新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说上 全 原文 解析 答案

新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说（上）
听力原文
Lesson 1 Music
1. M: By the way, Jane, did you talk to the consultant 顾问about our new health program?
W: I contacted联系 his office but his secretary said he would （be out for）试图得到 lunch until two.
Q: What does the woman mean?
B. she couldn’t talk to the consultant before two
2. W: We need to let everyone know about the charity [ˈtʃæriti] n. 慈爱concert, but we don't have much money for advertising.
M: How about using the school radio station? They broadcast free public service服务announcements. 通告
Q: What does the man suggest they do?
c. Ask the school radio station for help
3. W: I don't understand why this self-study自学book doesn't have answers to the questions.
M: But it does. You can find them at the back of the book.
Q: What does the man say about the self-study book?
d. the book does include the answer
4. M: The new sales manager says he has never met you before.
W: We've been introduced about three times. He seems a little forgetful.
Q: What do we learn about the new sales manager?
B. He probably has a poor memory
5. M: Have you had the brakes[breik] n制动器; 闸; 刹车. and tires checked? And do you have enough money?
W: I have taken care of everything. And I'm sure it's going to be a wonderful极好的, 精彩的, 绝妙的trip.
Q: What's the woman going to do?
D. spend some time travelling
6. M: I've had my new stereo立体声for a whole week, but I haven't yet figured out想到how to record music.
W: Didn't an instruction manual [ˈmænjuəl] 手册形式的，像手册的；教范性质的come with it?
Q: What does the woman imply?
B the man should refer to the instruction manual
7. W: I want to pay you for that long-distance call
I made. But, I suppose you haven't gotten your phone bill yet,
M: Oh, but I have.
Q: What does the man mean?
A he has received his telephone bill.
8. M: Professor Smith assigned us three more novels to read.
W: He must think you don't have any other classes.
Q: What can be inferred about Professor Smith?
B he assigns too much work
9. M: Let's go watch the fireworks烟花 tonight.
W: I have tickets to the theater.
Q: What plan does the man has that night?
B he’ll go and watch the fireworks
10. M: I am exhausted筋疲力尽的. I stayed up熬夜the whole night studying for my history midterm exam.
W: Why do you always wait till the last minute?
Q: What can be inferred about the man?
A he had bad study habits
11. M: I'll be coming straight from work, so I'll have to pack包装；捆扎a change of clothes.
W: It's only a barbecue [ˈbɑ:bikju:] (常用于室外的)金属烤架. Jeans and T-shirts will be fine.
Q: What does the woman imply?
D Casual dress will be appropriate
12. W: I'm going to the snack [snæk] 小吃; 点心; 快餐bar for a cup of coffee. Would you like me to bring you back something?
M: Not from the snack bar, but could you pick up a paper for me?
Q: What does the man mean?
C he wants her to get him a newspaper
13. M: I don't understand how this budget was calculated[ˈkælkjuleit] 计算, 估计, 核算.
W: Let me have a look, OK?
Q: What does the woman mean?
C she’ll try to s ee what method was used
14. W: We need a fourth player for tennis this morning. Do you want to join us?
M: I've got a class at nine, but Carol is free and she is really good.
Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?
B ask Carol to play tennis
15. W: Have you saved enough to buy that new printer for your computer yet?
M: You know, money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately. Maybe next month.
Q: What does the man likely to do the following month?
A he is likely to buy a new printer the following month.
Passage II: American Music
One of America's most important exports出口 is her modern music. American music is played all over the world. It is enjoyed by the people of all ages in all countries. Although the lyrics ['liriks] 歌词are English, people not speaking English can enjoy it too. The reasons for its popularity普遍,流行; are its fast pace [peis步子；节奏and rhythmic [ˈrɪðmɪk] 有韵律的, 有节奏的beat[bi:t]节拍, 拍子.
The music has many origins [ˈɔridʒin]起点; 来源in the United States. Country music, coming from the rural农村的，乡村的areas in the southern United States, is one source来源, 出处. Country music features以…为物色是…特征 simple themes 题目，主题，and melodies 曲调, 歌曲 describing
day-to-day situations形势; 情况 and the feelings of country people. Many people appreciate欣赏, 赏识, this music because of the emotions 情感，感情expressed by country music songs.
A second origin of American popular music is the blues[blu:z]布鲁斯歌曲；蓝调歌曲. It depicts描述mostly sad feelings reflecting表达; 反映 the difficult lives of American blacks. It is usually played and sung by black musicians,but it is popular with all Americans.
（Rock music）摇滚音乐is a newer form of music. This music style风格, featuring .以…为物色是…特征fast and repetitious重复的;反复的rhythms节奏, was influenced by the blues布鲁斯歌曲；蓝调歌曲and country music. It was first known as rock-and-roll in the 1950s. Since then there have been many forms of rock music: hard rock, soft rock, and others. Many performers of popular music are young musicians.
American popular music is marketed在市场上出售某物 to a demanding(顾客的)需求、需要 audience观众, 听众; 读者. Now popular songs are heard on the radio several times a day. Some songs have become popular all over the world. People hear these songs sung in their original起初的; 原来的English or sometimes translated into other languages. The words may differ but the enjoyment of the music is universal普遍的.
1. Which group of people enjoy American music?
D All of the above
2. Why is American music so popular in all countries?
D Because it has a fast pace and rhythmic beat
3. What can be learned from the passage?
C The blues is usually played by black musicians
4. What do you know from the passage?
C Rock music was influenced by the blues and country music
5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
C The words of songs differ, and so does the enjoyment of American pop music
Passage III: Music in Different Cultures
In western culture music is regarded as good by birth 在血统上,生来, and sounds that are welcome are said to be "music to the ears". In some other cultures 文化-- for example, Islamic伊斯兰的,伊斯兰教的culture -- it is of little value, associated (使)发生联系, (使)联合; 结交, 结伙with sin [sin]罪恶, 罪孽and evil罪恶. In the West and in the high cultures of Asia, it is said that there are three types of music. First, classical古典的, 经典的music, composed 组成, 构成 and performed by trained professionals具有某专业资格的人, 专业人
士originally最初under the support of courts 宫廷, 宫室 and religious宗教的establishments建立, 确立; second, folk music民间音乐, shared by the population at large and passed on传递; 传授orally 口头上地,口述地, and third, popular music, performed by professionals, spread (使)传播, (使)散布through radio, television, records, film, and print, and consumed消耗，耗尽by the mass public. Music is a major component成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件in religious宗教的services, theater剧场,戏院,, and entertainment娱乐, 文娱节目, 表演会of all sorts. The most universal use of music is as a part of religious rituals仪式. In some tribal [ˈtraɪbəl] 部落的societies, music appears to serve as a special form of communication with supernatural超自然的;鬼、神或幻术所引起的beings, and its prominent显
著的; 突出的use in modern Christian基督教徒and Jewish犹太人的;犹太教徒的services may be the leftover of just such an original原始的purpose. Another less obvious function of music is social adherence遵守;遵循；坚持. For most social groups, music can serve as a powerful symbol象征, 标志. Members of most societies share keen热衷的, 热心的, feelings as to what kind of music they "belong to". Indeed, some minorities少数, 小部分including, in the U. S.A., black Americans and Euro-American groups use music as a major symbol of group identity身份. Music also symbolizes象征;作为…的象征 military军事的, 军用的;, patriotic [ˌpætriˈɔtik]爱国的, 有爱国心的and funeral葬礼, 丧礼moods心情, 情绪 and events. In a more general 普遍的, 全面的; sense, music may express the central最重要的, 主要的, 首要social values of a society. In western culture, the interrelationship 相互关系of conductor and orchestra [ˈɔ:kistrə]管弦乐队symbolizes the need for strong cooperation合作, 协作among various kinds of specialists 专家, 行家 in a modern industrial society.
1. In what culture is music regarded as good by birth?
C In Western culture
2. Which of the following is performed by professionals?
B Classical music and popular music
3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
C Music is a special form of communication with supernatural being in Asia
4. According to the passage, what is the most universal use of music?
D Religious ritual 宗教仪式
5. Which of the following is NOT symbolized 象征 by music?
D Friendship
Lesson 2 Holidays
1. M: Do you still want to go to the graduate研究生的school after you get out of college?
W: I've changed my mind about that. I want to start working before I go back to school.
Q: What does the woman mean?
B She ‘s not going to graduated school immediately after graduation.
2. M: We've got a whole hour before the Browns come by来串门, 来访to pick us up安排接取; 使搭乘; 搭救.
W: Yeah. But we'd better get moving赶快；快些开始.
Q: What does the woman suggest they do?
A Hurry
3. M: I'm thinking of getting a new printer.
W: I'd invest in在…上投资, 在…投入(时间、精力等) a laser [ˈleizə激光] printer. The print quality is much better.
Q: What does the woman mean?
C The man should buy a high- quality printer.
4. W: I've got a coupon [ˈku:pɔn] 配给券；（购物）票证；（购物）优惠券for half-off五折dinner at that new restaurant down the street. I think I'll use it when my cousin [ˈkʌzn]堂[表]兄弟[姊妹] comes for a visit this weekend.
M: Where did you get it? I wouldn't mind
（ trying that place out too）试验.
Q: What does the man want to know?
C Where the woman got coupon
5. W: What's Laura doing here today? I thought she was supposed 料想; 猜想; 以为 to be out of离开了the office on Mondays.
W: She decided she'd rather have Fridays off instead.
Q: What can be inferred about Laura?
A She has changed her schedule
6. M: I need to find a new roommate <英>室友,住在同室的人.
W: So John's going to California after all.
Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?
B the man’s current roommate is moving
7. M: My math assignment's工作, 任务due 到期的tomorrow morning and I haven't even started it yet.
W: I'll miss想念, 惦记you at the party tonight.
Q: What does the woman imply?
D the man won’t be able to go to th e party
8. W: Those packages包, 包裹, 包在一起的东西 took forever长久地；（与动词进行时连用）老是，没完没了地to arrive.
M: But they did arrive, didn't they?
Q: What does the man say about the packages?
B They eventually arrived
9. M: My parents are coming to see our apartment 一套房间, 一户this weekend.
W: Looks as if I'd better lend you my vacuum [ˈvækjuəm]〈口〉真空吸尘器cleaner 净化器then.
Q: What does the woman imply?
D The man’s apartment is dirty
10. M: Sarah, did you have a chance to buy that new novel you wanted?
W: No, but I had Doris get it for me.
Q: What does Sarah say about the novel?
D Doris purchased it for her
11. M: I've been waiting all week for this concert. The philharmonic [filɑ:ˈmɔnik]交响乐团is supposed to be excellent and with our student discoun
[ˈdiskaunt]数目, 折扣t the tickets will be really cheap.
W: Uh -- uh, I'm afraid I left my student ID in my other purse钱包.
Q: What does the woman imply? 暗示, 暗指
C She won’t be able to get the student discount
12. M: The university bookstore opens at 9 in the morning.
W: Oh, dear. I need a textbook教科书, 课本for my eight o'clock class today.
Q: What does the woman mean?
A She won’t be able to get the book before class
13. M: The storm暴风雨[雪] last night damaged some of the neighbor's roofs.
W: no wonder不足为奇.
Q: What is the woman reaction to the man says?
C She isn’t surprised
14. M: You've certainly无疑地; 确定地；肯定地been reading that one page for a long time now.
W: Well, I'm being tested on it tomorrow.
Q: What does the woman imply暗示?
C she needs to read the page carefully
15. W: Another thing we need to do is show the new students around town. You know, show them all the sights视野；风景of the area.
M: I don't see why we need to do that ourselves.
I understand the visitors' center offers a wonderful bus tour旅行, 观光
Q: What does the man suggest they do?
B Send the new students on a bus tour of city PART B
Passage I:
People in the US get a two-week paid有报酬的;领取报酬的vacation from their job every year. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain抱怨, 诉苦; 投诉that two weeks is not enough especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans enjoy. In addition, there are eight days in each European country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on落到, 轮到a Monday giving people a long weekend.
What do people do in Britain and the US when they are on holidays? In the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example, at the Grand Canyon峡谷 or Yellowstone or other national parks or forests. Young people may go walking or camping 宿营, 露营in the mountains. Many people have small trailers拖车, 挂车 in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at motels汽车旅馆 on the journey旅行; 行程;. Disneyland and Disney world are also popular and people can go skiing in the Rocky洛矶Mountains of Colorado科罗拉多州, Wyoming 怀俄明州and Montana蒙大纳(美国州名). Some children go to summer camp for a holiday during the summer vacation from school, where they do special activities, such as sports or crafts技巧；技能；技艺. When Americans want a holiday for fun in the sun, they usually go to Florida, Hawaii, Mexico or the Caribbean. They may go to Europe for culture, for example, to see art, plays, and places of historic历史上著名（或重要）的interest.
In Britain, many people like to go to the seaside for holidays. There are places near the sea, such as Backpool, Scarborough斯卡波罗and Bournemouth伯恩茅斯, where there is plenty充裕, 大量, 富庶to do even when it rains. People also like to go to the country, especially to walk, in places like Scotland, Wales and the Lake湖泊District. When the British go abroad they usually want to go somewhere warm. Spain and the Spanish islands of Majorea and Ibiza伊比沙岛are popular as are other places in southern Europe. For skiing, people often go to the Alps阿尔卑斯山.
1. How long a paid vacation can Americans enjoy every year?
A Two weeks
2. How many days are there about public holidays for Europeans in a year?
C Eight days
3. Where do Americans usually go for fun in the sun?
D Florida
4. Where do Americans usually spend their holidays for culture?
C Europe
5. British people usually go to Spain for holidays. What for?
B For skiing
Passage II:
Every country in the world celebrates New Year but not everyone does it on the same day. The countries of North and South America and Europe welcome the New Year on January 1. This practice began with the Romans. Julius Caesar, a Roman ruler, changed the date of the New Year from the first day of March to the first day of January. In the Middle East, New Year is on the day when spring begins. People in China celebrate it on the Spring Festival, which is the first day of their lunar [ˈlju:nə] 月的, 月球的;按阴历的calendar[ˈkælində] 日历, 月历. The Spring Festival usually comes between January 21 and February 19. Rosh Hashana犹太新年, which is the Jewish New Year, comes at the end of summer.
In all of these cultures, there is a tradition of making noise. People made noise in ancient times to drive away the evil邪恶的, 坏的，恶毒的spirits神灵, 幽灵 from home. Today ,many people do it with fire-works. In Japan, people go from house to house making noise with drums 鼓, 鼓状物 and bamboo竹, 竹竿sticks棍, 棒. Young people in Denmark丹麦 throw broken pieces of jars罐子, 广口瓶 or pots against the sides of friends' houses.
In the United States, many people stay up until midnight on New Year's Eve前日, 前夕to watch the clock pass from one year to the next. Friends often gather together at a party on New Year's Eve, and when the New Year comes, all ring 环状物, 圆圈bells钟, 铃, 电铃, blow吹horns[hɔ:n]号, 号角, blow whistle哨子, 汽笛songs, and kiss each other.
In many European countries, families start the new year by first attending church services, which is followed by paying calls on friends and relatives. Italian boys and girls receive gifts of money on New Year's Day. New Year's Day is more joyful快乐的, 高兴的than Christmas圣诞节in France and Scotland. In these countries Christmas is a religious holiday only, while the New Year is the time for gifts-giving, parties, and visits.
1. Who changed the date of the New Year from March
1 to January 17
A Roman ruler
2. When does the Jewish New Year begin?
D At the end of summer
3. Why did people make noise in ancient times when they celebrated the New Year?
D To drive a way evil spirits from their home
4. According to the speaker, how do the children in Denmark celebrate the New Year?
A They throw broken piece of jars or pots against the sides of friends’ houses
5. In which country do children receive gifts of money on New Year's Day?
B Italy
important festival of the year in France.
Lesson 3 Economy
1. W: The report says all departments are making a profit except the Asian department.
M: Well, Mr. Smith seems to be the wrong person to head that department. One more step wrong and he will be removed from that office.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
2. W: During the last thunderstorm, I noticed several leaks in my bedroom ceiling and they really caused a mess.
M: Maybe you have some broken tiles. I have the phone number of a good roofing company that could do a good repair job for you at a reasonable price.
Q: What can we conclude from this conversation?
A.The roof of the woman’s house needs to be repaired.
3. W: How did you do on the math exam, John?
M: I barely made it. It was just a passing score but better than I had expected.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
B.John did better than he thought he was able to.
4. M: I wonder what makes Mother so upset these days? W: Father is canceling his vacation trip. He promised to take her abroad last year, but the company is again asking father to postpone his vacation.
Q: Why is their mother unhappy?
A.Their father is unable to keep his promise.
5. W: Friday's speaker is supposed to be wonderful. Are you attending the seminar that day?
M: Yes, but I haven't been able to get a ticket yet. Since the lecture is open to the public, I imagine the tickets may have already been sold out. Q: Why is the man afraid he won't be able to attend the seminar?
D.He thinks that there might not be an more tickets available.
6. M: Could you lend me your biology notes? W: Do you think you'll be able to make out my handwriting?
Q: What does the woman imply about the notes?
C.They might be hard to read.
7. W: Did you pick up my books from Ron's house? M: Sorry. It slipped my mind.
Q: What does the man mean?
B.He forgot to get the books.
8. W: Would you like to go to the movies with us tonight?
M: To the movies? Tonight is the biggest concert of the year.
Q: What does the man likely to do at that night?
A.He is likely to go to the concert.
9. M: Just one person in the whole class got an A on the test! YOU!
W: ALL RIGHT!!!
Q: What does the woman feel on hear what the man says?
D.She is very pleased.
10. W: We are having a party at our house on the weekend of the 30th. Would you like to join us? M: That sounds like a lot of fun. But I'll need to check my calendar first.
Q: What does the man imply?
B.He may already have plans.
11. M: I've been running a mile every afternoon for the past month. But I still haven't been able to lose more than a pound or two. I wonder if it's worth it. W: Oh, don't give up now. It always seems hard when you are just starting out.
Q: What does the man do according to the woman’s advice?
D.Continue his exercise program.
12. M: I'm going to the vegetable stand today. Can
I pick up anything for you?
W: No, thanks. I just came back from the market myself.
Q: Why does the woman decline the man’s offer?
C.She has been to the market.
13. M: I don't understand why I received such a low grade on my term paper.
W: You should make an appointment with the professor to discuss it.
Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?
A.See his professor about the paper.
14. M: The sound of all that traffic is driving me out of my mind.
W: It is had. But the highway will reopen tomorrow, then we won't have all those cars passing by any more.
Q: What does the woman imply?
D.The traffic won’t detour after the following day.
15. W: I invited your mother to lunch yesterday. But she said she didn't have any free time.
M: Yeah. She just got a new job.
Q: What does the man mean?
D.His mother’s new job keeps her busy.
Passage I:
Established on January 1, 1995, World Trade Organization is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs（关税） and Trade (GATT). It exists to promote a free-market international trade system. The WTO promotes trade by:
1. reducing tariffs;
2. prohibiting import or export bans or quotas（定量）;
3. eliminating discrimination against foreign products and services;
4. eliminating other impediments to trade, commonly called "non-tariff trade barriers''.
With China's successful entry into WTO in Nov 2001, it currently has 135 member countries, accounting for over 90% of world trade. Over 30 others are negotiating membership. The WTO's top-level decision-making body is the ministerial conference which meets at least once every two years. Over three-quarters of WTO members are developing countries. Special provisions for these members are included in the WTO's agreements. GATT is now the WTO's principal rule-book.
Decisions are made by the entire membership by consensus or majority vote. The WTO's agreements have been ratified in all members' parliaments. If a trade barrier is found to be unfair, the WTO can authorize the imposition of trade sanctions to force a change in that country's law. The WTO exempts trade barriers which are designed to conserve natural resources or protect health.
Critics say the WTO credits agreements are skewed in favor of rich countries. The west may preach trade liberalization, but it has used negotiations to prize third world market while keeping its own barriers intact.
1.When was the World Trade Organization established?
B.On January 1,1995.
2. What is the aim of establishing the WTO?
D.To promote a free-market international trade system.
3. According to the passage, how many member countries does the WTO currently have?
A.134.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
C.The WTO’s top level decision-making body meets at least once each year.
5. What does the WTO do if a trade barrier is found to be unfair in a certain country?
A.The WTO authorizes the imposition of trade sanctions on the country.
1.GATT,
2.over 90%,
3.the ministerial conference,
4.conserve natural resources, protect health,
5.in favor of rich countries.
Passage II
World financial circles affirm that this year has witnessed the most forceful economic growth over the past 13 years. The growth rate is expected to reach 4.7 percent, much higher than the 2.5 percent in 1998
and the 3.3 percent in 1999. The average economic growth rate of developed countries may reach 4.2 percent this year. The US economy continues to lead the tide of the world economic growth, with its economic growth rate getting close to 5.2 percent. The European economic situation is also better than that in previous years, and the average growth rate of the 11 countries in the Euro zone is to reach 3.5 percent. The Japanese economy has freed itself from a slump, and its growth rate this year may reach 1.9 percent, higher than the average growth rate in the past 10 years.
The average economic growth rate of the developing countries this year can reach 5.6 percent. The economic development in the Asian developing regions has attracted people's attention. Their growth rate this year may reach 7.1 percent. The Russian economy has had an unexpected, strong recovery from the 1998 crisis, with the growth rate possibly reaching 6 percent.
Among the many factors that have boosted world economic growth, the growing information technological industry is playing an increasingly outstanding role. The information technological industry is becoming a leading industry in the national economy and a new economic growth point. According to experts' estimate, file current contribution rate of the information technological industry to the world economic growth is 18.2 percent. Its ratio in the growth of the US economy is even higher, standing at one-third. The information technological industry is currently the world, economic sector experiencing rapid development and is creating ever-more wealth, The integration of the traditional economy and the web economy has become the present development trend of the world economy. 1.They affirm that the year 2000 has witnessed the most forceful economic growth over the past 13 years.
4.The information technological industry.
5.The present development trend of the world economy is the integration of the traditional economy and the web economy.
1) 4.2%, 2) 5.2%, 3) 3.5%, 4) 1.9%, 5) 5.6%, 6) 7.1%, 7) 6%
Passage III:
President Jiang Zemin said on November 16, 2000 that in the development of a "New Economy", it is essential to take advantage of the latest developments in science and technology. He made this address at the eighth informal meeting of leaders of the APEC forum. He explained that the "New Economy" refers to the kind of economy initiated and sustained by new technologies and hi-tech industries. The advancement of technology, led by IT and biotechnology industries, is giving rise to a new industrial revolution, Jiang said.
Developing countries are faced with the difficult task of both transforming their traditional industries and developing new industries, Jiang noted, adding that continued expansion of the
'digital divide" has widened the wealth gap between North and South and may trigger new imbalances in the world economy.
"Against the background of accelerated economic globalization and the dynamic progress of science and technology, we must facilitate cooperation between developed and developing countries on exchanges of human resources, technology and infrastructure, and we must help countries develop independently to narrow the North-South gap.
"Today, the development, application and impact of science and technology far transcends national boundaries. For example, every major breakthrough made in the human genome project is a
crystallization of cooperation between scientists from a number of countries. Only when applied in a global context can the achievements of science and technology benefit people", Jiang said. He also noted that economic globalization should stress the popularization of scientific and technological knowledge.
The protection of intellectual property rights should be guided by market rules in such away that the rules will be helpful to the spread of scientific and technological knowledge, so that all countries may benefit, he added.
1.On November 16, 2000.
2.It is essential to take advantage of the latest developments in science and technology.
3.It refers to the kind of economy initiated and sustained by new technologies and hi-tech industries.
4.They are faced with the task of both transforming their traditional industries and developing new industries.
5.It should stress the popularization of scientific and technological knowledge.
1.the eighth informal meeting of leaders
2.bio-technology industries, a new industrial revolution
3.has widened the wealth gap, North and South, new imbalances in the world economy
4.developed and developing countries, human resources, technology
5.intellectual property rights, the spread of scientific and technological knowledge, all countries may benefit.
PART C
1) opportunity, 2) distinguished guests, 3) his family, 4) Washington, 5) campaign, 6) the very best, 7) differences, 8) involvement, 9) first lady, 10) vice president, 11) cooperation, 12)politics, 13) values, 14) Democrats, 15) unity, 16) foundation, 17) details, 18) consensus, 19) common ground, 20) one nation。