chapter 6 ecology
4.1 群落概念
在一定地段的自然环境条件下，由彼此在 发展中有密切联系的动物、植物和微生物 有规律地组合成的生物群体，叫做生物群 落。
每个生物群落都是自然界真实存在的一个 整体单位，占据着生物圈的一定地区，具 有一定的组成和结构，在物质和能量交换 中执行着独特的功能。
Whether is the
The really existing
organize unit or not in organized unit, not the
nature?
results of the taxonomy
Random combination, not the organized unit
Ambiguity of boundary: Unlike an organism or machine, the boundary of a community is unclear. Sometimes, there is a broad transitional zone between communities such as forest and grassland.
1.3 Property of community
The Organismic school (机体论派) hold that community is a real organic entity, and the organized assemblage of species populations. That is, community has certain tissue structure, can develop and eventually die as organism does.
好玩的生物学每章读后感
好玩的生物学每章读后感English Answer：Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life.In the first chapter of "The Joy of Biology," the authors delve into the fundamental building blocks of life molecules. They introduce the basic concepts of atoms, elements, and compounds, and how they interact to form the complex structures that make up living organisms. The chapter highlights the importance of understanding the chemical processes that govern biological systems, from the formation of simple molecules to the intricate reactions that drive cellular metabolism.Chapter 2: The Cell.The second chapter explores the basic unit of life the cell. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of cell structure and function, including the different organellesand their roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. They also discuss the processes of cell division, growth, and differentiation, emphasizing the importance of these processes for the proper development and functioning of multicellular organisms.Chapter 3: Genetics.Chapter 3 focuses on the fascinating world of genetics, the science of heredity. The authors introduce the principles of Mendelian inheritance, explaining how traits are passed down from parents to offspring. They also discuss the role of DNA and genes in storing and transmitting genetic information, and explore the implications of genetic variation for evolution and genetic disorders.Chapter 4: Evolution.The fourth chapter explores the theory of evolution, one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The authors present the evidence for evolution, including fossilrecords, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology. They discuss the mechanisms of evolution, such as natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, and emphasize the importance of evolution for understanding the diversity and adaptation of life on Earth.Chapter 5: Ecology.The fifth chapter introduces the field of ecology, the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The authors explore the concepts of ecosystems, food webs, and biodiversity, and discuss the importance of these factors for maintaining ecological balance. They also highlight the challenges facing ecosystems due to human activities, such as pollution, climate change, and habitat loss.Chapter 6: Animal Behavior.The sixth chapter explores the fascinating world of animal behavior. The authors discuss the different types of behaviors observed in animals, including instinctive,learned, and social behaviors. They also explore the ecological and evolutionary factors that shape animal behavior, and highlight the importance of behavioral adaptations for survival and reproduction.Chapter 7: Plants.The seventh chapter focuses on plants, the primary producers in most ecosystems. The authors explore the unique characteristics of plants, including their ability to photosynthesize and their adaptations for different environments. They also discuss the importance of plants for food, medicine, and other products, and highlight the challenges facing plants due to human activities, such as deforestation and climate change.Chapter 8: Human Biology.The eighth chapter explores the human body and its intricate systems. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of human anatomy and physiology, including the different organ systems and their functions. They alsodiscuss the importance of maintaining homeostasis and the challenges facing human health due to factors such as disease, aging, and environmental pollution.Chapter 9: Health and Disease.The ninth chapter focuses on health and disease, amajor concern for humans throughout history. The authors explore the causes and symptoms of common diseases,including infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and mental health disorders. They also discuss the importance of preventive measures, such as vaccination and healthylifestyle choices, and the challenges facing healthcare systems in the modern world.Chapter 10: The Future of Biology.The tenth chapter concludes the book by exploring the future of biology and its potential impact on human society. The authors discuss emerging technologies, such as genetic engineering and synthetic biology, and their potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and other fields.They also highlight the ethical and social implications of these technologies and emphasize the importance of responsible stewardship of biological knowledge.中文回答：第一章，生命的化学。
APBiology生物学术语中英对照
hypothesis 假设
explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested
experiment 实验
procedure that tests a hypothesis by collectingபைடு நூலகம்information under controlled condidtions.
species 物种
a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
growth 生长
increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things
technology 科技
application of scientific research to societys needs and problems
ecology 生态学
scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
dependent variable 因变量
in an experiment, the condition that results from changes in the independent variable
data 数据
information obtained from experiments, sometimes called experimental results
微生物学术语双语(中英文)对照
Brock Biology of MicroorganismsBilingual Glossary（For Internal Circulation Only）微生物学术语双语（中英文）对照北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院微生物教研室谢响明生物秀－专心做生物ｗｗｗ．ｂｂｉｏｏ．ｃｏｍ2007年6月10日Catalogue目录Chapter1 Microorganisms and MicrobiologyChapter 2 An Overview of Microbial LifeChapter 3 MacromoleculesChapter 4 Cell Structure/FunctionChapter5 Nutrition, Laboratory Culture, and Metabolism of MicroorganismsChapter 6 Microbial GrowthChapter 7 Principles of Microbial Molecular Biology Chapter 8 Regulation of Gene ExpressionChapter 9 Essentials of VirologyChapter 10 Bacterial GeneticsChapter 11 Microbial Evolution and Systematics Chapter 15 Microbial GenomicsChapter 18 Methods in Microbial EcologyChapter 19 Microbial Habitats, Nutrients Cycles Chapter 20 Microbial Growth ControlBilingual Glossary for MicrobiologyChapter 1Landmark：里程碑Ramifications：分支non-cellular life ：非细胞生命prion：朊病毒microbial diversity and evolution：微生物的多样性和进化pathogens：病原体genetic engineering：基因工程entity：实体macromolecules：大分子Reproduction：繁殖Differentiation：分化Communication：信息沟通coding devices：编码机制attributes：特征，品质coordination.：协调regulation：调节optimally attuned to最适地调和populations：种群habitat.：生境assemblages：集合体microbial communities：微生物群落biofilms：生物被膜hot springs：温泉Aquatic：水生的Terrestrial：陆生的Prokaryotic cells：原核细胞ecosystem ：生态系统biomass：生物量nitrogen：氮phosphorus：磷Bubonic Plague：鼠疫Fleas：跳蚤Mortality：死亡率Grotesque：奇异Liquefy：液化Influenza and pneumonia：流感和肺炎Tuberculosis：肺结核spontaneous generation：自然发生学说microbes：微生物Broth：肉汤Flask：烧瓶Guncotton filters：棉花滤器Dissolved：溶解的Ether：醚Particles：微粒flask with swan neck：曲颈瓶sterilization：灭菌vaccines：疫苗anthrax：炭疽热fowl cholera：禽流感rabies：狂犬病Germ theory：病菌说Koch’s postulates：科赫假设(法则) contagious diseases：传染病artificially infected animals：人工感染的动物Solid medium：固体培养基Gelatin：明胶Agar：琼脂Colony formation：菌落形成Differential staining：鉴别染色Pure culture：纯培养isolation：分离, 隔离inoculation：接种Tuberculin：结核菌素Diagnosis：诊断Subdisciplines：（学科的）分支enrichment culture：富集培养aerobic：需氧的N-fixing bacteria：固氮细菌sulfate-reducing：硫酸盐还原sulfur-oxidizing bacteria：硫氧化细菌root nodule：根瘤Lactobacillus：乳酸杆菌tobacco mosaic virus：烟草花叶病毒tenets：原则virology：病毒学nitrifying bacteria：硝化细菌nitrification：硝化作用oxidation of ammonia to nitrate：从氨氧化为硝酸盐hydrogen sulfide：硫化氰chemolithotrophy：无机化能营养型autotrophs：自养生物anaerobe ：厌氧生物Clostridium pasteurianum：巴斯德羧菌属Medical microbiology and immunology：医学微生物学和免疫学Aquatic microbiology：水生微生物学Microbial ecology：微生物生态学Microbial systematic：微生物的系统学Microbial physiology：微生物生理学Cytology ：细胞学Bacterial genetics：细菌遗传学Chapter 2Evolutionary History：进化史Elements：原理，基础Viral Structure：病毒结构The Tree of Life：生命树Physiological：生理学的Eukaryotic：真核的Cytoplasmic (cell)membrane：细胞质膜Cytoplasm：细胞质Macromolecules：大分子Ribosome：核糖体organic molecules：有机分子inorganic ions：无机离子rod-shaped prokaryote：杆状原核生物organelles：细胞器Archaea：古生菌Nucleus：细胞核（nuclear的复数）Mitochondrion（Mitochondrion复数）线粒体Chloroplast：叶绿体Metazoans：后生生物Cytoplasmic：细胞质的Membrane：膜，隔膜Endoplasmic reticulum：内质网Nucleoid：类核，拟核Nucleolus：核仁Nuclear：核的，细胞核Static：静态的metabolic abilities：代谢能力biosynthetic：生物合成genetic alterations：遗传改造Genomes：基因组Chromosome：染色体Circular：环状copy：拷贝haploid：单倍体extrachromosomal：染色体外的plasmids：质粒conferring：赋予properties：性质，特性Packaged ：包裹的Yeast：酵母Folding：折叠的Packing：包装gene expression：基因表达diploid：二倍体cell division：细胞分裂mitosis：有丝分裂mitotic division：有丝分裂a full complement of genes：一整套基因meiosis：减数分裂gametes：配子sexual reproduction：有性繁殖Fusion：融合Zygote：接合子，受精卵Sequenced：测序的Phylogeny：系统发生Phylogenetically：系统发生地deduced from 从推论出comparative sequencing：比较测序Ribosomal RNA：核糖体RNAbarometers ：气压计clinic：临床microbiology：微生物学identical copies：相同的拷贝polymerase chain reaction (PCR)：聚合酶链式反应aligned ：排列的algorithm：运算法则pair-wise comparisons：配对比较Domains：域Lineages：血统，世系Proteobacteria：蛋白细菌Cyanobacteria：蓝细菌Hyperthermophiles：极端嗜热菌Methanogens：产甲烷菌extreme halophiles：极端嗜盐菌slime molds：黏菌flagellates：鞭毛虫giardia：双滴虫（贾弟虫属）Eukarya (eukaryotes)：真核生物Morphology：形态学Motility：运动性Mechanism：机制Developmental biology：发育生物学Adaptation：适应environmental extremes：极端环境Organic chemicals：有机化合物Inorganic chemicals：无机化合物Oxidizing：氧化Conserved：保存，保留high-energy compound：高能量化合物Aerobes：需氧生物Anaerobes：厌氧生物Chemoorganotrophs：化能有机营养生物Chemolithotrophs：化能无机营养生物Phototrophic：光和营养的Pigments：色素major nutrient：主要营养Heterotrophic：异养的Autotrophic：自养的Autotrophs；自养生物primary producers：初级生产者extreme environmental habitats：极端环境生境extremophiles：极端环境微生物，嗜极菌hot spring：温泉tolerant ：忍耐的pathogenic：致病的Phylum：门Aquifex：产液菌属Thermotoga：栖热孢菌属green nonsulfur bacteria：绿色非硫细菌deinococcus：异常球菌属spirochetes：螺旋体green sulfur bacteria紫硫细菌planctomyces：浮霉状菌属phylogenetic：系统发生的depicted：描述的marine：海洋halobacterium：盐杆菌属natronobacterium：嗜盐碱杆菌属halophilic methanogens：嗜盐产烷生物methanosarcina：甲烷八叠球菌属thermoplasma：热源体属methanobacterium：甲烷杆菌属methanococcus：甲烷球菌属pyrococcus：火球菌属pyrolobus：热叶菌属methanopyrus：嗜热甲烷菌属thermoproteus：热变形菌属desulfurococcus：硫还原球菌属sulfolobus：硫化叶菌属hyperthermophiles：嗜热细菌halophiles：嗜盐菌acidophiles：嗜酸菌filamentous：丝状的Protozoans：原生动物Motile：运动的Lichens：地衣Diplomonads：双滴虫Trichomonads：毛滴虫，微孢子虫Flagellates：鞭毛虫Ciliates：纤毛虫Green algae：绿藻Red algae：红藻Fungi：真菌Diatoms：硅藻属Brown algae：褐藻Apex：顶点Chapter 4Locomotion:运动、行动Inclusions：内含物、包涵物Light Microscopy：光学显微镜Bright-field：明视野Phase contrast：相差Dark-field：暗视野Fluorescence：荧光Magnification：放大率Resolution：分辨率Staining：染色Increasing Contrast for Bright-Field Microscopy：提高明视野显微镜的对比效果positively charged (cationic)：带正电的（阳离子，正离子）negatively charged：带负电的polysaccharide：多糖cationic dyes：阳离子染料Methylene blue：亚甲蓝Crystal violet：结晶紫Safranin：番红Differential stains-Gram stain：鉴别染色—格兰氏染色Gram-positive：格兰氏阳性Gram-negative：格兰氏阴性ethanol decolorizing：乙醇脱色refractive index：折射率specimen：样品scatter：分散，散射chlorophyll (autofluorescence)：叶绿素（自身荧光）Three-Dimensional Imaging：三维成像Drawbacks：限制，缺点Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC)：相差干涉显微镜Nucleus：核Eukaryotic cells：真核细胞Spores：孢子、芽孢Vacuole：液泡Granule：颗粒internal structure：内部结构Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)：原子力显微镜Fixatives:固定剂Coatings：膜、层、覆盖物Hydrated：水合物Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM)：聚焦扫描激光显微镜Couples：连接，伴随Habitat：生境resolving power：分辨率vacuum：真空Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)：透射电子显微镜thin sectioning, 超薄切片EM staining：电子显微镜染色Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)：扫描电子显微镜external features：外部特征prokaryote：原核生物Coccus (cocci)：球菌Rod：杆菌Spirilla：螺菌Spirochetes：螺旋体Appendaged bacteria：附属细菌Filamentous bacteria：丝状细菌in general inversely proportional to cell size：从大体上说是于细胞大小成反比的nanobacteria：纳米细菌precipitates：沉淀物biofilms：生物膜surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio表面积与体积比Membrane Transport Systems：膜运输系统Peptidoglycan：肽聚糖outer Membrane：外膜Glycerol backbone：甘油主键fatty acids：脂肪酸phosphate-containing groups-ester linkage：含有磷酸的基团—酯键phospholipid bilayer：磷脂双分子层hydrophobic：疏水的hydrophilic：亲水的phosphate group：磷酸基团embedded：内嵌的hydrophobic external surface spanning the membrane：疏水的外表面跨膜hydrogen bonds：氢键hydrophobic interaction：疏水相互作用transverse：横切fluid mosaic：流动镶嵌Membrane Strengthening Agents: Sterols and Hopanoids：膜巩固剂：固醇和类何帕烷chemical composition：化学组分methanotrophic：嗜甲烷细菌mycoplasmas：支原体exception：例外side chains：侧链isoprene：异戊二烯Glycerol diethers：甘油二醚glycerol tetraethers：甘油四醚monolayers：单分子层hyperthermophilic：极端嗜热Permeability barrier：渗透屏障（透性障）passive leakage：被动泄漏Protein anchor：蛋白锚定Energy conservation：能量贮存Proton motive force：质子动力Aquaporins：水通道蛋白low osmotic conditions：低渗透势条件hypo-osmotic shock：低渗透压休克Simple diffusion：简单扩散Carrier-mediated process：载体介导过程Uptake：摄取、吸收Saturated：饱和的Symporter：同向运输蛋白Uniporter:单向运输蛋白Antiporters：逆向运输蛋白Lac Permease：乳糖透过酶Lactose：乳糖Group translocation：基团转位Phosphotransferase system：磷酸转移酶系统Glucose：葡萄糖Mannose：甘露糖Fructose：果糖Phosphorylation：磷酸化Dephosphorylation：去磷酸化cascading fashion：级联方式phosphoenolpyruvate：磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸Periplasmic：周质的periplasmic -binding protein：周质结合蛋白maltose：麦芽糖disaccharide sugar：双糖a family of related proteins：相关蛋白的家族High affinity for substrate：对底物的高亲和力Hydrolysis：水解drive transport across the membrane：促进跨膜运输translocase：移位酶amylase：淀粉酶cellulase：纤维素酶starch：淀粉cellulose：纤维素toxin：毒素deleterious：有害的solutes：溶质turgor pressure：膨胀压Multilayered structure and complex：多层结构和复合体Periplasm space：周质空间Teichoic acids:磷壁酸ribitol phosphate residues核糖醇磷酸盐残基Lipoteichoic acid：脂磷壁酸Murein：胞壁质Derive：衍生物N-acetylglucosamine (G)：N—乙酰葡糖胺N-acetylmuramic acid (M)：N—乙酰胞壁酸L-alanine：L—丙氨酸D-glutamic acid：D—谷氨酸L-lysine：L—赖氨酸diaminopimelic acid (DAP)：二氨基庚二酸tetrapeptide：四肽glycan：聚糖ß-1,4 linkage：ß-1,4连接interbridge：肽间桥capsular polymers：荚膜Protoplasts：原生质体Spheroplasts：原生质球Mycoplasma：支原体Osmotically：渗透地Thermoplasma：热原体属Lysozyme：溶菌酶Penicillin：青霉素ß-1,4 –glycosidic bonds：ß-1,4糖苷键saliva：唾液autolysin：自溶素transpeptidation：转肽Pseudopeptidoglycan：假肽聚糖N-acetyltalosaminuronic acids：N-乙酰塔罗糖胺糖醛酸Glycosidic bonds：糖苷键Polysaccharide：多糖Glycoprotein：糖蛋白Methanosarcina：甲烷八叠球菌glucuronic acid葡糖醛酸：galactosamine：半乳糖胺acetate：乙酸haiophilic Archaea：嗜盐古生菌Halococcus：盐球菌Paracrystalline surface layer：类结晶表面层hexagonal symmetry：六角对称lipopolysaccharide (LPS layer) ：脂多糖Core polysaccharide：核心多糖O-polysaccharide：O—特异侧链LipidA：类脂ADisaccharide：双糖Endotoxin：内毒素Pathogenic：致病的Shigella：志贺氏菌属mol-weight ：分子量Hydrolytic enzymes：水解酶Chemoreceptor：化学受体Flagella：鞭毛（复数）Flagellum：鞭毛Peritrichous：周生Polar：极生Lophotrichous：丛生Filament：鞭毛丝Flagellin：鞭毛蛋白Hook：钩motor portion：motor蛋白L-ring：L环P-ring：P环MS-ring：MS环Flexing：摆动Cheetah：猎豹Gliding：滑动Cyanobacteria：蓝细菌Myxococcus xanthus：黄色粘球菌physical or chemical gradients：物理或化学梯度Chemotaxes：趋化性Phototaxes：趋光性Other Taxes：其他趋性Temporal：时间的Spatial：空间的Tumbles：翻滚Attractant：引诱剂Scotophobotaxis (darkness escaping phototaxis)：避暗趋光性Aerotaxis：趋氧性Osmotaxis：趋渗透性Elucidated：阐述signal transduction pathway,：信号传导途径Gas Vesicle：气泡Endospore：芽孢Fimbriae：菌毛Pili：性毛Pellicles：菌膜Conjugation：接合Symmetries：对称性Capsules and Slime Layers:荚膜和黏液层The Glycocalyx：多糖包被Matrix：矩阵Deformed：变形Phagocytic：吞噬细胞的Desiccation：干燥作用Carbon Storage Polymers：碳源贮存物PHB, poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid：聚ß羟丁酸PHA, poly-ß-hydroxyalkanoate：聚ß羟基链烷酸Magnetosomes：磁小体Intracellular crystal particles：细胞内晶体颗粒Magnetotaxis：趋磁性aquatic Bacteria：水生细菌buoyancy：浮力purple and green phototrophic bacteria：紫色和绿色光养细菌watertight：防水的ribs：脊ß-sheet：ß折叠ą-helix：ą螺旋Germination：萌发Halotolerant：耐盐的Permian：休眠Dominican amberGut：消化道Morphology：形态学Refractile：折光的Exosporium：孢子外壁Cortex：皮层Calcium-dipicolinic acid complex：钙—吡啶二羧酸Cytoplasm：细胞质Small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs：酸溶小芽孢蛋白Ceases：终止Sporulation：芽孢形成Bacillus subtili：枯草芽孢杆菌s Outgrowth：生长Chapter 51. Oxidation-Reduction 氧化还原反应2. Catabolic Pathways 异化途径3. Proton Motive Force 质子动势4. Macronutrients 大量营养元素5. Cytochromes 细胞色素6. cellular respiration 细胞呼吸7. Siderophores 铁传递蛋白8. hydroxamate, 异羟肟酸9．enterobactin 肠杆菌素10．Acuqchelin儿茶酚11. Micronutrients 微量营养元素12. Trace elements微量元素13. Streptococcus链球菌属14. Lactobacillus乳杆菌属15. Leuconostoc明串球菌属16. distilled water 蒸馏水17. casein 酪蛋白18. soybean 大豆19. Leuconostoc mesenteroides肠膜明串珠菌20. Fastidious 营养复杂的，挑剔的21. Aseptic Technique 无菌技术22. Exergonic 放能的23. Endergonic 吸能的24. Redox 氧化还原作用25. hydrogen atom 氢原子26. reactants 反应物27. Chemoorganotrophy 化能有机营养28. Photophosphorylation 光和磷酸化29. Pyruvate 丙酮酸盐（或酯）30. Glycolysis 糖酵解31. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 3-磷酸甘油醛32. Saccharomyces cerevisa e啤酒酵母33. Beverage 饮料34. Yogurt 酸奶酪，酵母乳35. Pickled vegetables 盐渍蔬菜36. anaerobically 厌氧地37. Aerobic oxidation 有氧氧化38. Anaerobic oxidation 无氧氧化39. Dehydrogenase 脱氢酶40. Flavoproteins 黄素蛋白41. Iron-sulfur proteins 铁硫蛋白42. Quinones-non-protein 辅酶Q43. Heme 亚铁血红素44. Chemiosmosis 化学渗透势45. electrochemically potential 电子势46. alkaline 碱性的47. headpiece 帽子，头盔48. cyanide 氰化物49. Dinitrophenol(DNP) 二硝基苯酚50. Dicumarol 血液凝固防止剂51. the Citric Acid Cycle 柠檬酸循环52. aerobic respiration有氧呼吸53. Nitrate 硝酸盐54. ferric iron 铁离子55. sulfate 硫酸盐56. carbonate 碳酸盐57. Chemolithotrophy 矿质（无机）化能营养58. Ammonia 氨，氨水59. Chemolithotrophs 化能自养60. chemoorganotrophs 化能异养61. Phototrophy 光合营养62. Photoautotrophs 光合自养生物63. Phtoheterotrophs 光合异养生物64. Catabolism 分解代谢65. Anabolism 合成代谢Chapter 6Binary Fission二分裂Peptidoglycan肽聚糖Viable Counts活菌计数Turbidity浊度Continuous Culture连续培养Preexisting先前存在的Duplicate复制Monomers单体Coenzymes辅酶Cofactors辅助因子Polymerization reactions聚合反应Polymers聚合体Fts（f ilamentous t emperature s ensitive ）Protein ：丝状温敏蛋白mitochondria 线粒体chloroplasts叶绿体tubulin微管蛋白Divisome：分裂体Apparatus设备，仪器Cylinder圆柱体polymerize to form an intact ring聚合形成完整环penicillin青霉素MreBhomology 相同actin肌动蛋白cytoskeleton细胞骨架structural integrity结构的完整性autolysins自溶素lysozyme溶解酵素bactoprenol:细菌萜醇N-acetyl glucosamine N-乙酰葡糖胺N-acetylemuramic acid N-乙酰胞壁酸Pentapeptide peptidoglycan precursors五肽肽聚糖前体物Transpeptidation 转肽作用muramic acid residues 胞壁酸残基adjacent glycan chains 邻近多糖链noteworthy 值得注目的periplasm 周质Unsterilized 未灭菌的Detrimental 有害的Slope 斜面Semilogarithmic 半对数的Vessel 导管，器皿Elapsed时间流逝Inoculum 接种体Cryptic 秘密的Counting chambers：计数室plate count 平板计数colony count菌落计数Serial Dilutions 系列稀释Statistically：统计学地colony-forming unit 菌落形成单位Anomaly 不规则Magnitude 数量，量级Photometer 光度计Spectrophotometer 分光光度计The Chemostat 恒化器Cardinal 主要的，最重要的Optimum 最适宜的Pschrophile 嗜冷生物Mesophile 嗜温生物Thermophile 嗜热生物Hyperthermophile 极端嗜热生物Extremophiles 极端生物Psychrotolerant 耐寒的unsaturated fatty acids 不饱和脂肪酸morphological and physiological types形态的和生理的类型a critical amino acid substitution关键的氨基酸替代物counterpart 副本，配对物hydrophobic interiors 疏水的内部saturated fatty acids 饱和脂肪酸isoprene 异戊二烯monolayer 单层melting 熔化annealing退火Acidophile 嗜酸细菌Thiobacillus硫杆菌属Sulfolobus 硫化叶菌属Thermoplasma热源体属Alkaliphile 嗜碱微生物Carotenoids：类胡萝卜素Proteases 蛋白酶Lipases 脂肪酶Detergent 清洁剂Water activity：水活度vapor pressure 蒸汽压Osmophiles 嗜渗透微生物Xerophiles 旱生生物Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Glycerol 甘油，丙三醇Glycosides 配糖类Glycine 甘氨酸，氨基乙酸Betaine 甜菜碱Praline 果仁糖Staphylococcus葡萄球菌potassium ions钾离子Aerobes 需氧生物Anaerobes 厌氧生物thioglycolate broth巯基乙酸盐肉汤Anoxic jar 厌氧罐anoxic glove bag 厌氧手套peroxidase enzymes 过氧化物酶Airborn bacteria 空气携带菌Catalase 过氧化氢酶Peroxidase 过氧化物酶Superoxide dismutase 超氧化歧化酶（SOD）Superoxide reductase 超氧化还原酶obligately anaerobic：专性厌氧的Pyrococcus furiousus：激烈热球菌Chapter 7Pneumococcus 肺炎球菌Pathogenic 致病的Pneumonia 肺炎polysaccharide capsule 多糖荚膜pathogenicity 致病性transformation 转化Versatile 通用的，万能的in vivo体内in vitro体外ultracentrifugal, 超离心的diffusive 扩散electrophoretic 电泳的Polypeptide cleaving enzymes 多肽裂解酶Ribonulclease 核糖核酸酶Deoxyribonuclease 脱氧核糖核酸酶Amino acid 氨基酸hydrogen bonds 氢键grooves 凹槽polynucleotide多（聚）核苷酸Supercoiling 超螺旋Twisted 盘旋Predominantly 主要地Nucleosome 核小体Torsion 扭转Gyrase 解旋酶Topoisomerase：拓扑异构酶Nonchromosomal 非染色体的Extracellular 细胞外的Templates 模板deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸isotope同位素Density gradient equilibrium sedimentation密度梯度平衡沉降Cesium chloride 氯化铯Centrifugation 离心Detection of peaks检测高峰fidelity 忠诚度dilemma 进退两难的局面Okazaki fragment 冈崎片断Polymerase 聚合酶Exonuclease 核酸外切酶Ligase 连接酶Helicase 螺旋酶Initiation 起始Elongation 延伸Termination 终止Triphosphate 三磷酸盐Purine 嘌呤Bacillus subtilis ：枯草芽孢杆菌intrinsic terminators 内在终止子Transcription 转录Cotranscribed 共转录Polycistronic 多顺反子性的Operon 操纵子introns 内含子exons 外显子Splicing 拼接Ribonucleoprotein核蛋白（略作RNP）Capping 加帽Polyadenylation 多聚腺苷酸Deciphering 译码Polylysine多聚赖氨酸Polyproline 多聚脯氨酸Proline 脯氨酸Polyphenylalanine多聚苯基丙氨酸Phenylalanine 苯基丙氨酸Trinucleotide 三核苷酸密码子Codons 密码子codon-degeneracy：密码子的简并性Formylmethionine 甲酰甲硫氨酸Methionine 蛋氨酸Methylated 甲基化的Synthetase 合成酶Catalyzing 催化The peptide transferase reaction 转肽反应Streptomycin 链霉素Puromycin 嘌呤霉素Chloramphenicol 氯霉素Cycloheximide 放线菌酮，环己酰亚胺Tetracycline 四环素molecular chaperones 分子伴侣aggregation 聚合Signal recognition particle (SRP) 信号识别颗粒Chapter 8Scarce protein 稀有蛋白Abundant protein 丰度蛋白Posttranslationally 翻译后地Coarser 粗糙的Precursor 前体物（分子），-先导物Degrading 降解Allostery 变构Conformational change 构象变化Isozymes 同工酶Covalent modification 共价修饰Methylation 甲基化Glutamine synthetase 谷氨酸盐合成酶allosteric enzyme 变构酶adenylylation 腺嘌呤形成Global Control全局调控Regulator proteins调节蛋白Histones 组蛋白Nucleosomes 核小体Inducer诱导物Substrate 底物Corepressor 辅阻遏物Polymerase 聚合酶Maltose regulon 麦芽糖调节子consensus sequence 保守序列utilization 利用operons 操纵子Regulon调节子global regulatory system全局调控系统lac Operon 乳糖操纵子simultaneously 同时地Constitutive mutant组成型突变体lactose 乳糖Glucose 葡萄糖glucose effect葡萄糖效应diauxic growth二次生长Catabolite Repression分解代谢物阻遏catabolite activator protein (CAP)激活蛋白（活化蛋白）cAMP-receptor protein (CRP)环腺苷酸受体蛋白hydrolyze 水解galactose 半乳糖Galactosidase半乳糖苷酶Hydrolysis 水解Modulates 调节galactoside permease 半乳糖苷透性酶thiogalactoside transacetylase 硫代半乳糖苷转乙酰酶allolactose 异乳糖diffusible 可扩散的Intact copy完整拷贝positive control正调节negative control副调节Attenuation 衰减，弱化Two-component Regulatory Systems双组分调控系统Sensory proteins (transducers)感受器蛋白MCP –transducers MCP感受器m ethyl-accepting c hemotaxis proteins(MCP)接受甲基趋化性蛋白Methylase甲基化酶Chemotaxis 趋化性Tryptophan Operon 色氨酸操纵子Tandom 串联重复Insufficient 不足Termination 终止Dual Regulation of Trp Operon色氨酸的二重调节Translational attenuation翻译衰减（弱化）Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌trp attenuation protein色氨酸弱化蛋白Polycistronic 多顺反子性的Heat Shock Response 热激反应Global Control Networks全局调控网络Quorum Sensing：最少密度感应degraded by proteases 被蛋白酶降解Heat shock protein热激蛋白chaperones (chaperonin) 分子伴侣acylated homoserine lactone 酰化的高丝氨酸内酯bioluminescence 生物发光Sensor Kinases感受器激酶phosphorylation 磷酸化The phosphoryl group 磷酰基团Demethylated 脱甲基Flagellum 鞭毛Rotation of flagellum鞭毛旋转clockwise 顺时针counterclockwise 逆时针Antisense Nucleic Acid反义核酸Compartmentation分区Polycistronic mRNA多顺反子mRNA Splicing 接合，粘接Chapter 9Essentials本质Viral Replication病毒复制Viral Diversity病毒多样性Chromosome染色体Conferring new properties on the host赋予宿主新的特性Extracellular state-virus particles (virions)胞外状态-病毒颗粒（病毒粒子）Lysis：裂解genomic nucleic acid基因组核酸Intracellular state胞内状态the central dogma of molecular biology分子生物学中心法则Taxonomy分类学Bacteriophage嗜菌体Order目family (and subfamily)科（亚科）genus属species种morphology形态学suffix后缀Hepadnaviruses嗜肝DNA病毒Smallpox 天花病毒Polio virus 脊髄灰质炎病毒Nucleocapsid核壳体naked and enveloped裸露和包被的self-assembly自我装配molecular chaperones分子伴侣Virus Symmetry病毒对称Helical symmetry螺旋状对称Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)烟草花叶病毒Icosahedral Symmetry二十面体Complex viruses复合体病毒Complex Symmetry复合体对称lipid bilayer脂双层glycoproteins糖蛋白Lysozyme溶菌酶reverse transcriptase逆转录酶retroviruses逆转录病毒Neuraminadase 神经氨酸酶(唾液酸苷酶)Semiliquid半流体Protoplasts原生质体Monolayer单层permanent cell lines：亲本细胞系primary cell lines：原初细胞系virus infection unit病毒侵染单位Plaque嗜菌斑tumor virus肿瘤病毒Plaque assay空斑测定Titer滴度，效价Suspension悬浮液plaque-forming units噬菌斑形成单位Attachment and Penetration吸附和侵入tail fibers尾丝polysaccharide多聚糖tail pins尾针Contraction 收缩tail sheath尾鞘Restriction enzyme限制性酶Invasion入侵methylation of purine and pyrimidine bases嘌呤和嘧啶碱基的甲基化glucosylation糖基化methylation甲基化Virulent Bacteriophage裂性噬菌体Temperate Bacteriophage温和噬菌体Viriods and Prions类病毒和朊病毒Schematic representations示意表示图Linear线性的Encode编码Hydroxymethylcytosine羟甲基胞嘧啶Cytosine胞嘧啶restriction endonucleases限制性内切酶circularly permuted环状变化Terminal repeats 末端重复Concatemer多联体Lysogeny溶原性Synchrony同步Provirus前病毒nitrogen mustards氮芥cohesive粘性的lysis or lysogeny裂解或溶源bidirection双向repressor protein 阻遏蛋白irrevocably不可逆地integrase整合酶PE(promoter establishment)启动子建立Topoisomerase拓扑异构酶Bracket括号Excisionase切除酶Compartmentation分隔Polycistronic多顺反子性的Monocistronic单顺反子性的5’ methylated guanosine triphosphate cap and 3’ poly A tail：5’甲基化三磷酸鸟苷酸帽子和3’多聚腺苷酸尾巴Endocytosis 内吞作用Lytic infection裂解传染Persistent infection持久传染Latent infection潜伏传染Foci焦距benign 良性的malignant 恶性的metastasis转移oncogenes致癌基因intermediate中间的Human immunodefiency virus (HIV)人类免疫缺陷病毒acquired immunodefiency syndrome (AIDS)获得性免疫缺陷综合症internal proteins内部蛋白endonuclease核酸内切酶Protease蛋白酶5’ capped and 3’ polyadenylated: 5’帽化和3’聚腺苷酸化Encapsidation壳体化Budding出芽RNA dependent DNA polymerase（RdDp）依赖于RNA的DNA聚合酶DNA dependent DNA polymerase（DdDp）依赖于DNA的DNA聚合酶Ribonuclease H核糖核酸酶Hcoconut cadang-cadang viroid椰子可可树类病毒citrus exocortis viroid柑橘裂皮类病毒scrape刮伤BSE: bovine spongiform encephalopathy牛绵状脑病pathogenic proteins病原蛋白质insoluble不可溶解的mad cow disease 疯牛病Chapter 10In Vivo活体内Mutants突变体Carcinogenesis致癌作用The Ames Test埃姆斯试验Genotype基因型Phenotype表现型lowercase letters小写字母uppercase letters大写字母italics斜体字superscript上标progeny后代Screening筛选Selection挑选Penicillin青霉素Lysozyme水解酶Spheroplast原生质球Nutritional Mutants营养突变体Imprint印迹Prototroph原养型Auxotroph营养缺陷型histidine auxotrophs组氨酸营养缺陷型微生物Spontaneous自发的Induced诱发的Point mutations点突变Base-Pair Substitutions碱基置换Silent mutation沉默突变Missense mutation错义突变Triplet三联体Temperature-sensitive mutants 温度敏感突变体conditionally lethal mutants条件致死突变体Nonsense mutation 无义突变Back Mutations or Reversions回复突变Compensate 补偿Transposition转位，转座proof-reading校对epidemic流行病Mutagens诱变剂Base analogs碱基类似物Radiation 辐射Transposon转位子，转座子Site-Directed Mutagenesis定点突变Mutagenicity致突变性Protocol 方案salmonella enterica沙门氏肠菌Trp- auxotroph色氨酸营养缺陷型Errorprone错误倾向Plasmids质粒Homologous 同源的redundant pathways冗余的途径Homologous Recombination同源重组SSB protein单链结合蛋白RecA protein RecA蛋白Nick formation缺口形成Strand invasion链侵入Heteroduplex formation 杂合双链形成Transformation转化Transduction转导Conjugation接合Transfection 转染Artificially Induced Competence人工诱导感受态Acinetobacter不动杆菌属Azotobacter固氮菌属Bacillus杆菌属Streptococcus链球菌属Haemophilus嗜血菌属Neisseria奈瑟球菌属Thermus栖热菌属Electroporation电穿孔Generalized transduction普遍性转导Specialized transduction特异性（局限性）转导Recipient受体temperate or virulent温和的或者裂性的lysogenization溶源化作用randomly incorporate随机整合Phage Conversion溶源转变，噬菌体转变Prophage前噬菌体Polysaccharide多糖Nontoxin非毒素Corynebacterium diphtheriae白喉杆菌toxin 毒素Supercoiled configuration超螺旋构型Incompatibility 不相容性，不亲和性Episomes游离体，附加体Curing（噬菌体）治愈Conjugative可接合的Hfr (high frequency of recombination)高频重组Rhizobium根瘤菌属Pseudomonas of octane辛烷假单胞菌camphor and naphthalene樟脑和卫生球Bacteriocins细菌素Resistance Plasmids- R Plasmids抗性质粒Sulfonamides磺胺药物Streptomycin链霉素Spectinomycin壮观霉素fusidic acid梭链孢酸chloramphenicol 氯霉素tetracycline四环素mercury汞Therapies治疗物Diarrhea痢疾CFA-colonization factor antigen 入侵因子抗原hemolysin and enterotoxin溶血素和肠毒素a wider spectrum of activity广谱活性colicins大肠肝菌素subtilisin枯草杆菌蛋白酶NisinA乳酸菌肽Arolling cycle replication滚环复制pilus菌毛IS(insertion sequences)插入序列Interrupted Mating中断杂交Agitation搅拌transposable elements转座因子transposase转位酶inverted terminal repeats末端反向重复序列Conservation保存，保守Replicative重复的Bacteriophages噬菌体Cointegrate共合体cointegrate structure共合体结构Mutagenesis with Transponsable Elements用转座子诱变insertional inactivation插入失活neomycin and kanamycin resistance新霉素和卡那霉素抗性tetracycline 四环素biological mutagen生物诱变剂vector载体Integrons整合子Integrase整合酶Genetic Map基因图谱Operon操纵子Polycistronic mRNA 多顺反子mRNABidirection双向Highly expressed genes高度表达基因Horizontal gene transfer水平基因转移Haemophilus influenzae流感嗜血杆菌Hyperthermophiles极端嗜热微生物Mycoplasma genitalium生殖道支原体Chlorella 绿藻的一种Methanococcus jannaschii詹氏甲烷球菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa铜绿假单胞菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae啤酒酵母Streptomyces coelicolor天蓝色链霉菌Treponema pallidum苍白密螺旋体（梅毒密螺旋体）Thermotoga maritima海栖热孢菌Unidentified reading frame-URF未经确认的阅读框架Genomic mining基因组挖掘Paralogs侧向同源Orthologs直向同源obligate parasitic bacterium严格寄生菌Helicobacter pylori螺旋幽门菌cyanobacterium Synechocytis 蓝细菌introns内含子Plasmodium falciparum疟原虫Malaria疟疾Encephalitozoon cuniculi 家兔脑内原虫病Ustilago maydis玉米黑粉病Phytopathogenic fungus植物病原真菌smut disease黑穗病Chapter 11Stromatolites叠层石Fossiled 化石Filamentous丝状的Systematics系统学Taxonomy分类法Diversification多样化Phylogeny系统发生, 发展史Endosymbiosis内共生Prokaryotes原核生物trapped sediments捕捉的沉淀物phototrophic bacteria光养细菌anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria 厌氧光养细菌lipoprotein vesicles脂蛋白小泡cyanobacterium 蓝细菌entity实体ferrous亚铁的photosynthesis光合作用oxygenation加氧作用，氧气形成oxic有氧的ozone shield臭氧层eukaryotes cell真核细胞chemoorganotrophic化能有机营养mitochondrion线粒体cytoplasm细胞质chloroplast叶绿体endosymbiotic内共生的phototroph光养生物，光能利用菌symbionts共生体metazoan后生生物Evolutionary Chronometers进化时钟Homologous function相同功能Sequence alignment序列排列，序列对比ATPase ATP酶genetic recombination遗传重组Ribosomal核糖体的Phylogenetic系统发生的Cellular细胞的Microbial Community Analysis微生物群体分析phylogenetic tree系统发育树Evolutionary distance ED 进化距离fluorescent i n-s itu h ybridization荧光素原位杂交Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer 水平（侧向）基因转移human genome人类基因组nematode线虫yeast酵母mustard芥菜parasites寄生虫vertebrates脊椎动物Peptidoglycan肽聚糖Cellulose纤维素Chitin几丁质，壳质Archaea古生菌Lipids脂质Ester酯RNA polymerase RNA聚合酶Polypeptides多肽Framework框架Phenotype显型，表现型Phylogenetics系统发生学Classical Taxonomy Morphology传统形态分类学fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) 脂肪酸甲基酯hybridization杂交genus属Molecular fingerprinting分子指纹PCR amplification聚合酶链式反应扩增Speciation物种形成coexist 共存prime ecological niche最初生态位ecotypes生态型Nomenclature命名法Manual手册Chapter 18Biodiversity 生物多样性Quantification 定量microorganisms微生物habitats栖息地Enrichment富集培养Staining染色Radioisotopes放射性同位素Microelectrodes微电极in situ（原位）Pure Culture纯培养Counterselective反选择enrichment vehicle富集培养手段purple紫色phototrophic光养anaerobes厌氧微生物microbial ecosystem 微生物生态系统tubes试管Agar shake琼脂震荡法dilution 稀释molten agar熔化的琼脂serial dilution 系列稀释inoculum接种体most probable numbers (MPN)最大概率数The Laser Tweezers 激光镊子microscopy显微镜术infrared laser 红外线激光器micromanipulation device显微操作装置trapped捕集的laser beam 激光柱contaminating污染Stable Isotope稳定同位素Azotobacter n.固氮(细)菌。
八年级下册生物全册教案(人教版)
八年级下册生物全册教案(人教版)第一章：Unit 1 Introduction to BiologyObjectives:1. Understand the importance of biology in our dly lives.2. Learn the basic terms and concepts in biology.3. Explore the characteristics of living organisms.Content:1. Definition and importance of biology2. Basic terms and concepts: cell, tissue, organ, system3. Characteristics of living organisms: cell structure, metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, adaptationActivities:1. Discuss the importance of biology in our dly lives.2. Conduct a research activity on the characteristics of living organisms.3. Draw and label the different levels of organization in a living organism. Assessment:1. Quiz on the basic terms and concepts in biology.2. Group discussion on the characteristics of living organisms. Chapter 2: Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionObjectives:1. Understand the structure and function of cells.2. Learn the different types of cells and their characteristics.3. Explore the process of cellular respiration.Content:1. Structure of a cell: cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles2. Function of each cell structure3. Types of cells: animal cells, plant cells, bacterial cells4. Cellular respiration: process, products, and importanceActivities:1. Observe and describe the structure of a cell under a microscope.2. Conduct an experiment on cellular respiration.3. Compare and contrast the characteristics of animal, plant, and bacterial cells.Assessment:1. Test on the structure and function of cells.2. Diagram of the process of cellular respiration.Chapter 3: Unit 3 Tissues and OrgansObjectives:1. Understand the concept of tissues and organs.2. Learn the different types of tissues and their functions.3. Explore the structure and function of organs.Content:1. Definition and characteristics of tissues2. Types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous3. Structure and function of organs: heart, lungs, liver, kidneys Activities:1. Discuss the concept of tissues and organs.2. Conduct a dissection activity to observe the structure of organs.3. Diagram and describe the structure and function of different organs. Assessment:1. Quiz on the types of tissues and their functions.2. Group activity to identify and describe the structure and function of organs.Chapter 4: Unit 4 Systems of the BodyObjectives:1. Understand the concept of body systems.2. Learn the function of each body system.3. Explore the interdependence of body systems.Content:1. Definition and characteristics of body systems2. Mn body systems: skeletal, muscular, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive3. Function and interaction of body systemsActivities:1. Discuss the concept of body systems.2. Conduct experiments to study the function of specific body systems.3. Draw and label a diagram of the major body systems. Assessment:1. Test on the function and interaction of body systems.2. Group activity to create a presentation on a specific body system. Chapter 5: Unit 5 Ecology and the EnvironmentObjectives:1. Understand the importance of ecology and the environment.2. Learn the basic concepts of ecology.3. Explore the interactions between organisms and their environment. Content:1. Definition and importance of ecology2. Basic concepts: population, munity, ecosystem, biosphere3. Interactions between organisms and their environment: predation, petition, symbiosisActivities:1. Discuss the importance of ecology and the environment.2. Conduct a field study to observe and analyze the interactions between organisms and their environment.3. Draw and label a diagram of a food web.Assessment:1. Quiz on the basic concepts of ecology.2. Group discussion on the interactions between organisms and their environment.第六章：Unit 6遗传与进化目标：1. 理解遗传与进化的基本概念。
Ecologyisthescie...
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms and their environment.The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists.All organisms live and interact in the biosphere.To understand relationships in biosphere, ecologists study events and organisms that range in complexity from a single individual to the entire biosphereBiotic factors that are living things that influence other organisms in an ecosystem.Abiotic factors are physical or nonliving factors that shape and ecosytem.Ecologists study many levels of organization.• individual organisms• species—a group of similar organisms that breed and produce fertile offspring• population—a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area• community—a collection of different populations that live together in an area• ecosystem—all organisms living in a specific place, together with their physical environment• biome—a group of ecosystems with the same climate and similar dominant communities• biosphere—the part of the planet (land, water, and air) where all life exists.Scientists conduct ecological research using three basic approaches: \1.observing,2.experimenting,3.modeling.All of these approaches rely on the application of scientific methods to guide ecological inquiry.∙Observing is often the first step in asking ecological questions.∙Observations can also be used when designing experiments and making models.∙Experiments can be used to test hypotheses.∙They may be done in a laboratory or in the field.∙Modeling helps scientists understand complex processes.3–2 Energy FlowOrganisms use energy from the environment for life processes.Living things get energy in different ways.Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.anisms that use the energy in sunlight or chemicals to make food are called autotrophs.Autotrophs, also called producers, make food in two ways.1.Some autotrophs use light energy to make food in a process called photosynthesis.o In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are changed to carbohydrates and oxygen.o Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria carry out photosynthesis.o Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in organic chemical compounds.2.Some autotrophs use chemical energy to make carbohydrates is called chemosynthesis.o Only certain types of bacteria carry out chemosynthesis.Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and food are called heterotrophs.Heterotrophs also are called consumers.Types of heterotrophs.o Herbivores, such as cows, get energy by eating only plants.o Carnivores, such as snakes, get energy by eating only animals.o Omnivores, such as humans, get energy by eating both plants and animals.o Detritivores, such as earthworms, feed on the remains (dead matter) or wastes of other organisms.o Insectivores –such a anteaters, or some birds.o Scavengers an organism that feeds on dead or once living organismso Decomposers, such as fungi, break down organic matter.Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction.It flows from the sun (or inorganic compounds) to autotrophs and then to heterotrophs.A food chain shows how living things transfer energy by eating and being eaten.For ex. a food chain might consist of grass (producer), an antelope (herbivore), and a coyote (carnivore).A food web links together all of the food chains in an ecosystem.For example, rabbits may also feed on the grass in the food chain above. These rabbits may be eaten by the coyotes. The feeding relationships of the grass, rabbits, antelopes, and coyotes make up a food web.Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.o Producers are at the first trophic levelo Consumers make up higher trophic levels.o Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy.Ecological pyramids are diagrams that show the relative amounts of energy or matter at each trophic level.Only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level.Three types of ecological pyramids are1.Energy pyramids show how much energy is available at each trophic level.2.Biomass pyramidsshow the biomass, or total amount of living tissue, at each trophiclevel.3.Pyramid of numbers shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophiclevel.3–3 Cycles of MatterEnergy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Matter, including water and nutrients, moves through organisms and parts of the biosphere through BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES.The Water Cycle.o All living things need water to survive.o Water cycles between the ocean, atmosphere, land, and living things.o Many processes part of the water cycle. Ex. during evaporation liquid water changes to gas.o Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.o Water changes from a gas to a liquid through the process of condensation.o Water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds.o When the droplets get large enough, they fall to Earth’s surface as precipitation.Nutrients are chemical substances that organisms need to survive.Lliving organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.The Carbon Cycle.o Carbon is a key part of living tissue.o Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are parts of the carbon cycle.o Human activities such as burning fossil fuels are also parts of the carbon cycle.The Nitrogen Cycle.o Organisms need nitrogen to build proteins.o Different forms of nitrogen cycle through the biosphere.o Nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth.o However, only certain kinds of bacteria can use this form directly.o These bacteria change nitrogen gas into ammonia in a process called nitrogen fixation.o Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.o When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil.o Other bacteria change nitrogen compounds called nitrates back into nitrogen gas.o This process is called denitrification.The Phosphorus Cycle.o Most phosphorus is stored in rocks and ocean sediments.o This phosphorus is slowly released into water and soil and then used by organisms.o Phosphorus is a key part of DNA and RNA.Primary productivityo It is the rate at which producers form organic matter in an ecosystem.o The availability of a nutrient affects primary productivity of a producer.o A nutrient that is scarce or cycles slowly through an ecosystem is a limiting nutrient.o A limiting nutrient can affect ecosystem health.。
小学上册第6次英语第6单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第6单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The Earth's crust floats on the __________.2.My sister has a passion for __________ (环保).3.What do we call the time when the leaves change color?A. SpringB. WinterC. FallD. Summer4.We visit the _____ (水族馆) often.5.I saw a _______ (老虎) in the zoo.6.The baby is _____ (crying/sleeping) in the crib.7.What is the opposite of "full"?A. EmptyB. CompleteC. WholeD. Satisfied8.What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. Bangkok9.I want to _____ (join/start) a club.10.I saw a _______ (小松鼠) in the tree.11.What is the opposite of heavy?A. LightB. ThickC. DenseD. Solid12.The ____ swims gracefully and has vibrant colors.13.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. GrapeD. OrangeB14. A solution that contains very little solute is called ______.15.It is ___ today. (rainy, sunny, snowy)16.I can ________ (adapt) to new situations.17.I love collaborating on projects because it combines our __________.18. A _______ is an example of a flowering plant.19.The ______ (植物的养分) must be balanced for health.20.My sister is a ______. She loves painting landscapes.21. A compound that can act as both an acid and a base is called an ______.22.The chemical symbol for technetium is _____.23.King Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in _______. (1922年)24.I have a collection of _____ (stamps/coins).25.There are ___ apples in the basket. (three)26.My friend is __________ (非常有帮助).27.The ancient Babylonians are known for their ________ and astronomy.28.The chemical formula for titanium dioxide is ______.29.The __________ (文化表现) reflect societal values.30.What is the color of a ripe banana?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. BlueB31.My sister is a _____ (演员) aspiring to perform on screen.32.The _______ of liquid can change its shape.33.My cat catches _______ (老鼠).34.Which ocean is the largest?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific35.Her favorite animal is a _______.36.What is the name of the famous Egyptian queen?A. NefertitiB. CleopatraC. HatshepsutD. TutankhamunB37.I love to watch _____ (小动物) interact with each other.38.The dolphin communicates through _________ (声音).39.What do you call a young fox?A. KitB. PupC. CubD. FawnA40.What do we wear when it rains?A. SweaterB. RaincoatC. T-shirtD. Shorts41.I like to _______ (和家人一起)度假。
单词天天练完整版
20.accuse vt.
30.admission n.
21.accustomed a. (to)
22.acute a.
23.acid n. a.
24.acknowledge vt.
25.acquaintance n.
26.acquire vt.
27.acquisition n.
31.agency n.
25.contradict 26.contradiction n 27.contrary n. a. 28.contribution n. 29.control vt.& n. 30.controversial 31.conventional 32.convey v
单词天天练一(12)
1. cousin n. 2. crash v&n 3. criterion (pl.
promise n
pulsory adj.
单词天天练一(11)
1. condemn vt. 2. conduct vt. 3. conductor n. 4. confident a 5. confidential a 6. conference n. 7. confirm vt. 8. conflict n 9. confuse v 10.conscience n 11.consensus n 12.consequence n 13.conservation n.
单词天天练一(10)
1. clumsy a
mit vt.
2. collar n.
3. colleague n. 4. collection n.
mitment n mittee n
5. collision n
6 English Eco-literature
Lecture 6 English Eco-literatureI. The Beginning of English Eco-literature1. Brief Introduction to Eco-literatureAlthough it is difficult to tell for sure when English eco-literature began, no one can deny that English literature is one of the first to have eco-literature. The dispute over the beginning of eco-literature mainly rests on the understanding of this literary genre. The unsettlement is due to the different identifications of the scope. In broad sense,eco-literature refers to the literature that observes and demonstrates the relationship between human beings and the nature, while in narrow sense eco-literature is believed to be accompanied by environmental problems arising from the fast development of agriculture and especially of industry without much consideration for the endurance of the nature.Eco-literature is identified as a new literary genre only after eco-criticism appeared in early 1990s in the United States of America when human beings were faced with the worsening global environmental crisis. Eco-criticism, in Cheryll Glotfelty's words, aims to explore the relationship between literature and the natural environment. As the leading advocator and initiator of eco-criticism in the world Cheryll Glotfelty states that eco-criticism applies the earth-centered ideology to the study of literature with the aim of exploring the relationship between literature and the natural environment.With the wide spread of eco-criticism eco-literature as a new literary genre took shape and it develops quickly and now it is accepted in the literary world. Since the main task ofeco-criticism is to re-examine human culture through literary works to find out the defects of culture, to explore how human thoughts, culture and models of social developments influence or even determine humans' attitudes and behaviors towards nature, and how they lead to environmental deterioration and ecological crises, any literary work concerning the relationship between man and natural environment can be said to be a part of eco-literature.II. English Eco-literature in Three Periods1. Early Eco-literature in EnglandNot only modern and contemporary English literature has ecological implication, we can also find ecological connotation in early English literature. The first most important work inEnglish literature, Beowulf, is a very typical example as a poem with rich ecological implication.Beowulf is an ancient long narrative poem which tells the hero Beowulf's three adventures, each of which involves a fight against Grendel, a male monster, Grendel's mother, ashe-monster and a fire dragon. The poem is usually believed to be a national epic of the English people, but from the perspective of ecocriticism, it is a poem with ecological implication.During the reign of King Hrothgar in the land of the Danes, there lived a monster in his den. For many years the Danish and the monster were at peace but it came to an end after the king built a great hall called Heorot, where the nobles feasted and enjoyed tales chanted by scops. The hall was close to the monster's den and the terrible noise angered the monster. One night the furious monster could not bear the loud noise any longer. It came out of its den and appeared in the hall, killing thirty men successively. From then on, the monster haunted the land for about 12 years. The people of the land lived in terror and no one dared to come to the king's new hall.Many readers may naturally show much sympathy over those dead and troubled, but remember, it was the building of the king's hall which was too close to the animal's natural habitat that the monster sensed the human intrusion and the coming danger from the people. The noise from the hall all night drove the animal mad. If we say that many people became victims of the savagery attack by the monster, on second thought the monster was a victim, too, because the animal lost its own peaceful and quiet life after the building of the hall.When Beowulf heard about the monster he came to help the suffering Danish people. After fierce fight Beowulf finally killed the monster. The defeat of the monster signifies the first turn of victory in the combat with the nature, represented by Grendel. With the development of men's power men began to manipulate the natural world to satisfy their needs both physically and spiritually. The unchecked desire for more materials from the nature and reckless development without much consideration for the natural world incurred resistance from the nature. The conflict between men and the nature is inevitable.Although men may win in the first turn, the nature is always ready for the next attack for revenge. Just at the moment when there was a celebration of Beowulf's victory Grendel's mother came from the sea to avenge her dead son. The she-monster was more horrifying than Grendel. With great difficulty Beowulf won once again. The Danish king held a greatfeast to show respect to Beowulf and celebrate the big occasion. For another time men defeated the nature represented by Grendel's mother and there was peace and happy life after the battle, but the nature is hard to be controlled or subdued.Beowulf was made king of his own country, and his people enjoyed their life, but fifty years later, a fire dragon came out of its den belching fire. Many people died of fire and his homeland was ravaged. Many warriors were sent to fight against the horrible dragon but one after another they were either killed or badly wounded. The whole country was plunged into great horror. Beowulf，an old king over eighty, could not wait for the vicious dragon to further destroy his land and harm his people. The old king decided to take the challenge to fight against the fire dragon for his men.After several days of fierce fight the old king killed the fire dragon, but he was badly wounded. Several days later the respected king died. There was ritual to praise the king's great deeds at the end of the poem.Although the fire dragon was killed the old king also died after being fatally wounded. The fire dragon represents the third turn of attack from the nature on men. The attack is more violent than before. The fire dragon did not attack people before a man came into his den and stole the treasures there. Such an intrusion infuriated the animal. The angry dragon killed the thief and began to take revenge on men. Such an incident tells us that reckless development or invasion into the depth of the nature has unimaginably terrible consequences.Beowulf has been interpreted as the conquest of the hostile forces of the nature with the virtues of perseverance, bravery and physical strength, but from the three battles against Grendel, his mother and the fire dragon respectively we can clearly see the growing violence in their attack, indicating the worsening tension in the relationship between men and the nature. If such a tension could not be reduced on men's part the consequences would be unpredictable. Without much consideration for the rights of the nature, the victim of the tension can not be only the nature, but also human beings.2. Eco-literature in English Romantic PeriodFrom the perspective of ecocriticism, English Romantic poems are rich in ecological connotation. Critics have found ecological implication in the poems of all famous English Romantic poets. Byron's "Darkness" proposes that when ecosystem collapses, human bonds do so, too. Keat's "To Autumn” and Coleridge's "Frost at Midnight" are thinkings of our bonds with each other and the earth, thinkings of fragile, beautiful, necessary ecological wholeness. Of all Romantic poems some of William Blake's poems and SamuelTaylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are the most noteworthy in terms of ecoliterature.2.1 William Blake's EcopoemsThe nature is the main persona in many of English Romantic poems. In William Blake's poem The Ecchoing Green we see a picture of a harmonious coexistence of men and the nature.The Sun does arise,And make happy the skies.The merry bells ringTo welcome the Spring.The sky-lark and thrush,The birds of the bush,Sing louder around,To the bells chearful sound.While our sports shall be seenOn the Ecchoing Green.Old John with white hairDoes laugh away care,Sitting under the oak,Among the old folk,They laugh at our play,And soon they all say,Such such were the joysWhen we all girls & boys,In our youth-time were seen,On the Ecchoing Green.Till the little ones wearyNo more can be merryThe sun does descend,And our sports have an end:Round the laps of their mothers,Many sisters and brothers,Like birds in their nest,Are ready for rest;And sport no more seen,On the darkening Green.In the poem there is a wonderful environment for people both young and old. Any living being has its place in the universe and such a place is irreplaceable. Any life form has its intrinsic value. Human beings should respect any living being, for every life form, whether superior or inferior in intelligence, is equal. The Fly is a poem to illustrate such a viewpoint.Little FlyThy summers play,My thoughtless handHas brush'd away.Am not IA fly like thee?Or art not thouA man like me?In William Blake's eyes any living being has its value and significance in the world. Any life form is a member of the biological chain. In this chain any harm to any member is harm to the whole system. In Auguries of Innocence Blake shows the cost of ignorance of knowing nothing about the connection between all things in the world.The wanton Boy that kills the FlyShall feel the Spiders enmityHe who torments the Chafers spriteWeaves a Bower in endless NightThe Catterpiller on the LeafRepeats to thee thy Mothers griefKill not the Moth nor ButterflyIn William Blake's opinion any life form is equal, and therefore, human beings should treat them as their equals. Such an equal treatment of all living things can benefit human beings in return. The respect of other living beings is actually and finally respect of human beings themselves.上一页1 2下一页2.1 Samuel Taylor Coleridge's EcopoetrySamuel Taylor Coleridge is also a great English Romantic poet with strong sense of ecology. His long narrative poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a classic ecopoem. The long poem can be said to be an ecological allegory that predicts the ecological disaster caused by men's unwise and reckless harm to the nature.The narrative poem relates the experiences of the old mariner who has returned from a long sea voyage. The sailor stops a man who is on the way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate his story. His tale begins with his ship departing on its journey. In spite ofinitial good fortune, the ship is driven south off course by a storm. When they eventually reach Antarctica, an albatross appears and leads them out of the Antarctic but, even as the albatross is praised by the ship's crew, the Mariner shoots the bird.The crew is angry with the Mariner, believing it was the albatross who brought the south wind that led them out of the Antarctic. However, the sailors change their minds when the weather becomes warmer and the mist disappears. But their support of this crime arouses the wrath of spirits who then pursue the ship "from the land of mist and snow"; the south wind that had initially led them out of the land of ice now sends the ship into uncharted waters, where it is becalmed.Day after day, day after day,We stuck, nor breath nor motion;As idle as a painted shipUpon a painted ocean.Water, water, every where,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, every where,Nor any drop to drink.Engraving by Gustave Doré for an 1876 edition of the poem. "The Albatross," depicts 17 sailors on the deck of a wooden ship facing an albatross. Icicles hang from the rigging.The nature is the nourisher and blessing giver for human beings, but the representative of the nature, the albatross is killed, which is men's ingratitude and incurs the nature's revenge. Although there is water everywhere, there's no any drop of water suitable for drinking. When all suffer from thirst, the sailors begin to change their minds again and blame the Mariner for the torment of their thirst. In anger, the crew forces the Mariner to wear the dead albatross about his neck, perhaps to show that he must suffer from killing it, or perhaps as a sign of regret. Later the ship encounters a ghostly vessel. On board are Death (a skeleton) and the "Night-mare Life-in-Death" (a deathly-pale woman), who are playing dice for the souls of the crew. With a roll of the dice, Death wins the lives of the crew and Life-in-Death wins the life of the Mariner. One by one, all of the crew members die, but the Mariner is left to endure a fate worse than death as punishment for his killing of the bird.Only the Mariner lives on, seeing for seven days and nights the curse in the eyes of the crew's corpses, whose last expressions remain upon their faces. Eventually, the Mariner's curse is temporarily lifted when he sees sea creatures swimming in the water. Despite his cursing them as "slimy things" earlier in the poem, he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them, and just at that moment as he manages to pray, the albatross falls from his neck. The bodies of the crew, possessed by good spirits, rise again and steer the ship back home, where it sinks in a whirlpool, leaving only the Mariner behind. A hermit on the mainland sees the coming ship and comes to help with a pilot and the pilot's boy in a boat. When they pull him from the water, they think he is dead, but when he opens his mouth, the pilot has a fit. The hermit prays, and the Mariner picks up the oars to row. The pilot's boy goes crazy and laughs, thinking the Mariner is the devil, and says, "The Devil knows how to row." As punishment for shooting the albatross, the Mariner, driven by guilt, is forced to wander the earth, tell his story, and teach a lesson to those he meets:He prayeth best, who loveth bestAll things both great and small;For the dear God who loveth us,He made and loveth all.After relating the story, the Mariner leaves, and the Wedding Guest returns home, and wakes the next morning "a sadder and a wiser man".3. English Eco-literature in Modern PeriodAt the beginning of the third millennium, the state of nature is in great danger. The present and impending catastrophes are all too familiar. Carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels is trapping the heat of the sun, causing the planet to become warmer. Glaciers and permafrost are melting, sea levels rising, rainfall patterns changing, winds growing stronger. Meanwhile, the oceans are overfished, deserts are spreading, forests shrinking, fresh water becoming scarcer. The diversity of species upon the planet is diminishing.We live in a world of toxic waste, acid rain and other chemicals which interfere with the functioning of sex hormones, causing male fish and birds to change sex. The urban air carries a cocktail of pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, benzene, carbon monoxide and more. In intensively farmed economies, the topsoil is so eroded that the growth of cereal crops is entirely dependent on artificial fertilizers. The feeding of dead poultry to living cattle has bequeathed us bovine spongiform encephalopathy('mad cow disease'), which causes the collapse of the central nervous system and is transmissible to humans. We are bound to ask again the old question, but in changed circumstances: where did we begin to go wrong?Faced with the serious ecological crisis many modern English writers show their ecological concern in their works. Of all such writers, the most noteworthy is Ted Hughes, the late Poet Laureate. His poems are a rich wealth of ecological sense. Ted Hughes is the greatest ecopoet in contemporary English literature. The environmental disaster inflicted upon his hometown by the Industrial Revolution was his lifelong grief. Ted Hughes composed more and more ecopoems with the worsening natural environment and the step-up concern for ecology. Of all of his poem sequences the most famous one is Crow, whose protagonist is crow, a representative of human beings. The long poem, Crow and Mama, is a representative ecopoem by Hughes.When Crow cried his mother's earScorched to a stump.When he laughed she weptBlood her breasts her palms her brow all wept blood.He tried a step, then a step, and again a step----Every one scarred her face for ever.When he burst out in rageShe fell back with an awful gash and a fearful cry.When he stopped she closed on him like a bookOn a bookmark, he had to get going.He jumped into the car the towropeWas around her neck he jumped out.He jumped into the plane but her body was jammed in the jet----There was great row, the flight was cancelled.He jumped into the rocket and its trajectoryDrilled clean through her heart he kept onAnd it was cozy in the rocket, he could not see muchBut he peered out through the portholes at CreationAnd saw the stars millions of miles awayAnd saw the future and the universeOpening and openingAnd kept on and slept and at lastCrashed on the moon awoke and crawled outUnder his mother's buttocks.From the poem readers can clearly see the deepening harm that people are doing to the mother nature, but just as the last two lines show, the representative of human beings, Crow, no matter how ambitious he is, in the end has to come back to the earth, under his mother's buttocks, as a kind of punishment. Here readers find irony.上一页1 2 下一页。
现代大学英语精读6课后答案
现代大学英语精读6课后答案Unit11. Virtue is ... self-centered.By right action, we mean it must help promote personal interest.2.... (Poverty) was a product of their excessive fecundity...The poverty of the poor was caused by their having too many children.3. ...the rich were not responsible for either its creation or its amelioration.The rich were not to blame for the existence of poverty so theyshould not be asked to undertake the task of solving the problem.4. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.It is only the result or effect of the law of the survival of thefittest applied to nature of to human society. 5. It declined in popularity, and references to its acquired a condemnatory tone.People began to reject Social Darwinism because it seemed to glorify brutal force and oppose treasured values of sympathy, love andfriendship. Therefore, when it was mentioned, it was usually the targetof criticism. 6. ...the search for a way of getting the poor off our conscience was not at an end; it was only suspended.The desire to find a way to justify the unconcern for the poor hadnot been abandoned; it had only been put off. 7. ...only rarely given to overpaying for monkey wrenches, flashlights, coffee makers, and toilet seats.Government officials, on the whole, are good; it is very rare that some would pay high prices for office equipment to get kickbacks.8. This is perhaps our most highly influential piece of fiction.It is a very popular story and has been accepted by many but it isnot true.9. Belief can be the servant of truth---but even more of convenience.Belief can be useful in the search for truth, but more often thannot it is accepted because it is convenient and self-serving.10. George Gilder... Who tells to much applause that the poor must have the cruel spur of their own suffering to ensure effort...George Gilder advances the view that only when the poor suffer from great misery will they be stimulated to make great efforts to change the situation, in other words, suffering is necessary to force the poor to work hard. Phrases1. to reflect on a problem严重思考一个问题2. intellectual preoccupation有思想有学问的人孜孜不倦思考探索的问题3.to take on the modern form具有现代形式4.to come up with the formula提出了这样一种准则5.survival of the fittest适者生存6.substantial measure of responsibility在很大程度上负有责任7.unemployment insurance失业保险8.Medicare and Medicaid医疗照顾和医疗补助9.weapons procurement武器采购10.supply-side economics供应学派经济学11.corporate executives企业经理人员12.food stamps食品劵13.Workers’ Compensati on工人(失业)补助金14.subsidized housing住房补贴15.disability insurance伤残保险16.social tranquility社会安定1. An imbalance between the rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of republics 贫富不均乃共和政体最致命的宿疾2. Their poverty is a temporary misfortune, if they are poor and meek, they eventually will inherit the earth 他们的贫穷只是一种暂时性的不幸，如果他们贫穷但却温顺，他们最终将成为世界的主人3.Couples in love should repair to R H Macy’s not their bedroom热恋的夫妇应该在梅西百货商店过夜，而不是他们的新房4.The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it.and so is in economic life. It’s merely the working out of the a law of the nature and a law of god美国这朵玫瑰花以其华贵与芳香让观众倾倒，赞不绝口，而她之所以能被培植就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾被插掉了，在经济生活中情况亦是如此。
好玩的生物学每章读后感
好玩的生物学每章读后感英文回答：Chapter 1: The Molecules of Life.This chapter provides a foundational understanding of the building blocks of life, exploring the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The authors effectively convey the complexity and diversity of these molecules and their essential roles in cellular processes.Chapter 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life.The chapter delves into the intricate world of cells, examining their structure, function, and diversity. It highlights the unifying features of cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, while also exploring the specialized structures and functions of different cell types.Chapter 3: Genetics: The Science of Heredity.This chapter explores the principles of genetics, including Mendelian inheritance, gene expression, and genetic diversity. The authors provide clear explanations of complex concepts, such as dominance, recessiveness, and the molecular basis of heredity.Chapter 4: Evolution: The Change over Time.The chapter presents the theory of evolution, tracing its historical development and providing evidence supporting the processes of natural selection and speciation. It emphasizes the importance of genetic variation, environmental pressures, and the interconnectedness of all living organisms.Chapter 5: Ecology: The Interactions of Organisms with Their Environment.This chapter examines the interactions betweenorganisms and their surroundings, exploring concepts such as population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology. It highlights the complex relationships between species and their environment, as well as the challenges facing ecosystems in the face of human activities.Chapter 6: Animal Behavior: How Animals Interact.The chapter delves into the fascinating world of animal behavior, exploring the mechanisms, patterns, and adaptations that enable animals to survive and interact with their environments. It covers a wide range of topics, including communication, learning, and social behavior.Chapter 7: Plants: The Producers.This chapter focuses on the unique characteristics and adaptations of plants, examining their role as primary producers in ecosystems. It explores the processes of photosynthesis, plant structure, and plant reproduction, highlighting the importance of plants for life on Earth.Chapter 8: Human Biology: The Human Body.The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the human body, examining its structure, function, and regulation. It covers various aspects of human biology, including the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, immune, and endocrine systems.Chapter 9: Human Health: Maintaining Health and Preventing Disease.This chapter explores the principles of human health, focusing on the prevention and treatment of diseases. It examines topics such as nutrition, exercise, genetics, and environmental factors that influence health, as well as the importance of accessible healthcare.Chapter 10: Biotechnology: Using Biology to Improve Lives.The chapter highlights the applications of biotechnology in modern society, examining techniques suchas genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning. It discusses the potential benefits and ethical implicationsof these technologies.中文回答：第一章，生命的分子。
生态学复习题
2009-2010生态学复习思考题生态学考试题型包括名词解释、填空、判断、选择、问答等。
Chapter 1: What is Ecology?1. Define ecology.Ecology is the scientific study of interactions (relationships)between organisms and their environment生态学是相互作用（生物之间的关系及其环境）科学的研究2. Define and rank the levels of ecological organization.1) Individual：Behavioral ecology, physiological ecology个体：行为生态学, 生理生态学2）Population（Group of interbreeding individuals of same species occupying the same location）. Population genetics, spatial distribution, age structure, population dynamics种群: （组杂交占领同一地点同一物种的个体）群体遗传学，空间分布，年龄结构，种群动态3） Community（Assemblages of the populations of all of the species in the same location）Species abundance, diversity, keystone species, succession, stability群落: （组合的在同一地点的所有物种的种群）物种丰富度，多样性，关键物种，继承，稳定4） Ecosystem（Includes all organisms living in an area, and the physical environment with which these organisms interact）Productivity, energetics, nutrient cycles, decomposition, etc生态系统：（包括所有的生物在一个地区生活，物质环境，这些生物相互作用）生产力，能量，养分循环，分解等。
环境生态学 英文
• 1.1.2 Scientific method of ecology
• The ecology of forest birds: • Using field studies to test theory or find law and relationships
1.1.3 Relationship between ecology and environmentalism • Ecology is a science; environmentalism is a concern • In 1798, the English scientist Thomas Malthus expressed doubts about the ability of agriculture to feed a rapidly growing human population
Prefபைடு நூலகம்ce
• The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992
Preface
• Environmental ecology includes the study of the relationships between abiotic, biotic and human, the ecological effects of pollution,disturbance, and other stressors.
Tao Ling
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
好玩的生物学每章读后感
好玩的生物学每章读后感English Answer:Chapter 1: The Science of Biology.This chapter provides an overview of the field of biology, including its history, scope, and methods. It introduces the basic principles of scientific inquiry and the role of evidence in supporting scientific theories.The chapter also discusses the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical considerationsin biological research.Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life.This chapter explores the fundamental chemicalbuilding blocks of life, including atoms, molecules, and biochemical reactions. It discusses the structure and function of macromolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates,lipids, and nucleic acids.The chapter also covers the role of water and pH in biological systems.Chapter 3: Cells: The Basic Units of Life.This chapter introduces the concept of the cell as the fundamental unit of life. It describes the structure and function of different cell components, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles.The chapter also discusses the processes of cell division, cellular metabolism, and cellular communication.Chapter 4: Genetics: The Science of Heredity.This chapter focuses on the principles of genetics, including the structure and function of DNA and RNA. It discusses the mechanisms of Mendelian inheritance, gene expression, and genetic variation.The chapter also explores the applications of genetic technologies in medicine and biotechnology.Chapter 5: Evolution: The History of Life on Earth.This chapter presents the evidence for evolution and discusses the mechanisms by which evolutionary change occurs. It covers topics such as natural selection, genetic drift, and the origin of new species.The chapter also explores the implications of evolution for understanding human biology and the history of life on Earth.Chapter 6: Ecology: The Interactions Between Organisms and Their Environments.This chapter examines the interactions between organisms and their physical and biological environments. It discusses topics such as population growth, competition, predation, and symbiosis.The chapter also explores the role of ecosystems in maintaining biodiversity and the impact of human activities on the environment.Chapter 7: Animal Diversity: The Variety of Animal Life.This chapter introduces the major groups of animals, from sponges to mammals. It discusses the characteristics, adaptations, and evolutionary relationships of different animal phyla.The chapter also explores the diversity of animal habitats and the importance of animal conservation.Chapter 8: Plant Diversity: The Variety of Plant Life.This chapter introduces the major groups of plants, from algae to flowering plants. It discusses the characteristics, adaptations, and evolutionaryrelationships of different plant phyla.The chapter also explores the diversity of planthabitats and the importance of plant conservation.Chapter 9: Biology and Human Affairs.This chapter examines the applications of biological knowledge in various human endeavors, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. It discusses the ethical implications of biological research and the role of biology in shaping our understanding of ourselves and the world around us.Chinese Answer:第一章，生物学的科学。
环境科学课后答案(中文)
Chapter 1:1.According to the textbook, how old is planet Earth地球的寿命?4.5 billion years2. What is the factor as important as population in determining the environmental impact of humans? 环境影响人类的因素population‟s level of consumption 人口消耗水平3. How many humans were living at the beginning of the 21st century? 21世纪人口数6.6billion4. How do moderately developed countries most differ from highly developed countries? 一般的发达国家和水平较高的发达国家的区别Moderately developed countries with medium level of industrialization and per person incomes lower than those of highly developed countries. 工业化程度和人均收入5. List three examples of nonrenewable resources. 不可恢复资源coal , oil, natural gas. 煤炭、石油、天然气6. What are highly developed countries characterized by? 高度发达国家的特点complex industrialized bases, low rate of population growth, and high per person income. 复杂的工业基础，低人口增长，高人均收入7. What is the environmental significance of the process of “consumption”?consumption is intimately connected to a country‟s economic growth消费与经济增长相关, the expansion in output of a nation‟s goods and services.国家商品输出的膨胀率8. In the United States ecological footprint 生态足迹of each person is about 10 hectares公顷. The Earth presently has 11.4 billion hectares of productive land and water. If everyone in the world lived at the same level of consumption as the average American about how many earths would we need to survive according to the ecological footprint analysis? 59. List some unsustainable examples of human activities or behaviors. 非持续人类活动行为1. using nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited supplies.适用不可恢复资源并认为其取之不尽2. using renewable such as fresh water and forests faster than they are replenished naturally.可恢复资源入不敷出10. What is the definition of environmental sustainability环境的可持续性?the ability to meet humanity‟s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.满足当今需求，并为未来需求提供保证11. What is the term that best describes the interdisciplinary各学科间的study of h umanity…s relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment?联系人类与生物或非生命的物理环境间的关系environmental science.环境科学12. What one central problem in environmental science links all other problems together? 环境科学连接众多问题的中心问题是什么ecological 生态学13. New Orleans新奥尔良has been (subsiding) sinking下沉for many years. Part of the reason is that the city was built on unconsolidated sediment疏松的沉淀物. What is another reason that wetland scientists believe is responsible for subsidence？湿地科学家认为的另一个主要原因groundwater, oil, and natural gas are removed, the land compacts, lowering the city. 地下水、石油、天然气的使用及土地的紧缩14. What does an ecological footprint measure生态足迹测量了什么?the average amount of productive land and ocean needed to supply that person with food ,energy, water ,housing, transportation, and waste disposal.生产土地和人类对海洋的需求供给（食物摄取、能量、水、住房、运输、废物处理）的平均值15. What does the phrase “Environmental sustainability” imply环境持续性暗示什么?the environment will function indefintely without going into a decline from the stress that human society imposes利用on natural system. 环境的不确定性16. Define environmental sustainability定义环境可持续性. Discuss three reasons why experts in environmental science think that the human population is not operating sustainable. 人口不能操控可持续性the ability to meet humanity‟s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. (a) population growth and increasing consumption per person,人口增长、人均消费增长(b) a decline of vitallife-support ecosystems保障生命的生态系统减小, (c) global atmospheric changes 全球大气情况改变Chapter 2:1.What does the “Tragedy of the Commons” refer to? 通常的灾难Our inability to solve complex environment problems is the result of a struggle between short-term individual welfare and long-term environmental sustainability. 无力处理短期个人福利和长期环境持续发展之间的问题2. List three examples of modern-day commons.（中间层次）the atmosphere, water, wildlife. 大气、水、野生动物3. What is the definition of sustainable development? 可持续发展economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. 经济的增长不会影响下一代的需求4. List some examples of sustainable consumption. 可持续消耗repairable, recyclable product, use bicycles. 可修复、可循环、无污染产品5. List some examples of voluntary simplicity.自愿简朴car sharing. 搭顺路车. Global sustainable development depends on eradication of poverty in the developing world, What is the consequence of this? 全球持续发展依赖于根除贫困，其结果表现为poor people in developing countries increase their consumption of certain essential resources. 发展中国家的贫困人口增加必需品资源的消费7. If economic decisions are to be sustainable, what will they have to consider? 课持续的金融决定需要考虑什么the right of people living today, and the right of future generations. 当今和后代的正确定向8. What is deep ecology worldview? 深层生态学世界观a worldview, based on harmony with nature, a spiritual respect for life, and the belief that humans and all other species have an equal worth. 基于和谐自然、尊重生命、和众生平等的态度9. According to the Western Worldview, what is humanity ethically obligated to? 基于西方世界观，人们的理论上的义务responsible for managing natural resources to benefit human society. 管理自然资源造福社会10. What rights does environmental justice provide? 环境所提供的权利every citizen to adequate protection from environment hazards. 躯体公民在在自然灾害下被充分保护的权利11. What is carrying capacity? 承载力the maximum population that can be sustained by a given environment of by the world as a whole. 世界有限环境所能承受的最大人口12. What is a serious shortcoming of the Western Worldview? 西方世界观的缺点anthropocentric and emphasizes the importance of humans as the overriding concern in the grand scheme of things. 重要事物中，强调人类的重要性，人类中心论13. What is the best way to get rid of squatter communities like this one in Jakarta, Indonesia?驱除developed a busway with dedicated bus lines that reduce commuter times. 建立专用公交车线以减少上下班拥堵时间Chapter 3:1. What species 物种became the symbol 象征for the conflict 冲突between environmentalists环保人士and loggers 伐木工in the Pacific Northwest? Owl 猫头鹰2. What is the best definition of conservation保护的最佳定义?Conservation involves sustainability具有持续性—that is, using resources without inflicting excessive environmental damage不造成过多伤害的使用资源, so that the resources are available not only for current needs but also for the needs offuture generations. 为当今和后代考虑。
八年级上册生物笔记
八年级上册生物笔记Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology- Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.- The scientific method is used in biology to gather evidence and make conclusions.- The study of biology includes multiple branches such as botany, zoology, genetics, and ecology.Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function- The cell is the basic unit of life.- Cells can be classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic based on the presence or absence of a nucleus.- The organelles within a cell carry out specific functions, such as the mitochondria's role in energy production.Chapter 3: Genetics- Genetics is the study of inheritance and heredity.- Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for the development and functioning of organisms.- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments with pea plants.Chapter 4: Evolution- Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of populations over time.- Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.- Charles Darwin is known for his theory of evolution by naturalselection.Chapter 5: Ecology- Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.- Ecosystems are composed of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.- The food chain and food web show the transfer of energy through different trophic levels.Chapter 6: Human Body Systems- The human body is composed of various systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems.- Each system has specific functions that contribute to the overall functioning of the body.- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential for the body's proper functioning.Chapter 7: Reproduction and Development- Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring.- Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes from two parents, resulting in genetic diversity.- Development refers to the changes an organism undergoes from fertilization to adulthood.Chapter 8: Genetics and Heredity- Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.- Punnett squares are used to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring.- Genetic disorders can result from mutations or inherited traits. Chapter 9: Evolution and Natural Selection- Evolution is driven by natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits have better survival and reproduction rates. - Adaptation is the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment.- Fossil records provide evidence for the evolution of species over time.Chapter 10: Human Impact on the Environment- Human activities can have negative impacts on the environment, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change.- Conservation and sustainable practices aim to protect and preserve the environment for future generations.- Environmental laws and regulations play a role in mitigating human impact on the environment.。
六年级上册英语第六单元作文
六年级上册英语第六单元作文英文回答：My journey through the enchanting realm of the sixth unit in my sixth-grade English textbook has been a captivating expedition. Each chapter has unraveled a new tapestry of knowledge and experiences, igniting my imagination and expanding my horizons.In the first chapter, we embarked on an extraordinary adventure with Tom Sawyer. His mischievous escapades and unwavering spirit painted a vivid picture of childhood adventures. Through his eyes, I witnessed the thrill of freedom, the bonds of friendship, and the consequences of one's actions.The next chapter transported us to the world of ecology and the importance of preserving our planet. I learned about the delicate balance of the ecosystem and the crucial role humans play in its well-being. The chapter empoweredme with knowledge and a sense of responsibility towards our natural surroundings.In the third chapter, we delved into the fascinating world of traditional Chinese festivals. I was mesmerized by the vibrant colors, lively traditions, and rich cultural heritage of these celebrations. Through this chapter, I gained a deeper understanding and appreciation for the diverse customs and beliefs of different cultures.The fourth chapter took us on a literary adventure through the timeless works of William Shakespeare. His plays transported me to a world of love, loss, and human nature. I marveled at the power of his language and the depth of his characters. The chapter sparked a newfound interest in classical literature and a desire to explore its vast treasures.In the final chapter, we explored the intriguing world of space and its mysteries. I journeyed alongside astronauts as they ventured into the unknown, pushing theboundaries of human knowledge and engineering. Through this chapter, I gained a profound admiration for the scientific spirit and the immense possibilities that lie beyond our planet.中文回答：六年级上册英语第六单元的学习之旅是一次引人入胜的探险。
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Photosynthesis and Respiration
Photosynthesis: convert carbon dioxide, water and some basic nutrients( nitrogen, phosphorus sulfur, and other elements) into organic compounds---building blocks of compounds---building living organisms Gaseous oxygen is released. Sun’ Sun’s energy is stored for use by other organism at the next trophic level Autotrophic: self-nourishing, green plants, the selffirst trophic level of organism, Chlorophyll: pigment, is important in the process
Anaerobic Condition: free oxygen; anaerobes Material: carbon, hydrogen-methane; -water; sulfurhydrogensulfurhydrogen sulfide; nitrogen-ammonia; nitrogenphosphorus/complex organic volatile organic acids substances—photosynthesis substances— Energy: used by anaerobes for growth and reproduction;to be used as a fuel Characteristic: inefficient; incomplete combustion clean; unpleasant odors (putrefaction腐败物) (putrefaction腐败物 腐败物)
1.3 Ecology
Food Chains and Metabolism Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition Biogeochemical Cycles Stability, Diversity, and Succession Biological Monitoring in Lakes and Streams Biological Magnification Endangered Species Act
Types: Natural ecosystem: Terrestrial ecosystems: forests, deserts, jungles, meadows Aquatic ecosystems: streams, rivers, lakes, marshes, estuaries Earth: a closed ecosystem, biosphere, constant flow of energy from the sun provides power to sustain the life cycles and nutrients are continually recycled and reused Artificial ecosystem: activated sludge ecosystem: process/engineered ecosystem (tank+microorganisms+air+wastewater=bio (tank+microorganisms+air+wastewater=bio tic+abiotic) tic+abiotic)
original or primary source of Energy for all natural ecosystem: sun ecosystem: Nutrients: water, gaseous oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iodine, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, iron, magnesium, other elements in smaller amounts form of Some of these elements: organic elements: molecules— molecules—carbohydrates, proteins
Decay Organisms: decomposers who complete Organisms: or close the simplified food chain/microscopic organisms/bacteria and fungi Metabolism: microorganisms break down waste products and the remains of dead organisms are by into simpler inorganic substances which are then readily usable by the autotrophs. Nitrogen in ammonia--- inorganic nitrates---plants ammonia--nitrates---plants Workhorse of engineered water pollution control system
1.3.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition
Aerobic Condition: free oxygeide; hydrogencarbonhydrogenwater; sulfur-sulfates; nitrogen- nitrates; sulfurnitrogenphosphorus/complex organic moleculesmoleculesother simple substances—photosynthesis substances— Energy: used by aerobes for growth and reproduction Characteristic: efficient; clean; no offensive odors
rottenrotten-egg odor
Fermentation: carbohydrates---foods Fermentation: carbohydrates---foods and beverages (cheese and alcohol) /without free oxygen
1.3.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeochemical cycles or nutrient cycles: cycles: pathways/ through biotic and abiotic components Hydrologic (water) cycle—chapter 3 cycle— Macronutrients— Macronutrients—needed in large amounts in protoplasm protoplasm Carbon/Nitrogen /Phosphorus hydrogen/oxygen/potassium/calcium /magnesium/sulfur Micronutrients---required Micronutrients---required only in very small quantities iron/manganese/copper/zinc/sodium
Ecology: Ecology: branch of biological science concerned with relationships and interactions between living organisms and their physical surroundings or environment Ecosystem: Ecosystem: the basic unit of ecology/living organisms and the environment with which they exchange materials and energy together
The Food chain in Figure 1.3 Three broad groups or types of organisms: First trophic level--Producers: green plants level--Producers: Second trophic level--Consumers: herbivores level--Consumers: (plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), omnivores (both-eating) (bothThird trophic level--Decomposers: bacteria level--Decomposers: and fungi
Metabolism: the biological and chemical process by which an organism sustains its life Two fundamental metabolic processes of living organisms: Photosynthesis Respiration
Two basic principles or laws of ecology Oneway flow of energy Circulation of materials Energy: Energy: could not be created or destroyed, just be transformed from one form to another, can only flow one way Nutrient materials: can be reused over and over again, constantly recycled or circulated through the ecosystem