A framework for navigation-driven lazy mediators
太空科技英语
太空科技英语The Boundless Realm of Space TechnologyHumanity's enduring fascination with the cosmos has long driven us to explore the great unknown beyond our planet. From the earliest stargazers to the modern-day pioneers of space exploration, the lure of the heavens has captivated our collective imagination. Today, the field of space technology has evolved into a vast and rapidly advancing discipline, offering unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery, technological innovation, and the expansion of human knowledge.At the forefront of this remarkable journey are the visionary scientists, engineers, and innovators who dedicate their lives to unraveling the mysteries of the universe. Through the development of cutting-edge spacecraft, sophisticated instrumentation, and groundbreaking computational capabilities, these individuals are pushing the boundaries of what is possible, unlocking new frontiers in our understanding of the cosmos.One of the most significant areas of space technology is the design and construction of advanced spacecraft. From the sleek andefficient rockets that propel us into orbit to the intricate modules and habitats that allow us to establish a presence beyond Earth, these engineering marvels are the embodiment of our quest for interplanetary exploration. With each new generation of spacecraft, we witness remarkable advancements in materials science, propulsion systems, and onboard technologies, paving the way for longer, more complex missions that venture deeper into the solar system and beyond.Alongside the development of spacecraft, the realm of space technology also encompasses the design and deployment of sophisticated scientific instruments. These highly specialized tools, ranging from powerful telescopes that peer into the farthest reaches of the universe to sensitive detectors that measure the subtle nuances of planetary atmospheres, are instrumental in our quest to unravel the fundamental laws that govern the cosmos. Through the data collected by these instruments, scientists are able to make groundbreaking discoveries, from the detection of exoplanets to the mapping of dark matter, expanding our understanding of the universe in unprecedented ways.But the impact of space technology extends far beyond the realms of scientific exploration. In the modern era, space-based technologies have become deeply integrated into our daily lives, transforming the way we communicate, navigate, and access information. The globalnetwork of satellites that orbit our planet has revolutionized telecommunications, enabling instant connectivity and the seamless exchange of data across vast distances. Similarly, satellite-based navigation systems have become indispensable for everything from personal travel to global logistics, providing us with precise positioning and guidance capabilities that have become integral to the functioning of our modern societies.Moreover, the development of space technology has also led to numerous spin-off technologies that have found widespread applications in various industries. From advanced materials and manufacturing techniques to cutting-edge medical technologies and renewable energy solutions, the innovations born out of space exploration have had a profound impact on our daily lives, driving progress and improving the human condition in ways that were once unimaginable.As we gaze towards the future, the potential of space technology only continues to grow. With ambitious plans for long-term human settlements on the Moon and Mars, the establishment of permanent orbital outposts, and the exploration of the outer reaches of our solar system, the coming decades promise to be a truly transformative era in the history of human spaceflight. These bold endeavors will not only expand our scientific understanding of the universe but also pave the way for the development of newtechnologies that could revolutionize our way of life on Earth.However, the realization of these visionary goals is not without its challenges. The inherent complexities and risks associated with space exploration require the coordinated efforts of governments, private enterprises, and international collaborations to overcome. Securing the necessary funding, navigating the logistical and technological hurdles, and ensuring the safety of both human and robotic explorers are just a few of the formidable obstacles that must be addressed.Despite these challenges, the boundless potential of space technology continues to captivate and inspire us. As we venture forth into the great unknown, we do so with a sense of wonder and a profound appreciation for the transformative power of human ingenuity. The future of space exploration is not only a testament to our species' unwavering spirit of exploration but also a testament to our unwavering commitment to pushing the boundaries of what is possible, for the betterment of humanity and the preservation of our planet.。
认识方向与位置英语作文
认识方向与位置英语作文Title: Understanding Directions and Locations。
In our daily lives, understanding directions and locations is crucial for navigating through various places effectively. Whether it's finding your way in a new city or locating a specific destination, possessing knowledge of directions and locations enhances our ability to movearound efficiently and confidently.Firstly, it's essential to grasp cardinal directions, namely north, south, east, and west. Understanding these directions provides a foundational framework for navigation. For instance, knowing that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west helps in determining direction, especially when landmarks or compasses are unavailable.Secondly, mastering relative directions is equally important. Terms like "left," "right," "ahead," and "behind" are used to describe locations in relation tooneself or other objects. For instance, when someone says, "Turn left at the traffic light," they are providing a relative direction based on the observer's perspective.Furthermore, familiarizing oneself with landmarks aids in navigation. Landmarks serve as reference points and help in identifying locations within a particular area. Whether it's a prominent building, a distinctive tree, or a notable statue, landmarks provide visual cues that assist in orienting oneself and understanding directions more effectively.Moreover, understanding distances is crucial for estimating travel time and planning routes. Distances can be measured in various units such as kilometers, miles, or meters. Knowing the approximate distance between two points enables individuals to gauge the feasibility of walking, driving, or taking public transportation to reach their destination.Additionally, utilizing maps and navigation tools has become increasingly common in modern times. Digital mapsand GPS devices provide real-time directions and suggest the fastest routes to a destination. These tools not only display accurate directions but also offer additional features such as traffic updates and alternate routes, enhancing the overall navigation experience.Furthermore, learning directional expressions in different languages can be beneficial, especially when traveling to foreign countries. Basic phrases like "Where is...?" and "How do I get to...?" enable individuals to seek assistance and communicate effectively with locals when navigating unfamiliar territories.In conclusion, understanding directions and locationsis a fundamental skill that facilitates efficient navigation and enhances one's overall travel experience. By mastering cardinal and relative directions, familiarizing oneself with landmarks, estimating distances, and utilizing maps and navigation tools, individuals can navigate through various environments with confidence and ease. Moreover, learning directional expressions in different languages broadens communication capabilities and fosters culturalappreciation. Ultimately, acquiring proficiency in understanding directions and locations empowers individuals to explore the world and navigate through life's journeys with confidence.。
2023-2024学年江苏省常州市联盟学校高一下学期期末学情调研英语试题
2023-2024学年江苏省常州市联盟学校高一下学期期末学情调研英语试题Scientists play a crucial role in advancing technology and improving our quality of life. Consider thework of Marie Curie, who discovered radium and polonium, opening up new frontiers in the field ofradioactivity and laying the foundation for modern nuclear medicine. Her research has led to the development of life-saving treatments and diagnostic（诊断的）tools that have benefited countless patients.Another remarkable scientist is Albert Einstein. His theory of relativity changed our understanding of the universe, challenging conventional wisdom and inspiring countless subsequent studies in physics. This has not only deepened our knowledge of the cosmos but also led to technological advancements such as GPS navigation, which relies on the principles of relativity for correct positioning.Isaac Newton’s laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a framework for understanding the physical world and paved the way for modern engineering and aerospace technology. The applications of his theories are obvious in everything from the construction of buildings to the launch of satellites.Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection transformed our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth. It has had far-reaching implications in fields such as genetics, ecology, and conservation biology, guiding our efforts to protect and preserve the natural world.Nikola Tesla’s contributions to electri cal engineering, particularly in the development of alternating current（交流电）, have powered our modern world. Without his innovations, our reliance on electricity for lighting, communication, and countless other applications would be severely limited.1. Who discovered radium and polonium?A．Albert Einstein. B．Isaac Newton.C．Marie Curie. D．Charles Darwin.2. Which of the following is a major and biggest difference between Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton?B．Their nationality.A．The field of science they mainlycontributed to.D．Their educational background.C．The century in which they did theirresearch.3. Which of the following is a common feature shared by all the scientists mentioned?A．They all made their discoveries in the 20th century.B．They were all from the same country.C．They all faced significant opposition to their work during their lifetimes.D．They all had a deep and lasting impact on the advancement of science and humanknowledge.My childhood memory is closely connected with hunger. Unable to provide enough food to feed its ever-increasing population, the People’s Republic had to adopt a food ration（定量）system to ensure equal supply of food for three decades—the ration for an adult in an urban area was 15 kilograms of wheat, rice, com or sorghum per month.Many young people today might not understand why I’m talking about hunger when an adult’s monthly quota for food grains was 15kg, especially because half of that would perhaps be enough for them for a month. But that’s all an adult c ould consume up to the 1970s, because cooking oil, meat, eggs and sugar were strictly controlled.Although the ration system ensured everybody had a share of the available food and prevented starvation deaths, it led to malnutrition（营养不良）among people of every age.On launching reform and opening-up. China realized a major reason for food shortage was farmers not getting their rightful due under the system then. So the government distributed the collectively-owned farmlands to households and farmers. Within years, the farm yield almost doubled, helping China to abandon the food rationing system in 1993.Now, enough food supply and much money have changed Chinese people’s dietary habits. Many youths refuse to learn cooking, arguing that they can source their meals from restaurants or take-out outlets. As a result, one can see thousands of electric bike riders zigzagging the streets to deliver breakfast, lunch or dinner.Paradoxically, Chinn is now battling over-nutrition. One would be lucky to not find a few overweight boys and girls in a class. When I meet with my former classmates, many of whom are overweight or suffering from over-nutrition-related illnesses, we sometimes talk about the “good old food ration days” when almost no one needed to worry about con trolling weight.4. What is the main purpose of China’s adopting a food ration system?A．To feed enough food to people. B．To ensure less waste of food.C．To avoid increase of population. D．To fight against food shortage.5. What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．Lacking other nutrition made 15kg food grains not enough for an adult.B．Young people today consume less food grains to avoid overweight problem.C．People in poverty had no access to oil, meat, eggs and sugar in the 1970s.D．The farm yield almost doubled with the development of faring technology.6. What does the underlined word “Paradoxically” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean?A．Consequently. B．Unexpectedly.C．Similarly. D．Reasonably.7. Why does the author write the article?A．To suggest our country adopting food ration again.B．To advise people to have enough food.C．To record the change in the development of society.D．To introduce a healthy lifestyle to young people.Playing music requires fine motor skills, which are controlled in both hemispheres（大脑半球）of the brain. It also combines language and mathematics, which the left hemisphere is more involved in, with the novel and creative content that the right does well in. For these reasons, playing music has been found to increase the volume and activity in the brain’s corpus callosum（肼胝体）, the bridge between the two hemispheres, allowing messages to get across the brain faster and through more different ways. This may allow musicians to solve problems more effectively and creatively, in both academic and social settings.Because making music also involves creating and understanding its emotional content and message, musicians often have higher levels of decision-making function, a category of interlinked tasks that includes planning, strategizing, and attention to detail and requires immediate analysis of both cognitive（认知的）and emotional aspects. This ability also has an impact on how our memory systems work. And, indeed, musicians exhibit better memory functions, creating, storing, and retrieving memories more quickly and efficiently. Studies have found that musicians appear to use their highly connected brains to give each memory multiple tags（标签）, such as a conceptual tag, an emotional tag, an audio tag, and a contextual tag, like a good Internet search engine.How do we know that all these benefits are unique to music, as opposed to, say, sports or painting? Or could it be that people who go into music were already smarter to begin with? Neuroscientists have explored these issues, but so far, they have found that the artistic and aesthetic aspects of learning to play a musical instrument are different from any other activity studied, including other arts. And several randomized（随机的）studies of participants, who showed the same levels of cognitive function and neural processing at the start, found mat those who were exposed to a period of music learning showed improvement in multiple brain areas, compared to the others.8. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?A．The Connection Between Music and Brain Activity.B．The Secret of Musicians’ Success.C．How Music Changes Our Lives.D．The Impact of Music on Motor Skills.9. What does playing music increase in the brain?A．The size of the left hemisphere.B．The size of the right hemisphere.C．The volume and activity in the brain’s corpus callosum.D．The number of neural connections in the front part of brain.10. What have neuroscientists found about-the benefits of playing music?A．They are not unique. B．They are the same as those of sports.C．They are the same as those of painting. D．They are different from any other activitystudied.11. What did the randomized studies find about those exposed to music learning?A．They had worse cognitive function.B．They showed no improvement in brain areas.C．They showed improvement in duty brain area.D．They showed improvement in multiple brain areas.Last week a study was published showing that people with bowel cancer（肠癌）who drink coffee—quite a lot of coffee, two to four cups a day—were less likely to suffer a return of the disease. Experts have said that if the results hold in further studies, coffee could be prescribed（开处方）to cancer patients on the NHS（National Health Service）. That coffee does have an effect on human function is no doubt—but whether that impact is beneficial or harmful has been controversial（有争议的）since its beginning in the mid-15th century.The native peoples of the forests of Kaffa in south-west Ethiopia searched for berries（浆果）from wild coffee plants that were shipped across the Red Sea to prepare the decoction（煮出的汁）known as qahwa, which was used to reduce their desire for sleep. Once mainstream Islamic courts said coffee was not poisonous, consumption became widespread among the Muslim populations in the Middle East and the Ottoman empire.First regarded as a form of medicine, Turkish traders introduced coffee to Venice, where it was prescribed for digestive disorders. It was served in small, cold potions. London’s first coffee houses appeared in the 1650s, attracting customers with the advertised health benefits of the new beverage. However, not all were convinced. The 1674 Women’s Petition Against Coffee declared that too much coffee consumption weakened men and made them unproductive.Since the 1960s, mass surveys of coffee drinkers have shown different results of its impact. In 1991 the World Health Organization listed coffee as a possible cause of cancer, but in 2016 this conclusion was reversed（反转）as more studies have shown a larger number of positive outcomes being associated with coffee drinking. Following centuries on the defensive（处于守势）, it may be time for coffee professionals to dust down those handbills and channel their inner Pasqua Rosée.12. What was the main finding of the recent study mentioned in paragraph 1?A．Coffee has no impact on human function.B．Drinking coffee reduces the risk of bowel cancer.C．People with bowel cancer should avoid drinking coffee.D．Coffee has no effect on the return of bowel cancer.13. Why does the writer mention the history of coffee consumption?A．To highlight the cultural significance of coffee in different regions.B．To emphasize the historical controversy around coffee’s health effects.C．To show coffee’s long-standing popularity and usage.D．To show the link between coffee’s origins and its medical applications.14. Which is the most suitable title for this passage?A．The Dark Side of Coffee: A Hidden Cancer RiskB．The Bitter Drink: Coffee’s Secret in Being PopularC．Uncovering the Truth: Coffee’s Cancer-Fighting HistoryD．Surprising History of Coffee: From Controversial Drink to Potential Cancer Cure15. Which section of the journal might this article belong to?A．Health & fitness. B．Home & garden.C．History & Culture. D．Finance & investment.Around 1830, the Romantic period slowly arose from the delicate form of the Classical period, expanding orchestral（管弦乐的）forces to express emotions and extra-musical ideas they had never expressed before. How was this possible? 16Romantic Period SoundIf you expect the music to have a regular, eight bar phrase（乐节）, think again. It might have irregular phrases to throw you off course, like in Schubert’s ‘Unfinished’ Symphony No. 8. 17 It may well be that composers like Mahler jump to an unexpected musical ending, like in his Symphony No. 2. If in doubt, be prepared to forget anything and everything you previously thought about music, and expect to be surprised, attracted, and amazed by the unexpected twists and turns of the Romantic period.Romantic InstrumentsAs music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral instruments just weren’t rich enough for many Romantic composers. So, more were added, including the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo, xylophones, drums, celestes, harps, bells, and triangles. 18 Listen to how Tchaikovsky makes use of various instruments in the ‘Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy’ in his ballet, The Nutcracker.Romantic PiecesDespite often being marked as a Classical period composer, Beethoven’s style really covered the two periods. His later works are pretty expansive, conjuring（变戏法般的）life, death, joy, peace, and even the concept of a universal brotherhood in the symphony of all symphonies, his choral Symphony No. 9, written in 1824. 19 It was a one-movement work evoking a story or poem, like Debussy’s dreamy Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune or Dukas’ Sorcerer’s Apprentice.20 They also expanded the orchestra to express the full range of human emotion through music. But, understandably, this over-indulgent expression had its critics（批判者）who favoured absolute music-music for music’s sake, without a programme or story-and these critics led music into the ever-diverse 20th Century period.After being poorly bred（饲养）by a backyard breeder. Stevie was ________ at a rescue. She was born ________, so her breeder had no ________ to sell her. As soon as Stevie’s parents became aware of her situation, they immediately offered to ________ her. Her eyes were infected（感染）badly and she had congenital glaucoma（先天性背光眼）. Since she never had ________ to begin with, the vet（兽医）decided to ________ her eyes to relieve pain.Slowly, she started to heal from all the trauma（创伤）she had been through. Her adopt（收养）parents became more and more ________ to her. A ________ was made that Stevie would stay as a family member for the rest of her life. She now lives an adventure-packed life with her pup friends. Stevie has no problems ________ as she gradually learned to “feel” her way. She enjoys hikes, camping trips, and even helps other adopted dogs feel ________ in her home. Stevie has shown people that a dog with a（n）________ can live a healthy and happy lifestyle. Eventually, the family also tuned to The Endless Pawsabilities Rescue Society for help. The Endless Pawsabilities Rescue Society is a non-profit organization ________ to animal welfare（福利）. Furthermore, they actively support North American rescue and adoption ________.Stevie’s story became a beacon（灯塔）of hope for countless animals in need. She became a（n）________ of the unbreakable spirit that animals possess. ________ everyone that every pet, regardless of their challenges, deserves a loving home.21.A．bought B．abandoned C．attacked D．disliked 22.A．deaf B．unhappy C．blind D．broken23.A．reason B．secret C．course D．clue24.A．buy B．forgive C．sell D．keep25.A．ability B．sight C．hearing D．sense26.A．cover B．remove C．widen D．reduce27.A．equal B．closed C．attached D．cruel28.A．wish B．notice C．movement D．decision 29.A．going away B．getting over C．getting around D．going through 30.A．active B．popular C．confident D．comfortable 31.A．disability B．specialty C．difference D．interest32.A．admitted B．used C．addicted D．devoted 33.A．performances B．efforts C．battles D．answers 34.A．symbol B．signal C．imagination D．fact35.A．pushing B．helping C．proposing D．reminding阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
navigationlink 用法详解-概述说明以及解释
navigationlink 用法详解-概述说明以及解释1. 引言概述部分的内容可以从navigationlink的定义和作用开始介绍，然后可以描述一下我们为什么要详细了解navigationlink的用法。
可以这样编写概述部分的内容：1.1 概述NavigationLink是SwiftUI中的一个重要视图链接，用于在不同的视图之间进行导航和页面跳转。
它可以实现在用户点击按钮、文本或其它视图时，切换到目标视图的功能。
NavigationLink的设计使得我们可以快速构建具有导航功能的应用程序。
了解NavigationLink的用法对于开发者来说是非常重要的，因为它是构建iOS、iPadOS和watchOS上导航功能的关键组件之一。
NavigationLink可以通过声明式语法在代码中定义，也可以通过参数来自定义其样式和行为。
在本文中，我们将深入研究NavigationLink的用法，并探讨其各种参数的含义和作用。
我们将从NavigationLink的基本用法开始，然后逐步介绍其更高级的用法和一些常用的技巧。
通过学习NavigationLink的详细用法，我们将能够更好地理解和应用它，从而更加灵活和高效地构建导航功能。
因此，让我们开始全面了解NavigationLink的各种用法和应用场景吧！1.2 文章结构文章主要由引言、正文和结论三部分组成。
1. 引言：在引言部分，我们将对NavigationLink进行概述，介绍其作用和重要性。
我们还会提供一些背景信息，包括其在iOS开发中的应用广泛程度和现有的其他导航相关组件。
2. 正文：正文部分将分为三个小节，分别介绍NavigationLink的基本用法、参数说明和高级用法。
- 2.1 NavigationLink的基本用法：我们将详细介绍如何使用NavigationLink来创建一个简单的导航链接，并展示其在导航视图中的效果。
我们会讲解如何设置目标视图、添加导航按钮以及在导航之间传递数据。
无人驾驶英语PPT
Motion Planning
It determines the specific actions, including acceleration, braking, and steering, that the vehicle needs to take along the planned path
Global Path Planning
This technique plans a complete route for the vehicle from the start to the destination, considering all possible traffic scenarios and objectives
要点二
Semantic Segmentation
It allows the vehicle to understand the scene in detail by assigning semantic means to different parts of the environment
要点三
3D Reconstruction
Level 4
High automation The vehicle can handle most or all driving tasks without human intervention, but limited to specific geographic regions and weather conditions.
Public transportation
Autonomous vehicles can be used for shared rides, shuttle services, or even fully automated bus systems, providing effective and sustainable transportation options for urban areas
数学翻译成英语
数学翻译成英语Mathematics is one of the fundamental branches of knowledge that deals with the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns. It encompasses a wide range of concepts and techniques used to solve problems, make predictions, and understand the world around us.The origins of mathematics can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians and Mesopotamians, who developed basic arithmetic and geometric principles. Over the centuries, mathematicians have built upon these foundations and developed sophisticated theories and methods.One of the key areas in mathematics is algebra, which deals with the manipulation and study of mathematical symbols and equations. Algebra allows us to solve equations, analyze patterns, and understand relationships between different variables. It is widely used in fields such as physics, engineering, and computer science.Another important branch of mathematics is geometry, which focuses on the properties and relationships of shapes. Geometry provides a framework for understanding spatial relationships and is crucial in fields like architecture, design, and navigation.Calculus is another essential area in mathematics, developed by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century. It provides a powerful tool for analyzing and modeling continuous change. Calculus is used extensively in physics, economics, and statistics. Probability and statistics are also crucial in mathematics, dealingwith the study of uncertainty and randomness. Probability allows us to quantify the likelihood of events occurring, while statistics enables us to analyze and interpret data. These fields are essential in areas such as finance, medicine, and social sciences.Mathematics is not just a theoretical discipline, but also has practical applications in the real world. It is widely used in areas such as engineering, finance, computer science, and cryptography. For example, mathematicians use algorithms to encrypt and secure data in computer networks, and they develop mathematical models to predict and analyze financial markets.Furthermore, mathematics plays a crucial role in scientific research, providing a language and framework for formulating theories and making predictions. It enables physicists to describe the laws of nature through equations, and biologists to model population dynamics and genetics.In conclusion, mathematics is a universal language that helps us understand and describe the world around us. It provides a systematic approach to problem-solving and enables us to make sense of complex phenomena. Whether it is used to calculate the trajectory of a space shuttle or analyze data in a clinical trial, mathematics is an essential tool for modern society.。
航海知识面试英语
航海知识面试英语在航海领域，英语是一门至关重要的语言。
无论是在船舶操纵、通信、导航还是与其他国际航海相关方进行交流，英语都扮演着不可或缺的角色。
在航海知识面试中，考官往往会对英语能力进行测试，以确保申请人具备足够的沟通能力和专业知识。
本文将介绍一些常见的航海知识面试英语问题以及如何回答它们。
1. 自我介绍Question: Can you introduce yourself briefly?Answer: Hello, my name is [Your Name]. I have a strong passion for the maritime industry, which led me to pursue a career in navigation. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Maritime Studies and have completed my mandatory sea time as a deck cadet. During my time at sea, I gained hands-on experience in various navigation techniques and vessel operations. I am also adept at using navigational equipment such as GPS, radar, and ECDIS. I am confident in my ability to contribute to a safe and efficient maritime environment.2. 航海术语Question:What is the difference between “port” and “starboard”?Answer:“Port” refers to the left side of a vessel when facing forward, while “starboard” refers to the right side. These terms are essential for communication and navigation on board a ship. By using “port” and “starboard,” sailors can provide clear instructions to each other, especially when maneuvering in tight spaces or during docking operations.3. 航海安全Question: What safety measures should be taken before setting sail?Answer: Before setting sail, several safety measures should be taken to ensure a safe voyage. These include conducting a thorough pre-departure check of the vessel’s equipment, ensuring that life-saving appliances, such as life jackets and life rafts, are in good condition and readily accessible. Additionally, verifying that all navigation and communication systems are in working order is vital. It is also important to review weather conditions and consult relevant charts and publications before departure. Lastly, a comprehensive crew briefing on emergency procedures and contingency plans should be conducted.4. 航行规则Question: What are the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)?Answer:The COLREGS, also known as the “Rules of the Road,” ar e a set of international regulations that establish the legal framework for preventing collisions at sea. They provide guidelines on the actions to be taken by vessels in various situations to avoid collisions. The COLREGS cover a range of topics, including navigation lights, right of way, sound signals, and maneuvering rules. It is crucial for all mariners to be familiar with and adhere to these regulations to ensure safe navigation.5. 航海通信Question: What are the common communication methods used at sea?Answer: Communication is vital in maritime operations. Common communication methods used at sea include VHF radio, satellite communication systems, and Morse code. VHF radio is widely used for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, while satellite communication systems enable long-distance communication and provide access to weather reports and navigational information. Morse code, although less common nowadays, is still used as a backup method for distress signals and emergency communication.6. 航海导航Question: What is the purpose of a navigational chart?Answer: A navigational chart is a map specifically designed for navigation purposes. It provides essential information for safe and efficient navigation, including water depths, navigational aids, landmarks, and potential hazards. By using a navigational chart, mariners can plan and monitor their routes, avoid obstacles, and ensure that their vessels stay within safe navigable waters.结论航海知识面试英语涵盖了许多方面，包括航海术语、航海安全、航行规则、航海通信和航海导航等。
a-frame iscustomelement -回复
a-frame iscustomelement -回复什么是A-Frame？A-Frame是一种用于构建虚拟现实（VR）体验的开源Web框架。
它是基于HTML的，可以在任何支持WebGL的浏览器中工作。
A-Frame提供简单易用的语法和组件来创建交互式的3D场景和VR体验，使开发者能够轻松构建属于自己的虚拟现实世界。
A-Frame与其他VR开发框架相比的优势是什么？1. 使用简单：A-Frame基于HTML，采用类似于HTML的标记语言，使开发者能够在不需要掌握复杂的VR编程技术的情况下创建虚拟现实内容。
2. 开放性：A-Frame是开源项目，任何人都可以查看和修改其源代码。
这使得A-Frame社区能够共同推动该框架的发展，从而为开发者提供更多功能和改进。
3. 可扩展性：A-Frame提供了丰富的组件库，可以通过简单地添加和配置组件来实现复杂的交互和效果。
此外，开发者还可以通过自定义组件来扩展A-Frame的功能，满足特定的需求。
4. 跨平台支持：A-Frame可以在任何支持WebGL的浏览器中运行，包括桌面浏览器、移动浏览器和VR设备。
这种跨平台的支持使得开发者能够将他们的虚拟现实内容展示给更广泛的受众。
如何开始使用A-Frame？1. 引入A-Frame库：在HTML文件中引入A-Frame库的CDN（内容分发网络）链接，以便浏览器可以加载和解析A-Frame代码。
2. 创建场景：使用`<a-scene>`标签创建一个场景容器，类似于HTML 文档的`<body>`标签。
在场景中，可以添加各种元素和组件来构建虚拟现实世界。
3. 添加实体：使用`<a-entity>`标签来添加虚拟现实世界中的实体，比如物体、角色、相机等。
可以通过直接在HTML中进行静态创建，也可以通过JavaScript动态创建。
4. 配置组件：使用`<a-component>`标签来配置实体的组件。
外文翻译-驾驶者的转向感英文
405 Driver perception of steering feelA C Newberry1,2*,M J Griffin1,and M Dowson21Human Factors Research Unit,University of Southampton,Southampton,UK2Jaguar Cars Ltd,UKThe manuscript was received on25July2006and was accepted after revision for publication on4January2007.DOI:10.1243/09544070JAUTO415Abstract:Steering feel is optimized at a late stage of vehicle development,using prototypevehicles and expert opinion.An understanding of human perception may assist the develop-ment of a good‘feel’earlier in the design process.Three psychophysical experiments havebeen conducted to advance understanding of factors contributing to the feel of steering sys-tems.Thefirst experiment,which investigated the frames of reference for describing the feel(i.e.haptic properties)of a steering wheel,indicated that subjects focused on the steady stateforce that they applied to the wheel rather than the steady state torque,and on the angle thatthey turned the wheel rather than the displacement of their hands.In a second experiment,thresholds for detecting changes in both steady state steering-wheel force and steady statesteering-wheel angle were determined as about15per cent.The rate of growth in the perceptionof steady state steering-wheel force and steady state steering-wheel angle were determinedusing magnitude estimation and magnitude production.It was found that,according to Stevens’power law,the sensation of steady state steering-wheel force increases with a power of1.39with increased force,whereas the perception of steady state steering-wheel angle increaseswith a power of0.93with increased steering-wheel angle.The implications for steering systemsare discussed.Keywords:steering feel,proprioceptive,haptic feedback1INTRODUCTION wheel(subject to kinematic losses through the steer-ing system,and subject to various assist methods in Driving a car is a complex task and involves manysteering systems,e.g.hydraulic and electric power interactions between the driver and the vehicle assist)where the driver can interact with them and through the various controls.Good performance ofdevelop an internal model of the steering properties the system depends on how well a car is able to and the environment.create the driver’s intentions,and how well differ-The relationship between the steering-wheel ences between those intentions and the vehicle’s torque and the steering-wheel angle has been con-sidered a useful means of describing steering feel[1]. response can be detected by the driver.The steeringsystem is one of the primary controls in a car,Various‘metrics’of the relationship are used to define allowing the driver to control the direction of thesteering feel[2–5],and experiments have found that vehicle.The steering system not only allows the changing the relation between the steering-wheel driver to control the car but also provides the driverforce and steering-wheel angle can alter the driving with feedback through haptic(i.e.touch)senses,experience[6].Knowledge of the way in which haptic giving cues to the state of the road–tyre interface.stimuli at the steering wheel are perceived by drivers Forces originating at the road–tyre interface(and may therefore assist the development of steering-related to the road wheel angle,vehicle speed,andsystem designs.The perception of stiffness[7]and the perception road adhesion),present themselves at the steeringof viscosity[8]seem to come from force,position,and *Corresponding author:Human Factors Research Unit,Univer-velocity cues.Psychophysiological studies indicate sity of Southampton,Tizard Building,Southampton,UK.email:that muscle spindle receptors,cutaneous mechano-receptors,and joint receptors provide the neural acn@406A C Newberry,M J Griffin,and M Dowsoninputs used in the perception of the movement andforce applied by a limb[9].Psychophysics provides techniques to describe howsubjects perceive stimuli.Classic measures includethe difference threshold(the minimum changeneeded to detect a change in a stimulus)and thepsychophysical function(the relationship betweenchanges in stimulus magnitude and the perceptionof those changes).However,thefirst step in quanti-fying steering feel using psychophysical methods isto identify what aspects of the haptic feedback at thesteering wheel are used by drivers.Steering torque and steering angle describe thesteady state characteristics of steering systems andtheir relationships have been identified as influencingsteering feel[2–5].It seems appropriate to check Fig.1Test apparatuswhether subjects are judging what the experimenteris measuring.It has not been shown whether theby a rapid prototype polymerfinished with pro-properties of steering system should be describedduction quality leather glued and stitched on to the in rotational frames of reference(i.e.torque andgrip.angle)or translation frames of reference(i.e.forceSubject posture was constrained by the seat, and displacement).steering wheel,and heel point.The joint angle at the This paper describes three experiments designedelbow was monitored and adjusted to110°for all to study how drivers perceive the steady statesubjects to ensure that they did not sit too close or properties of steering wheels.Thefirst experimenttoo far from the steering wheel.investigated whether rotational or translation framesThe steering-column assembly included an optical of reference are more intuitive to subjects.It wasincremental encoder to measure angle(resolution, hypothesized that,if asked to‘match’different0.044°),a strain gauge torque transducer to measure steering-wheel sizes,either the rotational or thetorque(0.01N accuracy),bearings to allow the wheel translation frame of reference would be matchedto rotate freely(isotonic control),and a clamp to lock more consistently.The second experiment deter-the column in position(isometric control).mined difference thresholds for the perception ofsteering-wheel force and angle,with the hypothesisthat Weber’s law would apply for both stimuli.The3EXPERIMENTSthird experiment investigated the psychophysicalscales for the perception of the physical propertiesThree experiments were performed to investigate the at steering wheels by determining relationshipsresponse of the driver to steady state steering-wheel between steering-wheel force and the perception ofproperties and to determine,firstly,the driver frame steering-wheel force,and between steering-wheelof reference,secondly,the difference thresholds for angle and the perception of steering-wheel angle.Itthe perception of force and angle,and,thirdly,the was hypothesized that Stevens’power law provides anrate of growth of sensations of force and angle. adequate model for describing the psychophysicalThe experiments were approved by the Human scales.Experimentation,Safety and Ethics Committee ofthe Institute of Sound and Vibration Research at theUniversity of Southampton.2APPARATUS3.1Driver’s frame of referenceA rig was built to simulate the driving position of a2002model year Jaguar S-type saloon car as shown Frames of reference provide means for representing in Fig.1.The framework provided a heel point forthe locations and motions of entities in space.There subjects and supported a car seat and steering are two principal classifications for reference frames column assembly.The cross-section of a Jaguarin spatial perception:the allocentric(a framework S-type steering wheel was used to create the grips of external to the person),and the egocentric(a frame-the experimental steering wheel,which was formedwork centred on the person).For some tasks,the407Driver perception of steering feelchoice of reference frame may be merely a matter‘match’the sensation experienced with the referencewheel.Subjects were required to achieve the refer-of convenience.In human spatial cognition andence or match within6s,and to hold the force or navigation the reference frame determines humanangle for4s.Subjects were required to move their perception.The haptic perception of steering-wheelhands to the test condition within the6s given to position and motion is influenced by the spatialachieve the match.The total time for one reference constraint imposed on the wheel,which can onlyand match trial was20s.rotate about a column.Subjects attended two sessions,one with isometric In engineering terms,it is convenient to describesteering wheels and one with isotonic steering the motion of a steering wheel in a rotational framewheels.Four reference conditions were presented in of reference using steering-wheel torque and steering-each session:5N,15N,1.5N m,and3N m with the wheel angle.However,drivers may use a differentisometric steering wheels,and3°,9°,10mm,and frame of reference when perceiving the feel of a30mm with the isotonic steering wheels.The forces steering system;they may perceive steering-wheeland distances refer to the forces and distances at the force rather than steering-wheel torque,and steering-rim of the steering wheel.wheel displacement rather than steering-wheel angle.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged between Alternatively,drivers may use neither allocentric18and26years,took part using a within-subjects nor egocentric frames of reference and insteadexperimental design where all subjects participated may employ some intermediate reference frame asin all conditions.The order of presentation of the suggested by Kappers[10].reference conditions was balanced across subjects. This experiment aims to test whether driversFor six subjects,thefirst session used the isometric sense steering-wheel force or torque,and whethersteering wheels;for the other six subjects,thefirst they sense angle or displacement.The relationshipssession used the isotonic steering wheels.between these properties areFor each reference condition,a total of18trials T=rF(1)were undertaken:nine trials to account for eachcombination of three reference wheels and three x=r h(2)diameters of test wheel(small,medium,and large) To investigate which variable is intuitively used by including matching to the same wheel,and a repeat drivers,it is necessary to uncouple the relationship of these nine conditions.between rotational and translation frames of refer-The length of time that subjects were required to ence.This can be achieved by altering the radius of hold a force or torque was minimized to prevent the steering wheel.It was hypothesized that,when fatigue.Typically,subjects took10s to reach the asked to‘match’a reference condition using iso-desired force or angle.The view of their hands was metric steering wheels(i.e.wheels that do not rotate)obscured so that subjects did not receive visual with varying radii,subjects would match either the feedback of their position or movement.force applied by the hand or the torque applied tothe steering wheel.It was similarly hypothesized that, 3.1.2Resultswhen using isotonic steering wheels(i.e.wheels thatThe results for a typical subject in the experiment rotate without resistance to movement)with varyingwith isometric control are shown in terms of force in radii,subjects would match either the displacementFig.2,and in terms of torque in Fig.3.The results of the hand on the steering wheel or the anglefor a typical subject in the experiment with isotonic through which the steering wheel was turned.control are shown in terms of angle in Fig.4and interms of displacement in Fig.5.3.1.1MethodCorrelation coefficients between the physical Using the‘method of adjustment’[11],subjects magnitudes of the reference condition and the test ‘matched’sensations from a‘reference’steering condition are presented for each subject in Table1. wheel to a‘test’steering wheel.When grasping the For isometric control,correlation coefficients were reference wheel,subjects were required to achieve obtained for both torque and force at the steering-a desired stimulus magnitude by acting on the wheel rim.For isotonic control,correlation coeffi-wheel in a clockwise direction using visual feedback cients were obtained for both angle and displace-from afixed11-point indicator scale on a computer ment at the steering-wheel rim.It was assumed that monitor.Instructions on the computer monitor then the variable with the greater correlation(i.e.either instructed the subjects to move their hands to either force or torque,or angle or displacement)is the most the‘small’,‘medium’,or‘large’steering wheel,and toefficient engineering term to represent the data.408A C Newberry,M J Griffin,and M DowsonFig.4Relation between steady state reference angle Fig.2Relation between steady state reference torque and test angle for isotonic control(data from and test torque for isometric control(data from one subject)one subject)Fig.5Relation between steady state reference dis-placement and test displacement for isotonic Fig.3Relation between steady state reference forcecontrol(data from one subject) and test force for isometric control(data fromone subject)3.1.3DiscussionOver the12subjects,for isometric control,the Lines of bestfit to the data had gradients of less correlation coefficients obtained for force were than unity for11subjects.The single subject that significantly higher than those obtained for torque achieved a slope greater than1.0did so only for (p<0.01,Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test).angle data.The effect could have arisen from the For isotonic control,the correlation coefficients reference being presentedfirst(i.e.an order effect). obtained for angle were significantly higher than Alternatively,it could indicate that the physical those obtained for displacement(p<0.01).variables do not reflect the parameters adjusted by409Driver perception of steering feelTable1Spearman’s rho correlations coefficients r is described in terms of a‘Weber fraction’or percent-between reference magnitude and test magni-age.Weber proposed that the absolute difference tude(all Spearman rho correlation coefficients threshold is a linear function of stimulus intensity in the table are significant at p<0.01)and can therefore be described as a constant per-centage,or fraction,of the stimulus intensity.This is Correlation coefficient rexpressed in Weber’s lawIsometric wheel Isotonic wheelSubject Torque Force Angle Displacement D ww=c(3)10.360.730.890.4920.430.820.790.48where c is a constant known as the‘Weber fraction’, 30.560.890.820.55often expressed as a percentage.40.710.820.690.4650.710.810.740.69Difference thresholds for the perception of force 60.790.760.790.66are available in a variety of forms.Jones[12]reported 70.680.770.750.73the difference threshold as a Weber fraction of0.07 80.720.760.800.6290.530.840.890.60(7per cent)for forces generated at the elbowflexor 100.720.840.780.53muscles.Difference thresholds for lifted weights 110.530.890.790.69120.620.850.900.60have been reported by Laming[13]based on anexperiment by Fechner[14]using weights from300to3000g,resulting in a Weber fraction of0.059(5.9per cent),and Oberlin[15]measured difference the subjects.Regardless of the deviations of refer-thresholds for lifted weights from50to550g,giving ences and‘matches’from the45°line,the Spearmana Weber fraction of0.043(4.3per cent). correlations ranked the reference and‘match’dataHaptic discrimination offinger span with widths according to magnitude without making any assump-varying from17.7to100mm have been reported as tions about the exact values of the reference and0.021(2.1per cent)by Gaydos[16].Discrimination the‘match’.of elbow movement has been reported as8per cent The results suggest that with idealized isometricby Jones et al.[17],while discrimination of sinusoidal and isotonic controls,drivers have a better sense ofmovements of thefinger studied by Rinker et al.[18] steering-wheel force than steering-wheel torque andproduced difference thresholds that ranged from a better sense of steering wheel-angle than steering-10per cent to18per cent.wheel displacement.It seems that subjects used theThe present experiment investigated difference forces in their muscles and the angles at the jointsthresholds for steady state steering-wheel force of their hands and arms to position the steering(using an isometric steering wheel),and difference wheels.thresholds for steady state steering-wheel angle To judge torque,subjects would need to combine(using an isotonic steering wheel).estimates of force with knowledge of the distancebetween their hands and the centre of the steer-ing wheel.To judge the displacement of the steering- 3.2.1Methodwheel rim,subjects would need to combineDifference thresholds were determined with a two-estimates of their joint angles with the length ofalternative forced-choice procedure using an up-their limbs.The estimation of torque and distanceand-down transformed response(UDTR)method requires more information and greater processing[19].Subjects were required to act on the steering than the estimation of force and angle.Consequently,wheel to achieve a reference force or reference it is not surprising that torque and distance result inangle,followed by a test stimulus.The required levels less accurate judgements and are not preferred orfor both actions were presented on a character-‘natural’.less11-point scale on a computer monitor.The refer-ence stimulus and a test stimulus were presented 3.2Difference thresholdssequentially,and in random order,to subjects whowere required to report which of the two stimuli‘felt A difference threshold is the smallest change in astimulus required to produce a just noticeable differ-greater’.The UDTR method was used with a three-down one-up rule(i.e.three correct responses in a ence in sensation[11].Difference thresholds can bedescribed in absolute terms,where the threshold row caused the test stimulus to become closer to thereference stimulus whereas one incorrect response is described in the physical units of the variableunder test,or in relative terms,where the threshold resulted in an increase in the difference between the410A C Newberry,M J Griffin,and M Dowsonreference and the test stimulus).The three-up one-down rule means that the difference threshold isobserved at a79.4per cent correct response level[19].Three reference magnitudes were used in eachsession:5.25N,10.5N,and21N for the isometricsteering wheel,and4°,8°,and16°for the isotonicsteering wheel.To determine a difference thresholdfor each reference,subjects made a sequence ofjudgements,with the total number of judgementsdictated by their responses.The sequence wasterminated after three‘up’and three‘down’reversalsof direction.The difference threshold was measuredas the mean value of the last two‘up’and the lasttwo‘down’reversals.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged between18and28years,took part using a within-subjectsexperimental design.The order of presentation forFig.6Absolute difference thresholds for steady state the reference conditions was balanced across sub-force and angle(medians and interquartile jects with six subjects starting with isotonic control,range)and six starting with isometric control.3.2.2ResultsThe median absolute and relative difference thresh-olds are shown in Table2.For both force and angle,the absolute difference thresholds increased signifi-cantly with increasing magnitude of the reference(p<0.01,Friedman test).The median absolute and relative difference thresh-olds for both force and angle are shown in Fig.6andFig.7respectively.The median relative differencethresholds tended to decrease(from16.5per cent to11.5per cent)with increases in the reference forceand decrease(from17.0per cent to11.5per cent)with increases in the reference angle.However,over-all,the relative difference thresholds did not differsignificantly over the three force references or overthe three angle references(p>0.4,Friedman test).3.2.3DiscussionThe statistical analysis implies that the relative Fig.7Relative difference thresholds for steady state difference thresholds were independent of force and force and angle(medians and interquartile angle and that Weber’s law can be upheld for therange)conditions of the study.Table2Median difference thresholds(N=12)Threshold values for the following reference valuesForce Angle Threshold(units) 5.25N10.5N21N4°8°16°Absolute difference threshold(units same as stimuli)0.87 1.58 2.420.68 1.12 1.84Relative difference threshold(%)16.515.011.517.014.011.5411Driver perception of steering feelThe mean relative difference thresholds across produce.The bias causes magnitude production to the magnitudes of the reference stimuli were15peryield steeper slopes(i.e.higher values for n)than cent when detecting changes in force and14per cent magnitude estimation.when detecting changes in angle.This suggests noThe third experiment employed both magnitude fundamental difference in the accuracy of detecting estimation and magnitude production to develop a changes in force and angle,implying that forcescale of perception of steady state steering-wheel and angle provide equally discriminable changes in force and steady state steering-wheel angle. feedback.For the perception of force,the15per cent relative3.3.1Methoddifference threshold was obtained with a correct per-formance level of79.4per cent.Direct comparison For magnitude estimation,a subjectfirst applied a with the aforementioned studies of the perception ofreference force(or angle)by acting on the steering force are not possible,as correct response levels are wheel in a clockwise direction.The reference was not presented in those studies.For the perception10.5N on the isometric steering wheel and9°on the of angle,14per cent in the present study compares isotonic steering wheel.Feedback was given on an with a difference threshold for limb movement in the11-point scale,with the reference in the middle of range10–18per cent(for a71per cent correct per-the scale.Subjects were told that the reference corre-formance level)according to Rinker et al.[18],andsponded to100.A subject then applied11different 8per cent(for a71per cent correct performance test forces(or angles)by applying a force or angle level)according to Jones et al.[17].until the pointer was placed at the middle mark ofthe11-point scale.The forces or angles requiredcorresponded to50per cent,60per cent,70per cent, 3.3Rate of growth of sensation80per cent,90per cent,100per cent,120per The rate of growth of sensation of stimuli has often cent,140per cent,160per cent,180per cent,and been determined using Stevens’power law[20]200per cent of the reference force or angle.Forforce,these stimuli ranged from 5.25N to21N y=k w n(4)while,for angle,they ranged from4.5°to18°.After where y is the sensation magnitude,w is the stimulusthe presentation of a test stimulus,a subject was intensity,k is a scalar constant depending on the asked to report a number considered to represent conditions,and n is the value of the exponent thatthe test force(or angle)in proportion to the refer-describes the rate of growth of sensation of the ence.The presentation order of the test stimuli was stimulus and depends on the sensory modality(e.g.randomized.For magnitude production,a subject perception of force,or perception of loudness).first applied a reference force(or angle)by acting on Previous studies have reported rates of growththe steering wheel in a clockwise direction.The refer-of sensation of force and weight with exponents ence was10.5N on the isometric steering wheeland9°on the isotonic steering wheel.Feedback was between0.8and2.0over a variety of experimentalconditions[21–24].A study of the haptic sensation given on an11-point scale,with the reference in the offinger span by Stevens and Stone[25]using widthsmiddle of the scale.The subject was told that this of2.3–63.7mm reported an exponent of1.33using corresponded to100.The scale was removed and a magnitude estimation.number was displayed instead(50,60,70,80,90, The value of the exponent n may be determined100,120,140,160,180,or200)and the subject was by either magnitude estimation or magnitude pro-asked to produce a force(or angle)corresponding duction.Magnitude estimation requires subjects to to the given number in proportion to the reference. make numerical estimations of the perceived magni-The presentation order of the test stimuli was tudes of sensations,whereas magnitude production randomized.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged requires subjects to adjust the stimulus to producesensory magnitudes equivalent to given numbers.between18and26years,took part using a within-These methods have systematic biases which Stevenssubjects experimental design.Subjects attended two [20]called a‘regression effect’[11].The biases sessions with the order of presentation of the force, are attributed to a tendency for subjects to limitangle,and magnitude estimation,and magnitude the range of stimuli over which they have control;so production conditions balanced across subjects. with magnitude estimation they limit the range ofThe exponent indicating the rate of growth of numbers that they report,and in magnitude pro-sensation was determined byfitting Stevens’power duction they limit the range of stimuli that theylaw to the data.With the stimulus and sensation412A C Newberry,M J Griffin,and M Dowsonplotted on logarithmic axes,the exponent is the slopen given bylog y=n log w+log k(5)3.3.2ResultsExponents for the rate of growth of sensation wereobtained from least-squares regression between themedian judgements of the12subjects for each testmagnitude and the actual test magnitude,with theapparent magnitude assumed to be the dependentvariable[26].The calculated exponents were1.14(force magnitude estimation),1.70(force magnitudeproduction),0.91(angle magnitude estimation),and0.96(angle magnitude production).The median data,and lines of bestfit from all sub-jects,are shown in Figs8,9,10,and11for forceestimation,force production,angle estimation,andFig.9Rate of growth of apparent force using magni-angle production respectively and are compared intude production.Data from12subjectsFig.12.The Spearman rank order correlation coefficientsr between the physical magnitudes and the per-ceived magnitudes were0.89for force magnitudeestimation,0.65for force magnitude production,0.89for angle magnitude estimation,and0.87for anglemagnitude production.All correlations were signifi-cant(p<0.01;N=132),indicating high correlationsbetween stimuli and the estimated or assignedmagnitude.3.3.3DiscussionWith magnitude estimation,the rank order of allmedian estimates of force and angle increased withFig.10Rate of growth of apparent angle using magni-tude estimation.Data from12subjectsincreasing force and angle,except for the middle(100and120)force estimates.This deviation is assumedto have arisen by chance.To assess the impact thatthis deviation has on the exponent obtained fromthe median data,an exponent was regressed toall data points from all subjects.This yielded anexponent of1.14,which is the same as the exponentdetermined from the median data.Similarly,withmagnitude production,the median forces and anglesincreased with increasing required value,except forthe two lowest forces.The lowest median force was Fig.8Rate of growth of apparent force using magni-tude estimation.Data from12subjects produced when subjects were asked to produce a。
《人工智能一种现代方法》第四版习题答案
• Model-based agent基于茹苦型的主FifS 体: an agent wbose actioD is derived directly from an internal model ofthe c田rent world state that is updated over time.
ac挝on. 实现了智能函数。有各种基本的智能体程序设计 ， 反应出现实表现的 一级用于决策过程的 信息 种类。 设计可能在效率 、 压缩性和灵活性方面有变化 。 适 当 的智能体程序设计取决于环境的本性
• Rationali句; 王军放 : a property of agents that choose actions that maximize tbeir expected u创坷， given the percepts to date. • Autonomy fJ主: a property of agenωwhose bebavior is determined by tbeir own experience rather than solely by their initial programming. .R伪'x agent反射却在FSE体: an agent whose action depends only on the current percept.
Chapter 2
2.1 Defme in yo町 own words the following terms: agent, agent function, agent program , rationality, reflex agent, model-b ased agent, goal-based agent, utility-based agent, learning agent. The following are just some of the many possible defmitions that can be written:
Guru99 Python 编程教程（PDF）说明书
1) Explain what is Model-View-Controller?MVC is a software architecture pattern for developing web application. It is handled by three objects Model-View-Controller.2) Mention what does Model-View-Controller represent in an MVC application?In an MVC model,•Model- It represents the application data domain. In other words applications business logic is contained within the model and is responsible for maintaining data •View- It represents the user interface, with which the end users communicates. In short all the user interface logic is contained within the VIEW•Controller- It is the controller that answers to user actions. Based on the user actions, the respective controller responds within the model and choose a view to render that display the user interface. The user input logic is contained with-in the controller3) Explain in which assembly is the MVC framework is defined?The MVC framework is defined in System.Web.Mvc.4) List out few different return types of a controller action method?•View Result•Javascript Result•Redirect Result•Json Result•Content Result5) Mention what is the difference between adding routes, to a webform application and an MVC application?To add routes to a webform application, we can use MapPageRoute() method of the RouteCollection class, where adding routes to an MVC application, you can use MapRoute() method.6) Mention what are the two ways to add constraints to a route?The two methods to add constraints to a route is•Use regular expressions•Use an object that implements IRouteConstraint Interface7) Mention what is the advantages of MVC?•MVC segregates your project into a different segment, and it becomes easy for developers to work on•It is easy to edit or change some part of your project that makes project less development and maintenance cost•MVC makes your project more systematic8) Mention what “beforFilter()”,“beforeRender” and “afterFilter” functions do in Controller?•beforeFilter():This function is run before every action in the controller. It’s the right place to check for an active session or inspect user permissions.•beforeRender(): This function is called after controller action logic, but before the view is rendered. This function is not often used, but may be required If you are calling render() manually before the end of a given action•afterFilter(): This function is called after every controller action, and after rendering is done. It is the last controller method to run9) Explain the role of components Presentation, Abstraction and Control in MVC?•Presentation: It is the visual representation of a specific abstraction within the application •Abstraction: It is the business domain functionality within the application•Control: It is a component that keeps consistency between the abstraction within the system and their presentation to the user in addition to communicating with other controls within the system10) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of MVC model?Advantages Disadvantages•It represents clear separation between business logic andpresentation logic•Each MVC object has different responsibilities•The development progresses in parallel•Easy to manage and maintain •All classes and object areindependent of each other •The model pattern is littlecomplex•Inefficiency of data access in view•With modern user interface, it is difficult to use MVC•You need multiple programmers for parallel development •Multiple technologies knowledge is required11) Explain the role of “ActionFilters” in MVC?In MVC “ ActionFilters” help you to execute logic while MVC action is executed or its executing.12) Explain what are the steps for the execution of an MVC project?The steps for the execution of an MVC project includes•Receive first request for the application•Performs routing•Creates MVC request handler•Create Controller•Execute Controller•Invoke action•Execute Result13) Explain what is routing? What are the three segments for routing is important? Routing helps you to decide a URL structure and map the URL with the Controller.The three segments that are important for routing is•ControllerName•ActionMethodName•Parameter14) Explain how routing is done in MVC pattern?There is a group of routes called the RouteCollection, which consists of registered routes in the application. The RegisterRoutes method records the routes in this collection. A route defines a URL pattern and a handler to use if the request matches the pattern. The first parameter to the MapRoute method is the name of the route. The second parameter will be the pattern to which the URL matches. The third parameter might be the default values for the placeholders if they are not determined.15) Explain using hyperlink how you can navigate from one view to other view?By using “ActionLink” method as shown in the below code. The below code will make a simple URL which help to navigate to the “Home” controller and invoke the “GotoHome” action. Collapse / Copy Code<%= Html.ActionLink(“Home”, “Gotohome”) %>16) Mention how can maintain session in MVC?Session can be maintained in MVC by three ways tempdata, viewdata, and viewbag.17) Mention what is the difference between Temp data, View, and View Bag?•Temp data: It helps to maintain data when you shift from one controller to other controller.•View data: It helps to maintain data when you move from controller to view•View Bag: It’s a dynamic wrapper around view data18) What is partial view in MVC?Partial view in MVC renders a portion of view content. It is helpful in reducing code duplication. In simple terms, partial view allows to render a view within the parent view.19) Explain how you can implement Ajax in MVC?In Ajax, MVC can be implemented in two ways•Ajax libraries•Jquery20) Mention what is the differe nce between “ActionResult” and “ViewResult” ?“ActionResult” is an abstract class while “ViewResult” is derived from “AbstractResult”class. “ActionResult” has a number of derived classes like “JsonResult”, “FileStreamResult” and “ViewResult” .“ActionResult” is best if you are deriving different types of view dynamically.21) Explain how you can send the result back in JSON format in MVC?In order to send the result back in JSON format in MVC, you can use “JSONRESULT” class.22) Explain what is the difference between View and Partial View?View Partial View•It contains the layout page •Before any view is rendered, viewstart page is rendered•View might have markup tags like body, html, head, title, meta etc.•View is not lightweight ascompare to Partial View • It does not contain the layout page•Partial view does not verify for a viewstart.cshtml. We cannot putcommon code for a partial viewwithin the viewStart.cshtml.page •Partial view is designed specially to render within the view and just because of that it does not consist any mark up•We can pass a regular view to the RenderPartial method23) List out the types of result in MVC?In MVC, there are t welve types of results in MVC where “ActionResult” class is the main class while the 11 are their sub-types•ViewResult•PartialViewResult•EmptyResult•RedirectResult•RedirectToRouteResult•JsonResult•JavaScriptResult•ContentResult•FileContentResult•FileStreamResult•FilePathResult24) Mention what is the importance of NonActionAttribute?All public methods of a controller class are treated as the action method if you want to prevent this default method then you have to assign the public method with NonActionAttribute. 25) Mention what is the use of the default route {resource}.axd/{*pathinfo} ?This default route prevents request for a web resource file such as Webresource.axd or ScriptResource.axd from being passed to the controller.26) Mention the order of the filters that get executed, if the multiple filters are implemented? The filter order would be like•Authorization filters•Action filters•Response filters•Exception filters27) Mention what filters are executed in the end?In the end “Exception Filters” are executed.28) Mention what are the file extensions for razor views?For razor views the file extensions are•.cshtml: If C# is the programming language•.vbhtml: If VB is the programming language29) Mention what are the two ways for adding constraints to a route?Two methods for adding constraints to route is•Using regular expressions•Using an object that implements IRouteConstraint interface30) Mention two instances where routing is not implemented or required?Two instance where routing is not required are•When a physical file is found that matches the URL pattern•When routing is disabled for a URL pattern31) Mention what are main benefits of using MVC?There are two key benefits of using MVC•As the code is moved behind a separate class file, you can use the code to a great extent •As behind code is simply moved class, it is possible to automate UI testing. This gives an opportunity to automate manual testing and write unit tests.Guru99 Provides FREE ONLINE TUTORIAL on Various courses likeJava MIS MongoDB BigData CassandraWeb Services SQLite JSP Informatica AccountingSAP Training Python Excel ASP Net HBase ProjectTest Management Business Analyst Ethical Hacking PMP ManagementLive Project SoapUI Photoshop Manual Testing Mobile TestingData Warehouse R Tutorial Tableau DevOps AWSJenkins Agile Testing RPA JUnitSoftware EngineeringSelenium CCNA AngularJS NodeJS PLSQL。
叙事英语作文节构
叙事英语作文节构Narrative Essay StructureStorytelling is a fundamental aspect of human experience and communication. The ability to craft and convey narratives has played a crucial role in our evolution, allowing us to share knowledge, impart wisdom, and connect with one another on a deep emotional level. The structure of a narrative essay is a key element in effectively communicating a compelling story.At its core, a narrative essay is a personal account of a significant event or experience. It is a means of exploring and expressing the writer's thoughts, feelings, and reflections on a particular moment or series of events. The narrative essay structure provides a framework for organizing and presenting this story in a cohesive and engaging manner.The first essential component of a narrative essay structure is the introduction. This opening section serves to set the stage for the reader, providing necessary context and establishing the centralfocus of the story. The introduction should capture the reader's attention, often through the use of a vivid description, a thought-provoking question, or a compelling anecdote. It should also clearly outline the main theme or message that the essay will explore.Following the introduction, the narrative essay structure typically includes a series of body paragraphs that delve into the details of the story. These paragraphs should be arranged in a logical and chronological order, guiding the reader through the events as they unfolded. Each body paragraph should contribute to the overall narrative, adding depth and richness to the story through the inclusion of sensory details, dialogue, and character development.One of the key elements of the narrative essay structure is the use of vivid and descriptive language. The writer should strive to transport the reader into the scene, allowing them to experience the sights, sounds, smells, and emotions that were present during the event or experience being described. This attention to detail not only enhances the reader's engagement but also helps to establish a strong sense of place and immersion within the narrative.In addition to the descriptive elements, the narrative essay structure should also incorporate the writer's personal reflections and insights. These reflections provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the significance and impact of the events being described. By sharingtheir thoughts, feelings, and interpretations, the writer helps the reader to connect with the story on a more profound level, fostering a sense of shared understanding and empathy.As the narrative essay progresses, the writer should also consider the element of conflict or tension. Conflict is a fundamental aspect of storytelling, as it creates a sense of drama and propels the narrative forward. This conflict can take many forms, from external challenges and obstacles to internal struggles and emotional turmoil. By navigating these conflicts and challenges, the writer can create a more compelling and engaging narrative that resonates with the reader.Towards the conclusion of the narrative essay, the writer should strive to bring the story to a meaningful and satisfying resolution. This resolution may involve the resolution of the central conflict, a deeper understanding or transformation on the part of the protagonist, or a reflection on the lasting impact and significance of the events described. The conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and a deeper appreciation for the insights and lessons that have been imparted throughout the narrative.Throughout the narrative essay structure, the writer should maintain a consistent and engaging narrative voice. This voice should be authentic, personal, and reflective of the writer's unique perspectiveand experiences. By cultivating a strong narrative voice, the writer can effectively draw the reader into the story and create a sense of intimacy and connection that enhances the overall impact of the essay.In conclusion, the narrative essay structure is a powerful tool for communicating personal experiences and insights. By carefully crafting the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion, the writer can create a compelling and engaging story that resonates with the reader on a deep emotional level. Through the use of vivid descriptions, personal reflections, and the navigation of conflict and tension, the narrative essay structure allows the writer to share their unique perspective and leave a lasting impression on the reader.。
1972年国际海上避碰规则英文
The COLREGs consist of 38 rules that cover a wide range of topics related to navigation and the conduct of vessels. These rules aim to promote the safety of navigation and provide a universal framework for mariners to follow in order to avoid collisions.Rule 1 of the COLREGs establishes the scope and application of the regulations. It states that the rules apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected to the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels.Rule 2 provides definitions for various terms used throughout the COLREGs. These definitions ensure that there is a clear understanding of the terminology used in the regulations.Rule 3 states that vessels should be operated at a safe speed and in a manner that allows for proper and effective action to avoid collisions. This rule emphasizes the importance of maintaining a watchful outlook and being alert to the presence of other vessels.Rules 4 to 10 outline the requirements for vessels to display navigation lights and signals. These rules specify the types of lights that should be used during different conditions, such as at night or in restricted visibility.Rules 11 to 18 cover the conduct of vessels in different scenarios. For example, Rule 11 states that a vessel shall keepa good lookout by sight and hearing in order to determine whether there is risk of collision.Rule 18 addresses the responsibilities between vessels in restricted visibility. It states that a vessel should proceed at a safe speed and navigate in a manner that avoids collision and minimizes the risk of its navigation being hindered by limited visibility.Rules 19 to 24 discuss maneuvering and the conduct of vessels in various situations, such as overtaking, crossing, and head-on encounters. These rules provide guidelines for theright-of-way between vessels and establish principles for vessels to follow to avoid collisions.Rules 25 to 38 cover important topics such as traffic separation schemes, navigation in narrow channels, and responsibilities between vessels in distress. These rules provide specific instructions for navigating in areas where there is a high volume of vessel traffic to prevent accidents and ensure safe navigation.。
autosar 的基本原理
autosar 的基本原理英文回答：AUTOSAR, which stands for Automotive Open System Architecture, is a standardized software architecture for automotive electronic systems. It provides a framework for developing reusable software components that can be used across different vehicle platforms.The basic principle of AUTOSAR is to separate the software functions from the hardware and to define standardized interfaces between them. This allows forgreater flexibility and scalability in the development process.One of the key concepts in AUTOSAR is the use of software components called "software modules" or "SWCs". These SWCs encapsulate specific software functions and can be developed independently of the hardware. They communicate with each other through standardized interfaces,which are defined in the AUTOSAR standard. This allows for easy integration and reusability of software components.Another important concept in AUTOSAR is the "virtual function bus" (VFB). The VFB acts as a communication medium between the different SWCs. It provides a standardized way for the SWCs to exchange data and control signals. The VFB also allows for the dynamic configuration of the software components at runtime, which enables the system to adapt to different operating conditions.AUTOSAR also defines a standardized methodology for the development and integration of software components. This includes guidelines for software architecture design, software component implementation, and system integration. By following these guidelines, automotive manufacturers and suppliers can ensure the interoperability and compatibility of their software components.To illustrate the basic principle of AUTOSAR, let's consider an example of a car's infotainment system. The infotainment system consists of various software functionssuch as audio playback, navigation, and Bluetooth connectivity. Each of these functions can be implemented as separate SWCs. They communicate with each other through the VFB, exchanging data and control signals.For instance, the audio playback SWC receives audio data from the Bluetooth connectivity SWC and plays it through the car's speakers. The navigation SWC receives GPS data from the VFB and provides real-time navigation instructions to the driver. The different SWCs can be developed and updated independently, allowing for easy customization and system upgrades.中文回答：AUTOSAR（汽车开放式系统架构）是一种用于汽车电子系统的标准化软件架构。
定位凸点 英语
定位凸点英语Pinpointing Pain PointsIdentifying and addressing pain points is a crucial component of successful businesses and product development. Pain points refer to the specific problems, challenges, or areas of frustration that customers or users face. By understanding these pain points, companies can tailor their offerings to better meet the needs of their target market, improve customer satisfaction, and ultimately drive growth.To effectively pinpoint pain points, businesses must adopt a customer-centric approach. This involves closely observing and engaging with the target audience to gain deep insights into their experiences, preferences, and pain points. Through comprehensive market research, customer interviews, and data analysis, companies can uncover the key issues that are hindering customers from achieving their desired outcomes.One effective method for identifying pain points is the "Jobs-to-be-Done" framework. This approach shifts the focus from what products or services a company offers to the underlying jobs or tasks that customers are trying to accomplish. By understanding the specific jobs that customers are trying to get done, businesses can better align their offerings to address the pain points that arise during those processes.For example, a customer may have the job of organizing their finances and tracking their spending. The pain points they might experience could include difficulty categorizing transactions, lack of visibility into their overall financial health, or challenges in setting and monitoring budgets. By identifying these pain points, a financial technology company could develop a user-friendly budgeting app that streamlines the process, provides comprehensive financial insights, and helps customers achieve their financial management goals.Another powerful technique for pinpointing pain points is customer journey mapping. This involves mapping out the various touchpoints and experiences a customer has with a product or service, from the initial awareness and consideration stages to the actual usage and post-purchase support. By analyzing the customer journey, businesses can uncover the specific pain points that emerge at each stage, and then prioritize and address the most critical ones.For instance, a customer journey map for an e-commerce platform might reveal pain points such as a confusing product search and navigation experience, a lengthy and convoluted checkout process, or a lack of clear and accessible post-purchase support. By addressing these pain points, the e-commerce business can improve the overall customer experience, increase conversion rates, and foster greater customer loyalty.In addition to customer-centric research methods, businesses can also leverage data and analytics to identify pain points. By analyzing customer feedback, support inquiries, usage patterns, and other relevant data, companies can uncover trends and patterns that shed light on the challenges their customers face. This data-driven approach can help validate and prioritize the pain points that are most critical to address.For example, a software company might notice a high rate of customer churn for a particular feature or module. By analyzing usage data and customer feedback, they can pinpoint the specific pain points that are causing users to abandon the feature, such as a complex user interface, lack of intuitive guidance, or insufficient functionality. Armed with this insight, the company can then work on improving the feature to better address the identified pain points and retain more customers.Once the key pain points have been identified, the next step is to prioritize and address them. This involves assessing the relative importance and impact of each pain point, as well as the feasibility and resources required to address them. By focusing on the most critical pain points first, businesses can make the most efficient useof their resources and achieve the greatest positive impact on customer satisfaction and business performance.It's important to note that pinpointing pain points is an ongoing process, as customer needs and market dynamics are constantly evolving. Businesses must continuously monitor and re-evaluate their pain points, adapting their strategies and solutions accordingly. This agile and customer-centric approach helps ensure that companies remain responsive to the changing needs of their target audience and stay ahead of the competition.In conclusion, effectively pinpointing and addressing pain points is a fundamental aspect of successful business and product development. By adopting a customer-centric mindset, leveraging various research methodologies, and continuously analyzing data, companies can uncover the critical issues that are hindering their customers from achieving their desired outcomes. By addressing these pain points, businesses can enhance the customer experience, drive customer loyalty, and ultimately achieve sustainable growth and success.。
司机干什么英语作文
As a driver,ones responsibilities are multifaceted and extend beyond simply operating a vehicle.Here is an English essay detailing the various tasks and duties that a driver may perform:Title:The Role of a DriverIn the modern world,the role of a driver is crucial to the smooth functioning of society.A driver is not just someone who steers a vehicle from one place to another they are responsible for a wide range of tasks that ensure safety,efficiency,and comfort for all passengers and other road users.Safety FirstThe primary duty of a driver is to ensure the safety of everyone in the vehicle.This involves adhering to traffic rules and regulations,maintaining a safe speed,and being vigilant of the road conditions and other vehicles.Drivers must also be wellversed in defensive driving techniques to anticipate and avoid potential accidents.Vehicle MaintenanceA driver is also responsible for the maintenance of the vehicle.This includes regular checks of the vehicles fluid levels,tire pressure,and overall mechanical health. Preventative maintenance not only extends the life of the vehicle but also helps to prevent breakdowns and accidents.PunctualityBeing punctual is a key aspect of a drivers job,especially for those who drive as part of their professional duties,such as taxi drivers,chauffeurs,or delivery drivers.Arriving on time for appointments and pickups is essential to maintain a good reputation and provide reliable service.Customer ServiceFor drivers who interact with passengers,such as those in the transportation industry, providing excellent customer service is paramount.This includes being courteous,helpful, and accommodating to the needs of passengers,whether its adjusting the air conditioning or providing local information.NavigationA driver must be adept at navigating,using both their knowledge of the local area and modern navigation tools such as GPS devices.Being able to find the most efficient routes, avoid traffic congestion,and reach destinations accurately is a critical skill.AdaptabilityRoad conditions can change rapidly,and a driver must be adaptable to these changes. This includes being prepared for weatherrelated delays,detours,and other unforeseen circumstances that may affect the journey.Compliance with Laws and RegulationsFamiliarity with and compliance with local,state,and national laws and regulations is mandatory for drivers.This includes understanding and following rules related to vehicle operation,parking,and the transport of goods or passengers.Environmental ConsciousnessIn todays environmentally conscious society,drivers are also expected to be mindful of their carbon footprint.This can involve practices such as reducing idling,choosing fuelefficient routes,and being aware of the impact of their driving habits on the environment.Emergency PreparednessDrivers should be prepared to handle emergencies,which may include knowing first aid, having a basic emergency kit in the vehicle,and being able to respond calmly and effectively in the event of an accident or breakdown.In conclusion,the role of a driver is complex and requires a combination of technical skills,personal attributes,and a commitment to safety and service.As society continues to evolve,so too will the expectations and responsibilities of those who take the wheel.。
pages 翻译
PagesIntroductionIn today’s digital era, pages play a crucial role in various aspects of our lives. Whether it is the pages of a book, the pages of a website, or the pages in a document, they serve as a means to organize and present information in a structured manner. This article will delve into the concept of pages, their significance, and their different applications in different contexts.Importance of PagesPages are fundamental units of information presentation. They provide structure and organization to the content, making it easier to navigate and comprehend. Here are some reasons why pages are important:1.Clarity and Organization: Pages help in presenting information ina structured manner, making it easier for readers to follow theflow of content. They enable clear separation of topics andfacilitate easy navigation within a document or website.2.Contextualization: Pages provide context to information bygrouping related content together. This helps readers understandthe relationship between different sections and enhances theiroverall comprehension.3.Reference and Accessibility: Pages serve as reference points forspecific topics or sections. They enable easy access to desiredinformation without the need to go through the entire document or website.er Experience: In the digital realm, well-designed pagesenhance user experience. They contribute to a visually appealinglayout, ensuring optimal readability and user engagement.5.Collaboration and Communication: Pages are crucial forcollaborative work and effective communication. They enablemultiple contributors to organize their ideas, provide feedback,and work together on a shared platform.Pages in Different ContextsPages have diverse applications in various domains. Let’s explore how pages are utilized in different contexts:1. Books and Printed MaterialIn the realm of printed books, pages are the building blocks of theentire publication. They serve as a tangible representation of content and enable sequential reading. Pages in books often feature page numbers, headers, and footers to aid readers in navigation and reference.2. WebsitesIn the digital landscape, pages are the core components of websites. They play a crucial role in organizing content and providing a seamless browsing experience. Websites typically have multiple pages, including homepages, product/service pages, about pages, blog pages, and contact pages. Each page serves a specific purpose and contributes to theoverall user experience of the website.3. Documents and ReportsIn a professional or academic setting, pages are utilized to structure and present information in documents and reports. Pages enable the division of content into logical sections, such as introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions. They aid readers in comprehending complex information and provide a framework for referencing specific sections.4. Social Media and BlogsPages are also prevalent in the realm of social media and blogging platforms. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn have individual pages for user profiles, posts, and articles. Blogs, on the other hand, consist of multiple pages that accommodate differentblog posts, categories, and archiving.Best Practices for Page DesignTo ensure effective presentation and user experience, it is essential to follow best practices when designing pages. Here are a few key considerations:1. Consistent NavigationMaintain consistent navigation elements throughout the pages of a document or the sections of a website. This enables users to easily navigate between pages and maintain a sense of familiarity.2. Clear and Concise LayoutDesign pages with a clear and concise layout that emphasizes readability. Utilize headings, subheadings, bullet points, and numbered lists tobreak down content into manageable sections. Use appropriate font styles, sizes, and colors to enhance legibility.3. Visual HierarchyEstablish a visual hierarchy within pages to guide readers’ attention. Highlight important information using elements such as headings, bold text, and images. This ensures that readers can quickly scan the pageand identify key points.4. Responsive DesignIn the digital age, ensure that pages are designed responsively to adapt to different devices and screen sizes. This ensures optimal user experience across desktops, tablets, and smartphones.5. Consider User IntentWhen designing pages, consider the intent of the user. Anticipate the information they might be seeking and present it in a logical and easily accessible manner. This can be achieved through intuitive navigation, search functionality, and relevant page suggestions.ConclusionPages are an integral part of our information-driven world. They provide structure, organization, and accessibility to various forms of content. Whether in printed books, websites, documents, or social media platforms, pages play a pivotal role in presenting and communicating information effectively. By following best practices in page design, we can ensure optimal user experience and enhance the way we consume and interact with information.。
Dreamweaver导航条（Dreamweavernavigationbar）
Dreamweaver导航条（Dreamweaver navigation bar）Navigation barA navigation bar consists of an image or an image set, and the display content of these images varies with the user's operation. Navigation bars usually provide a simple way to move between pages and files on a site.There are four states for navigation bar items:Image that is displayed when the user has not clicked or has yet to interact with this project.For example, the item in this state appears to have not been clicked.Glide: the image displayed when a mouse pointer glides over a "general" image. The appearance of the project changes (for example, getting brighter) so that the user knows that it can interact with the project.Press: refers to the image displayed after the item is clicked.For example, when a user clicks a project, it loads a new page, and the navigation bar still shows that the item being clicked is dimmed, indicating that it has been selected.Press when the mouse passes: the image that is displayed when the mouse pointer slides over the "pressed" image after the item is clicked.For example, items dimmed or grayed out. This state can serve as a visual hint to the user, telling them that this part of the site cannot be clicked again.There is no need to include the navigation bar images of all four states; for example, you can choose the two states of "general" and "pressed".Use navigation barsA navigation bar consists of an image or an image set, and the display content of these images varies with the user's operation.You must first create a set of images for the display state of each navigation item before using the insert navigation bar command. (see the navigation bar item as a button, because when it is clicked, the navigation item brings the user to another page.After you create a navigation bar for your document, use the modify navigation bar command to add an image to the navigation bar, or delete an image from the navigation bar. This command can be used to change images or image groups, change files open when clicked on items, select open files in different windows or frames, and reorder images.Insert navigation barWhen inserting navigation bars, name the navigation bar items and select images to use for them.Tip: you can perform the following operations: create a navigation bar navigation will be copied to other pages within the site, the navigation will be used together with the frame and edit the page to display the behavior of different states in access page.To create a navigation bar, do the following:Perform one of the following operations:Select Insert > Image > > navigation bar".In the insert bar, in the frequently used category, click the image menu, and select the insert navigation bar button, and the insert navigation bar dialog box appearsTo complete the dialog box, click ok".Modify navigation barAfter you create a navigation bar for your document, use the modify navigation bar command to add an image to the navigation bar, or delete an image from the navigation bar. To modify the navigation bar, do the following:On the active page, select the navigation bar.Select Modify > navigation bar, and change the navigation bar dialog box appears.In the navigation bar items list, select the project you want to edit.Change as needed, click ok".Set the navigation bar optionThis dialog box is used to name the navigation bar item and select the image used for the navigation bar item. To set navigation bar options, perform the following actions:In the project name text box, type the name of the navigation bar item (for example, Home), each of which corresponds to a button with a set of status images, up to four. The project name is displayed in the navigation bar item list. Arrange the position of the item in the navigation bar with the arrow button.In the general images text box, click Browse to select the image that will be displayed first. Note: This text box is an item, and other image status options are optional.In the mouse through the image text box, click Browse to select when the user mouse pointer glides over the image shown in the project when the general image is displayed.In the "press images" text box,Click Browse to select the image displayed after the user clicks the project.In the "press the mouse through the image" text box, click Browse to select the image displayed when the user clicks the mouse pointer down the image.In the replace text box, enter the descriptive name of the item, replace the text in the text browser or the browser where the image is downloaded manually. Instead, the image appears at the location where the image should be displayed. Screen readers read alternate text, and some browsers display alternate text while the user's mouse glides over the navigation bar item.In the "press to go URL" text box, click the Browse button to select the link file to open, and then select the location of the open file from the pop-up menu. Select one of the following:Select the main window and open the file in the same window.If the navigation bar is in the frame concentrate, select the frame in which you want to open the file. Note: if the target frame you want to use does not appear in the pop-up menu, close the insert navigation bar dialog box, and then name the frameworkSelect pre loaded images to download images when loading a page. If this option is not selected, there may be a delay when the user passes the mouse pointer over the mouse through the image.Select the initial display of 'press images'. When you display the page, display the selected item in the "press" state instead of the default "general" status. For example, when you load your home page, the home page item on the navigation bar should bein the "press" state.When you select this option, an asterisk appears at the end of the item in the navigation bar item list.In the insert pop-up menu, you can choose whether to insert vertically in the document or horizontally insert the navigation bar item.Select the use form check box to insert navigation bar items in the form of tables.Click the plus sign (+) button to add another item to the navigation bar, and then repeat the steps above to define the project.After you add and define the navigation bar item, click ok".。
智能机器会让人的大脑变懒吗英语作文
智能机器会让人的大脑变懒吗英语作文Will Intelligent Machines Make Our Brains Lazy?In today's technology-driven world, intelligent machines are becoming increasingly prevalent in our daily lives. From smartphones and smart speakers to self-driving cars and intelligent virtual assistants, these machines are designed to make our lives easier and more convenient. However, there is a growing concern that the reliance on these intelligent machines may be making our brains lazy.One of the main arguments for the idea that intelligent machines are making our brains lazy is the reliance on technology for tasks that were previously done manually. For example, the use of smartphones for navigation has led to a decrease in the ability of individuals to read and interpret maps. Instead of using their spatial reasoning skills to navigate, people now rely on GPS technology to tell them where to go. This reliance on technology is thought to be detrimental to the development and maintenance of cognitive skills.Another argument is that the convenience of intelligent machines is leading to a decrease in critical thinking skills. When faced with a problem, many individuals turn to intelligentmachines for quick answers instead of taking the time to analyze and think through the problem on their own. This reliance on instant answers can lead to a decrease in problem-solving skills and critical thinking abilities.However, it can also be argued that intelligent machines can actually enhance our cognitive abilities. For example, the use of virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa can help individuals access information quickly and efficiently, allowing them to focus on more complex tasks. In addition, intelligent machines can also help individuals with disabilities or impairments to access information and communicate more easily.In conclusion, while there are concerns that intelligent machines may be making our brains lazy, it is important to consider the potential benefits that these machines can bring. Ultimately, it is up to individuals to strike a balance between relying on intelligent machines for convenience and actively engaging their brains in cognitive tasks. By using intelligent machines as tools to enhance our cognitive abilities rather than replace them, we can harness the potential of technology to improve our lives without becoming dependent on it.。
PeopleTools 8.56 在线帮助更新，2018年10月 PeopleBook 路径 - 更
PeopleBook General Information
Path
Applications User’s Guide
Understanding Pages
Applications User’s Guide
Using Pop-up Pages
Working with Other Pop-up pages are not supported in fluid
Page Controls
applications.
Data Management Data Management Data Management
Working with Grids
Working with Fluid Homepages and Dashboards
Working with Fluid Pages and Controls
Creating User-Defined Audit Record Definitions
Note. You can personalize a fluid dashboard only after navigating directly to the dashboard; it cannot be personalized when displayed inside an activity guide, fluid navigation collection, or master/detail wrapper.
Updated the examples to show the controls that allow you to sort fluid grids.
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Abstract
BBQ User Interface
XML Application
user navigations client navigations We propose a framework for navigation-driven evalua- virtual XML view tion of virtual mediated views. The approach is based (DOM-VXD) partial results partial results on lazy mediators that translate incoming client naviga- XMAS view Lazy Mediator mq1 XMAS view Lazy Mediator mq2 de nition q2 tions on a virtual XML view (or the result of an XML de nition q1 source navigations source navigations query) into navigations on wrapped sources or lower level mediators. Such a demand-driven approach is inpartial results partial results evitable in order to handle up-to-date mediated views of OODB-XML RDB-XML HTML-XML Wrapper Wrapper Wrapper huge Web sources or large query results, which are commonplace when querying the Web. The proposed MIX mediator provides to the client an abstraction of the OODB DOM API, the de facto API to XML documents, hence Web sites RDB hiding the non-materialization of the view or the query. We also describe the inherent navigational complexity of queries and view de nitions wrt. navigations. Next, we Figure 1: DOM-VXD mediation architecture discuss the query/navigation processing aspects of the MIX mediator. The mediator translates a view into an algebraic plan. Then each operator of the algebraic plan In the MIX1 system we take the lazy mediator apacts as a navigation-driven lazy mediator. This allows proach to its full potential using the architecture of Figto characterize the complexity of plans and to compare ure 1. The common model for data exchange is XML their navigational complexity. XML98b]. Mediator views are expressed in XMAS2 , a declarative XML query language, which is very similar to XML-QL XML98a] and YAT CDSS98]. Nevertheless most of the concepts and results presented next are orthogonal to the details of the semistructured model Mediated views integrate information from heteroge- and the query language. neous sources. There are two main paradigms for evalu- An application, such as the B lended B rowsing and ating queries against integrated views: In the eager (or Q uerying (BBQ) interface BGL+ 99], may directly acwarehousing ) approach, data is collected and integrated cess the view or issue a query against the view and conprior to the execution of user queries against the mate- sequently access the query result. In the balance of the rialized views. However, when the user is interested in paper we assume that the application directly accesses the most recent data available and/or huge (or poten- the view. The case of issuing a query against the view tially in nite) views, then a lazy (or demand-driven ) ap- is handled by replacing the view with the composition proach has to be employed. Most notably such requirethe ments are encountered when considering integration of of The query and the view. the view using a subset of application accesses Web sources. For example, consider a mediator which navigation commands of the DOM3 API. However, the integrates data on books available from and lazy mediator MIXm does not materialize the view . Clearly, a warehousing approach in advance. Instead, view materialization based on all available books is not viable. In the lazy documentby the application's navigation. The mediais driven approach, however, the user query against the mediated view will be decomposed at the mediator and corre1 Mediation of Information using XML MIX99]. 2 XML Matching And Structuring Language LPVV99]. sponding subqueries will be sent to the sources at query 3 D ocument O bject M odel DOM98]. evaluation time.
A Framework for Navigation-Driven Lazy Mediators
Bertram Ludascher Yannis Papakonstantinou Pavel Velikhov
ludaesch@
fyanny mediator mq for a view de nition q operates as follows: The client navigates into the virtual view exported by mq by issuing DOM navigation commands on the view document exported by the mediator. For each command ci that the mediator receives (Figure 2), a minimal source navigation is sent to each source. Note that navigations sent to the sources depend on the client navigation, the view de nition, and the state of the lazy mediator. The results of the source navigations are then used by the mediator to generate the result for the client and to update the mediator's state.
1 Introduction and Overview