解质 n. polyelectrolytes快速混合 flash-mix ,rapid-mix快速混合器 flash mixer ,rapid mixer混合池 mixer tank快速混合池 flash-mix tank絮凝器 n. flocculator絮凝池 flocculation tank固体接触池 solids-contact tank澄清 n. clarificationv. clarify澄清池 n. clarifier高负荷澄清池 high rate clarifier澄清水 clarifying water2．沉淀 n. sedimentation沉降 n. sedimentation自由沉降 plain settling拥挤沉降 hindered settling重力沉降 gravity settling沉淀池 settling tank沉淀池，沉降池 sedimentation tank矩形沉淀池 rectangular settling tank圆形沉淀池 circular settling tank管式沉淀池 tube settler斜管沉淀池 steeply inclined tube settler板式沉淀池 parallel-plate settler板式沉淀池 plate separator气浮 n. floatation泡沫分离 foam separation溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation气浮池 floatation tank表面撇渣装置 surface-skimming device撇去 v. skim浮渣 n. scum浮渣槽 scum trough刮泥机 sludge scraper排泥 sludge drawoffsludge withdrawal预沉淀 n. presedimentation预沉淀池 presedimentation basin3．过滤 n. filtration滤池 n. filter慢滤池 slow filter快滤池 rapid filter高速（负荷）滤池 high rate filter砂滤池 sand filter慢砂滤池 slow sand filter快砂滤池 rapid sand filter重力滤池 gravity filter压力滤池 pressure filter过滤介质，滤料 filter medium石英砂 silica sand无烟煤 n. anthracite硅藻土 diatomaceous earth煤—砂滤床 coal-sand beds多层滤料 multilayered media混合滤料 mixed media双层滤料滤池 dual media filter双层滤池 two-layer filter粗滤料 coarse media细滤料 fine media助滤剂 filter aid滤后水，滤出水 filtered water滤后水，滤池出水 filter effluent滤前水，滤池进水 filter influent浊度穿透 turbidity breakthrough过滤周期 filter cycle清洗周期 cleaning cycle刮砂法 scraping method表面刮砂 surface scraping反冲洗 backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwashing水力反冲洗 hydraulic backwash水力分级 hydraulic grading4．消毒 n. disinfectionv. disinfect消毒剂 n. disinfectantdisinfection agent杀菌剂 n. germicide消毒过程 disinfection process消毒副产物 disinfection by-products氯化 n. chlorinationv. chlorinate氯化水 chlorinated water预氯化 n. prechlorination氯化消毒副产物 by-products of chlorination 化学消毒剂 chemical disinfectants液氯 liquid chlorine ,liquefied chlorine氯胺 n. chloramines次氯酸盐 hypochlorites次氯酸钠 sodium hypochlorite二氧化氯 chlorine dioxide臭氧 n. ozone臭氧化，臭氧消毒 n. ozonation臭氧化 v. ozonate紫外线 (UV) ultraviolet radiation (UV)伽马射线 gamma radiation 灭活 n. inactivationv. inactivate接触时间 contact time需氯量 chlorine demand加氯量，投氯量 chlorine dosage ,applied chlorine自由氯，游离氯 free chlorine ,free available chlorine化合氯 combined chlorine剩余保护 residual protection余氯 residual chlorine余氯量 chlorine residual自由余氯 free residual chlorine自由氯余量 free chlorine residual化合余氯 combined residual chlorine化合氯余量 combined chlorine residuals折点氯化（法） breakpoint chlorination折点氯化曲线 breakpoint chlorination curve折点加氯量 breakpoint dosage氯折点 chlorine breakpoint压力钢瓶 pressured steel cylinder臭氧发生器 ozone generator需臭氧量 ozone demand剩余臭氧量 ozone residual剩余臭氧 residual ozone致病微生物，病源微生物pathogenic microorganisms病原体 n. pathogens致病细菌或病毒 pathogenic bacteria or viruses细菌 n. bacteria大肠杆菌 coliform bacteria阿米巴氏菌 amoebic cysts孢子，芽孢 n. spores病毒 n. viruses藻类 n. algae原生动物 n. protozoa5．氧化 n. oxidation还原 n. reduction氧化剂 n. oxidant强氧化剂 strong oxidizing agent高级氧化法 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化工艺 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化过程 (AOP) advanced oxidation process高级氧化技术 (AOT)advanced oxidation technology6．吸附 n. adsorption活性炭 (AC) activated carbon粉末炭 (PAC) powdered activated carbon粒状炭 (GAC) granular activated carbon颗粒活性炭(GAC) granular activated carbon活性炭纤维 (ACF) activated carbon fiber再生 n. regenerationv. regenerate吸附剂 n. adsorbent吸附质 n. adsorbate吸附塔，吸附柱 adsorption column吸附床 adsorption bed空床接触时间 empty bed contact time吸附带 mass transfer zone快速小柱试验 rapid small scale column test生物活性炭 (BAC) biological activated carbon7．离子交换 n. ion exchange离子交换树脂 ion exchange resin离子交换器 ion exchanger离子交换柱 ion exchange column硬度 n. hardness除硬 hardness removal软化 n. softeningv. soften化学软化 chemical softening沉淀软化 precipitation softening除盐，脱盐 n. desaltinationv. desalt去矿化 n. demineralizationv. demineralize离子交换软化法 ion exchange softening process 离子交换除盐法 ion exchange desalting process 复床 combined bed混合床 mixed bed8．膜分离 membrane separation微滤 n. microfiltration超滤 n. hyperfiltration纳滤 n. nanofiltration反渗透 reverse osmosis渗透 n. osmosis半透膜 semipermeable membrane电渗析 n. electrodialysis渗析 n. dialysis9．其它处理方法中和 n. neutralizationv. neutralize酸性废水 acidic wastes化学沉淀 chemical precipitation沉淀软化 precipitation softening电解 n. electrolysis电除盐 (EDI) n. electrodeionization吹脱、汽提法 n. stripping冷却 n. cooling冷却水 cooling water冷却塔 cooling tower第六部分生物处理生物反应器 n. bioreactor微生物 n.microorganismsn.microbes微生物种群 microbial population混合群落 mixed communities细菌 n. bacteria原生动物 n. protozoa真菌 n. fungi轮虫 n. rotifers生长 n. growth繁殖 n. reproduction世代时间 generation time生长速率 growth rates环境因子 environmental factors生态因子 ecological factors微生物生长动力学 microbial growth kinetics1.迟滞期 lag phase2.对数生长期 exponential-growth phase3.减速生长期 decling growth phase稳定期 stationary phase4. 内源呼吸阶段 endogenous stage内源生长期 endogenous growth phase内源呼吸 endogenous respiration底物，基质 n. substrate底物（基质）利用 substrate utilization生物量 n. biomass生物反应 biological reaction生物氧化 biological oxidation生物降解 n. biodegradation生物降解性 n. biodegradability生物可降解的，可生物降解的 a. biodegradable不可生物降解的 a. nonbiodegradable生物处理 biological treatment废水生物处理 biological wastewater treatment废水生物处理系统biological wastewatertreatment system污水生物处理系统 biological sewage treatmentsystem生物处理法 biological treatment process生物处理装置 biological treatment unit串联 in series悬浮生长处理法suspended-growth treatmentprocesses生物固体 biological solids活性污泥 activated sludge附着生长处理法attached-growth treatmentprocesses附着的微生物 attached microbes微生物附着生长 attached microbial growth生物膜 n. biofilm代谢 n. metabolismv. metabolize稳定，稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize生物代谢 biological metabolism微生物代谢 microbial metabolism好氧的 a. aerobic好氧菌 aerobic bacteria好氧微生物 aerobic microorganisms好氧氧化 aerobic oxidation厌氧的 a. anaerobic厌氧菌 anaerobic bacteria厌氧氧化 anaerobic oxidation兼性的 a. facultative兼性菌 facultative bacteria好氧环境 aerobic environment厌氧环境 anaerobic environment营养物 n. nutrients无机营养物 inorganic nutrients营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除biological nutrient removal脱氮除磷 nitrogen and phosphorus removal生物硝化 biological nitrification硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria生物反硝化，生物脱氮 biological denitrification 生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal1．活性污泥法 activated sludge process微生物 n. microorganisms n. microbes细菌 n. bacteria生物絮体 biological floc微生物絮体 microbial floc活性污泥 activated sludge絮状活性污泥 flocculate-bacterial sludge回流活性污泥 (RAS) returned activated sludge 回流污泥 returned sludge回流污泥 recycled sludge剩余污泥 excess sludge 废活性污泥 (WAS) waste activated sludge废污泥 waste sludge曝气池 aeration tank曝气池 aeration basin曝气池 aeration chamber完全混合曝气池 completely mixed aeration basin活性污泥池 activated sludge tank曝气 n. aeration混合 n. mixing曝气系统 aeration system曝气器 n. aerator压缩空气 compressed air空气压缩机，空压机 air compressor鼓风机，风机 n. blower循环/切换 n. cycling/switchover扩散装置，扩散器 n. diffuser空气扩散装置，空气扩散器 air diffuser鼓泡空气扩散装置（扩散器） bubble air diffuser微气泡扩散装置（扩散器） fine-bubble diffuser扩散板 plate diffuser扩散管 tube diffuser扩散罩 dome diffuser微气泡扩散曝气 fine-bubble diffused aeration微气泡 fine-bubble大气泡 coarse-bubble静态混合器 static mixer机械曝气系统 mechanical aeration systems机械曝气 mechanical aeration表面曝气 surface aeration表面曝气器 surface aerator需氧量 oxygen demand供气量 air supply氧转移效率 oxygen tansfer efficiency可沉降固体 settleable solids挥发性固体 volatile solids非挥发性固体 nonvolatile solids挥发性悬浮固体(VSS) volatile suspendedsolids混合液 mixed liquor混合液悬浮固体 (MLSS) mixed liquor suspendedsolids混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS) mixed liquorvolatile suspended solids污泥沉降比 (SV) settling velocity污泥容积指数 (SVI) sludge volume index比耗氧速率 (SOUR) specific oxygen uptake rate污泥龄 sludge age曝气池容积 aeration tank volume曝气时间 aeration period曝气时间 aeration time水力停留时间 (HRT) hydraulic residence time水力负荷 hydraulic loadingBOD负荷 BOD loading普通活性污泥法 conventional activated sludgeprocess传统活性污泥法 conventional activated sludgeprocess标准活性污泥法standard activated sludgeprocess传统活性污泥厂 conventional activated sludgeplant阶段曝气活性污泥step aeration activated sludgeprocess分段 v. step进水负荷 influent load分段进水 step loading渐减 v. taper渐减曝气 tapered aeration接触稳定活性污泥法contact stabilization activated sludge process 再曝气 n. reaeration曝气—沉淀—再曝气aeration-sedimentation-reaeration完全好氧处理法complete aerobic treatment process高负荷（完全混合）活性污泥法high-rate (completely mixed) activated sludge process延时曝气活性污泥法extended aeration activated sludge process延时曝气法 extended aeration process延时曝气 extended aeration氧化沟 oxidation ditch水平转刷 horizontal rotor转刷曝气 rotor aeration笼型转刷 caged rotor吸附—生物降解工艺 (AB法)adsorption-biodegradation process序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process、序批式活性污泥法(SBR法) sequential batch reactor (SBR) processSBR法 SBR process序批式反应器(SBR) sequencing batch reactor (SBR)序批式反应器 (SBR) sequential batch reactor初沉 primary clarification曝气 n. aeration二沉 secondary clarification初沉池 primary clarifier二沉池 secondary clarifier泵送系统 pumping system活性污泥法 activated sludge process变体 n. variantSBR运行周期 SBR cycle处理周期 process cycle进水阶段 fill phase进水阀 influent valve反应阶段 react phase沉淀阶段 settle phase清水，上清液 clear water上清液 n. supernatant排水阶段 draw phase滗水阶段 decant phase滗水装置 decant mechanism闲置阶段，待机阶段 idle phase营养物去除 nutrient removal营养物生物去除 biological nutrient removal碳源 carbon source硝化 n. nitrificationv. nitrify硝化菌 nitrifying bacteria反硝化 n. denitrificationv. denitrify脱氮 n. denitrification生物反硝化，生物脱氮biological denitrification缺氧—好氧脱氮工艺 (A/O法)anoxic-oxic process厌氧—缺氧—好氧法(A2/O法)anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic processA-A-O法同步脱氮除磷工艺anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process脱氮除磷 nitrogen and phosphorus removal厌氧氨氧化 (ANAMMOX)anaerobic ammonium oxidation生物除磷 biological phosphorus removal膜生物反应器 (MBR)membrane biological reactor2．生物膜法生物膜 n. biofilm生物膜反应器 biofilm reactor生物滤池 n. biofilter生物过滤 n. biofiltration旋转布水器 rotary sprinkler填料 n. packings塑料管状或蜂窝状填料plastic tubular orhoneycomb-shaped packings滴滤池 trickling filter普通生物滤池 trickling filter高负荷生物滤池 high-rate filter塔式生物滤池 tower biofilter曝气生物滤池 (BAF) biological aerated filter生物转盘法 biodisc process生物转盘 rotating biological contactor生物转盘 n. biodisc塑料盘片 plastic discs轻质盘片 lightweight discs水平轴 horizontal shaft生物粘液 biological slime粘液层 slime layer生物流化床 biological fluidized bedbiological fluidised bed生物流化床反应器 fluidized-bed bioreactor 移动床生物膜反应器 (MBBR)moving-bed biofilm reactor3．厌氧生物处理发酵 n. fermentationv. fermentate产酸细菌 n. acidogens产甲烷细菌 n. methanogens产酸阶段 acidogenic phase产甲烷阶段 methanogenic phase水解 n. hydrolysisv. hydrolysis产酸发酵 acidogenic fermentation产氢产乙酸 H2-producing acetogenesis产甲烷 methanogenesis产酸菌 acid formers产甲烷菌 methane formers ,methane-forming bacteria有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs) volatile fatty acids硫酸盐还原 sulfate reduction硫酸盐还原菌 sulfate-reducing bacteria 上流式厌氧污泥床 (UASB)upflow anaerobic sludge blanket上升流速 upflow velocity厌氧折流板反应器 (ABR)anaerobic baffled reactor两段或两级厌氧生物处理two-stage anaerobicbiotreatment两相厌氧生物处理two-phase anaerobicbiotreatment产酸相 acidogenic phase产甲烷相 methanogenic phase消化 n. digestionv. digest消化池 n. digestor厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion污泥消化 sludge digestion厌氧消化池 anaerobic digestor厌氧接触法 anaerobic contact process厌氧膨胀床反应器anaerobic expanded-bed reactor厌氧流化床反应器anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor厌氧生物转盘anaerobic rotating biological contactor4．自然生物处理系统自然净化系统 natural purification system稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds土地处理系统 land treatment systems废水土地处理 land treatment of wastewater净化过程 purification process自然净化 natural purification污水塘 sewage lagoon稳定塘 stabilization pondsstabilization lagoons氧化塘 oxidation ponds好氧塘 aerobic pond兼性塘 facultative pond好氧生化反应 aerobic biochemical reaction厌氧生化反应 anaerobic biochemical reaction厌氧分解 anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解 decompose anaerobically好氧稳定 aerobic stabilization细菌 n. bacteria藻类 n. algae微型植物 microscopic plants出流，出水 effluent flow光合作用 n. photosynthesis厌氧塘 anaerobic pond曝气塘 aerated pond修饰塘 polishing pond熟化塘 maturation lagoon深度处理塘 advanced treatment pond三级处理塘 tertiary treatment pond土地处理工艺（过程） land treatment processes关键因素 critical factors土壤类型 soil type气候 n. climate土地处理系统 land treatment systems慢速土地处理系统slow rate land treatment system 低负荷土地处理系统low-rate land treatment system 三级处理水平 tertiary treatment level灌溉 n. irrigationv. irrigate土壤的天然过滤和吸附性质natural filtration and adsorption properties of soil投配的废水 applied wastewater垄—沟表面布水ridge-and-furrow surface spreading 喷洒布水系统，喷灌布水系统 sprinkler systems快速渗滤土地处理系统 rapid infiltration land treatment system渗滤—渗透土地处理 infiltration-percolation land treatment快速渗滤 rapid infiltration快速渗滤法 rapid infiltration method过滤作用 filtering action吸附作用 adsorption action地表漫流土地处理系统overland flow land treatment system地表漫流 overland flow径流集水沟 runoff collection ditch物理、化学和生物过程physical , chemical , and biological processes 湿地 n. wetland天然湿地 natural wetland人工湿地 constructed wetlandman-made wetland 第七部分：污泥处理、处置与利用污泥 n. sludge生活污水污泥 sewage sludge污泥体积，污泥量 sludge volume原污泥，生污泥 raw sludge新鲜污泥，生污泥 fresh sludge消化污泥，熟污泥 digested sludge混合污泥 mixed sludge污泥处理 sludge treatment污泥处置 sludge disposal最终处置 ultimate disposal填埋 n. landfill污泥减量 sludge volume reduction污泥稳定化 sludge stabilization（污泥）浓缩 n. thickening污泥浓缩 sludge thickening稳定，稳定化 n. stabilizationv. stabilize稳定了的污泥 stabilized sludge调理（调节） n. conditioningv. condition脱水 n. dewateringv. dewater干化 n. drying污泥干化场 sludge drying bed污泥干燥 heat drying干燥器 n. dryer污泥焚烧，污泥焚化 n. incineration焚烧炉，焚化炉 n. incinerator污泥浓缩 sludge thickening物理过程 physical process含水过多的污泥 watery sludge稀污泥 thin sludge处理装置 treatment unit浓缩池 n. thickener重力浓缩 gravity thickening重力浓缩池 gravity thickener圆形污水沉淀池circular sewage sedimentation tank刮泥机 sludge scraper搅拌作用 stirring action底流 n. underflow浓缩的底流 thickened underflow浓缩污泥 thickened sludge出水 n. effluent上清液 n. supernatant溢流 v. overflow堰 n. weir气浮浓缩 floatation thickening溶气气浮 dissolved-air floatation气浮池 floatation tank入流污泥 influent sludge污泥絮体 sludge flocs撇去 v. skim漂浮污泥层 floating sludge layer污泥消化 sludge digestion消化池 n. digester消化池装置 digester unit消化 n. digestionv. digest有机固体 organic solids生化分解 biochemical decomposition好氧消化 aerobic digestion好氧污泥消化 aerobic sludge digestion好氧消化过程 aerobic digestion process活性污泥池 activated sludge tank预制的（成套）活性污泥处理系统prefabricated (package) activated sludge treatment systems预制的接触稳定或prefabricated contact stabilization or 延时曝气处理系统extended aeration treatment systemsBOD负荷 BOD loading细胞物质 cellular mass内源衰亡 endogenous decay厌氧消化 anaerobic digestion厌氧污泥消化 anaerobic sludge digestion有盖的圆形池 covered circular tank消化过程 digestion process厌氧消化过程 anaerobic digestion process生化反应 biochemical reactions有机酸 organic acids挥发性脂肪酸 (VFAs) volatile fatty acids甲烷气 methane gas末端产物 end product指示剂 n. indicator污泥消化池气体 sludge digester gas污泥沉淀 sludge settling污泥储存 sludge storage消化污泥 digested sludge充分消化的污泥 well-digested sludge消化池上清液 digester supernatant中温消化 mesophilic digestion高温消化 thermophilic degestion污泥脱水 sludge dewatering混合堆肥 co-composting污泥处理总成本overall sludge-handling costs第八部分：废水回用地表水资源 surface water resource地下水资源 groundwater resource水短缺 water scarcity回用 n. , v. reuse废水回用 wastewater reuse直接回用 direct reuse直接废水回用 direct wastewater reuse间接回用 indirect reuse间接废水回用 indirect wastewater reuse出水处理 effluent treatment回用水 reclaimed water排放 n. , v. discharge保留 n. retention循环 n. recyclingv. recycle部分处理 n. partial treatment最终用途 end use城市污水回用 municipal wastewater reuse灌溉 n. irrigation景观灌溉 landscape irrigation地下水回灌 groundwater recharge市政回用 municipal reuse直接市政回用 direct municipal reuse深度处理，高级处理 advanced treatment分质供水系统 dual-distribution system间接市政回用 indirect municipal reuse供水系统，给水系统 water supply system取水口 n. intake天然同化能力 natural assimilative capacity人工回灌 artificial recharge深井注射 deep-well injection浅表布水 shallow surface spreading渗透 n. percolation工业回用 industrial reuse工艺废水，过程废水 process wastewaters工艺补充水，过程补充水 plant process makeupwater冷却塔水 cooling tower water选择性处理 optional treatment水费 water costs回用的城市污水reclaimed municipal wastewater工业过程 industrial processes冷却水 cooling water锅炉给水 boiler feedwater灌溉回用 irrigation reuse废水直接灌溉direct irrigation with wastewater低负荷土地处理系统 low-rate land treatmentsystem间接灌溉回用 indirect reuse for irrigation废水排放 wastewater discharge雨水回用 storm water reuse可回用水 reusable waterPart Ⅸ: 第九部分：投资成本，投资费（用） capital costs建设成本，建设费（用） construction costs运行成本，运行费（用） operating costs 能耗成本 energy costs运行维护 operation and maintenance运行控制 operational control控制系统 control system仪表/控制系统instrumentation/control system自动控制系统，自控系统automatic control system。
Water Quality (1)
Water QualityIntroductionAs an old saying goes: water is the source of life. Without water, all species will die out especially human beings, because water is not only the main component of the body, of which over 60% is made by water, but also has many physiological functions. Researches have proved that once the bodies are lack 15% of water, their lives will seriously threaten. Owing to the importance of water and its worldwide contamination concerns, water quality referring to the characteristics of physics and chemistry and biology and ingredients of water is valued no matter in the domestic or outside areas. In the article, two typical regions China and Great Lakes are given to discuss the water quality and something related to it, because emerging pollution is usually reported along with the big economic progression.A History of water pollution in ChinaSonghua river water pollution incident is termed as one of the most serious contamination of water in China due to un-estimable loss and effect of thousands of people (Hou, Y., & Zhang, T. Z. 2009). On 13th November, 2005, a diphenyl workshop of petrochemical company located in Jilin province was exploded, which resulted in some 100 tons of benzene (benzene, nitrobenzene, etc.) flowing into theSonghua river, which led a fearful water pollution and affecting countless lives of people along the river including 5 dead, 1 missing and nearly 70 injured due on 14th November. The explosion created an 80-kilometer-long slick of pollutants across the Songhua river which passed through the city of Harbin, leading an absence of water for 5 days. Additionally, Russia had expressed concern about the impact of water pollution from the Songhua river (Russia calls it the Amur), because the river is on the border between China and Russia.On 23th November, the State Environmental Protection Administration seriously criticized it as a major water pollution incident through the media.The Basin of Songhua River in the northeast is major agricultural areas producing soybeans, corn, sorghum and wheat since the ancient times. Meanwhile, Songhua river is a large freshwater fishery, famous for abundance of carp, grass carp, catfish and mandarin fishes etc. However, this incident caused a series of hazardous issues. First, water is badly polluted, according to Water quality monitoring records, Benzene (maximum limit of 108 times), nitrobenzene (maximum limit of 29.1 times), aniline, xylene and other benzene organic pollutants are main hazards, due to their toxicity. Moreover, owing to high stability, density and solubility of nitrobenzene in water, a longperiod of time are needed to recover once the water is suffering its pollution. Additionally, volatility of benzene and its compounds such as nitrobenzene and xylene makes the air toxic as a small amount of those easily escapes from the water into the air. More than that, a fast-flowing river can aggravate this phenomenon. Of course, the ecosystems there are contaminated at the same time, let alone soil pollution both in China and Russia although there is not official date to evaluate how bad it is. It is worth mentioning that people without pollution awareness were still cutting ice to catch fish after announcements had been widely aired.The toxicity of benzene and compounds containing benzene is strong, trace can be lethal for species especially human beings. The International Centre for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified them as carcinogens. Inhalation, gastrointestinal and skin absorption with large amounts of benzene can cause acute and chronic benzene poisoning because of the formation of phenol in vivo. Benzene produces paralytic action to central nervous system, causing acute poison of which symptoms are manifested as headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, loss of consciousness, coma, convulsions, etc. Severe cases may result in death due to paralysis of the central system. While, prolonged exposure to benzene is likely to cause neurasthenicsyndrome as well as chromosome aberrations, damage the bone marrow and blood corpuscle reduction, which are exactly the pre-sign of leukemia, even aplastic anemia. Worse still, scientists have found that the incubation period of benzene in the body can be as long as 12 to15 years, thus it constantly suppresses the immune system and allows the various diseases to take advantage.For Fear of its potential hazards, the government administrations have taken the strictest means to manage this emergency. Pollution detections are foremost，which decide the following methods should be taken. At present, gas chromatography (GC) (Patil, S. S., & Shinde, V. M. 1988) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Astier, A. 1992) are widely used to distinguish nitrobenzene and aniline organic compounds in water, with scores of advantages including simple operation, high separation efficiency, fast analysis speed and high detection sensitivity etc. Meanwhile, these methods with low detection cost and high accuracy are true for xylene detection although there is no unified testing standard for it in China (Astier, A. 1992). As for chlorobenzene compounds, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry is deemed as a most common method particularly for the detection of trace concentrations of chlorobenzene compounds (Wang, Y., & Lee, H. K. 1998).According to water quality monitoring report, researches had found that more than 130 organics were detected especially the organic pollutants containing hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and benzene. Therefore，the government decided to use activated carbon adsorption method first, because activated carbon has a significant effect on absorption various compounds. In the emergency treatment of Songhua river water pollution incident, multiple security barriers were formed by powdered activated carbon and granular activated carbon, which refers to adding powdered activated carbon to the water inlet, using charcoal powder in the water pipeline from the water inlet to the water purification plant and re-constructing charcoal sand filter to remove main the compounds of benzene. Fortunately, the above measures had been successfully applied in practice. At the same time, some passive methods such as Cutting off water supply, restricting riverside activities were taken active to avoid potential harm.In brief, China have experienced a series of water pollution disasters including shocking Huai river water pollution incidents in 1994, "3.02" water pollution accident in 2004 and pollution of Qi river in Chongqing in 2005, etc. All of these not only bring a large amount ofeconomic loss, but also causes permanent damage to the body.A History of water pollution in Great LakesAttention distracted to Great Lakes areas referring to Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario, they are facing the same question as China. In addition to lake Michigan, which only belongs to the United States, the other four lakes are as borders between the United States and Canada. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater in the world, with a total area of 244,000 km and a total water storage of 2,26,684 billion m3, accounting for 1/5 of the cosmopolitan surface freshwater and 9/10 of the whole surface freshwater of the United States. The Great Lakes basin covers an area of 522,000 km, extending nearly 1110 km from north to south, and about 1,400 km from the western end of Superior Lake to the eastern end of Ontario Lake.However, the water quality there have been gradually deteriorating since the industrial revolution. At the beginning, without awareness of protection environment, untreated industrial waste water and sanitary sewage discharged into lakes with the addition of extensive use of pesticide and fertilizer, causing eutrophication of water.By the1960s，with emerging organic chemical and metallurgical industries around, scores of heavy metals and poison pollutants had contributed to the pollution of the Great Lakes. In addition, increasing lead emissionsfrom automobiles and the occasional acid rains had worsened this grave situation. Worse still, less than 1% of the water that annually flows out of the great lakes made it is more painstaking to clean up the lakes in the short term. Scientists had found that it took hundreds of years to remove the pollutants in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior (Rainey, R. H. 1967). As a result, Accumulation of pollutants led to hundreds of people succumbing to cholera and typhoid fever in Chicago in the late 19th century.To coping with these puzzles, purification is firstly taken, which means the industrial effluent and domestic sewage to be went into the lake area must be cleaning treatment under the supervision of governments, at the same time; the serious pollution control should be paid to heavy metal and non-degradable toxic substances. Secondly, government have made a strict law that any manipulation to deteriorate the water quality is violating the law, and a special fund have been erected to sustain the ecosystem. Last, enhancing collaboration between the U.S. and Canadian governments at all levels in the lakes region is necessary, because the Great Lakes are bilateral fortune.According to studies, there are more than 11 substances as paramountcontaminants including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), DDT, lead and mercury (Anderson, H. A. et al 1998). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is mainly from wasted oil, because it originally used as insulating oil, heat carrier, lubricating oil and additive for many kinds of industrial products. While DDT is effective chlorine insecticides to impede breeding of mosquito and reduce the risk of dengue fever and yellow fever, but it also universally recognized carcinogens. Lead and mercury are two predominant substances that trigger toxic disaster in Flint (Miller, D. S., & Wesley, N. 2016) and Minamata disease in Japan (Harada, M. 1995) respectively.For PCB and DDT, utilizing different molecular forces, they can be detected by Gas Chromatograph or Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Combination method. But their toxicology to people varies, PCB damages skin, teeth, nervous behavior, immune function and liver, while DDT is nerve and parenchymal viscera poison, which is likely to cause headache, dizziness, weakness, sweating, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, occasional hand and finger muscle twitching tremor and other symptoms. Meanwhile DDT belongs to typical exposure poison, which means that once touching, skin produces redness and swelling, burning feeling, even dermatitis. Owing to Chemical stability of both compounds, biodegradation is probably the best wayto handle them without bringing secondary pollution to environment.Lead and mercury are known as mass metals that interact strongly with proteins and enzymes in the human body, making them inactive, and accumulate in some organs of the human body, causing chronic poisoning. Some coverages said that after long-term contact with mercury and lead compounds, their neurologic systems tend to destroy especially the central nervous system, once it is destroyed, victims tend to gradually lose their memories, behave abnormally and even lose movement ability. Mercury and lead is found, in nature, mostly in the form of organic compounds rather than metallic elements. Thus the same as DDT, Liquid chromatography and Gas chromatographic are inexpensive and convenient methods for detection on basis of the different features between components in the mixture. Furthermore, these compounds are already existing in species bodies with the help of bioaccumulation, it very challenging to clean up. Therefore, passive approach is taken into consideration like sewage disposal management. The curbing process still have long way to go, because scientists predict that it will take at least a century to back into normality.Comparison of well water, bottled water and tap waterWell water is the water that extracted from wells without disinfectionand detection in most cases, and it is widely used especially in the countryside of China, thus mineral elements no matter beneficial for boy or bad as well as organics are contained. While bottled water is deemed as the cleanest water among them and cherished by majority of people, because its producing and disinfecting process kill bacteria and microorganisms and remove almost all noxious mineral elements under the supervision of the government. Also, tap waters refer to the water produced after purification and disinfection by the water treatment plant, which conforms to the corresponding standards for people's life and production, but the presence of disinfectant gas and the possibility of secondary contamination when it is delivered to the user through the water pipes have forced people to consider its safety. In most circumstances, comparing to bottled water, people had better to drink tap water and well water after boiled, so that bacteria can be killed, and at the same time most of the volatile organic compounds can be remove.Discussion on hard and soft waterSoft water usually contains no or less soluble mineral compounds such as magnesium carbonate,magnesium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate, while hard water generally refers to water containing more soluble calcium and magnesium compounds than soft water, which means the broad distinction between them is volume of thesoluble mineral compounds. However, there is no uniform standard for distinguishing hard and soft water in the world, and none of them are showing insalubrity. But hard water is responsible for some problems. Compounds inside hard water, for instance, are likely to react with soap to produce insoluble precipitation, impairing the washing effect. Additionally, hard water can precipitate calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate while heating, leading cotton clothes stiff and color bleak, even impeding heat conduction of wok, which means more fuels are needed.Discussion on San Jose State’s waterIn my perspective, I hold the stand that the San Jose State’s water is clean and I prefer to drink it if given a chance. I have to admit there was a photochemical contamination in the west of the Unites States especially in Los Angeles, which seriously deteriorates the water quality. However, it happened before 1970s, after that, an air pollution control area is established to study the nature of pollutants and how they can be changed. Meanwhile, San Jose is 547km away from Los Angeles, it is not that simplistic to contaminate the water in San Jose. Thus, I believe the water quality, there, demands the standards. ReferencesHou, Y., & Zhang, T. Z. (2009). Evaluation of major polluting accidents in China—Results and perspectives. Journal of HazardousMaterials, 168(2-3), 670-673. Retrieved from https://sciencedirect.xilesou.top/science/article/abs/pii/S03043894090 0274XPatil, S. S., & Shinde, V. M. (1988). Biodegradation studies of aniline and nitrobenzene in aniline plant wastewater by gas chromatography. Environmental science & technology, 22(10), 1160-1165. Retrieved from https:///doi/pdf/10.1021/es00175a005Astier, A. (1992). Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of urinary metabolites of benzene, nitrobenzene, toluene, xylene and styrene. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 573(2), 318-322. Retrieved fromhttps://sciencedirect.xilesou.top/science/article/pii/037843479280136 EWang, Y., & Lee, H. K. (1998). Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 803(1-2), 219-225. Retrieved from https://sciencedirect.xilesou.top/science/article/abs/pii/S00219673970Rainey, R. H. (1967). Natural displacement of pollution from the Great lakes. Science, 155(3767), 1242-1243. Retrieved from https:///content/155/3767/1242Anderson, H. A., Falk, C., Hanrahan, L., Olson, J., Burse, V. W., Needham, L., ... & Hill Jr, R. H. (1998). Profiles of Great Lakes critical pollutants: a sentinel analysis of human blood and urine. The Great Lakes Consortium. Environmental health perspectives, 106(5), 279-289. Retrieved from https:///doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.98106279Miller, D. S., & Wesley, N. (2016). Toxic disasters, biopolitics, and corrosive communities: guiding principles in the quest for healing in Flint, Michigan. Environmental Justice, 9(3), 69-75. Retrieved from https://www_mdpi.xilesou.top/1660-4601/13/4/358Harada, M. (1995). Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution. Critical reviews in toxicology, 25(1), 1-24. Retrieved from https://www_tandfonline.xilesou.top/doi/abs/10.3109/1040844950908。
改善水质英语作文
改善水质英语作文Improving Water QualityWater is an essential resource for all life on Earth. It is necessary for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, and industry. However, the quality of water has been a growing concern in many parts of the world. Polluted water can have serious consequences for human health, the environment, and the economy. Addressing the issue of water quality is crucial for ensuring a sustainable future.One of the main causes of water pollution is the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated wastewater from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. This can lead to the introduction of harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and organic matter into water bodies. These pollutants can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, contaminate drinking water sources, and pose risks to human health.Another significant contributor to water pollution is the runoff of agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, from farmlands. These chemicals can leach into groundwater and surface water, leading to eutrophication, which is the excessive growth ofalgae and other aquatic plants. This can deplete the oxygen levels in the water, harming aquatic life and making the water unsuitable for human use.Urban development and industrialization have also played a role in water pollution. Stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces, such as roads and parking lots, can carry pollutants like oil, grease, and heavy metals into nearby water bodies. Additionally, the improper disposal of industrial waste and the leakage of underground storage tanks can contaminate groundwater and surface water.To address these issues, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Governments, industries, and individuals must work together to implement effective water management strategies and promote sustainable practices.One of the key strategies for improving water quality is the implementation of stringent wastewater treatment standards and enforcement. This involves the development and implementation of advanced wastewater treatment technologies, such as biological treatment, membrane filtration, and disinfection, to remove pollutants before the water is discharged into the environment.Another important measure is the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. This includes the use of precision farmingtechniques, the implementation of integrated pest management strategies, and the proper disposal of agricultural waste. By reducing the use of harmful chemicals and promoting soil conservation, farmers can minimize the impact of their activities on water resources.In urban areas, the implementation of stormwater management systems, such as green infrastructure and low-impact development, can help to reduce the amount of pollutants entering water bodies. These systems use natural processes, such as infiltration and evapotranspiration, to capture and filter stormwater before it reaches waterways.Educating the public about the importance of water quality and the steps they can take to reduce their environmental impact is also crucial. This can include promoting water conservation, proper disposal of household hazardous waste, and the use of environmentally friendly products.Collaboration and coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies, industries, non-governmental organizations, and community groups, are essential for developing and implementing effective water quality improvement strategies. By working together, these groups can identify and address the root causes of water pollution, develop comprehensive action plans, andensure the long-term sustainability of water resources.In conclusion, improving water quality is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a concerted effort from all sectors of society. By implementing a range of strategies, including advanced wastewater treatment, sustainable agricultural practices, stormwater management, and public education, we can work towards ensuring that our water resources are clean, safe, and available for present and future generations. The preservation of water quality is not only a critical environmental issue but also a matter of public health, economic well-being, and social responsibility.。
关于保护环境英语作文三篇
保护环境英语作文关于保护环境英语作文三篇在日常学习、工作或生活中，说到作文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感，调节自己的心情。
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保护环境英语作文篇11.Only by changing the way we treat the environment can we get along well with it.Only by saving the environment can save ourselves.只有我们改变对待环境的态度,我我们才能和它更好地相处.只有我们拯救了环境,我们才能拯救自己.2.When the sky blue again,the rivers become clean,and the grass is always green,we'll live a healthier and happier life.当天空再次湛蓝,河水变得清澈,草地永远碧绿,我们才会拥有更健康更快乐的生活.3.If we go on polluting water,the last drop of water will be our tears.如果我们继续污染水资源,世界上最后一滴水将会使我们的眼泪.4.Saving oer environment is everyone's duty.挽救我们的环境是每个人的责任.5.Our earth is just our future.我们的地球就是我们的未来.6.To protect the earth is to protect ourselves.保护地球就是保护我们自己.7.Everyone should remember that we have olny one earth.每个人都应该谨记,我们只有一个地球.8.Not a clean environment,then the living conditions favourable meaningless.没有一个清洁的环境,再优裕的生活条件也无意义.9.Nature is kind mother,the butcher is grim.大自然是善良的母亲,也是冷酷的屠夫.保护环境英语作文篇21The first: English composition of environmental protection "There is only one home, the earth cannot be cloned" is quite true. Yes, there is only one home, and it is our responsibility to protect and love our homeland. But there are people who intentionally destroy the environment, harm our homeland, and harm our mother earth.In on that day, we went to the city square to play, I thought I was going in the wrong place: past there lush, occasionally also can see the butterfly in the colors of flowers, dance; People sit on stone benches and chat and enjoy a comfortable sunbath. Everything around was so neat and uncluttered... That day the people's square was a sea of people, with a thick, multicolored carpet on the floor -- all garbage, and the garbage added a heavy workload to the cleaners. There, I saw a lot of flies and mosquitoes that had long been lost, but now it was winter. The grass was strewn with garbage, and the wind blew and the garbage was everywhere, and the stench filled the square. It was a garbage dump.Now, the plum blossom has shown a brilliant smiling face, while the grass on the ground is trying hard to find the green head. And people in order to appreciate flos mume, but neglected the grass of the earth, littering the foot feet trample them at the same time, some people play also pick some flowers wintersweet flower in his hand or take pictures, it's the last straw......"There is only one home, the earth cannot clone" let uscherish the living environment around us, protect our homeland well, protect our mother earth!2Chapter two: environmental protection English compositionHi, everyone! Do you know what day is March 28th? Well, it's earth hour, the day the world lights out for an hour. What day is March 22? Yes, world water day! Have you found out, class? These festivals are all about protecting the environment.Today, we are going to send this initiative to our entire school students: protect the environment, start from me, care for the earth, everyone is responsible! On hearing the protection of the environment, some people may think: the earth is too big, we a normal primary school students, do not have the care of the earth at all! In fact, it is not difficult to protect the environment and cherish the mother earth. As long as we start from the small things around us, do a good person, see what, do what. For example, there is a small piece of paper crumb in the classroom, although not a bit small, but you just bend waist, move hands, gently pick it up, put in the garbage can, the campus is clean; Of course, you can still at home and do some useful things, like saving water, close the tap in time, taking environmental protection bags when shopping, at the same time, turn off the lights when no one else is in the home, also is a move to save electricity, although this is just a moment, a little affectations, however, many a mickle makes a muckle, and the earth will become more beautiful because of you. Of course, there are so many kinds of behaviors that can't be said.Students, for the good tomorrow, for the green earth, let us act! Take care of the earth and protect the environment from me! Thank you!3Chapter three: environmental protection English compositionThe mirror lake is a household name in wuhu city, and the outsiders come to wuhu to see the scenery. Now the scenery is beautiful, it is a good place for the public to relax. But do you know what the old mirror lake looked like? Let me tell you something.In the mid - to late 1990s, the water in the lake was enriched with eutrophication. Water quality deteriorated and water became yellow. The main reasons for the deterioration are: in wuhu city, a hospital discharge a large amount of untreated sewage and sewage into the mirror lake. Some of the less qualified citizens poured waste into the lake. The most gas is the picture lake scenic spot some staff should be washing mop in the picture lake! Slowly, the water in the lake turned yellow, and there was a lot of garbage floating on the lake, and it smelled bad. The people who came to the side of the lake covered their noses and ran away. They kept saying, "it stinks! It stinks!"In 1999 DDD 20xx, the people's government of wuhu called on the whole city to clean up the lake. First, the staff used machines to drain the lake, then the party members took the lead and the citizens dug up the mud and finally injected the clear water. My grandfather is a member of the party, he has a personal experience, the grandfather said, that labor was very tired, but improved the water quality of the mirror lake, everyone was very happy.Now people's awareness of environmental protection has been enhanced, and no one has thrown rubbish or sewage into the lake. When you come to the lake, you will see a clear lake of water, the fish swimming in the bottom, the graceful willows ofthe lake and the young grass that has just come out.With the lessons of the 1990s, we must be a civilized good boy to protect the water quality and maintain ecological balance. 保护环境英语作文篇3一、环保1. It's our duty to protect our environment.2. It is very important to take care of our environment3. We should not throw litter onto the ground4. We should not spit in a public place/ cut down the trees5. We should plant more flowers and trees.6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment， the world will become much more beautiful.二、旅游1. Last Sunday（Saturday，），it was sunny（rainy， windy，foggy，）2. I got up very early （late）。
关于金鱼的英语作文初二
Goldfish are one of the most popular pets in the world,especially among children and beginners in the realm of aquarium keeping.They are known for their vibrant colors, graceful movements,and relatively low maintenance requirements compared to other types of pets.Introduction to GoldfishGoldfish originated from China and have been kept in captivity for over a thousand years. They were initially bred for their color variations,which were considered a symbol of good luck and prosperity.Today,goldfish come in a variety of shapes,sizes,and colors, including the common orange,but also red,white,black,and even bicolored or tricolored varieties.Types of GoldfishThere are several types of goldfish,each with distinct characteristics:ets:These are the most common type of goldfish,characterized by their long, flowing tails.2.Fancies:They have a more rounded body and come in various forms,such as bubble eyes,telescope eyes,and hooded orwen goldfish.3.Ryukins:Known for the fleshy crest on their heads,resembling a lions mane.4.Orandas:Similar to Ryukins but with both a hood and a wen.5.Teahouse:They have a unique dorsal fin and are often referred to as naked back goldfish.6.Eggfish:They have a round body shape and no tail.Caring for GoldfishTaking care of goldfish is not overly complicated but requires some basic knowledge:Water Quality:Goldfish produce a lot of waste,so maintaining clean water is crucial. Regular water changes and a good filtration system are necessary.Diet:A balanced diet is important.Goldfish can eat flake food,pellets,and live or frozen foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms.Tank Size:Goldfish grow larger than most people expect,so a larger tank is better.A general rule is20gallons for the first goldfish and an additional10gallons for each additional fish.Temperature:Goldfish are coldwater fish and can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, but they thrive best between6575F1824C.Behavior and CharacteristicsGoldfish are social creatures and generally get along well with other goldfish and calm,nonaggressive tank mates.They are also known for their intelligence and can be trained to recognize their owners and respond to certain stimuli,such as food being dispensed.ConclusionGoldfish make wonderful pets for those who are willing to provide them with the proper care and environment.They are beautiful to watch,can live for many years,and can bring joy and tranquility to any home.With the right setup and attention,goldfish can be a rewarding and delightful addition to any family.。
ASTM D 1193water quality
ASTM D 1193-91的重点内容如下D1193 Standard Specification for Reagent WaterDeveloped by Subcommittee: D19.02Year: 99e1Pages: 3Scope:1.1 This specification covers requirements for water suitable for use in methods of chemical analysis and physical testing. Four grades are specified:Type I Type II Type III Type IVElectrical conductivity, max, µS/cm at 298 K (25oC) 0.056 1.0 0.25 5.0Electrical resistivity, min, Mcm at 298 K (25oC) 18 1.0 4.0 0.2pH at 298 K (25oC) A A A 5.0 to 8.0Total organic carbon (TOC), max, µg/L 50 50 200 no limitSodium, max, µg/L 1 5 10 50Chlorides, max, µg/L 1 5 10 50Total silica, max, µg/L 3 3 500 no limit Microbiological contamination-When bacterial levels need to be controlled, reagent grade types should be further classified as follows:Type A Type B Type CMaximum heterotrophic bacteria count 10/1000 mL 10/100 mL 100/10 mLEndotoxin, EU/mlB 0.03 0.25 not applicableAThe measurement of pH in Type I, II, and III reagent waters has been eliminated from this specification because these grades of water do not contain constituents in sufficient quantity to significantly alter the pH.B EU = Endotoxin Units.1.2 The method of preparation of the various grades of reagent water determines the limits of impurities and shall be as follows:1.2.1 Type I grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation or other equal process, followed by polishing with a mixed bed of ion exchange materials and a 0.2-µm membrane filter. Feedwater to the final polishing step must have a maximum conductivity of 20 µS/cm at 298K (25oC).1.2.2 Type II grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation using a still designed to produce a distillate having a conductivity of less than 1.0 µS/cm at 298 K (25oC). Ion exchange, distillation, or reverse osmosis and organic adsorption may be required prior to distillation if the purity cannot be attained by single distillation.Note 1—Because distillation is a process commonly relied upon to produce high purity water, the levels specified for Type II reagent water were selected to represent the minimum quality of water that a distillation process should produce.1.2.3 Type III grade of reagent water shall be prepared by distillation, ion exchange, continuous electrodeionization reverse osmosis, or a combination thereof, followed by polishing with a 0.45-µm membrane filter.1.2.4 Type IV grade of reagent water may be prepared by distillation, ion exchange, continuous electrodeionization reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or a combination thereof.1.3 The choice of one of the various grades may be designated by the method or by the investigator.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.■美国国家标准(ASTM)电子级纯水的规格A.S.T.M. ELECTRONICS GRADE WATER STANDARDSPROPERTY TYPE E-1 TYPE E-2 TYPE E-3 TYPE E-4RESISTIVITY 18.0 MOhm/cm 17.5 MOhm/cm 12.0 MOhm/cm 0.50 MOhm/cmTOTAL SILICA 5.0 ug/l 10.0 ug/l 50.0 ug/l 1000.0 ug/lPARTICLES / ml 1 3 10 100PARTICLES SIZE 0.10 micron 0.50 micron 1.0 micron 10.0 micronCOPPER 1.0 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 2.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lZINC 0.50 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 5.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lNICKEL 0.10 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 2.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lSODIUM 0.50 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 5.0 ug/l 1000.0 ug/lPOTASSIUM 2.0 ug/l 2.0 ug/l 5.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lCHLORIDE 1.0 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 10 ug/l 1000 ug/lNITRA TE 1.0 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 5.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lPHOSPHATE 1.0 ug/l 1.0 ug/l 5.0 ug/l 500.0 ug/lSULFATE 1.0 ug/l 1.0 ug。
(完整版)环境专业英语
环境：environment 环境工程： environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标： biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contactSBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯 Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank 调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor 加药设备：physical equipment沉淀池：sedimentation tank 初沉池：primary sedimentation tank二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank 絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulate flocculant 生物降解：biodegradation生物累积：bioaccumulation 飘尘：floating dust可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles 能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物： primary pollutant 二次污染物：secondary pollutant氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides 硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides 硝酸：nitric acid盐酸：hydrochloric acid 硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal 吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling 臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivity EIA：environmental impact assessmentCAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design 大气污染控制工程：air pollution control 水污染控制工程：water pollution control 固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management 污染源：pollution source 同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes危险废物：hazardous wastes 化学污泥chemical sludge生物污泥：biological sludge 工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment 矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing 农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume 污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge污泥浓缩：sludge thickening 带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering 筛分：screening 沼气和沼气化：biogas堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting 生物转化作用：biotransformation热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration 热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization 资源化：resource减量化：pollution control 无害化：harmlessness 物质转化：material conversion固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution 处置：disposal 物质回收：materials recovery control 固体废物处理：processing and recovery 能量回收：energy recovery能量转化：energy conversionenvironmental science 环境科学 environmental engineering 环境工程 waste reduction 废物减量化 air pollution control 大气污染控制 wastewater treatment 污水处理solid waste treatment and disposal 固体废物处理与处置 soil erosion 水土流失 thermal pollution 热污染 biological communities 生物群落 ecosystem 生态系统green science and technology 绿色科技和技术 primary pollutant: 一次污染物 secondary pollutant: 二次污染物 carbon dioxide: 二氧化碳 methane: 甲烷fossil fuel: 化石（矿物）燃料 power plant: 电厂hydroelectric power: 水力发电 clean energy: 清洁能源 renewable energy:可再生能源 automobile exhaust (emission): 汽车尾气 greenhouse effect (gas): 温室效应（气体） air pollution control engineering: 大气污染控制工程 cyclone: 旋风除尘器pressure drop: 压力损失，压力降baghouse: 袋式除尘器operating temperature: 操作温度spray tower:喷淋塔 sanitary landfill:卫生填埋municipal wastewater=sewage=domestic sewage= sanitary sewage: 市政污水，生活污水 point source: 点源non-point source: 非点源（面源） pretreatment: 预处理primary treatment: 初（一）级处理 secondary treatment: 二级处理tertiary or advanced treatment: 三级处理，深度处理 trickling filter: 滴滤池 activated sludge: 活性污泥 bar rack or screen: 格栅 grit chamber: 沉砂池 equalization tank: 调节池 primary settling tank: 初沉池secondary settling tank: 二沉池sustainable development: 可持续发展 recycling economy: 循环经济the sources and sinks of pollutants: 污染物的源与汇 aeration tank: 曝气池aerator: 曝气池，曝气器 sedimentation tank: 沉淀池 disinfection: 消毒 eutrophication: 富营养化 oxidation ditch: 氧化沟 aerobic decomposition 好氧分解 anoxic decomposition缺氧分解 anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解 hydraulic retention time: （水力）停留时间flue gas: 烟气 biodegradable: 可生物降解的 refractory: 难降解的（常用）nondegradable: 不可降解的 acoustical material: 声学材料 soil conditioner: 土壤改良剂 extreme temperature: 极端温度 environmental quality: 环境质量Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water 地表水环境质量标准Ambient Air Quality Standards 环境空气质量标准Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 声环境质量标准缩略词：EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment, 环境影响评价 SS：Suspended Solid 悬浮物BOD：Biochemical Oxygen Demand 生化需氧量 COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量 TOC: Total Organic Carbon 总有机碳WWTP : Wastewater Treatment Plant 污水处理厂 SBR: Sequencing Batch Reactor 序批式反应池 RBC: Rotating Biological Contactor 生物转盘 SRT: Sludge Retention Time 污泥龄（污泥停留时间） EPA: Environmental Protection Agency 环境保护署ISO: International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织 EMS: Environmental Management System 环境管理系统 RS: Remote Sensing 遥感GPS: Global Positioning System 全球定位系统 GIS: Geographic Information System 地理信息系统 TSP: Total Suspended Particulates 总悬浮颗粒物。
水质检验中的数据误差及处理方法
1引言近年来，在水污染问题关注度提升的背景下，水质检验工作也越发被重视。
做好水质检验工作，可以对水中的大量污染物、有害病菌、矿物质进行确定，从而采取相应的措施缩小传染病的范围和减少疾病的发生；同时通过水质检验工作，预防因水质问题影响生产的情况发生，满足工业生产的需求。
2水质检验的必要性随着人口的增长和用水量呈现逐渐增长的趋势。
现阶段，水资源的利用状况不容乐观，为了提高可用水资源的质量，则需要对水源进行检验，尽量减少水资源中污染物对人体造成的危害。
3水质检验中出现数据误差的原因分析就水质检验而言，常常会受到各种因素的影响，因此，应查找误差出现的原因，从而保障水质检验工作的有效性。
3.1系统因素系统误差是水质检验过程中的一种常见误差。
由于水质检验工作具有很强的专业性，需要专业技术人员按照设备的具体操作步骤进行检验，但因系统固定因素的存在，常常会在一次检验中出现多次误差。
例如，检测设备有误差存在，而检验工作人员在使用的过程中，没有发现误差的存在，将会导致数据出现误差，甚至会影响后续的一系列工作。
可见，及时发现和处理设备的误差，才能从根本上解决问题，防止水质检验过程中的误差出现。
除了固定性因素外，还存在水质检验过程中的不固定因素造成的数据误差，如溶液浓度，因溶液浓度会随着外部环境的变化而产生不同的测量结果，使得检验人员难以准确把握溶液的浓度值[1]。
针对上述情况，目前采用的主要方法就是在密封的环境下，进行溶液浓度的测量，从而保障水质测量结果的可靠性、有效性。
3.2人为因素水质检验工作主要是由工作人员进行操作，所以存在人为因素导致水质检验的误差，也被叫做过失误差。
就水质检验来说，对检验人员的专业技术水平和检验流程有着较高的要求。
另外，有的水质检验工作人员对检验设备等工具的清洁工作不重视，很可能会影响检验的最终结果；水质检验过程中一些试剂的核对工作，试剂间的差异就会给最终水质检验结果带来一定的误差。
3.3不确定因素除了系统误差，还存在偶然误差，也就是不确定因素导致的误差。
wqi公式介绍
wqi公式介绍The Water Quality Index (WQI) is a crucial parameter for evaluating the quality of water resources and assessing environmental impacts. It provides a comprehensive overview of the overall health of a water body by considering various physical, chemical, and biological factors. WQI values are calculated based on the concentration of different pollutants present in the water, such as heavy metals, nutrients, and organic matter. By utilizing the WQI formula, researchers and policymakers can make informed decisions to protect and preserve water resources for future generations.水质指数（WQI）是评估水资源质量和评估环境影响的关键参数。
它通过考虑各种物理、化学和生物因素，提供了水体整体健康状况的综合概述。
WQI 值是根据水中不同污染物的浓度计算出来的，例如重金属、营养物质和有机物。
通过利用WQI公式，研究人员和决策者可以做出明智的决定，保护和保存水资源，造福子孙后代。
The WQI formula is a mathematical equation that combines different water quality parameters to provide a single numerical value representing the overall water quality. This formula takes intoaccount factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and fecal coliform levels to calculate the WQI score. Each parameter is given a weight based on its importance in determining water quality, and these weighted values are then used to calculate the final WQI value. By assigning different weights to each parameter, the formula can reflect the relative importance of different water quality indicators in assessing overall water quality.WQI的公式是一个数学方程，将不同的水质参数结合在一起，提供一个代表整体水质的单一数值。
洱海有好的水质英语作文
洱海有好的水质英语作文Erhai Lake, located in Yunnan Province, is known forits high water quality. The crystal-clear water of Erhai Lake is a result of strict environmental protection measures and the efforts of local residents to maintain the cleanliness of the lake.The water quality of Erhai Lake is closely monitored by environmental protection agencies to ensure that it meets national standards. The government has implemented various measures to control pollution and protect the lake's ecosystem, such as regulating industrial discharges and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.Local residents play a crucial role in preserving the water quality of Erhai Lake. They actively participate in environmental conservation activities, such as cleaning up the lake shore, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, and promoting eco-friendly tourism practices.The pristine water of Erhai Lake not only benefits the local ecosystem but also provides a source of livelihoodfor the communities around the lake. Fishing and tourism are important economic activities that rely on the clean water of Erhai Lake, and the preservation of water quality is essential for the sustainable development of the region.The high water quality of Erhai Lake has also made it a popular destination for eco-tourism and outdoor activities. Visitors can enjoy the breathtaking scenery, take part in water sports, and experience the unique culture of thelocal Bai ethnic minority, all while appreciating the beauty of the clean and clear lake water.In conclusion, the good water quality of Erhai Lake is a result of the combined efforts of government, local residents, and visitors. It not only sustains the local ecosystem and economy but also provides a beautiful and pristine environment for people to enjoy.。
呼和浩特水质英语作文
呼和浩特水质英语作文The Importance of Water Quality in HohhotWater is a fundamental resource that is essential for sustaining life on our planet. Without access to clean and safe water, the well-being of both humans and the environment can be severely compromised. Hohhot, the capital city of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, is no exception to this critical need for high-quality water.Hohhot, situated in the heart of the arid northern region of China, faces unique challenges when it comes to water management and conservation. The city's semi-arid climate, coupled with its rapid industrialization and urbanization, has placed significant strain on the local water resources. As the population and economic activities in Hohhot continue to grow, the demand for clean water has escalated, making the issue of water quality a matter of utmost importance.One of the primary concerns regarding water quality in Hohhot is the presence of various pollutants, including industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste. These contaminants can have detrimental effects on the overall health of the city's water bodies, as well as the well-being of its residents. The improperdisposal of hazardous substances, the overflow of sewage systems, and the excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in nearby agricultural areas all contribute to the degradation of Hohhot's water quality.Furthermore, the city's reliance on groundwater as a major source of drinking water adds another layer of complexity to the water quality issue. Groundwater, which is extracted from deep underground aquifers, can become contaminated by natural and human-induced processes, such as the leaching of minerals and the infiltration of pollutants. This can lead to the presence of harmful substances, such as heavy metals and dissolved salts, in the water supply, posing a significant threat to public health.To address these challenges and ensure the availability of clean and safe water for the residents of Hohhot, a multifaceted approach is required. This approach must involve the collaboration of various stakeholders, including the government, local authorities, the private sector, and the community at large.One of the key strategies in improving water quality in Hohhot is the implementation of strict environmental regulations and enforcement mechanisms. This includes the establishment of stringent guidelines for the discharge of industrial wastewater, the proper disposal of hazardous waste, and the management of agricultural practices tominimize the impact on water resources. By holding businesses and individuals accountable for their environmental impact, the city can take a significant step towards reducing the levels of pollutants in its water systems.In addition to regulatory measures, investments in advanced water treatment technologies and infrastructure can play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of Hohhot's water supply. The installation of modern water purification systems, the expansion of wastewater treatment facilities, and the upgrading of the city's water distribution network can all contribute to the delivery of clean and safe water to households and businesses.Furthermore, public awareness and education campaigns can empower the residents of Hohhot to become active participants in the effort to protect the city's water resources. By educating the community on the importance of water conservation, the proper disposal of waste, and the adoption of eco-friendly practices, the local authorities can foster a sense of collective responsibility and encourage citizens to become stewards of the city's water systems.Another important aspect of improving water quality in Hohhot is the integration of sustainable water management practices. This includes the promotion of water-efficient technologies, the implementation of water recycling and reuse programs, and theexploration of alternative water sources, such as rainwater harvesting and desalination. By diversifying the city's water supply and reducing its reliance on finite groundwater resources, Hohhot can ensure a more sustainable and resilient water future.In conclusion, the issue of water quality in Hohhot is a multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By addressing the sources of pollution, investing in water infrastructure, engaging the community, and embracing sustainable water management practices, the city can work towards ensuring the availability of clean and safe water for its residents. This, in turn, will contribute to the overall health and well-being of the people of Hohhot, as well as the preservation of the local environment. The city's commitment to improving its water quality will not only benefit its own citizens but can also serve as a model for other urban centers facing similar water-related challenges.。
对水质检测实验提出的意见和建议范文
对水质检测实验提出的意见和建议范文Water quality testing is a crucial process to ensure the safety of our water supply. As a responsible citizen, I believe it is imperative for us to be actively engaged in monitoring and improving the quality of our water resources. 我认为水质检测是确保我们用水安全的关键过程。
作为一个负责任的公民，我认为我们有必要积极参与监测和改善水资源的质量。
One of the key suggestions I have for improving water quality testing experiments is to increase the frequency of testing. Regular and consistent testing is essential to accurately monitor changes in water quality over time. 我认为改善水质检测实验的一个关键建议是增加测试频率。
定期和一致的测试对准确监测水质随时间的变化至关重要。
In addition, it is important to diversify the parameters being tested in water quality experiments. This can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the overall quality of the water being tested. 此外，在水质实验中测试的参数多样化也很重要。
这可以提供对被测试水质的整体质量有更全面的理解。
水质专题汇报材料范文
水质专题汇报材料范文(中英文实用版)Title: Water Quality Special Report Material ExampleSubject: Water Quality Special Report Material ExampleDear colleagues,I am writing to provide you with a comprehensive report on water quality issues in our area.This report has been compiled based on extensive research and data analysis, and I believe it will be of great value in our ongoing efforts to improve water quality.水质问题一直是我们关注的焦点。
本报告基于广泛的研究和数据分析编写，旨在为我们改进水质的努力提供重要参考。
In recent years, we have seen a growing concern about water quality in our community.Pollution from industrial and agricultural sources has led to increased levels of contaminants in our waterways, posing a risk to human health and the environment.近年来，我们社区对水质的关注日益增加。
工业和农业污染导致我们的水体中污染物含量不断上升，对人类健康和环境构成威胁。
To address these concerns, we have conducted a thorough assessment of water quality in our area.This assessment included sampling and testing of surface water, groundwater, and drinking water sources.The results showed that while some water bodies meet acceptable standards, others exceed guidelines for safe consumption.为了解决这些担忧，我们对本地区的饮用水质量进行了全面评估。
水质变化的英语作文
水质变化的英语作文Title: Changes in Water Quality。
Water quality is a critical aspect of environmental health and human well-being. The quality of water can significantly impact ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. In recent years, there have been noticeable changes in water quality across various regions, which warrant attention and action.One of the primary factors contributing to changes in water quality is pollution. Pollution can come from various sources, including industrial activities, agricultural runoff, and urbanization. Chemical pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste can contaminate water bodies, leading to a decline in water quality. Additionally, nutrients from fertilizers and sewage can cause eutrophication, leading to algae blooms and oxygen depletion in water bodies.Climate change is another significant driver of changes in water quality. Rising temperatures can alter the distribution and abundance of aquatic species, leading to shifts in ecosystem dynamics. Changes in precipitation patterns can affect the flow of rivers and streams, impacting water availability and quality. Furthermore, extreme weather events such as floods and droughts can exacerbate pollution and sedimentation, further compromising water quality.Human activities such as deforestation and land use changes also play a role in influencing water quality. Deforestation can increase erosion rates, leading to sedimentation in water bodies and loss of habitat for aquatic species. Similarly, changes in land use patterns, such as urban sprawl and agricultural expansion, can result in habitat destruction and increased pollution runoff into waterways.The consequences of deteriorating water quality arefar-reaching and multifaceted. For ecosystems, polluted water can disrupt food chains, degrade habitat quality, andlead to declines in biodiversity. For agriculture, contaminated water can affect crop yields, livestock health, and soil fertility. For human health, exposure to polluted water can result in waterborne diseases, neurological disorders, and reproductive issues.Addressing the challenges associated with changes in water quality requires a multi-faceted approach. Implementing effective pollution control measures, such as wastewater treatment and pollution prevention programs, is essential for reducing the influx of contaminants intowater bodies. Promoting sustainable land management practices, such as afforestation and soil conservation, can help mitigate the impacts of land use changes on water quality.Furthermore, investing in climate adaptation strategies, such as improving water infrastructure and enhancing flood management systems, can help communities better cope with the impacts of climate change on water resources. Educating the public about the importance of water conservation and pollution prevention is also crucial for fostering aculture of environmental stewardship and sustainable resource management.In conclusion, changes in water quality posesignificant challenges to environmental sustainability and human well-being. Addressing these challenges requires collective action and a commitment to implementingeffective solutions to mitigate pollution, adapt to climate change, and promote sustainable water management practices. By safeguarding water quality, we can ensure the health and prosperity of current and future generations.。
英文水质报告
英文水质报告Water Quality Report in EnglishIntroductionWater quality is an important factor for maintaining a healthy environment and essential for human existence. This report highlights the water quality analysis of the [insert name] water body.MethodologyIn order to determine the quality of water in the [insert name] water body, water samples were collected and analyzed according to the standard procedures set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).ResultsThe results of the Water Quality Assessment showed that the water in the [insert name] water body was of good quality. The following parameters were analyzed:1. pH: The pH of the water was 7.2, which is within the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5 set by the EPA.2. Temperature: The water temperature was 22 degrees Celsius, which is also within the acceptable range of 2-35 degrees Celsius.3. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): The DO level in the water was 7.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L), which is within the acceptable range of 6-9 mg/L.4. Total Suspended Solids (TSS): The TSS level was 30 milligrams per liter (mg/L), which is within the acceptable range of 30-50 mg/L.5. Total Coliforms: The presence of coliforms in the water body is a measure of bacterial contamination. The analysis showed that the number of Total Coliforms in the water was within the acceptable limit of the EPA.ConclusionBased on the analysis, the [insert name] water body meets the required water quality standards. It is important to conserve and protect this vital resource to ensure its availability for current and future generations.RecommendationsTo maintain the integrity of the water body, it is necessary to take the following precautions:1. Dispose of waste properly and avoid dumping pollutants in the water.2. Avoid using fertilizers and pesticides close to the water body.3. Promote measures to minimize erosion around the water body.4. Educate the public about the importance of water conservation and preservation.By implementing these steps, we can ensure that the [insert name] water body continues to be a valuable resource for generations to come.。
《水质模型》教学大纲
《水质模型》教学大纲一、课程编号：0102004二、课程名称：水质模型（Water Quality Models）三、学分、学时：1.5学分；24学时四、教学对象：水文与水资源工程专业本科生五、开课单位：水资源环境学院水文系六、先修课程高等数学、工程数学、物理学、水力学、水文学原理、水环境化学、生态学概论等课程七、课程性质、作用、教学目标该课程为“水文与水资源工程专业”的必修课，课程的主要任务是使学生了解污染物在水体中的混合迁移机制，掌握各种不同水体的主要水质数学模型，及模型参数率定、水质预测等内容，为未来从事水资源与水环境领域的工作打下扎实的基础。
八、教学内容基本要求通过课堂教学、课外做练习与查看文献等教学环节，使学生：1.弄清水体污染的基本概念；2.掌握污染物在水体中的混合迁移机制及水质模型的基本方程；3.掌握河流水质模型；4.掌握湖泊与水库的水质模型；5.熟悉水质模型的差分解法6.掌握模型参数估计方法；7.了解面污染源水质模型；8.掌握水质预测方法。
课程主要内容如下：第一章绪论1.1 水污染概念1.2 污染物来源1.3 溶解氧与水体自净1.4 水体自净能力影响因素1.5 水质评价指标与水质预报项目第二章水质预报基础2.1 污染物在河流中的混合迁移2.2 水体中溶解氧的变化2.3 水质模型基本方程第三章河流水质模型3.1一维稳态单变量模型3.2一维稳态双变量模型3.3一维河流的分段水质模拟计算3.4河口水质模型第四章湖泊与水库水质模型4.1零维水质模型4.2冯伦凡德模型4.3分层湖泊水质模型第五章水质模型的差分解5.1差分概述5.2差分解第六章模型参数估计6.1单参数的估计6.2多参数的同时估计第七章面源污染水质模型7.1面源污染的特征和影响因素7.2水质模型的建立7.3模型的率定和验证7.4面污染统计模型第八章水质预测8.1污染物预测8.2地表水环境预测举例九、实践性环节的内容、要求实践性环节主要是配合课程中的重要章节做课外作业，包括结合实际，需上机编程计算的综合性题目，以巩固基本概念和理论知识，培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。