2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义档

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英语四级词汇语法讲义

【英语四级(CET4)词汇语法】讲义定语从句五大类型测试重点定语从句是大学英语四级考试中测试的重点项目之一，笔者近来对大学英语考试样题、曝光试题及其它相关试题进行了研究。

本文主要以四级考试样题和真题为例，将英语定语从句归纳为五大类型，这五大类型既是《大学英语教学大纲》中规定的学习重点，也是四级考试的重点，学生应熟练掌握。

1．由单个关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句定语从句可由单个的关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和单个的关系副词when，where，why来引导。

在四级考试中，往往测试考生正确选用这类定语从句的关系词的能力，有时也测试考生对整个定语从句结构的认识或运用能力。

例如：1）all _____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life．（cet-4，90．1）a）what is neededb）for our needsc）the thing neededd）that is needed【简析】修饰all或其它指物的不定代词（如：anything，something，nothing等）的定语从句宜用that引导。

2）jack is the most intelligent man _____ i’ve ever met．a）that b）what c）whom d）who【简析】当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时，定语从句用that引导。

3）alva found a place in the cellar _____ he usedas his first laboratory．a）which b）where c）such d）the same【简析】which引导定语从句，修饰place，为从句的宾语，故不选用where。

4）edward is the boy _____ i think scored the winning points for the basketball team．a）whom b）which c）that d）who【简析】who引导一个嵌入式定语从句：who scored ．．．for the basketball team．该从句既修饰先行词（the boy），同时又嵌入在另一主谓结构（i think）之中作宾语。

大学英语四级(cet4)语法讲义

四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。

谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; besimilarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。

大学英语四级语法讲义

大学英语四级主要语法句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。

2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。

一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。

如：Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

复习资料四级语法电子讲义

四级语法第一课——简单句+并列句基本知识一．课前思考：●英语句型主要分为哪几种？分别是什么？它们之间有什么区别？●什么是简单句？有哪几种常见形式？二．句子结构分类：1.2.3.三．简单句句型分类：●Black livesmatter.●Peer pressure has a positive side.(2018-06)●Avisit to elderlypeoplebrings themgreat laughter andjoy. (2019-06 作文)●The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriouslypolluted.●Mutualtrust is notaluxury, butitis anecessity. (2018-06作文)四．简单句句型理解重点：1.及物动词与不及物动词区分：2.双宾结构与宾宾补结构区分：3.谓语动词与系动词区别：4.表语的理解：五．简单句练习部分：●Everybody loves a payrise.●The down to earth working style won him respect andhonor.●She will make him a good husband. // She will make him a goodwife.●I will make your Englishbetter.●Money can buy you love. // Money can buy yourlove.●She is smelling the flowers. // The flowers smell good. // Your feetsmell.●青海湖最深处 25.5 米。

●人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。

●泰山方圆约400平方公里。

六：并列句理解：两个或以上独立分句，通过并列连词连接，各分句主谓完整各分句意思同等重要，互相独立，主要连词：and，or，but，yet Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsome areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies 年6月阅读）（.（01四级语法第二课——主谓一致+时态语态一．课前思考：●主谓一致指的是什么？●时态和语态分别指什么？常见的时态有哪些，分别是什么形式？二．主谓一致：1.主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数与句子的主语保持一致。

大学英语四级考试辅导语法课件演示文稿

--The teacher insisted that all the students (should) be on time.
老师要求学生们准时到校。
--He suggested that the regulations (should) be revised. 他建议修改规则。
第二十五页，共306页。
第十七页，共306页。
1.省略整个条件句
--Such mistakes could have been avoided.
(省略了if we had been more careful).
这样的错误本来是能够避免的。
--I should have caught the train. (省略了if I had left a little earlier)
have come to see you.
那天我生病了，否则我就来看你了。
--You cannot do that. It would ruin your life.
你不能那样做，那会毁了你的一生。 --Tom just gives up everything for her.
Herry wouldn’t be that silly. 汤姆为她放弃一切，亨利才不会那么傻呢。
--If she wasn’t so busy now, she might have joined us in the work.
如果她现在不那么忙，她或许会参加我们的工作。
第十六页，共306页。
1.1.6.含蓄条件句
英语中有些句子从形式上看不包含条件从句，但在意义上却是非真实条件句，这类句子称为含蓄条件句，这样的句子可分为三类
我本应该赶上火车的。
第十八页，共306页。

英语专四语法讲义

名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句三大从句定语从句状语从句主语从句宾语从句名词性从句表语从句同位语从句两步解题法 1.抓连词2.抓连词在名词性从句中的成分连接词 -- that whether if （宾从）连词连接代词 -- what(ever) which(ever) who(ever) whom(ever) whose 连接副词 -- how(ever) when(ever) where(ver) why英语专业四级语法讲义代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭状从中的连接词--常考固搭so…that in order that such…that with the result thatso thatthat引导名词性从句--that + 完整句子(1)主语从句It is/was + adj.-ed+that +完整句子某些名词e.g. It is true that he passed the exam.It is said that he passed the exam.It is a pity that he didn’t pass the exam.*强调句式It is/was +被强调部分+ that +不完整句子主、宾、表、状e.g.I met him in the street.It was him that I met in the street.It was in the street that I met him.It was I that met him in the street.(2)宾语从句主+ 谓语vt + (that) + 完整句子e.g.I know (that) he passed the exam.(3)表语从句主+ 系动词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion is that he go with us tomorrow.(4)同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion that he go with us tomorrow is right.There is /are + 抽象名词+ that + 完整句子*抽象名词answer, belief, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, sign, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, statement, suggestion, thought, probability…on the condition that…despite the fact that…on the understanding that…代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭that 引导限定性定从all some any one(s) every each …the first the last the only the veryN + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语e.g. The book that was written by him is pop.that引导同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子that引导限定性定从N + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语The fact that he passed the exam was true.The fact that he found was true.what = all that; the thing that; the person thatwhat + 不完整句子What he said made me happy.e.g. ____it turned out, it was Italian movie.A What____ it turned out was Italian movie.A WhatI know what he said.I listen to what he said.This is what he said.词___ + 不完整句子n A what Xvt /介词/系动词 A what 可以考虑词，___ + 不完整句子A whatB whichC thatwhat与how的区别I don’t know what to do .I don’t know how to do it.I’m thinking of __A__ to do about it.A.whatB.how介词短语在句中的位置1）作状语句子+介短/介短+句子2)作定语n + 介短3）作表语系+介短4）与vi连用形成固搭wh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步I don’t believe whatever he said.Whatever happens, don’t panic.转折连词---找逗号“但是”however让步连词---找公式“无论如何”However, ,however,公式however + adj/adv + 主语+ 谓语e.g. It caused them to think about B___ they might control the experiences of children to produce responsible and productive adults.A.whatB.howC.whateverD.howeverif与whether的区别if 条件状从“如果”/宾从“是否”whether 让步状从“无论是否”名词性从句（主从、宾从、表从、同位从）“无论是否”whether…or not/…or...We know, however, __D__ no two places are exactly the same.A)although B)whetherC)since D)that定语从句：限定性定语从句/非限定性定语从句两步解题法1.抓先行项（指人、物、整句话内容）2.抓关系词在定语从句中的成分关系词：关系代词--作主、宾、表、定语关系副词--作状语e.g. This is the house ____①I once lived.②I once visited.①where / in which②that / which / XThis is the very house _that/x___ I once visited.e.g. I’ll never forget the day ___①I met him.②I spent with him.①when / on which②that / which / XI’ll never forget the very day _that/x__ I spent with him.地点N where 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表时间N when 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表the reason why 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表词___ + 句子A whatB whichC that词，___ + 句子A whatB whichC thatN 介词+ which+主+谓+宾介词+ whom+主+谓+宾The food __on _ which he depends is expensive.We need a chairman ___in__ whom we have confidence.have confidence inbe confident ofWe were struck by the extend _to__ which the teacher’s decision served the interests of the school rather than those of the students.I listen to what he said.…set at ___C__ they would be if ….A whichB thatC whatD whoAs ①固定搭配②介词与like区别③原因状从④比较状从⑤方式状从⑥让步倒装⑦时间状从⑧定语从句as引导的限定性定语从句such…as (不完整句子)the same…as(不完整句子)注意与such …that区别such …that(完整句子)e.g. It wasn’t such a good dinner _B__ she had promised us.A.thatB.asC.whichD.whatpromise to do/promise sb sthe.g. There was such a long line at the exhibition _A___ we had to wait for about an hour.A.thatB.asC.soD.hencewait for me for a long timee.g. It is language _B___ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.A.whatB.thatC.aswhose 表所属关系“…的”n + （,）whose + n.I know a girl whose name is Mary.I like the room whose window faces the south.The book, the cover _B__ is broken, isn’t mine.A whose B. of whichThe book , __A__ cover is broken, isn’t mine.A.whoseB.of which名从、定从真题练习04年43.The government has promised to do ________ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.[A]however[B]whichever[C]whatever[D]wherever03年43.Above the trees are the hills, ____ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.[A]where [B] of whose[C]whose[D]which51.They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected.[A]which[B]it[C]that[D]what52.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ____ he was twenty years ago.[A]which[B]that[C]who[D]whom02年44.Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?[A]by which [B] that [C] in where [D] where45.We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ___should make great differences in our life next summer.[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]they01年42.Even as a girl, ______ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.[A]performing by Melissa were[B]it was known that Melissa’s performances were[C]knowing that Melissa’s performances were[D]Melissa knew that performing was44.There is no doubt ______the company has made the right decision on the sales project.[A]why [B] that[C]whether [D] when45.Intellect is to the mind ______sight is to the body.[A]what [B] as[C]that [D]like08年53.Nine is to three _____ three is to one.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what62.Quality is ____ counts most.A.whichB.thatC. whatD.where09年56.I was very interested in _____ she told me.A.all thatB.all whichC.all whatD.that10年54.After ______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office.A.thatB.itC.whatD.there11年63.There is no doubt ________ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.when参考答案：C.C. A. B. D A.D. B. A. D. C.A. C. B.状语从句状语从句让步状从although though even if / thougheven adv.Even 句子，句子XEven they get the answers right, some are just guessing. Xas引导的让步倒装adj.adv.n (无冠词) as + 主+谓分词短语表让步Although/Though 句首While 表转折but 句中当……时候46.____C__ I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.[A]As long as[B]As[C]While[D]Evenwh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步whether…or not/or省略whether倒装Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.42.____D____, I’ll marry him all the same.[A]Was he rich or poor [B] Whether rich or poor[C]Were he rich or poor [D] Be he rich or poordespite = in spite of介词介短条件状从if与whether的区别unless = if…notas long as=so long ason condition thatin the event that42.This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___B___ left untreated.[A]after[B]if[C]since[D]unlessprovided (that)= providing (that)= suppose (that)= supposing (that)__B_ I have enough money, I’ll visit Europe next year.A.ImagineB.SupposeC.ProvideD.Givein case：主+ do/does主+ should doin case of时间状从when while as 区别（2）Hardly haveScarcely+has+主+ done + whenhadhave（3）No sooner+has+主+ done + thanhad60.The couple had no sooner got to the station __D___ the coach left.A.whenB. asC.untilD.thanThis means that no sooner has he got used to one routine (33)______D__ he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.33.[A] as[B]when[C]then[D]thanas soon as=the instant=the minute=the momentby the timeevery time each timesince (自从)过去时间点主+ have/has –ed + since过去时句子till/until not …untilonce ①adv “曾经”②连词“一旦”before after then结果状从目的状从so…that with the result thatsuch…that so thatso that in order thattherefore consequently thus so原因状从because = in thatsince = now thatas forbecause of due toowing to thanks to54.Men differ from animals _C___ they can think and speak.A.for whichB. for thatC.in thatD.in which地点状从where wherever anywhere somewhereStay where you are.注意与定语从句的区别This is the house where I once lived.注意when引导的时间状从与定从的区别I’ll never forget the day when I met him.08年56.I enjoyed myself so much _B.____ I visited my friend in Pairs last year.A thatB whenC whereD which比较状从as…as, thanas … as possible = as … as one canthan：比较状从定语从句比较级+ than + 完整句子He ran faster than I did.比较级+ （n）+ than + 不完整句子方式状从as just asI have changed it as you suggested.注意与非限定性定语从句的区别I have changed it, as you suggested.41.She did her work ___A____ her manager had instructed.[A]as[B]until[C]when[D]though状从真题练习07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than[B]like[C]as[D]so61.The research requires more money than _____.[A]have been put in[B]has been put in[C]being put in[D]to be put in04年49.The experiment requires more money than____.[A]have been put in[B]being put in[C]has been put in[D]to be put in06年51.__________ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.［A］Although ［B］Whatever［C］As ［D］However03年45.—Does Alan like hamburgers?—Yes. So much ____ that he eats them almost every day.[A]for[B]as[C]to[D]so49.____ I like economics, I like sociology much better.[A]As mush as[B]So much[C]How much[D]Much as08年55.____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.A.Much thoughB.Much asC.As muchD.Though much60.They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____.A.it could beB.could beC.it wasD.was09年54._____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However08年56.I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.where01年49.Barry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.[A]since that [B] in that[C]at that[D]so that参考答案：C.B. C.D. D. D.B. A. A. A. B.虚拟虚拟语气与情态动词1.if引导的虚拟语气（1）省略if 的虚拟倒装※had + 主语（not ）done ※should + 主语 + do ※were +主语+ to do （2）含蓄虚拟without = but forwith（3）错综（混合）虚拟2.其他形式虚拟（1）wish / wished①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （2）as if / as though①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （3）if only①过去式主②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done（4）would rather = ’d rather 主①过去式②had done /would/could + have donewould rather do / not do(5)用表示建议、命令、要求等词引导的名词性从句中that + 主语+（should）do+（should）be done两步解题方法：①圈出标志词（表建议、命令、要求的词）②选出动词原形suggest/-ed/-ion propose/-d/-sal order/-ed ask/-ed require/-d/-ment request/-eddesire/-d/-rable demand/-ed command/-edinsist/-ed/-ent/-ence recommend/-ed/-ation move/motion urge/-ent direct/-edadvise/-ce/-able important vitalessential necessary imperative（6）It's/was + timehigh time+that +主+ didabout time（7）lest (that)for fear that+主语+ should + do(in case)in case 主+ do/dose主+ should do（8）跳层虚拟真实，otherwise / or + 虚拟虚拟，but + 真实真实—过去时/ must have done虚拟—would / could + have done3.情态动词+ have donemust + have donecan / could + have donemay / might + have doneshould / ought to + have doneshouldn't / oughtn't to + have doneneedn't + have donemust: 表命令“必须”表推测“一定”need: 情态动词“必要”+ do实义动词“需要”+ to doneed doing = need to be done虚拟语气真题14年51.It is essential that he ________ all the facts first.A.is examiningB.will examineC.examinesD.examine55.Which of the following sentences indicatesPOSSIBILITY?A.The moon cannot always be at the full.B.You cannot smoke inside the building.C.He cannot come today.D.She cannot play the piano.13年54.Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood?A.Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock?B.She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro.C.Walk straight ahead, and don't turn till the second traffic lights.D.Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday.63.If it ____ tomorrow, the match would be put off.A.were to rainB.was to rainC.was rainingD.had rained12年54.My boss ordered that the legal documents ____ to him before lunch.A.be sentB.were sentC.were to be sentD.must be sent11年61.It's getting late. I'd rather you _______ now.A.will leaveB. are leavingC.leaveD.left10年52.Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She __________ by bus.A.must have goneB.should have goneC.ought to have goneD.could have gone60.It is necessary that he ___ the assignment without delay.A.hand inB.hands inC.must hand inD.has to hand in09年52.If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A.could have beenB.would beC.will beD.would have been53.She ____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A.had beenB.must beC.has beenD.must have been61.Aren’t you tired? I ___ you had done enough for today.A.should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC.might have thoughtD. could have thought08年52.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now.A.would be gettingB.could have gotC.must getD.would get65.Which of the following sentences expresses "probability"?A.You must leave immediately.B.You must be feeling rather tired.C.You must be here by eight o'clock.D.You must complete the reading assignment on time.07年54.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.[A]had received[B]received[C]should receive[D]were receiving60.He would have finished his college education, but he _______to quit and find a job to support his family.[A]had had [B] has [C] had [D] would have65.It is absolutely essential that William ________his study in spite of some learning difficulties.[A]will continue[B]continued[C]continue[D]continues06年52.If only I ____._____ play the guitar as well as you!［A］would ［B］could［C］should ［D］might54.It’s high time we __________ cutting down the rainforests.［A］stopped ［B］had to stop［C］shall stop ［D］stop59.It is imperative that the government _______ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.［A］attracts ［B］shall attract［C］attract ［D］has to attract05年51.If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.[A]would be[B]will have been[C]was[D]were60.That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.[A]betrayed…take[B]had betrayed…took[C]has betrayed…took[D]has betrayed…take63.__ you ____ further problems with your printer,contact your dealer for advice.[A]If, had[B]Have, had[C]Should, have[D]In case, had04年46.It is imperative that students ______ their term papers on time.[A]hand in[B]would hand in[C]have to hand in[D]handed in02年50._______ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.[A]Had it not been[B]Hadn’t it been[C]Was it not[D]Were it not51.“What courses are you going to do next semester?”“I don’t know. But it’s about time ___on something.”[A]I’d decide[B]I decided[C]I decide[D]I’m deciding00年48.You _______ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.[A]needn’t have told[B]needn’t tell[C]mustn’t have told[D]mustn’t tell49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ______ quite such a crowd of people there.[A]weren’t[B]hasn’t been[C]hadn’t been[D]wouldn’t be参考答案：D A A A A D A A B D A D B A C C B A C A B C A A B A C时态、语态时态、语态常考时态、语态1.现在完成进行时have/has been doing（1）表示一个动作发生在过去，一直延续下去（2）现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别①现在完成时表动作已经完成；现在完成进行时表动作还在继续②现在完成时表动作已经一次性完成；现在完成进行时表动作反复发生③如果动作表示状态，应用现在完成时2.进行时be + doing①表示正在进行的动作②即将发生的动作③与always, for ever, constantly，continually等adv连用,表示说话人的某种情绪How can I ever concentrate if you _C__ continually ___ me with silly questions?A.have, interruptedB.had, interruptedC.are, interruptingD.were, interrupting3.表示将来的一般现在时①在时间状从和条件状从中②表计划好、安排好的事情be to do时态、语态真题练习13年58.All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPTA.Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.B.The President is coming to the UN next week,C.The school pupils will be home by now.D.He is going to email me the necessary information.07年55.Linda was _____the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.[A]to start[B]to have started[C]to be starting[D]to have been starting58.The committee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.[A]arise[B]will arise[C]arose[D]have arisen59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible to comprehend.[A]had found [B] finds[C]has found [D] would find05年54.J ames has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.[A]will come[B]was coming[C]had been coming[D]came55._________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.[A]I was and always will be[B]I have to be and always will be[C]I had been and always will be[D]I have been and always will be02年43.For some time now, world leaders _______ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.[A]had been pointing [B] have been pointing[C]were pointing[D]pointed08年63.In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language.A.would makeB.had madeC.madeD.makes参考答案：C B B A B D B D反意问句反意问句前肯，后否前否，后肯否定形式：no not never little few seldom scarcely hardly rarely祈使句祈使句否定，will you?祈使句肯定, won’t you?句子的主语是this, that, these, those时，反意问句的主语为it, theyThis is a book, ______?复合句中的反意问句，有两种情况：①反意问句的主语应与主句主语一致Mary said her son would come, ___________?②主句的主语是I/We，谓语是think/believe/suppose时，反意问句主语应与从句主语一致I don’t think he’ll come, ________?there be结构的反意问句，反意问句主语用thereThere used to be…, didn’t there?There used to be…, usedn’t there?反意问句真题练习10年57.She seldom goes to the theatre, __________?A.doesn't sheB.does sheC.would sheD.wouldn't she08年58.When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back on my desk, ____?A.do youB.don't youC.will youD.won't young与11年54题考一样06年65.There used to be petrol station near the park,______ ?［A］didn’t it ［B］doesn’t there［C］usedn’t it ［D］didn’t there03年53.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ____?[A]hadn’t she[B]hasn’t she[C]woul dn’t she[D] didn’t she00年44.Do help yourself to some fruit, ______ you?[A]can’t[B]don’t[C]wouldn’t[D]won’t参考答案：B C D C D形容词、副词adj / adv比较结构倍数表达法：基数词+timesonce twice three times分数表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数；分子大于1，分母+S2/3 two-thirds倍数在句中的应用※主+谓+倍数/分数+as + adj + as※主+谓+倍数/分数+the size (amount /length /price…) of※主+谓+倍数/分数+adj/adv比较级+than※increase/decrease by+倍数/分数具有比较意义的adj两个特点：（1）不能与more，-er连用（2）不能与than连用, 只能与to连用superior to inferior tosenior to junior toprior to = before sensitive tosecond to preferable to含有最高意义的adjabsolute unique round right wrong correct perfect outstanding结构：be + of + a + nbe + much + of + a + nbe + more + of + a + n + thanbe + as + much + of + a + n + asadj / adv 比较级、最高级用法一些特殊的比较结构①the more…, the more…“越…越”e.g. The harder you study, the more progress you’llmake.②(not) so/as…as“如同…一样，不如…”e.g. It is not so/as good as it looks.③the same…as / the same as “和…一样”e.g. She looks just the same as before.I got the same feeling as you did.④no more A than BA not…any more than B“正如A不能…B也不能”；“和…一样不”A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.no less…than “不比…差”⑤not A so much as Bnot so much A as Bnot more …A than B“与其说A不如说B”；“是B，而不是A”He is not so much a writer as a reporter.形容词、副词真题练习14年62.Which of the following italicized parts modifies anadverb?A.I rather like my teacher.B.That was a very funny film.C.Do it right now.D.We walked about 6 miles.11年56.Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A.The city is now ten times its original size.B.I wish I had two times his strength.C.The seller asked for double the usual price.D.They come here four times every year.09年55.A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A.the price of three timesB.three times the priceC.as much as the three times priceD.three times more than the price08年64.The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St. Peter's in Rome.A./B.that ofC.which isD.of07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than [B] like [C] as[D]so57.It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.[A]that [B] as [C] so [D]very11年57题、99年45题考的一样62.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.[A]no more[B]not more[C]even more[D]much more06年64.It was __________ we had hoped.［A］more a success than［B］a success more than［C］as much of a success as［D］ a success as much as05年59.Do you know Tim’s brother? He is ____ than Tim.[A]much more sportsman[B]more of a sportsman[C]more of sportsman[D]more a sportsman04年41.That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his l oudness ________ by his lack of talent.[A]so much as[B]rather than[C]as[D]than01年48.He was ______to tell the truth even to his closest friend.[A]too much of a coward[B]too much the coward[C]a coward enough[D]enough of a coward参考答案：C B B A C C B C B A A非谓语to do / not to do 非谓语 doing / not doingdone形式（时态、语态）注意：①to do 一般式表示动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生。

大学英语四六级语法讲义

大学英语四六级语法讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。

2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。

3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。

（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束（3）介词短语：B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束）动名词（doing）to do动词不定式（非谓语动词：（4））ing现在分词（do e）过去分词（don4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。

·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。

）在进行第一步的时候注意以下5 种情况：如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。

1如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。

2如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当3成谓语动词。

切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前4结束。

有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性5例如：that：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词；than、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。

2014年12月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导

2014年12月大学英语四级考试语法复习指导第一部分、语法讲义随着四级考试题型变革，长期以来作为重点考查的语法大为减少。

非谓语动词、虚拟语气、关系代词、时态语态等等这些长期以来考点已经被打入冷宫。

之后的考试语法题基本消失。

我们在配置自己的有限备考时间也应有所调整。

语法之于英语学习的重要性实际上并没有如何降低，在语言知识运用(完形填空等)、作文、阅读长难句分析方面起到的作用是不可替代的。

因此我们要抓住复习的重点，集中突破在各个题型最容易出问题的语法点。

该部分将主要结合阅读理解长难句分析来快速掌握语法的精髓。

很多时候，我们准确定位之后，由于和问题相关的句子长、难，造成最终理解错误而选错答案，这非常可惜，连前面定位的时间都浪费了。

能否快速有效的抓住定位句子的主干大意和次要细节实际已经成为阅读分数高低的一个关键问题。

第一节、解决四级英语长难句的意义1、阅读，抓不住句子重点，在一个句子上浪费太多时间。

最后根据不完整的理解，碰运气乱猜答案。

2、翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手;胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响印象分。

(一)长难句到底难在哪里? --几句废话般的常识。

1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多;2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断;3)代词的指代关系复杂;4)并列成分多;5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;6)习惯搭配。

注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是“团伙作案”。

(二)长难句的破解的几个基本要点·把握规律(按照所讲的基本方法)·充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。

·破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。

(三)长难句解决的具体步骤1、抓主干2、理顺主从句子关系。

(四)分析句子成分的详细过程1)找出全句主谓宾或主系表，即句子的主干;2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;3)分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词，短语和从句之间的关系;4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分第二节、长句速读同位语和较长的后置定语(如人物身份，句子中间的非限制性定语从句)，很长的专有名词(如机构名称)等。

14年英语专业四级语法讲座第一讲

宾语补语
副词

Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off.
宾语补语
现在分词

We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping.

--Who broke the vase? – Me！ John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she
宾语补语

不定式 Father will not allow us to play on the street. He is made to copy the sentence. We believe him to be guilty I felt my hands tremble
英语限定词包含：

基数词与序数词倍数词与分数词量词：a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a large amount/quantity of, a large number of…
限定词与三类名词的搭配关系
能与三类同时搭配的限定词： the, some, any, no, other, whose, 物主限定词，名词属格。只与单数名词搭配的限定词： A(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a等
限定词 determiner

限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。英语限定词包括以下内容：

四级英语语法讲义

四级英语语法备忘专题一：常见语法错误（一）句子结构错误1．主从句叠置1) T here a re m ore a nd m ore s tudents l ike t o u se t he c omputer.2) T here a re s till m any p roblems s hould b e n oted a nd r esolved.2．简单句叠置I l ike c hatting o n l ine v ery m uch, I g o t o t he n et b ar a lmost e very w eekend.3．从句叠置As i s k nown t o a ll t hat c omputers p lay a n i mportant r ole i n m any f ields o f o ur l ife.4．句子成分缺失If w ork h ard, w e w ill s urely b e s uccessful.5．语序错误1) W hy c ollege s tudents s pend m ore a nd m ore t ime o n t he c omputer?2) I o ften w onder w here h ave t hey g ot t heir m oney.（二）动词错误1．时态错误Many p eople t hought t hat t he I nternet w ill b e m ore u seful i n t he f uture.2．语态错误1) I h ave e xcited s everal d ays a t t he n ews t hat y ou w ill c ome h ere.2) M ost o f t he s tudents s atisfy w ith t he s ervice i n t he d ining h all.3．单复数错误1) W ise m an s eek o pportunities r ather t han w ait f or t hem.2) S omeone a re a fraid t hat c omputer m ay c ontrol m en i n t he f uture.4．非谓语动词错误1) L et m e t o r epresent e veryone t o s ay “hello” t o y ou.2) D o e xercise i n t he m orning i s g ood f or o ne’s h ealth.3) H aving s tudied i n o ur s chool f or 3 y ears, t he c anteen s ervice h as c hanged a l ot.（三）代词错误1) W e c an u se c omputers i n d oing e verything y ou l ike.2) A c ollege s tudent s hould b e a ble t o d o t heir w ashing o n t heir o wn.（四）冠词错误1) H orse i s a n u seful a nimal.2) T he e xam w ill b e h eld i n t he D ecember, 2004.（五）词性错误1) I w ish y ou c an c onsider m y s uggests.2) I f a p erson w ants t o s uccess, h e m ust l earn t o e ndure s ufferings a nd s etbacks.二、用词错误1) S tudents m ust k now h ow t o a pply a c omputer.2) P eople c an t ouch m any n ew t hings o n t he I nternet.3) T he p urpose o f t his l etter i s t o r eact s ome o pinions o n t he s ervice i n t he d ining h all.三、表达习惯错误1) W hy g enerated s o l arge a c hange?2) N ow 6000 y uan c an b uy a P4 c omputer.3) A r oom o ften l ives 6-‐8 s tudents.4) I t hink t his g reat c hange h as t hree r easons.5) T he p rices o f t he f ood a re t oo e xpensive.6) The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working h ard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1) However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among a ll u niversities.2) T he m an w as r acing d own t he s treet. B ecause h e w as l ate f or t he c lass.3) A t l ast I w ant t o l et y ou k now, I l ove o ur u niversity v ery m uch.4) M y f avorite s ports a re s wimming、jogging、mountaineering a nd p laying t able t ennis.The b est E nglish f ilm i n m y e yes i s《Forrest G ump》.专题二：认识英语句子一、简单句和并列句再简单/再复杂的句子都是由以下几种单词组成：●名词－－主语，宾语．主语放在谓语动词前，宾语放在谓语动词之后．●动词－－谓语，一般都是放在主语后．●形容词－定语，修饰名词，放在名词前．●副词－－状语，修饰形容词，动词或是副词●介词—放在名词前,表示方位时间等●动名词—主语,宾语,表语,定语●现在分词/过去分词—单个放名词前做定语,或放后面做后置定语，短语一般都放后面.●动词不定式(to d o )-‐-‐常表目的.1. 简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；① The n ew t erm b egins 新学期开始了。

2014英语专四词汇与语法部分讲解

见语法书165页。They had made a mess of the house(主动句) The house had been made a mess of(被动句，第一种形式) A mess had been made of the house(被动句，第二种形式)
64. Fool _____ Michael is, he could not have done such a thing. A. who B. as C. that D. like as 倒装。尽管Micheal 很蠢，但他也不可能做出这样的事。
when you go to a school.
57. Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship? A. He was reading Mary's letter in the room. B. You can buy men's shoes in this shop. C. Mrs. Blake's passport was lost. D. The enemy's defeat brought the war to an end.
means
A. sick
B. inactive C. dizzy
D. drowsy
sluggish:行动迟缓的，反应慢的，不机警的；inactive：懒散的，不活跃的；dizzy:
头晕的；drowsy:昏昏欲睡的，沉寂的，催眠的。
71. The family of the victim had to endure a long wait before the case came to trial.

大学英语四级考试语法知识详解(1)

大学英语四级考试语法知识详解(1)导读：本文大学英语四级考试语法知识详解(1)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

英语冠词冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种，一般无句子重音。

1)不定冠词a，ana) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物中的"一个"，相当于汉语的"一"，但不强调数目观念。

b) a用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。

如：a notebook一个笔记本，a cigarette 一支香烟，an old man一位老人，an English class一堂英语课。

字母u读作[ju:]时，由于第一个音[j]是辅音，故前面用a，不用an。

如：a useful book一本有用的书，a university一所大学。

字母h如不发音，第一个音又是元音，前面用an而不用a，如an hour [?n'au?]一小时，an honest [?n' nist] person一个诚实的人。

c) a和an在句中分别弱读作[E]和[En]。

2)定冠词thea)表示某一类人或事物中的"某一个"或"某一些"，相当于汉语的"这"或"那"。

b)不论单数名词或复数名词，也不论可数名词或不可数名词，前面都可以用the。

c)在元音前读[Ti]，辅音前读[TE]。

如the evening [Ti5:vniN] (傍晚)，the car [TEkB:] (汽车);在元音字母u发[ju:]和半元音字母。

y发[j]时，仍读[?TE]。

如theunit [TE5ju:nit] (单位)，the yard [TEjB:d] (院子)。

英语中不定冠词a (an)的用法1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。

如：Xiao Xu's father is a miner.小徐的父亲是矿工。

2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义档

2014年大学英语四级根底语法讲义8My shoes are worn out.My shoes are worn out.我的鞋穿破了。

Be worn out 表示“穿破了〞，这个词组看起来是被动形式，但并不强调被动，强调的是状态或者情况，可以理解为形容词短语。

例如：My clothes are worn out and I have to mend them.我的衣服穿破了，我得补一下。

You see,this glass is broken.你瞧，这个杯子破了。

★You'd better buy a new pair.You'd better buy a new pair.你最好买一双新的。

A pair of…表示“一对〞，“一双〞，指一起使用的两个一样的东西。

例如：Have you bought a pair of shoes?你买了一双鞋吗？This pair of glasses is very good for me.1 / 12这副眼镜我戴很好。

★That's a bit expensive.That's a bit expensive.价钱有点贵。

A bit 表示“一点儿〞，“有些〞，在句中作定语或者状语，相当形容词或者副词。

与a little 是同义词。

例如：It's a bit cold today;you'd better put on more clothes.今天有点冷，你最好多些穿衣服。

If you study a bit hard,you can pass the exam.如果你多一点努力学习，你就能考试与格。

Please give me a little water.请给我一点儿水。

★The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before.The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before.因上周才开的，所以商店很新。

2014年大学英语四级考试听力笔记讲义提供给个各位考生备考

2014年大学英语四级考试听力笔记讲义提供给个各位考生备考，预祝大家取得好成绩！1、短对话题型分类：Section A考题为六种题型。

无论每个考题的具体内容是什么，考题的题型总在重复。

我们要培养解类型题的能力。

比如在态度方向题中，每个考题的内容肯定不同。

但题型高度一致，解题的方向也必然相同。

如：Would you go to dance with me tonight?第二人的回答只有两种Yes或No。

我们要听的是第二个人的态度方向。

这个题问去跳舞吗?而另外的一个完全不同的考题可能会问去看电影吗?去音乐会吗?去野餐吗?去看比赛吗?这些不同的考题在我们的耳朵里就应该是同一类考题。

我们要听的是：他在问去还是不去?第二人要回答Yes还是No。

而解题点即正确选项一定就在第二人的回答的开头。

听力范围：Campus life考察对象：College students(在什么都没听清的情况下，异性猜classmate，同性猜roommate)一、语音问题：连读小练习1. rush hour 高峰时间，尖峰时刻;2. cheer up 使振奋，使高兴;3. check (it) out 借书;办理出院手续;彻底检查;退房(check in 开房);4. travel agent 旅行社(travel agency, travel bureau);financial aid 经济资助;5. turn down 关掉，拒绝;turn on 打开二、口语问题：注意语气，语调，语汇。

例如：1. tape 胶带;cassette 磁带。

2. project 作业(homework, assignment);工程;项目;计划;任务。

3. awful 糟糕的;terrific 特别棒的，好极了(口语中);可怕的，恐怖的(阅读中)。

4. I can tell that. 我能看得出。

5. I understand that... 我听说……。

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