如何记口译笔记
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笔记是口译讯息整理与保存的工具,运用这项工具时必须先了解到底笔记的内容是什么。
缩减练习中已经提到,建立新架构的必要讯息是5W1H「六何」(何人、何事、何时、何地、何物、如何)。
再加上,数字与专有名词就是了。
在讯息内容之外,还要进一步掌握的就是讯息内容之间的关系。
讯息关系,内容说明,方法运用,段落的顺序,显示出语篇或语意的段落画线或排列表示。
逻辑的关系祝贺、谢词、欢迎、感想运用笔记符号表示。
强弱的程度表达状语等修饰词,如「极为」、「少许」、「经常」、「偶而」等在右上角用1-2个+ - !?等表示。
变化的情形升高、降低、波动、剧变运用<>↗↘↑→等表示
一、做口译笔记时的注意事项
1.口译笔记应记要点,切忌求记“全”。
口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充,不应也不必取代记忆。
口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系(如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等),笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精,但不可潦草。
3.口译笔记可使用来源语,也可使用目标语,也可以双语兼用。
只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性,不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。
例如,“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语,例如:cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is),
max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。
二、常用速记符号
速记是一项特殊的技巧,速记语言是由一套完整的符号组成的体系。
在口译实践中逐步掌握一些简单的速记符号是有益的。
三. 笔记的方法
至于笔记的方法可以分为:笔记的结构、笔记的语言与笔记的原则来谈。
分述其定义及运用方法如下:
A.笔记的结构(指将讯息置于笔记纸上的组织方法)
1. 纵向分页--要将版面分割以充分利用纸面,可以纵向画一条中线区隔。
2. 横向分段--在每一语意完整的段落之后画一稍长之横线,每一口译段落之后则画一条贯穿版面之横线。
3. 阶梯式排列--适用于表示讯息的先后顺序。
4. 条列式记法--适用于表达并列的讯息或是连手、对立等语意内涵。
B.笔记的语言(运用图像、符号、简称、字母、文字或加以组合,以表达口语讯息的内容与结构。
)
应区分为「常用符号」与「暂定符号」,以因应一般情况与特定口译主题之需求。
以下即「常用符号」之例:
1. 图像(?=高兴, ⊙=会议, Θ=世界、地球 )
2. 符号(+-×÷<>?!.:↗↘↑→∵≒≠ #$㎏㎝ex.…)
3. 简称或缩写(WTO APEC;TW, HK, CH, JP;Tpe, Tky, Sel ;Ecm, Mkt, 21C)
4. 原文( tie up, Hi-Tech, 危?=危机、基?=基础…)
5. 译文(人名,组织名称,专有名词…)
6. 英文(So, Now, but, Why,…)
7. 符号与文字、图像的组合与变化(Θ?= international, global,Θnet = internet, )
C.笔记的原则(考量口译的目的、译者的工作负荷、工作环境而订定的纲领。
)
1. 口译为主,笔记为辅。
译者应以听看讲者,全面地吸收讯息、组成口译讯息为工作主体,笔记只是辅助的作用,不宜舍本逐末。
2. 笔记应呈现讯息的概念与结构。
无论用图标或文字与符号,都应将之组成完整的讯息概念或组织结构。
3. 记下密度与难度高的讯息。
讯息负荷过量且不易记住的内容(如数字、专有名词),一定要做笔记。
4. 笔记的内容与符号,以多重利用为原则。
任何已记下的笔记内容与符号,都应尽量拉线再次利用,或用不同颜色的笔在原来的笔记上再做笔记,以最经济的方式发挥笔记的作用到极限。
5. 笔记的语言符号,必须能够沟通。
译者应避免使用自己不熟悉的符号,或是双人合作时应避免字迹凌乱。
笔记纸大小,依译者可控空间而定。
译者站立时,笔记本不宜超过手掌大小;有桌椅可用时,笔记可大至A4。
总之,记笔记是为了突出中心,提示难点,给短期记忆一臂之力,所以笔记的方法一定要得当。
逐字逐句地记录既办不到也不必要,还会分散精力影响听的效果。
口译笔记应简短、清晰、易辨,寥寥几个关键词,能为理解后的表达起到很好的提示作用。
口译笔记有一定的规则可循,但又具有强烈的个性化,因此考生必须在反复练习的基础上,发展一套适合自己特点的笔记体系,在实践中不断完善,并通过优化了的笔记系统提高口译质量。
影响口译质量的一大原因是笔记得当与否
口译笔记是辅助记忆的手段,是在听讲过程中用简单的文字或符号记下讲话内容中能刺激记忆的关键词。
通过关键词能够提示考生讲话人所表述的意思,掌握其表述内容的前因后果、上下文的逻辑关系。
除此之外,数字、地点、人名容易一听就忘,所以也要及时记下这些必要的细节。
但是如果考生将精力完全集中在笔记上,而忽视了对摄入信息的分析理解和加工处理,那么笔记反倒会成为口译的绊脚石。
所以考生一定要遵从“大脑记忆为主,笔记为辅”的基本原则,不能过分依赖笔记。
掌握了战略原则,接下来要考虑的自然是“怎样记笔记”这个战术问题了。
“怎样记”是一个因人而异的问题,理论上以目标语加符号为宜,如“powerful country”记作“强□”,“我同意”记作“I√ ”,“观点,看法一致”记作“⊙ same”,“economic development”记作“经↑”等等。
用目标语记录能够帮助考生脱离原语的语言外壳,使笔记成为表达的雏形,为表达提供便利。
不过理论归理论,遇到具体情况还应具体处理,考生完全可以采用自己认为最迅速,最简短的方法记录。
比如汉译英时,汉语是母语,用汉语记,自然反应更快,记得更准,所以何乐而不为。
相反,只要英文记录相对容易,就不必拘泥于上述的理论,锁住自己的手脚。
还有英汉双语混用,也都是口译笔记个性化的体现。
值得注意的是,无论用原语还是目标语,缩略语还是符号,关键是要能将记录下来的内容复原成完整正确的信息,千万不能造成识别的误区。
缩略词
英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高,如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词,会对考试大有裨益。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式:F拿掉所有元音
MKT: market MGR: manager MSG: message STD: standard RCV: receive INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
In stead of I/O
F保留开头和结尾个发音字母
WK week RM room PL people
R are THO though THRU through
F保留前几个字母
INFO information INS insurance EXCH exchange I owe you IOU In stead of I/O
F保留开头和结尾个发音字母:
WK week RM room PL people
F根据发音
R are THO though THRU through
高级口译听力常用英语缩略词表
APT Apartment ACC Accountant ACDG According ACPT Accept
AD Advertisement ADS Address
ADV Advice AMAP As much/many as possible AMT Amount
APV Approve ASAP As soon as p ossible
BAL Balance BLDG Building CERT Certificate CFM Conform CNCL Cancel
CNF Conference CMI Commission CMP Complete
CMPE Compete/comp
etitive
CMU Communication
CONC Concern/conc
erning/concerned
COND Condition
CO. Company
DEPT Department
DISC Discount
DPT Departure
EXCH Exchange
EXPLN Explain
EXT Extent
FLT Flight
FNT Final
FRT Freight
FYR For your refe
rence
GD Good
GUAR Guarantee
H.O. Home office
INFO Information
IMPS Impossible
IMP(T) Important
INCD Include
INDIV Individual
INS Insurance
INTST Interested
I/O In stead of
IOU I owe you
IVO In view of
MANUF Manufacture
MDL Model
MEMO Memorandum
MGR Manger
MIN Minimum
MKT Market
MSG Message
NCRY Necessary
NLT No later than OBS Observe
OBT Obtain
ORD Ordinary
PAT Patent
PC Piece
PKG Packing
PL People
PLS Please
POSN Position POSS(BL) Possible PROD Product QLTY Quality QUTY Quantity RCV Receive
REF Reference
REGL Regular
REP Representativ
e
RESN Reservation
RPT Repeat
RESPON Responsibl
e
SEC Section
SITN Situation
STD Standard
TEL Telephone
TEMP Temporary
TGM Telegraph
THO Though
TKS Thanks
TRD Trade
TRF Traffic
TTL Total
U You
UR Your
WK Week
WL Will
WT Weight
XL Extra larg
字母、图像
Z 表示“人”people/person,因为“Z”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如:日本人:JZ。
C 表示政府,统治:government,govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。
governmental official 可以表示为 CZ
P 表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似
politics, political。
那么politician就可以表示为 PZ
E 表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。
G 表示效率:efficient, effective。
G为效率符号。
Q 表示“通货膨胀”:inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业:business。
C×表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation“C×”中的“×”表示反对,字母“C”将反对的概念缩小为conflict和confrontation。
W 表示工作,职业: work, employ 等。
它是work的第一个字母。
所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。
I表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示“举杯祝贺”。
如果在U 内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。
填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism (单边主义),填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。
如果在U上加一个“/”××××表示谈判破裂。
O 表示“国家”、“民族”、“领土”等:country, state, nation, etc. gO表示进口,Og表示出口
这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。
那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.
T 表示“领导人”:leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT
⊙圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference, negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium
k 这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示“捕鱼业”等合fishery 有关的词汇。
O 圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J 表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc. EO 表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don’t care much, etc
四、数学符号
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more
+3 表示"多"的最高级:most
-表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc. ×表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.
> 表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示"高" 概念:superior to,surpass, etc.
< 表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.
表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.
= 表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say, in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.
表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.
≠表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.
表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.
~表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so, approximately, etc.
/ 表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.
五、标点等
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。
"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."
∧表示转折
√表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.
表示"同意"状态,stand up for,support, agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的) best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.
n 表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.
& 表示"和","与":and,together with,along with, accompany,along with,further more,etc.
‖表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
六、较长单词的处理办法
-ism 简写为 m 例如:socialism Sm
-tion 简简写为 n 例如:standardization (标准化) stdn -cian 简简写为 o 例如:technician techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg
翻译笔记原则:
学会一字等于一句,看一字想一句,看一句知一句。
一.以符号代文字
以下各符号均可在记录中代替文字
1.数学符号
equal: =
boost, improve, enhance, strengthen :↗
plus: +
minus: —
times: x
divided by: ÷
degree: ℃
percent: %
per thousand: ‟
between:|.| because, because of, due to: ∵
therefore, so, as a result, consequently: ∵
plus or minus: ±
versus, the ratio of, divided by : :
so on, etc, and so forth : ···is(much)greater/bigger/larg er/faster/quicker/heavier/o lder…than; superior to,
surpass:>
is(much)less/smaller/lighte r/younger/fewer/inferior
to/worse than…: <
not equal to :
not less than:
varies as, in direct proportion to: ∝或∞parallel, is parallel to : ‖right angle: ∟perpendicular, is perpendicular to: ⊥
circle, circumference: ○ellipse: 0
diameter: θ
triangle, delta : △pressure, influence:⊥(竖线为向下箭头)
approximately,about,nearly, around,almost: ≈
as always, 一直,总是,一贯:≡into:
contact, exchanges:∞conflicts, disputes, contradictions: ><
波折:<<
belong to, is of ,of: ↔victory, win, success :V by, with, %, in:/
as always, hold on, persist, insist on :≡
wonder, miracle : !
About: @
On the one hand:∕
On the other hand: ∕Relation, relationship: & Future:
Not agree: N
Agree: Y
Fine, good: +
Better, much better:++ Bad, weak: -
Worse, weaker: - -
In conclusion : => Empty: O Representative, delegation, delegation: △
2. 货币:
sterling, pound: £
US dollar: US$ renminbi: RMB: ¥Australian dollars: #A Austrian schillings: Sch Canadian dollars: Can$ Eurodollar: €
New Zealand dollars: NZ$ Japanese yen:
3.时间:
时:
hour:hr
minute: '
second: ’’
早:d
中:d
晚:d
日:
the day before yesterday: ”
d
yesterday: ’d today: d
tomorrow: d’
the day after tomorrow: d’’day by day, everyday: dd 夜:
last night:’n
tonight: n
next night: n’
周:
the week before last: ”w last week: ’w
this week: w
next week: w ’
the week after next : w’’周日:
Monday: 1w
Tuesday: 2w
Wednesday: 3w
Thursday: 4w
Friday: 5w
Saturday: 6w
Sunday: 7w
月:
the month before last: ”m last month: ’m
this month: m
next month: m’
the month after next: m’’月初:
月中:
12月上旬、中旬、月底/下旬:12、12、 12
月份:January: 1m
February: 2m
March: 3m
April: 4m
May: 5m
June: 6m
July: 7m
August: 8m
September: 9m
October: 10m November: 11m December: 12dm
年:
last year: ’y
this year: y
next year: y’
the year after next: y’’年初:y
年中:y
年底:y
1949年前:/49
1949年后:49/
1949年底:49
世纪:C
uo to now, until: ┫since,ever since: ┠山水之间:ω∕∽
国内外
:
4.度量衡:
meter: m centimeter: cm minimeter: mm mile: mi
nautical mile: nm inch: in. foot: ft knot: kt acre: A
5.数字:
①数字全用阿拉伯数字代替
②000:,例如,65000:65,; 7000000:7,,1978:’78
(3) 00:
. , 例如,700: 7.
6.介词、连词:
because, because of, due to: ∵
therefore, so, as a result, consequently: ∵about: around,: ≈
above, on, over:某文字或符号上加一点·,如“河上:
after: |, 例如,20年以后: 20y
against:
as:
at:ゝ
before, beyond, in front of: ·| 例如,20年以: 20y below, beneath, under: 某文字或符号下加一点·,如“水下:~符号下加·”
between:|·|
but:/
for:4
inside, within,include : ( )
out of:
therefore, so, as a result, consequently: ∵
to: →
up: ↑
with: +
7.变化:
增,升,加,长,上:
arise, ascend, climb, develop, grow, rise, go up, , get up, increase, roar, skyrocket,soar, strengthen, up: ↑
降,减,下:
down, to, decline,descend, drop,fall, go down, reduce, shrink:
↓
and,in addition to, furthermore, further, more: +
8.来往:
arrive in, cause, come to,export to, give to, lead to, present to, result to, send to, submit to:→
come from, import from, receive from: ←
9.好坏、好恶:
bad, wrong, faulty, false, hate, notorious, incorrect: x accept, agree, certain, correct, famous,fine, good, like, love, right, affirmative,
satisfy, sure, want, well-known:√例如,“我赞成你的观点:I √ ur ·”
10.辩论,说,观点、协议:
①comment, say, speak: ∶
②观点viewpoint、看法、难点,point:·,如“我说几点:I :几·”,
③agreement, accord, treaty, contract: ∪,例如:双边协议:2∪
11.公用标志:
copy right:
registered mark:
12.会见、会议:
conference, discussion, meet, meeting, negotiation, seminar,
workshop:⊙,例如:三边圆桌会议:3⊙
13.国家、政治、民族:
①country, state, nation: □
②政府:zf
③leader, manager, president, schoolmaster, director:∧14。
江河湖海水:
ocean, sea, river, lake, brook, stream: ~
15:桌,椅,凳,几,床,楼,房:︹,如:“在椅子上:︹(上加一短横)”,“在桌子下:︹(下加一短横)”
16.all in all, finally, in conclusion, in a word, totally: Σ
17.hills, mountain:
ω,如“山上:“ω”上加一点; “爬山:/ω”
18.look, look after, look into, investigate, witness: 横椭圆中间加一点,如“我今天来看看:I d (横椭圆中间加一点) u”
19. anger, excited, happy: !
20. why when, where, which, who, how:? 加最后一个字母 ,例如,“你去哪:? U →”
特殊符号:
and, with, together with, accompany : +
too, to, two: 2
include, inclusive, including, among, inside, within : ( )
maintaining peace and stability: ◎
二.以首字母代文字
ac: aircraft
as soon as possibly: asap
as early as possible: aesp
at least: al
carbon copy: cc
care of: c/o
上海:SH
北京:BJ
联合国儿童基金会:UNICEF
联合国教科文组织:UNESCO。
三.中英(符号)混合代文字
资本主义:资’
四个现代化:4m
peace-keeping: 维p
oppose, against, disagree: o反, a反, d反第三世界:3w
三维: 3D
中国人:ch人
四.以缩写代文字
acknowledge: ack
advice: adv
after: aft
extra: x
……
五.以汉字代英文
sentence: 句
……
六.以前三个字母代替长单词
cor= corporation
……
七.特简符号:
for: 4
……
四. 口译缩略符号(左栏为原词,右栏为缩略符号)
the - for f that -t from fr and & if .f are r is z he e be b
or o you u to t your ur in n an a
of v so s
at @ me m
all l they -y but bt this -s
would (d there -r which (c has hs what (t had hd was (s have hv whom (m she )e will (l shall )l when (n most m- can kn my m.
go g new nw some sm any an could kd first /- thing -, well (el think -nk say sa
do d next nx
lie l. until tl time t.m cannot knt send s+ more mo very vr easy ez
Affix缩略语
A accom, accor
aG aggra, aggre, agre
C circu, circum
K cog, col,con,com,cor
D des,dis
m em,im
n en,in
X extra,extri
H hydra,hydro
N insta,inste,insti
I inter,enter,intro,intre nK incla,incli.inclu
L letter,liter
mG magna,magni
M mis
P pr,per,pur,pre,pro,pri R reco,recom,recon.recor rK recla,recli.reclu
S suspe,suspi,suscep
T trans
U ulta,ulte,ulti
V. Suffix -------
B ble,able,ible,ably,ibly
g/ age
" ance,inse,ancy,ensy
+ and,end,ant,ent
r/ ary,ery,ory,ury
N antic,entic
T atic,etic,itic,otic
S asict,istic,ostic,ustic
J cient,cience,sient,tience ' cial,sual,tual,tial,tially : der,ter,tor,ther
v/ ever
F ful,fully
f/ fication , ing
t/ ity,oty,ety,uty
K ical,acle,icle,cal G ology,alogy,ulogy V ive,sive,tive
L ly,ely,ily
n/ ness
P ple,ply
! sion, tion
- st,est,ist,ost
; ted
D tude
R ure
s/ us,ous,ious
缩略语和符号
中国人民-中人
中国政府-CHN gov
美国人民-美人;A人
按我国有关规定-国定现代化-现h 可行性-可行x 企业家-企业j 投资回报率-投回 ROL 改革开发政策-改开
感到特别亲切-特亲特殊政策和灵活政策-特灵 GDP-国民生产总
值 GNP-国内生产总值 5yrP- five year plan SOE-国有企业 FIE-外资企业 JV-合资企业
常用速记符号
大于>
小于<
小于或等于≢
大于或等于≣
等于、意味着 =
不等于≠
约等于≈
遗憾、悲哀 ;
高兴、荣兴 (
错误、否、不、否定×正确、对、好、肯定
√
不同意 N
同意 Y
上升、增加↑
下降、减少↓
强、好+
更强、更好
++
弱、差-
更弱、更
差――
因为∵
所以∴
优秀★
属于↔
胜利 V
问题、疑
问?
和、与&
结论是 =
>
将来 ;
过去 <
上一个台阶 ;
下一个台阶&#8627;
越来越强等&#8648;
越来越弱等&#8650;
双向交流&#8645;
促进、发展↗
一方面
#8226;/
另一方面/#8226;
关系
#8226;/#8226;
国家□
国与国
□/□
原因←
导致、结果
→
对立、冲
突 ><
波折<<
会议、会面⊙
进入∩
接触、交往
∞
分歧⊥
非常、十分
重要 **
坚持≡
关键!
奇观 !
有关 @
替换为∽
但是‖
与……比
较而言∥
空洞○
代表△
以下举考试中的两个实例来说明口译笔记的一些基本要领:
(1) As an American manager of a Sino-American joint venture for two years, I have to say that there are differences in business management between Chinese and Americans. //
We are more direct and straightforward than most Chinese colleagues due to our different cultural traditions. //
I can’t say our way of doing business is absolu tely superior. Arter all, there are strong points and weak points in both types of management. //
In recent years, more and more American business executives have recognized the strong points of the more humane way of Chinese management.
美经中美合企 2年 I 说 dif@bus. man. 中← →美//
we 更直率比中←不同文传//
I x 我 bus. ++ 毕有 + & - @both //
近年美企exe. 强: hu 中管//
(2)今晚,我们很高兴在北京大学再次接待我们的老朋友格林博士和夫人。
//
我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西
兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。
//
我相信格林博士这次对我校的访问,必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系作出重要的贡献。
//
明天,贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问,我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。
今eve we J 北大再接老朋 Dr Green &Mrs //
I 代全staff →Dr. &Mrs. G & 其 NZ 宾: wel //
I Bel Gr 我sch 访友合重贡//
tom 宾 go 南 & 上 I wish nice trip//
Note taking
1.Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference: Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts
and references.
S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form
a recognizable abbreviation.
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro = introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am’t = amount
cont’d = continued
gov’t = government
educat’l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking
estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing
exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key. Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand. Leave out unimportant words. Leave out the words a and the. If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and
w/ = with
w/o = without vs = against
\ = therefore
= = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable. zb = German, for example
ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees
H2O = water
More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples: + plus
// parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples: eg example
IT dept Information Technology department
UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:
mar marketing
cus customer
cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:
subj subject
budg budget
ind individual
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
tech'gy technology
gen'ion generalisation
del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:
assoc associated
ach achievement
info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:
bkgd background
mvmt movement
prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:
custs customers
fs frequencies
/s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:
decrg decreasing
ckg checking
estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples: in
but
as
key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is
was
were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
a
an
the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example: January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
@ at
2 to
4 for
& and
w/ with
w/o without
vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <--->
resulting in --->
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than <
greater than > especially esp
-ism 简写为 m 例如:socialism Sm
-tion 简写为 n 例如:standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian 简写为 o 例如:technician techo
-ing 简写为 g 例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg
-ed 简写为 d 例如:accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如:available avbl -ment 简写为 mt 例如:amendment amdmt
-ize 简写为 z 例如:recognize regz
-ful 简写为 fl 例如:meaningful mnfl。