跨文化复习资料

Intercultural communication review items Culture:
1.Definition:Culture is a story that we tell ourselves about ourselves.
2.Importance:it brings a group of people together but also takes a group of people apart.It tells us who we are and who they are.
3.We begin learning our culture when we’re born.
Bias:
4.Definition:Bias means that we like some things better than others.we’re biased in favor of what is familiar,we like the things that we know and understand better than the things we are not sure about.
5.When we’re born,we naturally divide the world into “us” and “them”. Prejudice:
6.Prejudice is a kind of extreme emotion to some things based on personal opinions.
7.Although not everyone is prejudiced,anyone can become prejudiced.
8.How do we learn prejudice?
If we go through life without considering the opinions of other people,then we’ll easily become prejudiced,the best example of this can be seen when we consider religion.Every religious believer thinks that his religion is the “Truth”.
9.What are the main differences between bias and prejudice?
Bias is natural,can be reduced,not be overcome;but prejudice is
learned,can be overcome. Prejudice is more extreme than bias.
10.the way to reduce bias or overcome prejudice
First,we should know how it happens and works. Then we should listen to “them” more and know more about others’ opinions.Know the meaning of word “grafalloon” which helps us think more about “us” and “them”. We can divide the world in different ways,everytime we do this ,we change our understanding of the world,and then change the way we act ,and then literally change the world.
11.When we learn a new culture,the first thing we should know is that the country is a individualist or group/collective country.
Why:Because if we know that it’s an individual or group/collective country,we can know a lot about it.(e.g. power distance,direct,context,time,doing…)
12.In group-oriented cultures,personal relationships are not important as they are in individualist cultures.
13.Every culture,every country,every government has difficulty balancing the interest of the individual with the interest of the group.
Context:
14.a certain situation
15.High-context:(indirect)------in a family
Advantage:fast&efficient
Disadvantage:it takes a long time to learn
Low-context:(direct) ------at a bus station
Advantage:clearer and easier to understand
Disadvantage:impersonal
16.High-context communication------the listener’s responsibility
Low-context communication------the speaker’s responsibility
Power distance:
17.Power distance is a way to explain the handling of differences between groups existing in a system of inequality.
18.Most individualistic cultures have a low-power distance.
19.In low-power distance cultures,students often do not learn as much factual information as students in high-power distance cultures.
Time:
20.When you hear the word “clock time”,the first thing you think of is work/money/business/globalization/modern.
21.Clock-time came into being in the Industrial revolution and is now strongly associated with globalization.
22.“Time is money” refers to clock-time.
23.What’s “event time”?
A:an event begins when everybody that’s needed to be there arrives.
24.Zheshida follows “event-time” in its scheduling.
25.Doing:busy、active、making money
Being:the over-all quality of people’s lives
26. Live to work-------doing
Work to live-------being
27.generalizations:what is true for the group is not always true for the individual.(generally true)
e.g. Most Chinese people like eating pork,but not every Chinese person like pork.
28.Stereotypes:What is true for the individual is not always true for the group.(always false)
e.g.A few people from Xinjiang killed people,but not all people from Xinjiang would kill people.
29.Wha t’s the good points of American system?
A:More ideas,creativity.
Then the bad point?
A:Too much talking,less thinking.
30.Why Korean worker like staying at that system?
a.he needn’t to think.
b.if the boss is wrong,he is no responsibility.
c.because Korea is a group country,people like working in groups.
31.
32.A:All cultures are equal. B:Some cultures are better than others. For A:a.All cultures help people in different ways.
b.Everyone is equal,so every culture is equal.
c.All cultures help everyone to live better lives.
d.Every culture has its own strong points ,and only God knows which is best.
For B:a.a long history
b.more strong points
c.more influence
d.better education,more creative
33.“a city on a hill”-------America
Suppose we’re Americans:
◆we can look down on others
◆we’re alone
◆we’re closer to the god
34.Critical thinking
Anything that can’t be disproven is an opinion.
Circular reasoning
The Bible says,the Bible is the god.
●Causation and coincidence
Pray and survive/pray but die
Pray and survive:strom →prayer →saved →God saved me 35.The Green Revolution ----the reason of population’s growth
----a great example of a vicious cycle irrigation
pesticide/herbicide(made of oil)
●fertilizers(made of natural gas)
❍hybird seeds(G.M.O-Genetically Modified Organisms)
36.technotopia→technology+utopia(天堂)
Meaning:technology can bring us everything.------a progress trap
37.the way to save the world:to educate women.
38.You can’t have infinite growth on a finite world.
39.Every culture has ghosts and gods
We’re born biased to see faces（that even do not really exist） we give them personalities
●then there’re ghosts and gods
40.The two cultures(2个问题)。