culture dimension in iran
英语6级翻译高频词汇
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文化类:cultural insights 文化视角learn about the world 了解世界a thrilling experience 一种令人激动的经历abstract 抽象的concrete 具体的move somebody to tears 使...感动落泪get relaxed and entertained 得到放松和娱乐has its value 有其自己的价值inspiration 灵感cultural attribute 文化属性scope of knowledge 知识面spread knowledge 传播知识lasting artistic works 永恒的艺术作品abstruse 深奥的break with old customs 抛弃传统carry down from generation to generation 代代相传advocate the new lifestyle 倡导新的生活方式entertainment 娱乐be different from 与...不同direct experience 直接经验echo 共识satiate people's psychological demands 满足心理需求attach more importance to 更重视...spiritual enhancement 精神升华a mirror of ... 是...的一面镜子determinant 决定性因素eclipse 是...相形见绌contribute to 有助于...a sense of cool and satisfaction 一种惬意感pastimes 消遣方式nurture imagination 培养想象力nurture v 培育meditation 沉思an essence of immortality 永恒的精髓immortality 精髓instructive 有启发性的arouse one's curiosity about something 引起某人的好奇心enrich one's knowledge 丰富某人知识value of knowledge 知识的价值cultural differences and diversity 文化的差异性和多样性time is fleeting and art is long 时光飞逝,艺术永恒网络词汇:cyber-bars 网吧on-line love affair 网恋web addiction 沉迷于上网digital age 数码时代electronic device 电子设备pirated products 盗版产品pirated 盗版的artificial intelligence 人工智能young cynic 愤青surf on-line 上网flash sale 限时抢购non-line shopping 网上购物Web addiction 上网成瘾Autism 自闭症经济词汇:economic/financial crisis 经济/经融危机demand exceed supply/be in short supply 供不应求purchasing power 购买力state-owned enterprise 国有企业private enterprise 私人企业tax evasion 偷税漏税integration 一体化China's access to/entry into WTO 中国加入WTO franchised store 专卖店real estate 房地产economic globalization 经济全球化macro economic 宏观经济the size of money supply 货币投放量excess liquidity 流动性过剩overheated economic 经济过热自我发展:self-confidence 自信people in many walks of life 各行各业的人urge sb to do sth 力劝某人做某事start with a campaign 发起一场运动be eager to do sth 渴望know about 了解cross-cultural contact 跨文化交流mutual cultural exchange 相互文化交流self-esteem 自尊social consciousness 社会觉悟honest; integrity 诚实sincerity 诚恳sense of responsibility 责任感cooperation 责任感enthusiasm 热诚conscientiousness 自觉性ethical and moral standards 理论与道德标准reliability; dependability 可靠性concern for others 关怀他人perseverance 恒心seriousness of purpose 求学认真initiative 主动性n科技类:advanced science 尖端科学scientific invention 科学发明exert a far-reaching impact on... 对...产生一种深远的影响pose a threat to... 对...有一种威胁double-edged sword 双刃剑earth-shaking changes 翻天覆地的变化pave the way for the future development 为未来的发展铺平道路alternative fuel 可替代燃料sustainable development 可持续发展ridiculous 可笑的absurd 荒唐的substitute 取代overcome difficulties 克服困难make progress 取得进步a sense of national pride 民族自豪感unprecedented 前所未有的soaring 不断上升的give a great push to the economic growth 极大地推动经济的发展see dramatic breakthroughs 取得突破性进展aggravate 使恶化optimize 优化cure-all solution 万能良药工作类:sense of stability and satisfaction 稳定感和满足感keep skills fresh and up-to-date 是技能不断更新expend one's horizon 开阔视野balance work and life 平衡工作和生活from-nice-to-five 朝九晚五一族shoulder/undertake one's responsibility 承担起自己的责任upgrade oneself 提升自我a well-paid job 高收入工作creative work 创造性工作stand up to / meet the challenge 迎接挑战realize the value of life 实现人生价值enrich one's social experience 丰富一个人的社会阅历cultivate one's independence and toughness 培养自己的独立性和坚韧性seek for personal development 追求个人发展a sense of self-fulfillment 自我实现感promotion opportunity 提升机会meet one's personalized needs 满足个性需要define one's role 确定自己的角色social recognition 社会认可交通类;non-renewable resources 不可再生资源a carbon dioxide 二氧化碳a pillar industry 支柱产业make full use of 充分利用road networks 公路网speed limits 限速enhance the quality of life 提高生活质量pay a heavy price 付出惨痛的代价promote the development of relative industries 促进相关产业的发展the number of car ownership 汽车拥有量call for ... 需要...overcrowded 过度拥挤的violator 违规者headache 令人头痛的事traffic accidents 交通事故head-way 进展conflict with... 与...相冲突major cause 主要原因be replaced by 被...所取代provide convenience for ... 为...提供便利curb... 限制...dilemma 进退两难encourage somebody to do something 鼓励某人干某事energy-saving 节能的information era 信息时代keep one informed about something 使人们了解...audience/viewers 观众exert unhealthy and harmful effects on ... 对...有不良的影响information-explosion society 信息爆炸的社会influential 有影响的revolutionize the way we acquire information 彻底改变了我们获取信息的方式blessing 福curse 祸various thrilling programs 各种各样激动人心的节目poor-quality programs 低质量节目exaggerate 夸张enjoyable 令人高兴的fashionable 时尚的psychological illness 心理疾病isolated 孤僻的unimaginative 缺乏想象力的unsociable 不好社交的electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射jeopardize one's health 危害健康be exposed to ... 了解到... 接触到...find its way into every family 进入千家万户global village 地球村be indulged in... 沉溺于...be addicted to ... 对...上瘾be fascinated by... 被...所吸引be dependent on... 依赖...second-hand information 二手信息go astray 误入歧途embark on the criminal road 走上犯罪道路critical thinking 批判性思维main cause 主因reliable 可靠的family attachment 家庭归属感mutual understanding 相互了解alienation of affection 感情疏远be sick of ... 对...厌倦generation gap 代沟exchanges of feelings 感情交流emotional bond 感情纽带distinguish right from wrong 明辨是非be harmful to ... 对...有害imitate 模仿physical and mental health 身心健康stimulate one's imagination and creativity 激发某人的想象力和创造力a great deal of information 大量的信息灾难类:devastating 毁灭性的drought 旱灾famine-stricken 遭受饥荒的starve 饿死,挨饿hungry to death 饿得要死grain 粮食food shortage 饿得要死disaster/calamity/catastrophe 灾难suffering 受难refugee 难民death toll 死亡人数社会类:high cost of living 高额的生活费用pastoral life 田园生活class polarization 阶级两极分化social welfare 社会福利give special care to ... 给予...特殊照顾urban sprawl 城市扩张convenient transportation means 便捷的交通工具better medical services 更好的医疗服务pressure of modern life in city 城市的生活压力be vulnerable to ... 易于患上...melting pot 熔炉on the brink of... 处于...边缘pollutant 污染性物质waste disposal 废物处理put the blame on ... 归咎于...be attributed to ... 归因于...ways of consumption 消费方式suffer heavy losses 遭受重大损失citizen 居民be confronted with ... 面临着...vicious cycle 恶性循环a feasible measure 一种可行的方法give priority to... 优先考虑...动物保护类;laboratory 实验室vaccine 疫苗right to live 生存权torture 折磨anti-science 反科学的scientific gains 科学成果an ever-lasting theme 一个永恒的主题humane 人道的medical technology 医疗技术equal 公平的unreliable 不可信赖的valid 有效的、正当的。
Cultural-DimensionsPPT课件
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• Low-Context Cultures – what is said is more important that how or where it is said
e.g. US, Germany
• High-Context Cultures – what is said and how or where it is said are significant
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18
Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Individualism – people regard themselves as individuals Rely on individuals to make decisions (e.g. UK, USA, Japan)
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10
(Hall, 1966) • Come From
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11
Edward T. Hall (1959)
• Context – or the amount of information that must be explicitly stated if a message or communication is to be successful
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7
Space
• Public
– Space belongs to all
• Mixed
– There is a combination of public and private space
• Private
– People consider it important to have their own space
POS80 热敏小票打印机使用说明书
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POS80 Thermal Printer User’s ManualCatalogue1.1 Brief introduction (2)1.2 Main features (2)2 specification (3)2.1 Specification (3)2.2 Printing material requirements (5)2.2.1 Paper parameters (5)2.2.2 Mark paper parameters (5)2.2.3 Paper using attention (5)2.3 Printing and paper cutting position (6)2.3.1 Printing position (6)2.3.2 Paper cut position (6)3 Appearance and components (7)3.1 Appearance and components (7)3.2 Indicator and buzzer instruction (8)4 Printer installation (9)4.1 Open the package (9)4.2 Requirements of installation position (9)4.3 Connect to power adapter (9)4.4 Connect communication cables (9)4.5 Connect to cash drawer (9)4.6 Paper roll loading (10)4.6.1 Printing paper type confirmation (10)4.6.2 Loading/change paper roll (10)4.7 Set DIP switch (12)4.8 Printer self-test (12)4.9 Set ethernet port IP address (12)5 Interface pin definition (14)5.1 Parallel interface pin definition(DB25M) (14)5.2 USB interface pin definition(standard B type female base) (14)5.3 Power interface pin definition(MPC-3-001B) (15)5.4 Cash drawer interface pin definition(RJ11-6P6C) (15)5.5 Serial port pin definition(DB9F) (16)5.6 Ethernet interface pin definition(RJ45) (16)6 Faults handling (17)6.1 Printer does not work (17)6.2 Indicator light error and buzzer warning (17)6.3 Problems when it is printing (17)6.4 Problems when cutting paper (18)6.5 Paper jam and cutter retraction troubles removal (18)1 Introduction1.1 Brief introductionPOS80 is a thermal POS printer with auto-cutter. It has good printing quality, high printing speed and high stability, which is widely used in POS system, food service industry and many other fields.POS80 connects other devices via parallel, serial or USB port. It offers drivers for WINDOWS and LINUX operating systems.The supported operating systems are as below:WINDOWS XPWINDOWS 7 32/64WINDOWS 8UBUNTU 12.04 32/64UBUNTU 14.04 32/641.2 Main features1)With auto-cutter2)Low noise and high printing speed3)Easy paper loading4)Easily use and maintain5)Support mark paper and continuous paper printing6)Compatible with many kinds of paper width7)With cash drawer interface8)Optional communication interfaces(Such as USB, parallel, serial, Ethernet)9)Optional Wireless communication function(Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, just for special models)2 Specification2.1 SpecificationItem ParameterPrinting parameter Printing method Thermal printingResolution 203DPI,8 dots/mmPrinting width 72mm(576 dots)Printing speed About 250 mm/sInterfacesStandard: cash drawer /USB interfaceOptional: serial/parallel/Ethernet portsOptional Wireless Communication: Wi-Fi or BluetoothPage mode / Support(Optional)Command set / ESC/POS compatible commandsStorageRAM RAM 8M bytes, receive buffer area 1M bytes FLASH FLASH 4M bytes, NV bitmap 256K bytescharactersChinese GB18030 24×24Words, figures ASCII 9×17,12×24User-defined SupportCode pagesOptional international character sets 45TRADITIONAL CHINESECHINESECP437 [U.S.A., Standard Europe]KatakanaCP850 [Multilingual]CP860 [Portuguese]CP863 [Canadian-French]CP865 [Nordic]WCP1251 [Cyrillic]CP866 Cyrillic #2MIK[Cyrillic /Bulgarian]CP755 [East Europe,Latvian 2]IranCP862 [Hebrew]WCP1252 Latin IWCP1253 [Greek]CP852 [Latina 2]CP858 Multilingual Latin Ⅰ+Euro)Iran IILatvianCP864 [Arabic]ISO-8859-1 [West Europe]CP737 [Greek]WCP1257 [Baltic]ThaiCP720[Arabic]CP855CP857[Turkish]WCP1250[Central Europe] CP775WCP1254[Turkish]WCP1255[Hebrew]WCP1256[Arabic]WCP1258[Vietnam]ISO-8859-2[Latin 2]ISO-8859-3[Latin 3]ISO-8859-4[Baltic]ISO-8859-5[Cyrillic]ISO-8859-6[Arabic]ISO-8859-7[Greek]ISO-8859-8[Hebrew]ISO-8859-9[Turkish]ISO-8859-15 [Latin 3] Thai2CP856Chart / Supports different density dots and images printingsSupports grating bitmap printingSupports download bitmap printing, every bitmap size should less than 256K, and the total capacity of download bitmap is 256K.Bar codes 1DUPC-A、UPC-E、EAN-8、EAN13、CODE39、ITF、CODEBAR、CODE128、CODE932D PDF417、QR CodeDetection function Sensor Paper out, cover opened, paper will be lack(optional),un-take out printed paper(optional)LED indicatorPower indicator Green Paper out indicator Red Error indicator RedPaper RequirementType Standard thermal receipt paper Width 79.5±0.5mmThickness 0.056~0.1mmDiameter 80mm(Max.)Physical characteristicsPaper loading Easy paper loadingPaper cutting Manual or automatically cut paper Operating condition -10℃~ 50℃,25% ~ 80%RH Storage condition ~40℃~ 70℃,≤93%RH(40℃)Outline dimension 145mm×195mm×144mm(W×L×H)Weight 1.1KgReliabilityTPH life 50kmCutter life 2,000,000 times Motor life 360,000 hoursSoftware function Driver procedure Windows(WIN7/WIN8/Vista/XP/2000)Ubuntu 12.04 32/64, Ubuntu 14.04 32/642.2 Printing material requirements2.2.1 Paper parameters1)Paper type: thermal receipt paper/thermal black mark paper2)Paper width:80±0.5 mm3)Paper roll diameter: 80 mm (Max.)4)Paper thickness:0.065 ~ 0.10mm2.2.2 Mark paper parametersBlack mark imprint position is on the front side of the receipt when using mark paper. The black mark reflectivity is no more than15%, the other parts of paper reflectivity should be more than 85%.There are not any patterns in black mark area, such as ad, and the mark size shall be satisfied with requirements as below:2.2.3 Paper using attentionNote:1)Please use good quality paper, otherwise, it will effect printing quality and even reduce printer head life.2)Don’t make the paper stick on axis.3)Paper will be fading out or reduced thermal sensitivity if it is polluted by chemical or oil, which will affectprinting effects.4)Don’t use nail or hard things to clash printing paper, otherwise, it will be fade out.5)Paper will be fading out if the environment temperature exceeds 70°C. So please take note the temperature,humidity and illumination effects.2.3 Printing and paper cutting position2.3.1 Printing positionL1-Paper storehouse’s width: 82±0.5mmL2-Effective printing width: 80mmL3-Distance between print head to paper storehouse’s left edge (fixed width): 3±0.3mmL4-Distance between print head to paper storehouse’s right edge (fixed width): 3±0.3mmL5-Left margin: Default is 4mmL6-Printing area width: it is set by commands (refer to programming manual). Default is 72mm. L7-Right margin: Default is 4mm.2.3.2 Paper cutting positionThe distance between print head to cutter: 12.5mm3 Appearance and components 3.1 Appearance and componentsFunction instruction of components1)Power switchPress “O” side to power off, press “I” side to power on.2)Power indicator(green)The indicator is on when power on, and it is off when power off.3)Error indicator (Red)Error indicator is on when it detects error. Such as: paper out, upper cover is open and cutter is stocked. 4)Paper indicator(red)Paper out indicator is on when it detects the paper is out. Please put a new paper roll to printer inside then.3.2 Indicator and buzzer instruction1)Function instruction of indicators and buzzerName Status InstructionPower indicator (Power) On Printer is power on Off Printer is power offError indicator (Error) On Printer is in error status Off Printer is in normal statusPaper out indicator (Paper)On Printer is in paper out status Off Printer is in normal statusDescription Power Indicator Error Indicator Paper Indicator Buzzer Open printer cover On On On It rings 6 times by 1.5s.Paper is enough On Off Off Silent Paper out On On On It rings 3 times by 1.5s.Note: Printer detects printer head temperature via thermal resistance. It will cut off print head powerand stop printing if print head is overheat. The print head protection temperature is 80℃.4 Printer installation4.1 Open the packagePlease make sure everything is in good status when you open the package. Otherwise, please contact to distributor in time.4.2 Requirements of installation position1)Put the printer on a stably place.2)Let the printer far away from water, fire, and sunlight.3)Avoid to put it on oscillatory and impassive place.4)Make sure to connect printer with ground safety4.3 Connect to power adapter1)Make sure the printer is power off.2)Connect power adapter’s DC output plug to the printer.3)Connect power adapter’s AC input plug to a power outlet.4)Please be careful to operate correctly when plug out the plug of power cord to avoid damage.4.4 Connect Communication cables1)Make sure the printer is power off.2)Connect communication cable to the printer’s port, and fix it as plug lag spike (or snap spring).3)Connect communication cable to the other side host.4.5 Connect to cash drawer1)Make sure the printer is power off.2)Connect cash drawer to cash drawer port behind the printer.Warning: The Voltage of cash drawer port is 24V. (It cannot connect to telephone cable.)4.6 Paper roll loading4.6.1 Printing paper type confirmationYou can load paper roll to print after connecting power adapter and communication cables. Please make sure the printing paper type before printing. The default paper type is continuous thermal receipt paper.4.6.2 Loading or change paper roll1)Power off the printer.2)Slide or press paper roll storehouse button, and then open storehouse cover.3)Draw out paper roll tap, and load paper roll as below.4)Draw out a printing paper, and leave some on the paper out month, then close the storehouse cover.5)The status after paper loading4.7 DIP switch settingDIP switch Switch Function On Off Default 1 Cutter Forbidden Enable Off 2 Buzzer Enable Forbidden On 3 Printing density DarkLight Off 4 Multi-byte encoding Single-byte encodingmulti-byte encodingOff 5 Max. number of Printing characters in each line42 48 Off 6 Cash drawer EnableForbiddenOn 7 Baud rate options (bps)Ref. Chart 1Off 8OffChart 1:Baud rate optionsBaud rate Switch 7 Switch 8 Default9600 On Off 19200 19200 Off Off 38400 On On 115200Offon4.8 Printing self-test page1) Make sure the printer loaded paper roll correctly.2) Press down [FEED] button and hold on, then power on the printer, the printer will print a self-test page.4.9 Set Ethernet port IP Address.The printer’s Ethernet IP address can be set directly via printer inserted web setting page. The operation steps are as below:1. Connect printer and PC in a same Ethernet LAN.2. Print a printer self-test page to get printer recent IP address (self-test page printing operation method refers to “4.8 printer self-test” instruction):You can find the printer’s IP address is same as 192.168.1.87 in self-test page “IP address: 192.168.1.87” 3. Set network card IP address in PC and printer IP address as different IP address in the same networksegment.(Such as 192.168.1.xxx, xxx is a number among 1 to 254);4. Please enter address “http://printer IP address ” in browse of PC after making sure that printer connects with Ethernet.(e.g.: If printer IP address is “192.168.1.87”, please enter “http://192.168.1.87”), then press Enter key,open Ethernet port setting page in browser as below:5. Click “Configure Interface” link in the left side, then enter the modified target IP and click “save” button tosave setting. Click “Reboot” button to reset printer if you want the setting to take effect.6. Enter the new IP address as the above step 4 procedure, and re-open printer Ethernet port setting web page, then click “Printer Status” link in the left side. And click “Printer Test Page” button to print self-test page, andcheck the IP Address contents in the self-test page is right or not.5 Interface pin definitionsThe printer has a cash drawer driver interface and many kinds of communication interfaces: parallel, serial (RS-232), USB and Ethernet ports. USB port and cash drawer interfaces are standard interfaces, and it has Ethernet, serial and parallel ports as optional.5.1 Parallel interface pin definition(DB25M)Number Signal Function Number Signal Function1 /STROBE Gate. Low level is10 /ACK Confirm. Low level is effectiveeffective2 DATA0Data bit is 011 BUSY Busy3 DATA1Data bit is 112 PE Paper out4 DATA2Data bit is 213 SEL Choose5 DATA3Data bit is 314 /AUTOFEED Change line automatically. Lowlevel is effective6 DATA4Data bit is 415 /ERROR Error. Low level is effective7 DATA5 Data bit is 516 /INIT Initialize. Low level is effective8 DATA6 Data bit is 617 /SELIN Choose input. Low level iseffective9 DATA7 Data bit is 718-25 GND Ground wire5.2 USB interface pin definition(standard B type female base)1)Pin definitionPin Number Signal name Typical wire color1 VBUS Red2 D- White3 D+ Green4 GND Black5.3 Power interface pin definition(MPC-3-001B)1)Pin definitionPin number Signal name1 +24V2 GND3 N.CSHELL F.G5.4 Cash drawer interface pin definition(RJ11-6P6C)1)Electrical specificationDriver voltage: DC24VDriver current: Max. 0.8A (within 510ms)Cash drawer status tests signal: “L” = 0~0.5 V ; “H” = 3~5 V2)Cash drawer interface socket uses RJ-11 6P type connector;3)Interface signal definitionPin number Signal function1 FG Printer cover2 DRAWER 1 Cash drawer 1 driver signal3 DRSW Cash drawer status detection signal4 VDR Cash drawer driver power5 DRAWER 2 Cash drawer 2 driver signal6 GND Common ground circuitNotes:1) Prohibit socket with power to pull out communication wire plug.2) Please avoid to parallel with strong power when wring communication cables av通讯线布线时应避免和强电并行;3) Communication cables use with shielded cables.5.5 Serial port pin definition(DB9F)Printer serial port is compatible with RS-232, the interface socket is DB9 female socket.User can check interface setting status via printing setting self-test page. Printer default serial interface is set as: baud rate 19200bps, 8 bit data bits, no parity,1 bit stop bit, and the handshakes method is DTR/DSR。
cultural dimensions
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一.Read the books or papers about Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension and the GLOBE Study and discuss about the difference of national culture.1.The GLOBE Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness study on Nine Units of Measurement or "Cultural Dimensions" (全球领导学及组织行为效率)(1)Performance Orientation(成就导向):It “reflects the extent to which acommunity encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, excellence, and performance improvement”;It “relates to the extent to which leaders set ambitious goals, communicate high expectations for their subordinates, build their subordinates’ self-confidence, and intellectually challenge them”.(2)Uncertainty Avoidance(不确定性规避): It is "the extent to which a society,organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events”; it’s about the extent to whichambiguous situations are felt as threatening – i.e., about the extent to which deliberate measures (such as making and enforcing rules and procedures) are taken to reduce ambiguity.(3)In-Group Collectivism(小圈子集体主义):“the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families” .(4)Power Distance(权力距离):“the extent to which a community accepts and endorses authority, power differences, and status privileges”.(5)Gender Egalitarianism(性别平等主义):“the degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality”(6)Humane Orientation(人道取向):“the degree to which an organization or society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind to others"(7)Institutional Collectivism(机构性集体主义):“the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action”(8)Future Orientation(未来取向):“the degree to which a collectivity encourages and rewards future-oriented behaviors such as planning and delaying gratification”(9)Assertiveness(有主见):“the degree to which individuals are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their rela tionships with others”现总结如下:2. Geert Hofstede’s “Cultural Dimensions”:(1)Power Distance(PD权力距离):Or the degree to which members of a societyautomatically accept a hierarchical or unequal distribution of power inorganisations and society.(权力距离:指的是社会中对于“权力分配不均等”的接受程度,或是说,在社会之中权利分配的分散或集中程度)(2)Individualism(IDV个人主义与集体主义):Or the degree to which an individualperceives him or her self to be separate from a group and free from group pressure to conform. (个人/集体主义:指的是在社会中成员们倾向于以个人或是集体来定义自己的程度)(3)Masculinity(MAS男性特质与女性特质):Or the degree to which a society looksfavourably on aggressive and materialistic behaviour.(Masculinity/femininity 男性度/女性度:指的是社会成员对于“决断力和物质成功”或“感性和人际关系”的偏好程度)(4)Uncertainty/Avoidance Index(UAI对不确定性的回避):Or the degree to whichmembers of a given society deal with the uncertainty and risk of everyday life and prefer to work with long-term acquaintances and friends rather than with strangers (不确定性规避:指的是社会中其成员对于风险和未知性的容忍程度)(5)Long Term Orientation(LTO):This refers to how much society values long-standing– as opposed to short term – traditions and values. This is the fifth dimension that Hofstede added in the 1990s after finding that Asian countries with a strong link to Confucian philosophy acted differently from western cultures. In countries with a high LTO score, delivering on social obligations and avoiding "loss of face" are considered very important.(时间导向性 指的是社会对于短期收效或长远效果的偏好程度。
cultural dimensions(名词解释,要背诵)
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Collectivism
Individualism
Japan, Greece, China, Mexico
U.S., Canada Italy, Sweden
Uncertainty avoidance
The degree to which people in a country accept ambiguous situations and tolerate uncertainty about the future. High uncertainty avoidance: formal rules and procedures designed to provide more security and greater career stability; managers have a propensity for low-risk decisions, employees exhibit little aggressiveness, and lifetime employment is common. Japan, Portugal , Greece Low uncertainty avoidance: protests and other activities are tolerated; company activities and less structured and less formal, some managers take more risk, and high job mobility is common. U.S., Denmark, Great Britain
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Cultural identity 文化认同 作文
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China Should Preserve Cultural Identity in Cross-Cultural CommunicationAbstract: Globalization can benefit human beings, but can also lead to more clashes between different civilizations. Cultural crisis has been aroused in so many countries. So does China. This paper is going to explain what China should do towards cultural identity in cross-cultural communication from three aspects. The first one is that China should be more cautious when face the impact of foreign culture. As for foreign culture, we should take the essence and discard the dregs. The second one is that China should strengthen our cultural identity to make our country stand in the nations of the world. The last one is that we should pay more attention to our own traditional Chinese culture preserve it instantly. There is no time to delay to protect our culture and keep our culture identity. Some phenomena about the impact of the foreign culture in China and the current situation of traditional Chiese culture will be showed to state the fact and the problems.Key words: globalization; cultural identity; foreign culture; traditional Chinese culture In the environment of globalization, we should treat the foreign culture cautiously and continue to preserve our cultural identity unswervingly. By doing this, we can stand strong in the global competition. But what is cultural identity? Cultural identity is the identity of a group or a culture or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one’s belonging to a group or a culture. The formation of one nation’s cultural identity needs a long period of time. During this period, people share a same history, religion, values, culture, language, forefather and custom, etc. They regard the most meaningful things, such as culture, as their most important things. That is cultural identity.As for foreign culture, we should take the essence and discard the dregs. There is an ancient Chinese adage said haste makes waste. When the McDonald’s first entered the Chinese market, it brought fast-food culture. This culture let people just pursue the speed but ignore the connotation. People now eat nonnutritive fast food, read abridged version of the famous work, and participate in the crash course in order to improve themselves in a really short time. All these are bad for people mentally and physically. On the other hand, there is no doubt that McDonald’s represents the business model that China has never developed before. It has been modernizing and democratizing China. McDonald’s has been bringing China its franchise model that combines and compromises centralization with decentralization, and individual property with collective property. It can let its members share the risks and returns from the discovery and exploitation of new business opportunities. These are missing from the China’s old collective enterprises and communes.The philosophy professor Zhao Xiuyi has said that the intention of western utilitarianism contains two principles-the principle of utility and the principle of justice(陆). The utilitarianism has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we should give a play to its incentive mechanism which advocates interest-driven. On the other hand, we should restrain the negative effects of its principle of utility which can make students’values change in a wrong way. The growing market economy is continually deconstructing our traditional value system. But a new value system is unformed yet. Facing the trend of western utilitarianism, the public have absorbed so many positive ideas, such as the principle of utility, practicality. Facing the surging tide of marketability, science and technology, information and the globalization, modern people become more and more practical and materializing. They justhighlight the principle of utility, but ignore the principle of justice. What people know about utilitarianism gradually incline to the pursuit of material gain. Under such circumstances, the undergraduate students are affected by the utilitarianism inevitably. Their values change adversely.For example, there is a phenomenon that some college students lust after being a student leader. This used to be good. However, there appears a utilitarian tendency in job hunting of university graduates in face of severe competition.When they find that some enterprises and institutions appreciate the university graduates who were student leaders before, they change their mind. They seem to forget that being a student leader is to toughen ego once, raising a fair show of ego. What they care about now is not improving their ability and quality, but they can get a job more easily by doing this.The Hundred Days' Reform was a cultural, political and educational reform movement in late Qing Dynasty China. It was undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor and his supporters. Kang Yuwei and Liang Qichao brought the constitutional monarchy into China at that time. They said to Guangxu that only political reform could prevent the downfall of the nation. So the emperor decided to change the government from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy with democracy. And he inclined to imitate Japan’s Meiji restoration after he read some books about other countries’coups. The emperor issued a series of imperial edicts and orders. He applied principles of capitalism to strengthen the economy, completely changed the military buildup to strengthen the military and industrialized all of China through manufacturing, commerce, and capitalism, etc. Although the reform movement was failed, the Chinese people got to know the idea that they had never heard before.Although this kind of political system was not implemented completely in the old China, it really brought new thought to the nation. The movement enabled people to think more about freedom and development and spread advanced western culture. The failure of the reform movement gave great impetus to revolutionary forces within China. Changes within the establishment were seen to be largely hopeless, and the overthrow of the whole Qing government increasingly appeared to be the only viable way to save China. Such sentiments directly contributed to the success of the Chinese Revolution in 1911, barely a decade later Through cross-cultural communication, China should also preserve its own cultural identity. In 2004, the Chinese Government established the first Confucius Institute in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The Confucius Institute is a nonprofit organization. It provides an opportunity for the foreign learners to learn Chinese more conveniently. This institute helps popularize traditional Chinese culture. It extends the idea of Confucius- “harmony is most precious” and “harmonious yet different”. The Confucius Institute let the world know more about China. Considering that Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world and the longest timespan of literature, many countries across the world have seen an increasingly strong demand for knowledge about the Chinese language and culture. As the pictographic character, Chinese is a very old language, with its earliest writings dating back nearly 4,000 years. The Chinese government should try their best to protect and promote this language. It is an important symbol of Chinese culture.At the same time, we also need to pay more attention to the traditional Chinese culture. We are facing the traditional culture default. The folk art, legendary, history and traditional virtues are valuable fortune. In recent years, many foreign companies made lots of moviesabout China’s traditional culture and legendary. They all full of Chinese elements, such as The KongFu Panda of Dreamworks and Mulan of Disney.This kind of phenomenon indicates that the world is going to realize the charm of Chinese culture. Let’s take a look at the current situation about the traditional Chinese culture. There are some researches on students about the traditional culture. The statistics show that almost half of the college students are not interested in Beijing opera or the other local operas and only 25% pupils know the four treasures of the study. The statistics also show that except the Children’s Day, children like celebrating Christmas the most, only 33% children like celebrating the Spring Festival and 14% like the Mid-Autumn Day. As a Chinese, we should do more in developing our traditional culture and custom. That is what we need to do and what we have to do. If we have to protect our culture by people who come from other nations, then our culture must decline sooner or later.In today’s world, the globalization makes all the countries grow fast. At the same, it also leads to an identity crisis and the clashes of different civilizations. The American political scientist Samuel Huntington has proposed a theory called The Clashes of Civilizations. He argues that people’s cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world (Huntington.153). A country must reinforce its own cultural identity in order to strengthen its leadership and international influence. And every country must answer a simple question: “Who are you?”not “Which side are you?”The answer about cultural identity can confirm a nation’s position in global politics, its friends and enemies.If a country loses its own cultural identity, the most important significance of the nation’s existence will disappear without trace. If a country just accepts all the foreign cultureand values, it will damage the country’s political system and its cohesive force. China’s sustained economic growth and development, and increasing role as a global power have enabled our cultural impact to grow significantly in recent years. Through international cultural exchange, China can enrich its own culture and contributes to the development of art and culture around the world.Works CitedHuntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.London: Simon & Schuster, 1996. Print.Friedman, Jonathan. Culture Identity and Global Process. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1994. Print.Friedman, Thomas. The World is Flat. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2005. Print. “On the Crisis of Cultural Identity and the Constructive Meaning of Confucian Ethics in the Age of Globalization” Confucius2000. 2001. Web. 6 May. 2012.陆玲玲. “西方功利主义对大学生价值观的影响”人民论坛网.Web. 6 May. 2012.。
Trompenaars-cultural-dimensions-1PPT课件
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Lessons for MNCs
• The lessons that MNCs can draw from Trompenaars findings are many. Here are some examples:
• Universalism versus Particularism: Companies from universalistic cultures negotiating with a potential joint venture partner in China must recognize that relationships matter and take time to develop. They form the basis of the trust that is necessary in order to do business. In a particularistic culture, contracts are only a rough guideline or approximation.
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• Specific versus Diffuse: Managers from specific cultures such as Denmark are much more prone to criticize subordinates directly and openly without regarding their criticism as a personal matter. In the context of a subsidiary in a diffuse culture such as a personal matter. In the context of a subsidiary in a diffuse culture such as Russia, this may constitute an unacceptable loss of face.
高考英语名词专项训练
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高考英语名词专项训练一、单项选择名词1.This new phone is aimed at young people in the 18- 25 age ______ and in the eye of them, the product can ______ a message to other people that they are well-off.A.range; deliver B.dimension; convey C.range; convey D.dimension; deliver 【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查名词和动词辨析。
句意:这款新手机针对的是18- 25岁的年轻人,在他们眼中,这款产品可以向其他人传达一个信息,他们很富裕。
短语in ...age range“在……年龄范围内”,故第一空应用range,dimension表示“尺寸;体积”;第二空中deliver表示“交付;递送”,convey表示“传达;传输”,结合句意故选C。
2.An advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise building is that you can get a good_________.A.scene B.sceneryC.sight D.view【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查名词辨析。
句意:住在高楼大厦顶层的优点是你能看很好地欣赏风景。
A. scene 情景B. scenery景色 C. sight 景象 D. view风景。
view“风景”普遍用语,指从某个角度所看到的风景。
根据句意,故D选项正确。
【点睛】Scene:1. 某地的景色、风景,指展现在眼前的情景,也可以指scenery的一部分3.Computers cannot work without ______ from human beings.A.expressions B.instructionsC.prescriptions D.introductions【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查名词辨析。
我们应该怎样理解文化的不同英语作文
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我们应该怎样理解文化的不同英语作文The world is a vibrant tapestry woven with threads of diverse cultures, each contributing its unique patterns and hues to the richness of human experience. To truly understand these differences, we must embark on a journey of empathy and open-mindedness, shedding our preconceived notions and embracing the beauty of human diversity. Our initial encounters with cultural differences can be jarring, like stumbling upon an unfamiliar spice in a dish, its unexpected flavor both intriguing and unsettling. We may find customs that seem peculiar, traditionsthat appear outlandish, and values that challenge our own. Yet, it is precisely in these moments of discomfort that the seeds of understanding are sown. As we delve deeper, we discover the historical roots, the social contexts, and the intricate web of beliefs that shape each culture. We begin to appreciate the logic behind seemingly illogical practices and the wisdom embedded in age-old traditions. Just as a single ingredient can transform the taste of a dish, cultural nuances can profoundly impact communication and interaction. A simple gesture, like a thumbs-up, can convey approval in one culture and offense in another. The concept of personal space varies widely, with some cultures valuing close proximity while others prioritize distance. Even the way we express emotions is culturally influenced, with some societies encouraging outward displays of feeling and others promoting stoicism. By recognizing these subtleties, we can navigate intercultural encounters with greater sensitivity and avoid misunderstandings that could strain relationships. "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness" - Mark Twain reminds us. Immersing ourselves in different cultures allows us to step outside the confines of our own worldview and see the world through new lenses. By engaging with people from diverse backgrounds, we challenge our assumptions, broaden our perspectives, and cultivate a deeper understanding of the human experience. "The world is a book and those who do not travel read only one page" - Saint Augustine eloquently emphasizes the limitations of a monocultural perspective. Through travel, we encounter different ways of life, different belief systems, and different approaches to common challenges. This exposure fosters tolerance, empathy, and a sense of global citizenship. Understanding cultural differences is not merely an intellectual exercise; it has tangible benefits inour interconnected world. In the global marketplace, cultural sensitivity is essential for building strong business relationships. Companies that embrace diversity and foster intercultural understanding are better equipped to navigate the complexities of international trade and cater to a global clientele."Diversity is not about how we differ. Diversity is about embracing one another's uniqueness" - Ola Joseph highlights the importance of celebrating our differences rather than fearing them. Ultimately, understanding cultural differences is about recognizing our shared humanity. Despite our diverse backgrounds, we all share the same fundamental needs for love, belonging, and purpose. By embracing our differences, we enrich our lives and create a more harmonious and vibrant world. "We are all different, which is great because we are all unique. Without diversity, life would be very boring" - Catherine Pulsifer reminds us of the beauty and necessity of diversity. As we learn from one another, we build bridges of understanding and cooperation, fostering a future where cultural differences are not barriers but rather stepping stones to a richer, more interconnected world.。
文化认同的英语作文
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文化认同的英语作文英文回答:Culture is a comprehensive and multifaceted conceptthat defies a single, all-encompassing definition. It encompasses a wide array of beliefs, values, customs, traditions, practices, languages, and artifacts that define a particular society or group of people. Culture is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon, constantly shaped by both internal and external factors. It has a profound impact on individual and collective identity, influencing our perceptions of ourselves, others, and the world around us.Cultural identity is the sense of belonging to a particular cultural group and the identification with its shared values, beliefs, and practices. It is a complex and multi-layered concept that is influenced by various factors, including ethnicity, nationality, religion, language, and shared experiences. Cultural identity provides individuals with a sense of continuity and belonging, connecting themto a community and a sense of shared purpose.Acculturation is the process by which individuals adopt the cultural values, beliefs, and practices of a new or dominant culture while retaining elements of their original culture. It is a complex and ongoing process that can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. On the positive side, acculturation can facilitate integration into a new society and promote understanding and respect for diverse cultures. However, it can also lead to cultural conflict, loss of cultural identity, and feelings of alienation.Assimilation is the process by which individuals abandon their original culture and fully adopt the values, beliefs, and practices of a new or dominant culture. It is a more extreme form of acculturation that often results in the loss of cultural heritage and a sense of cultural identity. Assimilation can be voluntary or involuntary, and it can have profound implications for individuals and communities.Deculturation is the process by which individuals losetheir original culture and do not adopt a new one. This can occur through various factors, such as forced displacement, cultural genocide, or prolonged isolation. Deculturation can have devastating consequences, leading to feelings of loss, alienation, and a sense of rootlessness.Multiculturalism is the presence of multiple cultures within a single society. It recognizes and values the diversity of cultural expressions and promotes the coexistence of different cultural groups. Multiculturalism can foster understanding, tolerance, and respect for different ways of life. However, it can also lead to cultural conflict and the creation of cultural enclaves.Transculturalism is the process of transcendingcultural boundaries and adopting elements from various cultures. It involves a selective integration of cultural values, beliefs, and practices, resulting in a hybrid or blended cultural identity. Transculturalism is often associated with globalization and the increased interconnectedness of the world.中文回答:文化认同。
对文化提炼的思考英语作文
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对文化提炼的思考英语作文Cultural Refinement: A Reflection。
Culture is an essential aspect of human society. It shapes our beliefs, values, and behaviors, and provides us with a sense of identity and belonging. However, culture is not a fixed entity. It is constantly evolving, adapting, and refining itself. As individuals, we have the power to contribute to this refinement process by engaging incritical reflection and intentional action. In this essay, I will explore the concept of cultural refinement and its implications for personal and societal growth.Cultural refinement can be defined as the process of examining and improving cultural practices, beliefs, and values to promote greater understanding, inclusivity, and equity. It involves questioning the status quo, challenging assumptions, and seeking out diverse perspectives. Cultural refinement requires humility, empathy, and a willingness to learn and grow.One of the key benefits of cultural refinement is increased awareness and understanding of different cultures. By engaging in critical reflection, we can identify our own biases and assumptions and work to overcome them. We can also seek out opportunities to learn about other cultures and perspectives, whether through travel, literature, or dialogue with people from different backgrounds. This increased awareness can lead to greater empathy and compassion, as we begin to see the world through the eyesof others.Cultural refinement also has practical implications for social justice and equity. By examining cultural practices and beliefs that perpetuate inequality and discrimination, we can work to dismantle these systems and promote greater inclusivity and fairness. For example, cultural refinement might involve challenging gender norms that limit opportunities for women, or examining the role of race and ethnicity in shaping social hierarchies.However, cultural refinement is not without itschallenges. It requires a willingness to be uncomfortable and to confront difficult truths. It also requires a recognition that cultural change is often slow and incremental, and that progress may be met with resistance. Nevertheless, the benefits of cultural refinement are well worth the effort.As individuals, we can contribute to cultural refinement in a variety of ways. We can engage in critical reflection on our own beliefs and behaviors, seek out diverse perspectives, and challenge injustice and inequality when we see it. We can also support cultural institutions that promote inclusivity and equity, such as museums, libraries, and community centers.At the societal level, cultural refinement requires a commitment to education, dialogue, and policy change. It requires leaders who are willing to listen to diverse perspectives and to take action to promote equity and justice. It also requires a recognition that cultural refinement is an ongoing process, and that there is always room for improvement.In conclusion, cultural refinement is a vital aspect of personal and societal growth. By engaging in critical reflection and intentional action, we can promote greater understanding, inclusivity, and equity. While the process of cultural refinement may be challenging, the benefits are well worth the effort. As individuals and as a society, we have the power to shape our culture and to create a more just and equitable world.。
用Hofstede的文化维度理论探究中美旅游宣传册中的文化差异
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用Hofstede的文化维度理论探究中美旅游宣传册中的文化差异Hofstede's cultural dimension theory is a widely used framework for analyzing cultural differences between countries. In this essay, we will use this theory to explore the cultural differences between China and the United States as shown in their tourism promotional materials.Power Distance Index (PDI)The PDI is a measure of the degree to which people in a society accept power and authority differences. China has a relatively high PDI, which means that people in this country respect and defer to authority figures. Consequently, it is not surprising to find that most tourism promotional materials in China highlight their country's heritage, history and cultural significance, showcasing their nation's historical leaders, famous landmarks and iconic figures such as Chairman Mao or the Great Wall. In contrast, the US has a much lower PDI, which means that people in this country are more likely to question authority and value individualism. Their tourismbrochures are more focused on activities, unique experiences, and attractions. For example, a typical US brochure may feature theme parks, festivals, and adventure activities rather than historical sites or cultural monuments.Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)IDV is a measure of the degree to which a culturevalues individualism over collectivism tendencies. Chinese culture is highly collectivist and focuses on group harmony. This dynamic can be seen in most promotional materials, where the emphasis is on group tours, group photos, and group activities. In contrast, American culture values individualism and self-expression. The tourism brochures in the US typically showcase individual experiences, unique preferences, and customizable itineraries.Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)MAS is a measure of the degree to which a culturevalues traditional male characteristics over female characteristics. Generally, Chinese culture is considered masculine, emphasizing toughness, competitiveness, and the pursuit of success. This is evidenced in tourism brochures that highlight physical challenging activities and sports,such as hiking, rock climbing, and water rafting. The US, on the other hand, has a more egalitarian society and is considered more feminine. American tourism brochures emphasize relaxation, wellness, and socializing. They often feature couples walking on the beach, enjoying sunsets and luxurious spa treatments.Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)UAI is a measure of the degree to which a culture values stability and predictability over risk and change. China has relatively high UAI, which means that people in this country prefer stable, structured environments. Consequently, Chinese tourism promotional materials emphasize the country's rich history and cultural traditions, so, it is common to find promotions featuring traditional festivals, museums, and cultural performances. The US has a lower UAI score, which implies a preferencefor flexibility, self-expression, and novelty. Most US tourism brochures highlight adventurous activities such as bungee jumping, skydiving, and off-road expeditions.Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation (LTO)LTO is a measure of the degree of a culture's orientation towards the future or the past. China is a highly long-term oriented society. Chinese promotional materials feature cultural heritage, pointing to their rich history as a way of symbolizing their connection to a timeless civilization. Conversely, the US is considered a more short-term oriented society. Tourism brochures in this country highlight recent trends, new experiences and technologies, and innovations that are advanced or happening soon.In conclusion, Hofstede's cultural dimension theory provides a valuable framework for understanding thecultural differences between China and the US as shown in their tourism promotional materials. It is interesting to note that these differences reflect their society's values, beliefs and social norms, highlighting how important it is for any international marketer to understand the differences between their target markets to communicate effectively with their audience.。
跨文化交流权利距离
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everyone is stressed.
a
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Formation and definition of PDI 权力距离指数的来源和定义
❖ Status 现状 ❖ Formation 形成、来源 ❖ Definition 定义
❖ Please turn to our handouts ❖ 请同学们看材料
❖ The educational process is studentcentered.
❖ Teachers are treated with respect, even outside school. “guru”
❖ The educational process is teachercentered.
❖ Teachers have no responsibility for the students study. The students are expected to find their own way of study.
❖ They can express disagreement in front of the teacher.
❖ Overt student feedback.
❖ Teachers planned an intellectual paths for the students to follow.
❖ Students speak up only when invited to.
❖ Covert student feedback.
❖ In other countries, people feel it is a good thing, rather than a problem.
a
关于中西文化的英语作文
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关于中西文化的英语作文Cultural Divergence: Exploring the Distinctive Tapestry of Eastern and Western Societies.Throughout history, civilizations have evolved in distinct geographical and cultural contexts, shaping the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their inhabitants. The vibrant tapestry of human societies exhibits a fascinating array of cultural diversity, with the contrasting perspectives of East and West standing as prominent examples. This essay delves into the multifaceted differences and similarities between Eastern and Western cultures, exploring their historical roots, philosophical underpinnings, and societal implications.Historical Roots and Geographical Influences.The divergence between Eastern and Western cultures has its origins in the distinct geographical and historical experiences of their respective regions. The vastness ofthe Asian continent, coupled with its relative isolation from other civilizations, allowed for the development of independent and self-sufficient societies. In contrast, the smaller and more interconnected European continent fostered a greater degree of cultural exchange and competition. As a result, Eastern societies tended to be more inward-looking, valuing harmony and stability, while Western societies exhibited a more outward-looking and competitive orientation.Philosophical Foundations.The philosophical underpinnings of Eastern and Western cultures further contribute to their distinct characteristics. Eastern philosophies, such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, emphasize the importance of harmony with nature, the interconnectedness of all things, and the pursuit of inner peace. These philosophies value collectivism, respect for authority, and self-cultivation.In contrast, Western philosophies, such as those of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, emphasize the importance of rationalism, individualism, and the pursuit of objectiveknowledge. These philosophies value competition, self-reliance, and the pursuit of material success.Societal Implications.The philosophical differences between Eastern and Western cultures manifest themselves in a myriad ofsocietal implications. In Eastern societies, family and community play a pivotal role in shaping individual lives. Relationships are highly valued, and individuals are expected to conform to social norms and expectations. In Western societies, individualism and personal autonomy are more highly prized. Individuals are encouraged to pursue their own interests and goals, and there is less emphasis on social conformity.Another key difference lies in the relationship between the individual and the state. In Eastern societies, the state is often seen as a paternalistic entity that plays a central role in providing for the welfare of its citizens. In contrast, Western societies tend to emphasize the importance of individual freedom and limited governmentintervention.Similarities Despite Differences.Despite their many differences, Eastern and Western cultures also share some important similarities. Both cultures value education, hard work, and ethical behavior. Both cultures have produced great works of art, literature, and music. And both cultures have a rich history ofspiritual and religious beliefs.Conclusion.The cultural divergence between East and West is a testament to the diversity and complexity of human society. The distinct historical, philosophical, and societal implications of Eastern and Western cultures have shaped the unique identities of their respective civilizations. While these differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and conflicts, they also serve as a source of fascination and inspiration. By embracing both the similarities and the differences between our cultures,we can foster greater understanding, cooperation, and global harmony.。
cultural dimensions 文化维度
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Large vs. Small Power Distance (PDI) Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV) Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS) High vs. Low Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) Long vs. Short Term Orientation (LTO)
An Example: Americans vs. Greeks
Large Power Distance Culture High awareness of status Addressed by titles Respect to authority Deference
Small Power Distance Culture Informality Addressed by names Authority figures are allowed to Make mistakes
A Movie: My Big Fat Greek Wedding
Characters: Tuhla: a Greek girl who wishes somes changes in her life. Eyne: an American boy who is willing to compromise for his love. Garse: the father who is always proud of being a Greek.
A: you are the finest, most excellent, dedicated worker we have ever had at this company. J: (he blushes and nods his head several times, and keeps working) A: well are you going to say “thank you”, or just keep silent? J: Excuse me, Mr. Jones…may I take a leave for five minutes? A: (he is annoyed) I can’t believe how rude some Japanese are. They seem to be disturbed by praise and don’t answer you…just silent.
understanding-cultural-differences文化维度理论
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Strong uncertainty avoidance cultures • Uncertainty is a threat; • Prefer clear procedures and guidelines; • Career stability; • Conflict is negative; • Formal structures and rules;
The Power Distance Dimension
Small power distance cultures • emphasize equal distance; • informality; • equal rights and relations; • equitable rewards and
1 Individualism & Collectivism
2
The Power Distance
Dimension
Cultural Dimensions
3 The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension
The Masculinity
4 & Femininity Dimension
The Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension
Weak uncertainty avoidance cultures • Singapore; • USA; Canada; • Denmark; • Australia; • Norway; • Jamaica;
Strong uncertainty avoidance cultures • Japan; • South Korea; • Greece; • France; • Spain; • Portugal;
霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论 ppt课件
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4、男性化社会/女性化社会(Masculinity/Femininity)
男性化社会/女性化社会维度表明性别对一个社会中男性和女性扮演什么角色 的决定程度。霍夫施泰德把这种以社会性别角色的分工为基础的“男性化”倾向 称之为男性或男子气概所代表的维度(即男性度Masculinity Dimension),它是指 社会中两性的社会性别角色差别清楚,男人应表现得自信、 坚强、注重物质成就, 女人应表现得谦逊、温柔、关注生活质量;而与此相对立的“女性化”倾向则被 其称之为女性或女性气质所代表的文化维度(即所谓女性度Feminine Dimension),它是指社会中两性的社会性别角色互相重叠,男人与女人都表现 得谦逊、恭顺、关注生活质量。
男性化社会/女性化社会的倾向用男性度指数 (MDI: Masculinity Dimension Index)来衡量,这一指数的数值越大,说明该社 会的男性化倾向越明显,男性气质越突出(最典型的代表是日本);反之,数值 越小,说明该社会的男性化倾向越不明显,男性气质弱化,而女性气质突出。几 个主要国家的男性度指标的得分情况参见下表。
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在权力差距大的社会,人们接受较强的等级制,安心于自己的位置。权力距离指数高的国 家和地区有菲律宾、墨西哥、委内瑞拉、印度、新加坡、巴西、香港、法国、哥伦比亚等。 权力差距小的社会,人们接受较弱的等级制。权力距离指数低的国家有澳大利亚、以色列、 丹麦、新西兰、爱尔兰、瑞典、挪威、芬兰、瑞士等。
《跨文化交际》名词解释知识分享
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《跨文化交际》名词解释In troductio n1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in intern ati onal bus iness operati ons.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and formi ng onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgro unds and natio nlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4. Microcultures: cultures with in cultures微观文化:文化中的文化5. In tercultural com muni cati on refers to com muni cati on betwee n people whoseculture percepti ons and symbol systems are disti net eno ugh to alter thecom muni cati on eve nt.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and no rms,whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
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About Iran
The content of culture dimensions
1.Individualism-IDV 2.Power Distance - PDI, 3.Masculinity - MAS 4.Uncertainty Avoidance - UAI.
Conclusions
1. Iran, as with other Muslim countries, has Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) and Power Distance (PDI) as their highest Dimensions 2. Iran's lowest ranking is Individualism (IDV)
1.Iran's highest Dimension ranking was Uncertainty Avoidance at
59, compared to the Arab (Muslim) World ranking of 68 (see Graph above). Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty ; it refers to man's search for Truth. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions.
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That is all Thanks for listening
Iran's highest ranking of Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) indicates the society’s low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance characteristic, the society does not readily accept change .
2. Iran's second highest ranking is Power Distance (PDI)
at 58 (a virtual tie with their UAI rank of 59). The Power Distance rank of 58 compares to the Arab (Muslim) World ranking of 80. Power Distance Index (PDI) that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequal. This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts of any society and anybody with some international experience will be aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'. The high Power Distance (PDI) is indicative of a high level of inequality of power and wealth within the society. This condition is not necessarily subverted upon the population, but rather accepted by the society as their cultural assets
3.Iran's lowest ranking is Individualism (IDV) at 41, compared to the
Muslim countries average of 38. The low ranking on this Dimension indicates the society is Collectivist as compared to Individualist. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member 'group', is that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. The society fosters stronge takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.