考研英译汉四类名词从句译法

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考研英译汉四类名词从句译法
英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。

翻译时大多数可译成相对应的汉语,但也还有一些其它处理方法。

下面分别加以介绍:
一、主语从句
1。

以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译,例如:What he told me is only half-truth。

他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而己
2。

以“it”作形式主语的主语从句
1) 逻辑主语从句如提前译出,有两种情况:若强调,“it”一般可译出来;如不强调,“it”可不译出来。

It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not。

他参不参加会议没有多大关系。

(不强调)
It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash。

在飞机坠毁之后,驾驶员竟然还能活着,这看来是不可想象的。

(强调)
2) 逻辑主语从句不提前,“it”一般不需译出。

It is suggested that the meeting should be canceled。

有人建议取消会议。

二、宾语从句
1。

用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不须改变顺序。

I told him that because of the last condition,I′d have to turn it down。

我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只得谢绝。

2。

用“it”作形成宾语的句子,that宾语从句可按原文顺序译出,“it”可不译。

I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o′clock in the morning。

我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。

三、表语从句
与宾语从句一样,一般可按原文顺序译出:
His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him。

他对新闻界的看法是,记者们不是支持他,就是反对他。

四、同位语从句
1. 同位语从句汉译时不提前:
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again。

他表示希望再到中国来访问。

2. 同位语从句提前译出:
Y et,from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored。

然而,从一开始,我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。

3.用“即”或冒号、破折号引出同位语从句:
But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good。

但是现实地考虑一下,我们不得不正视这样的事实:我们的前景并不妙。

4.单词、短语作同位语的译法:
1)说明身份,称号的英语同位语往往放在专有名词后面,汉译时一般放在前面:They silently surrounded Tom, a young soldier, in order to take him prisoner。

他们悄悄地包围了一个年轻战士汤姆,企图俘虏他。

2)限制性同位语不须改变位置;
I have been to all the cinemas in this city, big or small。

这个城市的电影院我都到过,大的也罢,小的也罢。

We two like to go there。

我们两个(都)想去。

英译汉之不同定语从句译法
一、限制性定语从句
1. 前置法
译成带“的”的定语词组,放在被修饰词之前,变为单句:
The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him。

在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。

2. 后置法
如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往译成后置的并列分句。

1) 译成并列分句,重复英语先行词:
They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives。

他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。

2)译成并列句,省略英语先行词:
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle。

是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。

3.溶合法
1)溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合到一起译成一个独立的句子的翻译方法。

它较适用于翻译限制性定语从句,如“There be…”结构形式;
There are many people who want to see film。

许多人要看这部电影。

There is a man downstairs who wants to see you 。

楼下有人要见你。

2)在定语复合句中,将英语主句压缩成汉语词组做主语,而把定语从句译成谓语,溶合成一个句子:
This is a nation that must beg to stay alive。

这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。

二、非限制性定语从句
1.前置法
一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句,可译成带“的”的前置定语:
The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendour。

那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射地露面了。

He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant。

他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。

2.后置法
1)译成并列分句
定语从句后置,重复英语关系词所代表的含义:
I told the story to John, who told it to his brother。

我把这件事告诉了约翰,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。

定语从句后置,省略关系词所代表的含义:
After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night。

饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈。

一直谈到深夜。

定语从句前置,重复关系词所代表的含义:
World War ll was, however, more complete that World War l,which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories。

第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突是,而第二次世界战却比第一次复杂。

2)译成独立句
One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective。

有一次是暴风骤雨,猛烈的程度实为我生平所仅见。

这阵暴风雨遮住了我的目标。

三、兼有状语特点的定语从句
有的定语从句,意义上有状语特点,说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系,可相应地译成状语从句。

1.译成表“因”分句
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly at night。

我们知道由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看很清楚。

2.译成表“果”分句
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them。

这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很有魄力,所以使他们都喜欢。

3.译成表“让步”的分句
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for。

他坚持要再造一栋房子,尽管他并无此需要。

4.译成表“目的”的分句
I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me to visit that country。

我没有放弃努力来争取一张护照,以便访问那个国家。

5.译成表“条件”、“假设”的分句
Men become desperate for work, any work which will help them to keep alive their families。

人们极其迫切要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。

He would be a short –sighted commander who did not look beyond his fortress。

谁如果不往城堡之外的远处看,那他就是一个目光短浅的指挥员。

考研英译汉之状语从句译法
英语状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等各种从句。

一、时间状语从句
1. 译成相应的时间状语
1)与原文顺序一致
While she spoke, the tears were running down。

她说话时,泪水直流。

2)后置改前置
Please turn off the light when you leave the room。

离屋时请关灯。

2。

译成“刚(一)……就……”的句式:
When I reached the beach, I collapsed。

我一游到海滩,就昏倒了。

3。

译成并列的分句:
1)译文前置
They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid。

他还没有交赎金,他们就把他释放了。

2)后置不变
I was about to speak when Mr. Smith cut in。

我正想讲,史密斯先生就插嘴了。

二、原因状语从句
1。

译成表“因”的分句:
1)“因”在“果”之前
The crops failed because the season was dry。

因为气候干旱,作物歉收。

2)“果”在“因”之前
She could get away with anything, because she looked such a baby。

她能渡过任何风险,因为她看上去简直还像娃娃模样。

2。

译成因果偏正复句中的主句:
Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft。

纯铁太软,所以不用在工业上。

Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion。

他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持己见。

3。

译成无关联词的因果关系并列分句:
Where there is sound, there must be sound waves。

哪里有声音,哪里就必有声波。

After all, it did not matter much, because in24 hours, they were going to be free。

反正关系不大,24小时以后他们就自由了。

三、表示条件的状语从句
1. 译成表示条件的分句,汉语一般前置:
When this question is answered, even better and cheaper magnetic materials can be developed。

如果这一问题得到解决,就能研制出更好、更便宜的磁性材料。

2。

译成表示“假设”的分句,一般前置:
If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains。

如果其中一个人垮了,这种事常在他们中间发生,向导就要背着他过山,
3。

译成补充说明情况的分句,一般后置:
Y ou can drive tonight if you are ready。

你今晚就可以出车,如果你愿意的话。

四、表示让步的状语从句
1.译成表示“让步”的分句,一般前置:
While this is true of some, it is not true of all。

虽有部分如此,但不见得全部如此。

I still think that you made a mistake while l admit what you say。

就算你说得对,我仍认为你做错了。

2.译成表示“无条件”的条件分句,一般前置
Plugged into the intercommunication system, the man can now communicate with the
rest of the crew no matter what noise is going on about him。

不管周围是多么喧闹,插头一接上机内通话系统,他就能和同机其余的人通话。

五、表示目的的状语从句
1.译成表示“目的”的前置分句,常用“为了”、“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“生怕”等引导:
They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s eye view of the city 。

为了对这个城市作一鸟瞰,他们跨进直升机,凌空飞行。

2. 译成表示“目的”的后置分句,常用“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生伯”等引导
The murderer ran away as fast as he could so that he might not be caught。

凶手尽快地跑开,以免被人抓住。

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