英国文学---简答题----问答题
大学英语复习资料 英国文学常识问答题及答案
英国文学常识问答题(1)答案1、（《贝奥武甫》）被认为是英国的民族史诗。
2、（杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer）的出现标志着以本文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
3、（杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer）首创英雄诗行，即（五步抑扬格双韵体或英雄双韵体the hero couplet ）,他被称为“英国诗歌之父”。
4、（托马斯·莫尔Thomas More）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的（《乌托邦》Utopia）开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。
5、英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是（威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare），他的全部作品包括（两首）长诗，（154）首十四行诗和（38）部戏剧。
6、弥尔顿的长诗（《失乐园》Paradise Lost ）和（《复乐园》Paradise Regained）7、约翰·邓恩John Donne和安德鲁·马韦尔Andrew Marvell是（玄学派诗歌）的代表诗人8、亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope 是(新古典主义诗歌)的代表。
9、（乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家。
他的杰作（《格列佛游记》）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事。
10、（塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson）是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擎。
11、丹尼尔·笛福Baniel Defoe 的（《鲁滨逊漂流记》）被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为其赢得了“英国小说之父”的称号。
12、（威廉·布莱克William Blake）在诗歌中建立起自己的一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩，他的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
(完整)英国文学简答题
Topic questions：1.Why is the 18th century called the Age of Enlightenment？The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.（1) The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe。
The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance in the 15th ＆ 16th centuries。
(2） Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical and artistic ideas。
（3）English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. They considered that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.（4) The Enlighteners criticized different aspects of contemporary England， discussed social life according to a more reasonable principle。
(5）T he Enlightener celebrated reason or ration, equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society. They called for a reference to order, reason and advocated universal education.（6) Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope and so on.ment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry。
英国文学试题及答案
英国文学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪位作家被誉为“英国文学之父”？A. 乔治·奥威尔B. 威廉·莎士比亚C. 查尔斯·狄更斯D. 托马斯·哈代2. 英国浪漫主义文学运动的代表人物不包括以下哪一位？A. 威廉·华兹华斯B. 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治C. 乔治·奥威尔D. 珀西·比希·雪莱3. 《傲慢与偏见》是哪位作家的作品？A. 简·奥斯汀B. 勃朗特三姐妹C. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫D. 乔治·艾略特4. 现代主义文学的代表作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的代表作是？A. 《到灯塔去》B. 《简·爱》C. 《呼啸山庄》D. 《雾都孤儿》5. 以下哪部作品被认为是英国现代主义文学的里程碑？A. 《乌托邦》C. 《百年孤独》D. 《追忆似水年华》二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）6. 威廉·莎士比亚的四大悲剧包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和________。
7. 19世纪英国现实主义文学的代表作家之一是________，其代表作有《艰难时世》等。
8. 20世纪英国文学中，被称为“愤怒的青年”的作家是________，其作品反映了当时英国社会的不满和反抗。
9. 英国文学中，被称为“湖畔诗人”的是________，他们的作品强调自然美和个人情感。
10. 英国文学中的“哥特式小说”起源于18世纪末，其代表作品是________的《弗兰肯斯坦》。
三、简答题（每题15分，共30分）11. 简述威廉·莎士比亚的戏剧创作特点。
12. 描述19世纪英国现实主义文学的主要特征。
四、论述题（30分）13. 论述20世纪英国文学中的现代主义文学运动，并举例说明其对后世的影响。
英国文学试题答案一、选择题1. B. 威廉·莎士比亚2. C. 乔治·奥威尔3. A. 简·奥斯汀4. A. 《到灯塔去》二、填空题6. 《麦克白》7. 查尔斯·狄更斯8. 约翰·奥斯本9. 威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治等10. 玛丽·雪莱三、简答题11. 威廉·莎士比亚的戏剧创作特点包括深刻的人性探讨、丰富的人物性格、复杂的情节构造、以及语言的韵律美和形象性。
英国文学1考试题及答案
英国文学1考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 英国文学史上第一位伟大的诗人是：A. 乔叟B. 莎士比亚C. 弥尔顿D. 拜伦答案：A2. 下列哪位作家被誉为“英国小说之父”？A. 简·奥斯汀B. 亨利·菲尔丁C. 查尔斯·狄更斯D. 乔治·艾略特答案：B3. 《坎特伯雷故事集》的作者是：A. 乔叟B. 斯宾塞C. 雪莱D. 拜伦答案：A4. 莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”中不包括以下哪部作品？A. 《哈姆雷特》B. 《奥赛罗》C. 《李尔王》D. 《威尼斯商人》答案：D5. 以下哪位诗人不属于浪漫主义诗人？A. 华兹华斯B. 柯勒律治C. 拜伦D. 布朗宁答案：D6. 《简·爱》的作者是：A. 夏洛蒂·勃朗特B. 艾米莉·勃朗特C. 安妮·勃朗特D. 乔治·艾略特答案：A7. 以下哪部作品是现代主义文学的代表作？A. 《荒原》B. 《尤利西斯》C. 《好兵之帅之帅》D. 《到灯塔去》答案：B8. 以下哪位作家是“愤怒的青年”运动的代表人物？A. 金斯利·艾米斯B. 约翰·奥斯本C. 哈罗德·品特D. 艾伦·西利托答案：B9. 《动物农场》的作者是：A. 乔治·奥威尔B. 阿道司·赫胥黎C. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫D. 威廉·戈尔丁答案：A10. 以下哪位作家是后现代主义文学的代表人物？A. 托马斯·品钦B. 萨尔曼·鲁西迪C. 伊恩·麦克尤恩D. 朱利安·巴恩斯答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 英国文学史上的“文艺复兴”时期，涌现出了许多伟大的作家，其中被誉为“英国戏剧之父”的是______。
答案：莎士比亚2. 19世纪英国现实主义文学的代表作家查尔斯·狄更斯的代表作之一是______。
(完整)英国文学简答题答案
1 Features of Scott’s historical novels1.Scott has on outstanding gift of vivifying the past his novels, which combine historical fact with romantic imagination， give a picturesque representation of various historical personage and events。
He was especially versed in portraying Scottish history and Scottish characters， but he also was a successful writer on the history of other countries.2.In his novels， historical events are closely interwoven with the fares of individual life。
Besides， the nominal heroes of Scott's novels， usually young men of noble birth are thrown into close companionship with ordinary. People and go through a serious of hardships and adventures。
This arrangement is convenient to the novelist in depicting characters from various social strata and their fates in historical events. But not a few of these novels are pale figures. Whose actual function in the novels is to hold together the numerous incidents of the plot and introduce other characters far more interesting than themselves？3.When Scott describes historical events， he is concerned not only with the lives and deeds of kings， Statesmen and other historical figures, but is always mindful of the fates of the ordinary people. Hence the numerous pen—portraits of the people from various soc ial positions, which constitute an important characteristic in Scott’s novels.4.Scott is a romantic. But, besides romantic imagination, he also relies upon careful studies and investigations into the details of historical life.5.Scott’s historical novels pav ed the way for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century。
英国文学试题及答案
英国文学试题及答案### 英国文学试题一、选择题1. 谁被认为是英国文学之父？- A. 莎士比亚- B. 乔叟- C. 狄更斯- D. 拜伦2. 以下哪部作品不是简·奥斯汀所写？- A. 《傲慢与偏见》- B. 《理智与情感》- C. 《简·爱》- D. 《诺桑觉寺》3. 以下哪位作家是现代主义文学的代表人物？- A. 托马斯·哈代- B. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫- C. 乔治·奥威尔- D. 奥斯卡·王尔德二、填空题4. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和__________。
5. 英国浪漫主义诗人拜伦的代表作《唐璜》是一部__________。
三、简答题6. 简述查尔斯·狄更斯在19世纪英国文学中的地位及其作品的特点。
7. 描述《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的关系。
四、论述题8. 讨论《简·爱》中简·爱的性格特点及其对女性独立意识的影响。
答案一、选择题1. B. 乔叟2. C. 《简·爱》3. B. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫二、填空题4. 《麦克白》5. 长篇叙事诗三、简答题6. 查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家之一，他的作品以其对社会不公和贫困的深刻描绘而闻名。
狄更斯通过他的作品，如《双城记》和《远大前程》，展现了维多利亚时代英国社会的复杂面貌，同时，他的作品也以其幽默感和对人物的深刻刻画而受到读者的喜爱。
7. 在《呼啸山庄》中，希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的关系是小说的核心。
他们从小一起长大，彼此深爱，但由于社会阶层和财富的差异，他们的爱情受到了挑战。
凯瑟琳最终选择了嫁给富有的林顿，这导致了希斯克利夫的复仇计划，以及他们之间悲剧性的爱情故事。
四、论述题8. 《简·爱》是夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作，小说的主人公简·爱以其独立、坚强和有原则的性格而著称。
英国文学期末考试试题大三
英国文学期末考试试题大三### 英国文学期末考试试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪位作家是英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物？A. 莎士比亚B. 简·奥斯汀C. 乔治·奥威尔D. 威廉·华兹华斯2. 托马斯·哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》中，苔丝的悲剧命运主要反映了哪种社会问题？A. 阶级冲突B. 性别歧视C. 宗教信仰D. 个人命运3. 英国文学中的“黑色幽默”主要体现在哪位作家的作品中？A. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫B. 乔治·奥威尔C. 约瑟夫·海勒D. 威廉·戈尔丁4. 以下哪部作品不是查尔斯·狄更斯的代表作？A. 《雾都孤儿》B. 《双城记》C. 《傲慢与偏见》D. 《大卫·科波菲尔》5. 英国文学中的“现代主义”运动，主要受到哪位哲学家的影响？A. 弗里德里希·尼采B. 亚瑟·叔本华C. 格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔D. 伊曼努尔·康德二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述《简·爱》中简·爱的性格特点及其对女性独立精神的体现。
7. 描述《荒原》中T.S.艾略特对现代文明的批判及其文学手法。
8. 论述《乌托邦》对后世理想社会构想的影响及其在文学史上的地位。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 以《呼啸山庄》为例，分析艾米莉·勃朗特如何通过人物关系和情节发展来探讨爱与恨的主题。
10. 探讨《1984》中乔治·奥威尔对极权主义社会的描绘及其对个人自由的威胁。
四、作文题（共30分）11. 选择一部你感兴趣的英国文学作品，从文学、社会、心理等角度出发，写一篇不少于1000字的论文，分析该作品的主题、人物、结构和语言风格。
注意：- 请在答题纸上标明题号，确保答案清晰可读。
- 选择题请用2B铅笔填涂答题卡。
英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）
英国⽂学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国⽂学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马⽂明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的⽐喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性⼈物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的⿊暗⾯)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落⽂化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑⼠精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑⼠(metrical romance )5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛⾥）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散⽂)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民⽪尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不⾜道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改⾰；宗教⽂化精神改⾰)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) and Humanism （⼈道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇⼼for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation （dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散⽂)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (⼗四⾏诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It“the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧⽺⼈⽇历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光⼥王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓⾔作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. ⼀共九⾏诗，前⼋⾏⾏扬格五步⾳，第九⾏抑格六步⾳（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新⼯具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品⽂风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”⼤学才⼦（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖⽊⽿⼤帝《The Jew of Malta》马⽿他岛的犹太⼈《Doctor Faustus》浮⼠德博⼠（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留⽩：对莎⼠⽐亚影响重⼤）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四⼤悲剧Great tragedies:《》麦克⽩《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四⼤喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商⼈(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆⼤欢喜《Twelfth Night》第⼗⼆夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation Blank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单⼀：⽂艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎⽩时代的结束）he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗⼈）and the first literary dictator（⽂学泰⽃）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼⾦术⼠》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetrybring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三⼀原则——情节⼀致，时间⼀致和地点⼀致带回舞台）the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexualityThe main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t ⽞学派诗歌/诗⼈Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（⼩册⼦）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国⼈民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国⼈民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《⼒⼠参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit ；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第⼀位新古典主义作家He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第⼀位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语⽂学批评：The father of English criticismH is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓⾔The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国⼈的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛⾏【Alexander Pope】亚历⼭⼤蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《⼈论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医⽣书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢⽴丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩⼦经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger ⽼虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰⽅⾔诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德⽣，我的爱⼈The Tree of Liberty ⾃由树A Red Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的⼼在⾼原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《⼀只⽊桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《⼀个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的⼈) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体⼩说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟⼤的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃⼉汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳⾹的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前⼣》Lamia 《莱⽶亚》Hyperion 《赫坡⾥昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche ⼼灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗⽶修斯》Queen Mab 麦布⼥王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游⾏》The Necessity of Atheism《⽆神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐?璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔⽇依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中⾏》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古⾈⼦吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria ⽂学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独⾃漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏⽔仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利⼈脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆⼀家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利?埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚⼈》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先⽣外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛?特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯?尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳⽐?拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁?朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield《⼤卫?科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简?奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活⼒的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗⼈In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。
英国文学史简答题
1.乔叟对文学的贡献（1）.Chaucer introduce the heroic couplet.(2)Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the english literary language,the basis of which was formed by the london dialect,so profusely used by the poet.2.Sonnet?A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written inrhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Two types: Italian sonnet & Shakespeare sonnet.Italian sonnet: an octave and a sestet; rhyme scheme is abbaabba cdecdeShakespeare sonnet: 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet; rhyme scheme is ababbcbc cdcdee.3.Blank verse:•Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. •The verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of W. Shakespeare and John Milton.The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, Milton, whose Paradise Lost is written in blank verse.4.Dramatic monologueDramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, the dramatic monologue has the following features: (1)a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment;(2)this person addresses and interacts with oneor more other people; but we know of the auditors’ presence, and what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker; (3)the main principle controlling the poe t’s formulation of what the lyric speaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker’s temperament and character.5.Shakespear 的写作时期和特点⏹A. The Comedies of the First Period⏹(a) the Key-Note of the Comedies: WhenShakespeare wrote these comedies, he was still young. In them he portrayed young people just freed from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideals of happiness. The victory of their humanist ideal is inevitable, though it is to be attained only after severe struggle against all obstacles.⏹The heroes and heroines fight against destinyitself and mould their own fate according to their own free will. As becomes the sons and daughters of the Renaissance, they trust not in God or King but in themselves, and their efforts and good faith are crowned with success. The general spirit of these comedies is optimism.⏹(b) the Heroines: These comedies show, indifferent ways, Shakespeare’s respect for the dignity, honesty, wit, courage, determination and resourcefulness of women. The ideal women of Shakespeare’s comedies is best exemplified inthe brilliant picture of Portia in The Merchant of Venice–Portia is a woman of the Renaissance: beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an eme rgency. Shakespeare’s heroines are of a new type.⏹They are witty, bold, loving, optimistic andfaithful. They are happy and make others happy.They carry their destinies with them and in speaking and thinking as well as in feeling are men’s equals or even superiors. In a word, they are the daughters of the Renaissance.The Tragedies of the Second Period⏹In each of these tragedies, the fatal weakness ofcharacter and the tragic course of events together lead a great man to ruin. In Hamlet, which is consider ed the summit of Shakespeare’s art, Hamlet’s tragic weakness is hesitation, inability to act when action is needed. He is too much of a thinker.In King Lear, we see an old king thrown out of his home by two wicked daughters, and treated so badly that he goes mad and dies. It is perhaps Shakespeare’sgreatest work, reaching into the deepest places of the human spirit. King Lear’s weakness is his openness to flattery.He gives his kingdom to the two evil daughters who flatter him, and nothing to the youngest girl, who tells the truth but loves him best. In Macbeth, the hero and his wife, Lady Macbeth, are ruined by their unhealthy ambition and desire for power. In Othello, the hero’s unquestioning jealousy proves to be great weakness, even if it comes from a mind too noble to doubt evil suggestions.3.传奇剧时期（1609-1612）•封建王朝专制加剧，压制言论自由。
大学英语专业英国文学史 考试简答题
PartⅤ The 17th centuryThe Period of Revolution and RestorationJohn Donne1 What are the characteristics and representatives of the English literature of the revolution period, the metaphysical period and restoration period?A.The revolution period, Puritans believed in simplicity of life and disapproved ofthe sonnets and the love poetry, and they influence in general tended to suppressed literary art.Representatives：John Milton，John BunyanB.The metaphysical （玄学派）period, the style became spiritual gloom. Representatives：Donne and Herbert；John MiltonC．The restoration period, the literary was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical.Representatives：John Dryden2 In “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《告别：莫忧伤》”, why does the speaker forbid mourning when his going to pass away and leave his lover? Why and what are the two conceits （比喻）that he uses to describe their perfect love?A.Although they may leave each other, yet they love is firm and forever, and soul lovers cannot be separated by distance and death. Besides，death is natural just like earthquake.B. First conceit（like gold to airy thinness beat）, their souls are like gold, it can expand and their love still exit.Second conceit(as stiff tein com, they are like compasses are two), one moving and anther stay and wait for the companion.3 In “Death be not proud”(死神莫骄妄), what will happen to us when we die？why does the speaker say that “death should not be proud”? When will death die?A. It will be rest and sleep flow with much pleasure when we die，and our souls will be released.B.Because it is a slave of fate, chance, kings and desperate man and death is together with poison,war,sickness and opium or charms. And these things can make us sleep like the death, and the effect is better than death. Death for people is a soul’s delivery, and after death people will feel free and pleased. Although people die, yet they wake eternally, and their souls are exiting forever.C.When people’s short sleep past, people wake eternally, and death n o longer exist and death will die.John Milton1 In what way is John Milton a staunch(坚定的)revolution fighter and a great poet?A.When he was in Italy, he heard the trouble sprung up in England, and he gave up his plan for travelling and went back to England. After he return to England, he opposed the monarchic party and gave all his energy to the writing of pamphlets小册子dedicated to the people’s liberties.B.After finishing the university course，he thought he was born to be a poet.So for five years he lived at home in his father’s country house at Horton about 20 miles from London,writing poetry and studying hard,in order better to fit himself for his work.He worked for 7years upon Paradise Lost.And he also wrote Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.The three works made him a great poet.2What is the theme of Paradise Lost ?What is the basic idea of Paradise Lost? Theme:？？？？？The basic idea:the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.3 In Paradise Lost, why was Satan punished by God driven out of heaven and at last into hell? What did he want to do for revenge? And what was his reason? What is the allegorical meaning of the poem?A.Because Satan led the mutinous(反叛的) angels to rise against God himself but inthe battle with the hosts of angels that remained true to God, they were finally defeated.B.Satan wanted to ruin God’s precious creation (man).C.So he wanted to tear Adam and Eve away from the influence of God and to makethem instrumental in his struggle against God’s authority.D.God represents authority and tyranny on earth,he has strong rights to controlanything .Satan represents the power of revolting against authority and desire for freedom.3 In the Sonnet On His Blindness, what is the double meaning of “talent”? What is “mine” question? And what is the answer given by patience? What is the theme of the Sonnet?A.The “talent” means :ability and a kind of currency unitB.Question is that God does not give us light, and why I will bear it?(‘Doth Godexact day-labor,light denied?’)C.Patience answers that God does not need gift, and go and climb without rest orstand and wait is also a service.(‘God doth not need either man’s work or his own gifts;who best bear his mild yoke,they serve him best)D.Theme:If you have talents,you should make full use of it. and your pain will bediminished and you will be peaceful and calm.You can use your talent to live a meaningful life.John Banyan1 What is “allegory”? In what way is Banyan The Pilgrim’s Progress is allegory? What are the literal meaning and symbolic meaning of the work?A.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which the characters, actions or settingsrepresent abstract ideas general truth or moral qualities, and a story that has two meanings, literal and symbolic.B.The literal meaning: Christian’s pilgrimage from the city of Destruction to theHoly CityThe symbolic meaning:religious people,people should follow Christian’sexample.And it reflects the society and culture.2 In the part Vanity Fair, what is the Vanity Fair? What are sold and brought atthe VF? What do Christian and his companion Faithful want to buy? How are they treated as a fair? What is the meaning of this excerpt?A.Vanity fair is a name of a town and there is a fiar kept.B.Everything in vanity is can be sold and brought,such asjouses,ladns,trades,places…….C.Christian and his companion want to buy “truth”D.They was mocked and taunted,and were taken and beaten by the people in thevanity.And the people in fair besmeares(玷污) them with dirt,and put them with dirt,and put them into the cage.E.“Vanity”means emptiness or worthlessness,and hence the fair is an allegory ofthe worldliness(俗气) and the corruption of the religious life through theattractions of the world.And Banyan described the world that lost truth and were full of selfishness and corruption.PartⅥ The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandDaniel Defoe1 What does Enlightenments Movement mean? What do you know about the English literature of the Enlightenment?The Enlightenments Movement on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisies against feudalism.Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. And the literary leaders emphasized formality or correctness of style. The reign of classicism is Addison, Steele, and Pope, and their verse became the ambition of aspiring young authors. Beside, the modern novels became popular: realist, psychological, satirical and sentimental novels. And the revival of romanticism or pre-romanticism.2 What story does the novel Robinson Crusoe tell? What is the theme and style? Why do we say that Robinson Crusoe is the representative of the raising bourgeois?The story is about Robinson was lost in an island, and he was alone and finally survive.The theme: a man’s struggle against nature for survival by self-reliance and man’s determination to improve his livelihood by labor.The style: simple, direct, fact-based story and characterization and smooth, easy and colloquial language.Robinson is fighting with difficulties and does not give in, and he struggles against nature for survival. Just like the enterprising Englishman fighting the survivals of feudalism and develop the bourgeois relations.Jonathan Swift1 What kind of writer is JS?What are his major works?A.JS is a supreme master of devastating satire.( He was a posthumous (遗腹子)child,and people looked upon him as a servant, he had a bitter, unhappy early life. After he entered the strife（争斗）of party politics, he soon became a veritable（名副其实的）dictator, and he was courted and flattered, and he was arrogant. But when the Tories went out of power his position was uncertain, and the last years he was anguish and grief. )B.Major works:The tale of a Tub ,The battle of the Books, Gulliver’s Travels2 How many past does Gulliver travelers consist of? What satirize in the novel? Include four parts, the voyage, the Brobdingnag, the flying island and the Houyhnhnms.The story is an immortal classic of satire, a penetrating anatomy of human nature揭露人性丑恶, and a satirical description of the vices of his age.2What are the structure ,the significance and the style of it?见笔记3 What are Gulliver’s experien ces in Lilliput and Brobdingnag described in the selecting readings?A.In Lilliput, Gulliver is shipwrecked, and the Lilliputians bind the sleeping Gulliverhand and foot. Gulliver has to convince them, then he goes to the war but theofficials conspire against him and charge him with high treason. Finally, Gulliver escapes in a boat and goes back to England.B.In Brobdingnag, people are good-natured and they treat Gulliver kindly, theylook him as a plaything. And the king often interrogates Gulliver on European affairs. At last, the travelling-box takes him to the seashore, and he was picked up by a English trip.PartⅦ The Age of EnlightenmentJoseph Addison1 What is the Addison’s contribution to the two papers The Tatler and The Spectator?Addison was a better writer than Steele and he made The Tatler a great success, and he also helped with the anther newspaper. Addison gave many ideas and thoughts to the two papers and made the paper become very and interesting and popular.2 What are the poems contain form and style on the two papers?The form is little and familiar essays.The style is clean, wholesome, gentle humor, courtesy and good breeding.Henry Fielding1 What are the major features of Henry Fielding’s novels?Criticism of social relations, hypocrisy and lack of spirituality, and vivid positive and negative characters, besides, direct, vigorous, hilarious, coarse and realistic style.2 What good quality does Tom Jones display in chapter 20 of book4 and chapter 14 of book 12?Tom was brave and kind, when Sophia was in dangerous, Tom saved her and got hurt, but he cared about nothing but S ophia’s health, although he was hurt, he also thought about others not himself. And in another story, Tom was clever and friendly, he would like to help other people, even it may be put him in danger.Thomas Gray1 In the poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓畔哀歌》, what are the contents of the poem?what are the poet thoughts and feelings about the dead buried in the churchyard? How does he describe grooms in the poem?A.见笔记本B.He shows his respect，praise and symapthy for the poor and the ordinary,but mocksthe great ones who despise(鄙视) the poor and bring havoc（骚乱）on them.C.The author selects natural phenomena to reflect the mood and display the emotion of man借情抒景，寓情于景P250William Blake1 In the poem The Tiger, what is the Blake feeling about the tiger? What is his feeling about the Maker of tiger? What does he want to say by asking the question’did he who made the lamb made thy’? does he ask about God and about the order of nature and the social order in reality?A.To the poet, the tiger means power and strength, and it makes people scared andfrightened.B.He is praising the skill and courage of the maker of the tiger.So the Marker isgreat.Symbolically,Blake is praising the French Revolutin and the violentrevolutionary forces.C.The poet is confused, the Marker have made tiger already, why then created thelamb. The tiger id ferocious ,violent and powerful,but the lamb idpeaceful,innocent and midl.But the maker create them both,which symbolizes the disordered society.There are the rich and the poor.And the poor is deprived by the rich.2 In the poem The Chimney Sweeper, is the chimney sweeper happy?what is the little CS fate? Who are responsible for his sad fate?A. No, he is not happy,although the little chimney sweeper was positive and believed that everything will be fine.B. His fate is to die because of the harsh condition.C.Parents make their children be a tool to earn money, and do not protect them, but the God, the Priest and the King do not help those children.Robert Burns 彭斯1In the poet My Heart’s in the Highlands, where is the speaker now? Where is his heart? Why does he have such a strong love for highlands?A.He is not in his homeland.B.His heart is in the highlands,in his homeland.C.Because highlands mean the birthplace of valour (勇气),the country of worth, andeven the birthplace of him,he compliment his country and show his strong love and homesickness for his home.2In A Red, Red Rose, how does the speaker describe this love’s loveliness? How does he describe his deep love for her?A.He uses simile(明喻) and metaphor(暗喻). He describes his love as red rose.B.In the second part of the poem the speaker uses seas, rocks, sun and sands tometaphor his deep love. He also uses overstatement(夸张手法).。
英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题(完整)
英国文学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马文明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的比喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性人物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的黑暗面)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落文化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑士精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑士(metrical romance 有韵侓的浪漫)5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛里）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散文)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民皮尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不足道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or ‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改革；宗教文化精神改革)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (文艺复兴) and Humanism （人道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇心for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a futureworld.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanistthinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in MedievalEurope, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Romancatholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation（dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and wasadopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散文)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (十四行诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, contains his best poetic compositions of 108 sonnets and 11 songs.His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It was written to answer an attack on poetry and drama as “the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧羊人日历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光女王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓言作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. 一共九行诗，前八行行扬格五步音，第九行抑格六步音（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新工具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品文风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”大学才子（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖木耳大帝《The Jew of Malta》马耳他岛的犹太人《Doctor Faustus》浮士德博士（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留白：对莎士比亚影响重大）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四大悲剧Great tragedies:《Hamlet》《Macbeth》麦克白《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四大喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商人(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆大欢喜《Twelfth Night》第十二夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creationBlank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单一：文艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎白时代的结束）✧he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗人）and the first literary dictator（文学泰斗）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》✧ his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）✧In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetry✧bring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三一原则——情节一致，时间一致和地点一致带回舞台）✧the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】✧basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexuality✧The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t 玄学派诗歌/诗人Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（小册子）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国人民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国人民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit 诗人自己坚定精神的客观写照；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第一位新古典主义作家✧He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.✧In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第一位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语文学批评：The father of English criticism✧H is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬✧When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓言The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国人的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛行【Alexander Pope】亚历山大蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《人论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医生书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢立丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger 老虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰方言诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德生，我的爱人The Tree of Liberty 自由树A Red Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的心在高原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《一只木桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的人) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体小说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃儿汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳香的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前夕》Lamia 《莱米亚》Hyperion 《赫坡里昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche 心灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab 麦布女王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游行》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐•璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔日依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中行》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria 文学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独自漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏水仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利人脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆一家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利•埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先生外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛•特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比•拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫•科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远大前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简•奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活力的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗人In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。
【全文】英国文学期末考试简答、论述题(含答案)
精选全文完整版可编辑修改V. Give a brief answer to the following questions. (20%)1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights。
2. Say something about John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim Progress.①The Pilgrim Progress, written by John Bunyan, was written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream. It became an immediate success upon its publication.②The allegory depicts the Puritan struggle for freedom of worship, the eternalstruggle of man to find unity with God. The purpose is to urge people to seek salvation through constant struggle with their weaknesses and social evils.③The book is ranked as one of the greatest allegories in English language. Itsets a standard in story-telling with vivid characterization and natural dialogue.It becomes a landmark for later works such as Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Celestial Railroad.3. Say something about Hamlet.①Hamlet is generally regarded as the most representation of Shakespeare’sartistic creations and the summit of the Renaissance drama.②It is not a simple revenge play but a tragedy of humanist ideals crushed bycruel reality. It addresses the fundamental question of the meaning of human existence, with Hamlet’s meditation on life and death at the centre.③It portrays the social realities in England at the end of the 16th century andthe start of the 17th century.4. Say something about Robinson Crusoe.①The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, which is oftenshortened as Robinson Crusoe, was based on the true experience.②It is an interesting picaresque novel about an 18th century English adventurer.Crusoe is practical, religious and mindful of his profit. He resembles the rising bourgeoisie at the earliest stage of its development.③In depicting Crusoe’s efforts and growth on the island, the novel glorifiesboth physical and mental labor. The novel also shows the author’s attitude towards colonialism and Negro slavery.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.7. Say something about The Canterbury Tales.The Canterbury Tales is written in middle English created by Chaucer. The pronunciation and spelling are quite different from those in modern English, but the reading of the Tales is not as difficult as it first appears for the modern reader.It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that The Canterbury Tales made to English literature was in popularizing the literary use of the vernacular English. Chaucer’s poetry, along with the poetry of his other pee r writers, helped standardize the London Dialect and establish English as the literary language of the country.Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use the five-stress line, a decasyllabic cousin to the iambic pentameter, in much of his work. This arrangement became one of the standard poetic forms in English. He is father of English poetry.9. Say something about Bacon’s Of Studies.①Bacon was one of the greatest minds in an age of giants. His compact style withwise ideas has won him populariti es. His famous essays in students’ bibliography include ”Of Study”,” Of Beauty” and “Of Truth”.②Of Study discusses the function and method of reading. It is one of Bacon’smost frequently quoted essays.③The essay is known for its clearness, brevity and f orce of expression. Thediscussions are clearly presented. The first sentence points out the three functions. Then it discusses some wrong opinions about study, the importance of experiment in study, the various methods to read, the role of discussion and notetaking. The essay also argues that study is different fields can bring all sorts of benefits and improve spiritual defeats.④Bacon has employed various rhetorical devices in the essay: metaphor makes theessay rich; parallelism makes it sinewy; and contrast makes it persuasive. 10. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.（同上第⑤题）14. Say something about Gulliver’s Travels.①Gulliver’s Travels, as Swift’s highest achievement, is considered to be asatirical examination of the human nature, man’s p otential for depravity and the dangers of misuse of reason.②The novel gives an unparalleled sarcastic depiction of all the social vicesof the early 18th century. In spite of his contempt for the rulers and social evils, Swift cherished a great love for the common people.③Gulliver’s Travels is a fantasy, and at the same time, a realistic work offiction, including four voyages.18. Say something about the poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,also known as “The daffodils”, was written byBritish romanticist William Wordsworth.②The poet described his heartfelt happiness as he saw the beautiful daffodilsand sang high praises of nature.③Its rhyme scheme is ababcc.④The poem can be divided into two parts: the first part describes the sceneryand the second part expresses the poets’ emotion. We can see daffodils everywhere, and the poet compares them to the stars in the sky. He is immensely influenced by the beauty and the memory of the daffodils is imprinted in his mind, which brings back happiness when he feels lonely, dull or depressed.22. Say something about the poem Ode to a Nightingale.Ode to a Nightingale, written by John Keats under a plum tree in the yard of his friend out of “a tranquil and continual joy”in the nightingale’s song, contains his poetic feeling on the song of the nightingale. The poem is not about the bird only, it is about human experience in general. The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: nature and the human, art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream.23. Say something about Pride and Prejudice.Pride and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen, ha long been a favorite of both readers and critics and is often regarded as Jane Austen’s consummate achievement27. Say something about Jane Eyre.①Jane Eyre, written by critic realism novelist Charlotte Bronte, is a frank andpassionate story of the love between a governess and her master, a married man, Mr. Rochester.②The novel is written in the first person and contains authentic autobiographicalexperiences.③Jane Eyre has many merits. It is the first governess novel in English literature.It is one of the most popular works of the working middle class women. It announces30. Say something about Tess of the D’Urbervilles.①Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the twelfth novel by Thomas Hardy. It tells themisery and tragedy of Tess. It deals with such themes as injustice of human existence, social classes and social status of women in Victorian England.②It questions society’ sexual mores by portraying a heroine who is seduced bythe son of her employer and is not considered a pure and chaste women by the rest of society.③Thus it is an attack on the hypocritical morality of the society an d thepolitical status quo in English.38. Say something about Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens is a British critical realist in Victorian Age. Charles Dickens was the son of a navy clerk. When he was fifteen, he left school and entered a lawyer’s office. In 1834, his lifework of writing began. The novel Pickwick Papers brought him into the first rank of the most popular novelist of his day. The rest of his life was work without rest.①The first period of his literary career: This period is referred to the yearsfrom 1836-1841, which is marked for youthful optimism. The main novels in this period are: Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist and The Old Curiosity Shop.②The second period of his literary career: the second period, which began from1842, was a period of excitement and irritation. In this period, he visited America and was shocked by the corruptive influence of wealth and power there. The main novels are: Dombey and Son, David Copperfield.③The third period of his literary career: Dickens’ works in this period showintensifying pessimism. His main novels in this period are: Great Exceptions,A Tale of Two Cities.39. Say something about John Milton.Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Reformation combined and received their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age just as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and Chaucer over the Medieval Age. His works mainly include Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.41. Say something about Geoffrey Chaucer.The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. Chaucer is acclaimed not onlyas “the father of English poetry”, but also the father of English fiction”.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, is one of the most famous works in all literatures.43. Say something about Jane Austen.①Jane Austen was the first English Woman novelist.②Austen was born in Hampshire, a small town in southwest England. She was educatedat home and led a quiet life. Austen wrote altogether 6 novels, among which the most important ones are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and sensibility and Emma.③Jane Austen was popular all through the 19th century. She died in 1817 at theage of 42.45. Say something about Thomas Hardy.①Hardy was born in Dorset, which he called Wessex in his novels. His principlenovels are the Wessex novels. Among his famous novels, the best-known are Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.②Other works by Hardy include The Return of the Native, Far From the MaddingCrowd and The Mayor of Casterbridge.48. Say something about George Bernard Shaw.Bernard Shaw was the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century.He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism.His major plays include Man and Superman, Major Barbara and Pygmalion.Shaw is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His plays deal with contemporary social problems.53. What is the theme of The Waste Land?The theme of the poem is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the First World War, the sterility and turbulence(动荡)of the modern world, and the decline and breakdown of Western culture.1. Discuss the theme of Wuthering Heights5. Say something about Paradise Lost and its theme.VI. Write no less than 120 words on each of the following topics in English.3. Thomas Hardy, living at the turn of the century, is often regarded as a transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of his greatest works. Try to discuss the fate of Tess in this work.The discussion about the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Tess of the D’Urbervilles is Thomas hardy’s representative work, as a transitional writer, his work reflect the profound changes about the social economic, politic, moral, customs and the tragic fate about the people(especially the fate of women)which caused by the capitalism intrudes England rural towns, it reveals the hypocrisy of bourgeoisie moral, legal and religion.Tess of the D’Urbervilles concentrate on the ‘character and environment. The heroine Tess while clever beauty, diligent and kind, but as a victim of she finally was on the gallows. So what are the reasons? Here we analyze her tragic fate from the following 3 aspects:Firstly, the tragic fate of Tess first comes from the capitalist society.In the furious conflict between individual and environment, Tess's fate is inevitably miserable. Tess lived in the Victorian period as British capitalism intrudes England rural countries. Though she is diligent and kind, clever beautiful girl, but as a laborer, a powerless of agricultural workers without money and social status, naturally will be affected by the capitalist society of oppression and reproach. With the capitalist invasion, those who own a small piece of land and production material of peasants are forced to, and then go bankrupt. Visible, Tess's tragic fate and her economic poverty are closely linked. This is one the social reason.Secondly, unjust laws system is also a factor in Tess tragedy. In capitalist society, the legal system are protect the exploiting class profits while oppress powerless workers. From the story, we knew that Alec is a domineering, do evil young guy, he was protected by the injustice law while the beautiful and diligent Tess was killed, it shows the underclass counteractions people in society is impossible to get treated fairly.Thirdly, Tess's destruction is closed linked with the hypocrisy of religion .Alec's characters, revealed the hypocrisy of religion. He is on the business, is a bourgeois upstarts and carnal "person". He set a trap to seducea Tess, but using the biblical allusions to blame them. Later he was turnedinto a good cleric. Who advised Visible, in capitalist society, religion isthe reactionary ruling class anesthesia, cheating, and a fool of working people.Marx once said: "with artificial Christian." Religion is bourgeois reproach and defiled women provided theoretical basis.Fourthly, Tess is also a victim of the bourgeoisie hypocritical moral. From the story, Angel is the representative of bourgeoisie hypocritical moral, though he is a liberal thought of intellectuals, but he has a deep psychological ingrained in traditional ethics and morality. his own dissolute behavior was forgived by Tess, but he did not forgive Tess on the situation the fault is not Tess, but Alec. He has not a little sympathy on Tess, which force Tess came back to Alec.Fifthly, Tess’s tragic is also related by her own personality.Tess is a brand-new woman created by hardy, she has dual personality. On the one hand, she dares to against the hypocrisy of traditional moral and religious, On the other hand, cannot completely get rid of the traditional ethics of their own. Because Tess was born in a peasant family, remaining some of the old farmer on moral and destiny view that she appeared when traditional moral against the weak side. when she treated with the secular public opinion, she also think herself is guilty. Tess, as a certain historical period of the individual, must be particular historical period of social consciousness and moral concepts, she thought and action are bound by age and social consciousness.From above all, the tragedy of Tess have social reason also have her own personality reason, but all these reasons are directly linked with the bourgeoisie society, it’s the kinds of reflects of the society. Her destroy is inevitably in the bourgeoisie society.6. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is a very influential novel in the enlightenment period of the English literature. It depicts Crusoe as a figure of middle class who makes success through his hard work. Discuss the social reason why the novel becomes so successful.Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Huan Fernandez for five years. Factually, the story is an imagination. In the story the author describes inviting plots of Robinson Crusoe who survives and lives quite well on an island after the shipwreck. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson Crusoe from a naïve and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson here is a real hero: a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story in the spirit of the time. So when it was published, people all liked that story, and it became an immediate success.7. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Say something about this novel and try to make a discussion about the three kinds of motivations with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.First, there is marriage merely for fortune, money and social rank. This is to be found in Miss Bingley’s pursuit of Darcy, Lady de Bourgh’s intention to marriage between her daughter and Darcy, and in Charlotte Lucas’marriage to Mr.Collins. The snobbery and vanity of the rich and the practicality of the poor gentry women are fully accounted for.The second is the tendency to marry for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic conditions or personal merits. This is generally known as Mr.Bennet and Mrs. Bennet who has a beautiful face but an empty head and of their youngest daughter Lydia to the handsome, charming but morally weak and penniless Wickham. The terrible aftermath of such marriage is only too obvious in the marriage of the two generations of the Bennet.Lastly comes the idea marriage, which is a love match with considerations of the lover’s personal merits and economic conditions. Such perfect happinessis to be found in the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth and that of Mr.Bingley and Jane, although the satisfaction of both the personal and economic conditions like this is really a bit too idealistic.What Jane Austen tries to say is that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without consideration of economic conditions. Of the three types, she prefers the the last one. And in the last type, she seems to give her particular preference to the marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth.28. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?The Canterbury Tales has its social significance in several ways. ①It represents the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie people’s right to pursue earthly happiness is affirmed by Chaucer. ②the ideas of humanism are shown in C haucer’s praising of man’s energy ,intellect, wit and love of love. ③Chaucer exposed and satirized the evils of the time. ④the corruption of the church is vigorously attacked. ⑤Chaucer showed sympathy for the poor to some extent. ⑥Chaucer established the language of literature.36.John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress is generally regarded as a religious allegory. Say briefly about thisbook and what does the work symbolically concern? What is the predominant metaphor that is carried on through the whole work? And what is the author’s purpose in writing such a book?A. It concerns the search for spiritual salvation.B. “That life is a journey” is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines.C. The author’s purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of evils.ment on Jane Austen’s characte ristics of her novels.1. Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures ofeveryday life of the country society in her novels.2. Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beingswith their families and neighbors. Stories of love and marriage provide the framework for all her novels and in them woman are always taken as the major characters.3. Jane Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small countryparishes, whose simple country people become the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled.4. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her plots are straight-forward.There is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Jane Austen is successful in the employment of irony and frequent use of witty and delightful dialogues.。
(完整word版)英国文学问答题
英国文学问答题Chapter I Renaissance Period1.What are the common characteristics shared by the characters created by Marlowe? In what wayis Marlowe a humanist writer? (p。
21)Marlowe reveals man’s pursue of happiness, knowledge and power。
In this way， Marlowe a humanist writer2.What kind of character is Faustus？Dr。
Faustus is the hero created by Marlowe。
He is one of the Renaissance heroes in Marlowe’s plays. He is individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from God. He shows Marlow’s human istic idea of human dignity and capacity. In portraying Faustus, an introspective and philosophical figure, Marlowe praises his soaring aspiration of knowledge while warning against the sin of pride since Faustus's downfall was caused by his despair in God and trust in Devil.3.Please analyze briefly Hamlet’s character features。
文艺复兴时期英国文学练习题-问答题参考答案
文艺复兴时期英国文学练习题-问答题参考答案1. What is the influence of the Authorized Version of Bible on the English language and literature?Apart from its religious influence, the Authorized V ersion has a great influence on the English language and literature. The translators of the Authorized Version held fast to pure, old English speech. About 93 percent of the 6000 words used in it are the main words of native English. So, with the widespread influence of the English Bible, the standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed. A great number of Bible coinages and phrases have passed into daily English speech as household words, and are often used with no knowledge of their origin. For instance, “help-mate”, “peacemaker”, “tender mercy”, “living kindness”, “long suffering”, “clear as crystal”, “arose as one man”, “a thorn in the flesh”, “root of evil”, “to cast pearls before swine”, “a labor of love”, “the shadow of death”, “eye for eye, tooth for tooth”, and many more. Thus the simple and dignified language of the Authorized Version has colored the style of the English prose for the last 300 years and more, and the English Bible has woven its phrases and expressions into the texture of the English language, English literature and English life.2. What are the main features of European Renaissance?Two features are striking of the Renaissance Movement. One is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classic was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction with the Catholic and feudal ideas.The other feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thinkers, artists and poets arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an old guise, though, to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement, a feeling in sharp contrast with theology. Hence arose the thought of Humanism. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeoisie, which saw the world opening before it. According to the humanists, both man and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.3. What the characteristics of Edmund Spenser’s poetry?Spenser’s poetry possesses the following main qualities:(1) a perfect melody;(2) a rare sense of beauty;(3) a splendid imagination;(4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness;(5) a delicate realism. It is his idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the Poet’s Poet”.4. What is the writing style of Francis Bacon’s essays?Bacon’s essays have a literary style peculiar to their own. They are noted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon’s chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.5. How much do you know about Christopher Marlowe’s literary achievements? Christopher Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise. It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness, thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance. His blank verse has been described as “titanic”and compared to “a swollen river sweeping down on its dried-up channel, filling its broad banks and moving on majestically”.Marlowe’s dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical, and at times lyrical, verse. He rarely supplies a model in dramatic technicalities. But in his plays there is a lack of variety in characterization and construction. However, he was famous for his “mighty line”. It is mighty and plastic.His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist—William Shakespeare—whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.6. When were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written? What did he write about in his tragedies?Shakespeare’s main tragedies were written during the period of gloom and depression dated from 1600 to 1607.Shakespeare’s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer’s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the Queen.His main tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the time, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.7. Summarize Ben Jonson’s theory on drama.Ben Jonson is both a dramatist and a good critic. According to him, a play should be realistic, showing “an image of the times”. Characters should be selected to illustrate particular “humours”. Comedies should portray manners and follies, and thus could expose, ridicule and censure life. He insisted on an adherence to the unities of time, place and action. He rejected the admixture of comedy and tragedy, and thought romantic comedy and chronicle history full of absurdities.8. What are the characteristics of the Humanism?(1) Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.(2) Humanism see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.(3) They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this world, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.9. What is Francis Bacon’s contribution to English literature?Bacon’s contribution to English literature lies chiefly in his Essays, the first collection of essays as such in the English language and considered an important landmark in the development of English prose. Bacon wrote these for the young men of his class and tradition, who were intent upon the completest self-realization in public life. The subjects cover a wide range: philosophy, religion, politics and conduct of life. Bacon’s practicality is shown in most of his essays. He employs what may be called the dialectical method by balancing opposing arguments before drawing his conclusions. Different from the elaborate language of euphuism, his essays are known for their conciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness. Epigrams are frequently employed, yet they are always ordered judiciously and appropriately. In addition, the essays are enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.。
英国文学选读简答题（推荐文档）
英国⽂学选读简答题（推荐⽂档）1.What are Shakespeare’s achievements?a.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations ofthe people.b.Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespearein his plays reflects the spirit of his age.c.Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. Inhis plays he described a great number of characters.d.Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that wereknown to his audience. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.e.Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a greatpoet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.f.Shakespeare as master of the English language.2.What are the basic characteristics of ballads?a.The beginning is often abrupt.b.There are strong dramatic elements.c.The story is often told through dialogue and action.d.The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads.e.The ballad meter is used.3.How do you interpret Humanism?With the spreading of the Greek and Roman culture there appeared a number of humanist scholars who took great interest in the welfare of human beings. According to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church, in art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.4.How do you sum up the characteristics of Neo-Classicism?a.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.b.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.c.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found closedcouplet the only possible verse form for serious work.d.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” on greatcities. The humbler aspects of life are neglected and it shows no love of nature, landscape, or country things and people.e.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.5.What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales?a.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.b.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. In the CanterburyTales, stories are related to the personalities of the tellers.c.Chaucer’s humor: humor is a characteristic feature of the English literature. His gentle satireand mild irony.d.Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of theEnglish language.6.Please summarize the characteristic features of the Romantic Movement.a.Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerfulfeelings” which expresses the poet’s mind.b.Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of feelings”. The roleof instinct, intuition, and the feelings of “the heart” is stressed.c.Singularity: romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, thesupernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.d.Worship of nature: the romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime aspectof a natural scene.e.Simplicity: romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic people asopposed to the poetic diction used by neo-classic writers. There is a dominating note of melancholy in the poems of the romantic poets.f.It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions.7.What is William Wordsworth’s definition of the word “poet”?He defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”.8.What are the main factors that explain the rise of novels as a dominantliterary genre during the Victorian age?First, the growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public. Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications. In addition, many libraries were set up by philanthropists so that books were now available to readers who could not afford to buy books.Third, writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to make a living by writing.Fourth, with the ascendancy of the industrial capitalists, the majority of whom lived an idle life on interests, there was a large idle class who needed recreation and entertainment. Novels met with their desires.Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in the church.Finally, the feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.9.Please summarize Dickens’ artistic techniques.a.Dickens has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusual, fantastically ugly orabsurd) characters or events.b.Dickens loves to instill life into inanimate things and to compare animate beings to inanimatethings.c.Dickens is noted for his descriptions of pathetic scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy.10.Please define Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue.A poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their own speeches, he analyzes and dissects his characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives.。
(完整版)英国文学问答练习题
英国文学问答练习题：Part OneOld and Middle English LiteratureI.Summarize Chaucer’s literary career and the representative works of each period。
His literary career is usually divided into three periods： the French period, the Italian period and the English period.The French period refers to the period of French influence （1359—1372). During the period Chaucer wrote his earliest works: The Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a French poem and his first important original work：The Book of the Duchess.The Italian period refers to the period of Italian Influence(1372-1386)， especially of Dante and Bocaacio. During this period, he mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines：The House of Fame，Troilus and Crisyede, The Legend of Good Women。
The English period is his mature period， during which time his masterpiece The Canterbury was produced in which the heroic couplet was used.II.Answer the question according to the following passageWhen April with its sweet-smelling showersHas pierced the drought of March to the root，And bathed every vein (of the plants) in such liquidBy which power the flower is created;When the West Wind also with its sweet breath,In every wood and field has breathed life intoThe tender new leaves， and the young sunHas run half its course in Aries,And small fowls make melody，Those that sleep all the night with open eyes(So Nature incites them in their hearts），Then folk long to go on pilgrimages,And professional pilgrims to seek foreign shores,To distant shrines, known in various lands；And specially from every shire's endOf England to Canterbury they travel,To seek the holy blessed martyr，Who helped them when they were sick.Questions：1.What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales？2.How does the author emphasize the transition from nature to divinity?ment on Chaucer’s contribution of rhymed stanzas。
英国文学简史问答题期末考试复习提纲
1。
How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age?①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression，and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth，Coleridge, Byron, Shelly，Keats, Moore, and Southey；②Women novelists appeared in this age。
It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance。
Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece-———Pride and Prejudice;③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it；④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb，Hazlitt，De Quincey and Hume。
大学英语专业英国文学史 考试简答题
PartⅤ The 17th centuryThe Period of Revolution and RestorationJohn Donne1 What are the characteristics and representatives of the English literature of the revolution period, the metaphysical period and restoration period?A.The revolution period, Puritans believed in simplicity of life and disapproved ofthe sonnets and the love poetry, and they influence in general tended to suppressed literary art.Representatives：John Milton，John BunyanB.The metaphysical （玄学派）period, the style became spiritual gloom. Representatives：Donne and Herbert；John MiltonC．The restoration period, the literary was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical.Representatives：John Dryden2 In “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《告别：莫忧伤》”, why does the speaker forbid mourning when his going to pass away and leave his lover? Why and what are the two conceits （比喻）that he uses to describe their perfect love?A.Although they may leave each other, yet they love is firm and forever, and soul lovers cannot be separated by distance and death. Besides，death is natural just like earthquake.B. First conceit（like gold to airy thinness beat）, their souls are like gold, it can expand and their love still exit.Second conceit(as stiff tein com, they are like compasses are two), one moving and anther stay and wait for the companion.3 In “Death be not proud”(死神莫骄妄), what will happen to us when we die？why does the speaker say that “death should not be proud”? When will death die?A. It will be rest and sleep flow with much pleasure when we die，and our souls will be released.B.Because it is a slave of fate, chance, kings and desperate man and death is together with poison,war,sickness and opium or charms. And these things can make us sleep like the death, and the effect is better than death. Death for people is a soul’s delivery, and after death people will feel free and pleased. Although people die, yet they wake eternally, and their souls are exiting forever.C.When people’s short sleep past, people wake eternally, and death n o longer exist and death will die.John Milton1 In what way is John Milton a staunch(坚定的)revolution fighter and a great poet?A.When he was in Italy, he heard the trouble sprung up in England, and he gave up his plan for travelling and went back to England. After he return to England, he opposed the monarchic party and gave all his energy to the writing of pamphlets小册子dedicated to the people’s liberties.B.After finishing the university course，he thought he was born to be a poet.So for five years he lived at home in his father’s country house at Horton about 20 miles from London,writing poetry and studying hard,in order better to fit himself for his work.He worked for 7years upon Paradise Lost.And he also wrote Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.The three works made him a great poet.2What is the theme of Paradise Lost ?What is the basic idea of Paradise Lost? Theme:？？？？？The basic idea:the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom.3 In Paradise Lost, why was Satan punished by God driven out of heaven and at last into hell? What did he want to do for revenge? And what was his reason? What is the allegorical meaning of the poem?A.Because Satan led the mutinous(反叛的) angels to rise against God himself but inthe battle with the hosts of angels that remained true to God, they were finally defeated.B.Satan wanted to ruin God’s precious creation (man).C.So he wanted to tear Adam and Eve away from the influence of God and to makethem instrumental in his struggle against God’s authority.D.God represents authority and tyranny on earth,he has strong rights to controlanything .Satan represents the power of revolting against authority and desire for freedom.3 In the Sonnet On His Blindness, what is the double meaning of “talent”? What is “mine” question? And what is the answer given by patience? What is the theme of the Sonnet?A.The “talent” means :ability and a kind of currency unitB.Question is that God does not give us light, and why I will bear it?(‘Doth Godexact day-labor,light denied?’)C.Patience answers that God does not need gift, and go and climb without rest orstand and wait is also a service.(‘God doth not need either man’s work or his own gifts;who best bear his mild yoke,they serve him best)D.Theme:If you have talents,you should make full use of it. and your pain will bediminished and you will be peaceful and calm.You can use your talent to live a meaningful life.John Banyan1 What is “allegory”? In what way is Banyan The Pilgrim’s Progress is allegory? What are the literal meaning and symbolic meaning of the work?A.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which the characters, actions or settingsrepresent abstract ideas general truth or moral qualities, and a story that has two meanings, literal and symbolic.B.The literal meaning: Christian’s pilgrimage from the city of Destruction to theHoly CityThe symbolic meaning:religious people,people should follow Christian’sexample.And it reflects the society and culture.2 In the part Vanity Fair, what is the Vanity Fair? What are sold and brought atthe VF? What do Christian and his companion Faithful want to buy? How are they treated as a fair? What is the meaning of this excerpt?A.Vanity fair is a name of a town and there is a fiar kept.B.Everything in vanity is can be sold and brought,such asjouses,ladns,trades,places…….C.Christian and his companion want to buy “truth”D.They was mocked and taunted,and were taken and beaten by the people in thevanity.And the people in fair besmeares(玷污) them with dirt,and put them with dirt,and put them into the cage.E.“Vanity”means emptiness or worthlessness,and hence the fair is an allegory ofthe worldliness(俗气) and the corruption of the religious life through theattractions of the world.And Banyan described the world that lost truth and were full of selfishness and corruption.PartⅥ The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandDaniel Defoe1 What does Enlightenments Movement mean? What do you know about the English literature of the Enlightenment?The Enlightenments Movement on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisies against feudalism.Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. And the literary leaders emphasized formality or correctness of style. The reign of classicism is Addison, Steele, and Pope, and their verse became the ambition of aspiring young authors. Beside, the modern novels became popular: realist, psychological, satirical and sentimental novels. And the revival of romanticism or pre-romanticism.2 What story does the novel Robinson Crusoe tell? What is the theme and style? Why do we say that Robinson Crusoe is the representative of the raising bourgeois?The story is about Robinson was lost in an island, and he was alone and finally survive.The theme: a man’s struggle against nature for survival by self-reliance and man’s determination to improve his livelihood by labor.The style: simple, direct, fact-based story and characterization and smooth, easy and colloquial language.Robinson is fighting with difficulties and does not give in, and he struggles against nature for survival. Just like the enterprising Englishman fighting the survivals of feudalism and develop the bourgeois relations.Jonathan Swift1 What kind of writer is JS?What are his major works?A.JS is a supreme master of devastating satire.( He was a posthumous (遗腹子)child,and people looked upon him as a servant, he had a bitter, unhappy early life. After he entered the strife（争斗）of party politics, he soon became a veritable（名副其实的）dictator, and he was courted and flattered, and he was arrogant. But when the Tories went out of power his position was uncertain, and the last years he was anguish and grief. )B.Major works:The tale of a Tub ,The battle of the Books, Gulliver’s Travels2 How many past does Gulliver travelers consist of? What satirize in the novel? Include four parts, the voyage, the Brobdingnag, the flying island and the Houyhnhnms.The story is an immortal classic of satire, a penetrating anatomy of human nature揭露人性丑恶, and a satirical description of the vices of his age.2What are the structure ,the significance and the style of it?见笔记3 What are Gulliver’s experien ces in Lilliput and Brobdingnag described in the selecting readings?A.In Lilliput, Gulliver is shipwrecked, and the Lilliputians bind the sleeping Gulliverhand and foot. Gulliver has to convince them, then he goes to the war but theofficials conspire against him and charge him with high treason. Finally, Gulliver escapes in a boat and goes back to England.B.In Brobdingnag, people are good-natured and they treat Gulliver kindly, theylook him as a plaything. And the king often interrogates Gulliver on European affairs. At last, the travelling-box takes him to the seashore, and he was picked up by a English trip.PartⅦ The Age of EnlightenmentJoseph Addison1 What is the Addison’s contribution to the two papers The Tatler and The Spectator?Addison was a better writer than Steele and he made The Tatler a great success, and he also helped with the anther newspaper. Addison gave many ideas and thoughts to the two papers and made the paper become very and interesting and popular.2 What are the poems contain form and style on the two papers?The form is little and familiar essays.The style is clean, wholesome, gentle humor, courtesy and good breeding.Henry Fielding1 What are the major features of Henry Fielding’s novels?Criticism of social relations, hypocrisy and lack of spirituality, and vivid positive and negative characters, besides, direct, vigorous, hilarious, coarse and realistic style.2 What good quality does Tom Jones display in chapter 20 of book4 and chapter 14 of book 12?Tom was brave and kind, when Sophia was in dangerous, Tom saved her and got hurt, but he cared about nothing but S ophia’s health, although he was hurt, he also thought about others not himself. And in another story, Tom was clever and friendly, he would like to help other people, even it may be put him in danger.Thomas Gray1 In the poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓畔哀歌》, what are the contents of the poem?what are the poet thoughts and feelings about the dead buried in the churchyard? How does he describe grooms in the poem?A.见笔记本B.He shows his respect，praise and symapthy for the poor and the ordinary,but mocksthe great ones who despise(鄙视) the poor and bring havoc（骚乱）on them.C.The author selects natural phenomena to reflect the mood and display the emotion of man借情抒景，寓情于景P250William Blake1 In the poem The Tiger, what is the Blake feeling about the tiger? What is his feeling about the Maker of tiger? What does he want to say by asking the question’did he who made the lamb made thy’? does he ask about God and about the order of nature and the social order in reality?A.To the poet, the tiger means power and strength, and it makes people scared andfrightened.B.He is praising the skill and courage of the maker of the tiger.So the Marker isgreat.Symbolically,Blake is praising the French Revolutin and the violentrevolutionary forces.C.The poet is confused, the Marker have made tiger already, why then created thelamb. The tiger id ferocious ,violent and powerful,but the lamb idpeaceful,innocent and midl.But the maker create them both,which symbolizes the disordered society.There are the rich and the poor.And the poor is deprived by the rich.2 In the poem The Chimney Sweeper, is the chimney sweeper happy?what is the little CS fate? Who are responsible for his sad fate?A. No, he is not happy,although the little chimney sweeper was positive and believed that everything will be fine.B. His fate is to die because of the harsh condition.C.Parents make their children be a tool to earn money, and do not protect them, but the God, the Priest and the King do not help those children.Robert Burns 彭斯1In the poet My Heart’s in the Highlands, where is the speaker now? Where is his heart? Why does he have such a strong love for highlands?A.He is not in his homeland.B.His heart is in the highlands,in his homeland.C.Because highlands mean the birthplace of valour (勇气),the country of worth, andeven the birthplace of him,he compliment his country and show his strong love and homesickness for his home.2In A Red, Red Rose, how does the speaker describe this love’s loveliness? How does he describe his deep love for her?A.He uses simile(明喻) and metaphor(暗喻). He describes his love as red rose.B.In the second part of the poem the speaker uses seas, rocks, sun and sands tometaphor his deep love. He also uses overstatement(夸张手法).。
(2021年整理)英国文学问答练习题
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英国文学问答练习题:Part OneOld and Middle English LiteratureI.Summarize Chaucer's literary career and the representative works of each period。
His literary career is usually divided into three periods: the French period, the Italian period and the English period.The French period refers to the period of French influence (1359—1372）。
During the period Chaucer wrote his earliest works：The Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a French poem and his first important original work：The Book of the Duchess。
The Italian period refers to the period of Italian Influence（1372-1386），especially of Dante and Bocaacio。
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英国文学问答题Shakespeare:Questions:I.1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.II. 1. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?2. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?3. What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their enmity”?Answers for reference:I. 1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.2.Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us.Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’tknow how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide, 4)however, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma.I. 1. Sun.2. They would give up their names for love’s sake.3. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.Daniel Defoe:Questions:1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tentconvincing? Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?2.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is itimportant for him to keep track of time?3.From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe? Answers for reference:1.Yes.2.1) He doesn’t want to forget time; 2) For a civilized man, time is precious; 3)He wants to remember Sabbath days to show his respect and piety to God. 3.strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious,self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted) Jane Austen:Questions:1. Why do you think of Mrs.Bennet? How can you characterize her?2. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing style?Answers for reference:1. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3)She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understand them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.2. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating analysis.2)Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.Charlotte Bronte:Questions:1.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre?2.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyre and MrRochester .Answers for reference:1.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea for the recognition ofthe individual’s worth and 3) sex equality that Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.2.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life, tried hard toget her rights of equality. She left the man very much who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She just wanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her love made disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr.Rochester was a man full of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly and respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.Charles Dickens:Questions:1. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”?2. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:1. 1) when he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother in law. 2) H is meeting with Havisham changed his attitude towards life, and he admired he decent way of living like a gentleman. H e met Estella and fell love with her,but he cannot marry her because of his inferior status and his expectations changed:raise his social status and to become a gentleman,get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turns out to be bubble, beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat is important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.(简略版)1.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother inlaw. 2) When he met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his social status and become a gentleman,get a bettereducation and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turned out to be bubble,beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's truevalue has nothing to do with his money and status.2.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip. There isabsence of parents for Pip who is raised by his sister and brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people of lower class, losing sight of thegenerous, kind aspect of being a gentleman; He is tested and drawn todestructive love etc.Thomas Hardy:Questions:1.What do you think causes Tess’s tragedy?2.Please comment briefly on the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Answers for reference:1.1) Tess was an innocent, pure girl. She was honest and sweet-natured and full oflove for her family and sympathy for others.2) the poverty of her family, the social environment and the collapse of the Agricultural economy; horse killed---claim kin 3) the double moral standard between men and women of that patriarchal society, “chastity =purity” is only for women.4) For such a girl as Tess, her life was something that she couldn’t control, chance of some unknown forces determined everything.2. Tess is actually a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess just tocriticize the society in his time. Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agriculture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way, Tess’ fate is decided by her society.THANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。