语态变换

语态变换
英汉的语态都有主动和被动之分，但是英语被动语态的使用频率却比汉语高得多。

因此英汉互译时，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。

在翻译英语的被动结构时，有这么两种情况，一是必须译成为“被”字结构或相似的结构，如“叫……”，“让……”，“给……”，“受到……”，“遭到……”，“为……所……”，“是……的……”，“加以……”等等。

在总体比例中，这种情况占的份量较小。

二是译成内含被动意味的主动结构或其他结构，这种情况是大量的。

一、将英语的被动句译成汉语主动句
1．原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
例如：
（1）The picture was painted by Professor Smith.这幅画是史密斯教授画的。

（2）Mr. Black was given a prize.布莱克先生得了奖。

（3）After much discussion the matter was settled.经反复讨论，问题解决了。

2．原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
例如：
（1）By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。

（2）A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will be supplied to anyone who uses the system.把全国的电脑连接起来意味着可以向
任何使用该系统的人提供大量信息。

3．译成带表语的主动句
例如：
（1）How can a series of motionless, or still pictures be blended on a screen to produce motion pictures?一组不动的即静止的图片是怎样在银幕上连在一起合成电影的呢？
（2）The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

4．译成汉语的一些习惯用语
英语中以it作形式主语的被动句，在译文中常改成主动句，译成汉语的一些习惯用语。

其中有的可增加泛指的主语，如“人们”、“有人”、“大家”等；有的可译成句子里的独立结构，如“据悉“、“应该说”、“必须指出”、“已经证明”等。

例如：
（1）It may be confirmed that the opening ceremony of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be held at the National Stadium, also known as the Bird’s Nest on August eighth.
可以肯定2008北京奥运会开幕式将于8月8日在国家体育馆，即著名的鸟巢举行。

（2）It’ is reported that there will be more than 180 people killed in earthquake-hit Yaan, Sichuan.
据报导在中国四川雅安地震灾区的死亡人数将超过一百八十人。

可译成这类习惯用语的英语常见被动句型有：
（1）It is believed that … 人们（有人）相信（认为）……
（2）It cannot be denied that … 无可否认……
（3）It is well known that… 大家都知道（众所周知）……
（4）It is reported that… 据报导……
（5）It is supposed that … 据推测……
（6）It must be stressed that… 必须强调……
（7）It is generally accepted /agreed/recognized that… 普遍认为……
（8）It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……
（9）It has been proved / demonstrated that … 已经证明……
（10）It may be confirmed that… 可以肯定……
二、将英语中的被动句译成汉语的被动句
1．借助“被”、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等助词。

例如：
（1）If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.
如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即动工。

（2）At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.
月底，他因自己无能而给解雇了。

（3）Everyone was fed up with her gossip.
人人都受够了她的谎言蜚语。

（4）The window pane was broken by the child ; he will certainly be scolded.
窗上的玻璃叫那个孩子打破了，他一定要挨骂的。

（5）She is greatly respected by everyone. 她深受大家的尊敬。

2．借助“为……所”、“被……所”，后接谓语动词
例如：
（1）The office building is surrounded by pine trees.
办公大楼为松树所环绕。

（2）Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。

3．借助“加以”、“予以”等，后接谓语动词
例如：
（1）The problem must be dealt with by appropriate means at an appropriate time .
这个问题该在适当的时候以适当的方式予以处理。

（2）The plan will be examined by a special committee.
该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。

三、译成含有“把”、“使”、“将”或“由”等字眼的汉语句子，by后名词译
成主语
例如：
（1）The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
大火使这著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。

（32）The king was regarded by his enemies as the embodiment of evil.
国王的敌人把国王看作邪恶的化身。

四、将英语中被动句译成汉语的无主句
例如：
（1）The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.
必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。

（2）Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.
已经注意到采取防腐新措施。

（3）Much is left to be desired.
有许多需要改进的地方。

（4）Children should be taught to speak the truth.
应该教导儿童讲实话。

Practice
1．It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence. 2．All the buildings were destroyed in a big fire .
3．I am afraid I shall be laughed at .
4．Tom was dismissed by the boss of the factory . 5．She was blamed for everything her sisters did . 6．Rivers are controlled by dams.。