英语语法基础知识

关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that The girl who got the first place in the English Competition is my roommate. The policeman is talking to a girl whose iphone has been robbed.
选择：or, either…or, neither…nor. or else.. Otherwise 转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, while, whereas 因果：for, so, therefore,
复合句：两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一
个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如： 主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。 从属连词、连接代词、连接副词
Inflectional(‘s)
构词法
词(word) 句法功能
简单词（Simple ) 派生词（Derivative） 复合词 （Compound）
功能词（Function） 实义祠（Content)
分句类型(Types of clauses)
Independent (main; min S+V, complete) 独立分句 ( 主干, 主谓齐全，完整） I love linguistics. You believe me.
主语从句
从属连词：whether，that， That the driver was drunk is obvious. Whether you come or not doesn’t concern me.
连接代词:which, who, whoever, whose, what, whatever Which team will win the championship is still not clear. Who will be the monitor makes no difference.
目的状语连词：that/so that/in order that, lest, for fear that, in case The two boys were whispering so that they should no interrupt other students. We must check the car regularly so that it can run well. I’ll show you the place on the map lest you should get lost. You’d better take an umbrella with you in case in rains.
grades in the past few weeks.
并列句：两个或两个以上互相独立的主谓结构
、由并列连词连接。
Oliver came to the party, but Rose did not.
Every room in the house has its Tip: 根o据w两n个fu简n单ct句io之n间a的nd关i系t —is结d合iff、ic选ul择t t、o转折，因果， 选择不im同a的g并in列e连th词e life without one of 结合：thanedm, b.oth…and, as well as, not only…but also
简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，且句子的
各个成分都是由单词或者短语表示。
A school is an important place to students. Many people have a close relationship with
their pets. The students I teach have made better
These are the books that I bought through on-line purchasing 关系副词：when, where, why
Do you still remember the days when we worked together？ She lived in Beijing for five years, where she studied Chinese. These are the reasons why they don’t like their boss.
状语从句
时间状语连词或词组：when/while/as, whenever, before after, since, till/until,, as soon as/the moment/the minute,
hardly…when/scarcely…when/no sooner…than/instantly/ directly, once, every/each time
连接代词:which, who, what, The problem is which road we should take. What I want to know is who can finish it in one week.
连接副词:how, when, where, why, The question is when they will arrive. That is why they stayed there for two weeks.
状语从句
方式状语连词或词组：as, as if, as though, The little girl likes to do something as her mother tells her. He speaks Chinese as if he were a Chinese. It looks as if it is going to rain.
宾语从句
从属连词：whether，that，if I think that you want to be a teacher is practical. I don’t know whether/if his son is still living with them.
连接代词:which, who, what, I really want to know what he did yesterday. Tell me which you like most.
Dependent (subordinate; SUB CONJ, incomplete) 从属子句 （从属，需加连词，不完整） when she entered the room who delivered the lecture
句子类型(Types of sentences)
简单句Simple (one independent clause) She read the book.
I think that you want to be a teacher is practical. I don’t know whether/if his son is still living with them. We’ll leave the minute everything is ready. I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain. 地点状语连词：where, wherever, anywhere The police ordered the suspect to stay where he was. He likes to make friends wherever he goes. Come in and sit anywhere you like.
状语从句
结果状语连词或词组：so…that/such…that, so that/ This is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. His car broke down halfway to the company so that he had to take a taxi.
She read the book while she was in college.
并列复合句Compound-Complex (2> independent clauses + 1(>) dependent clauses)
He jumped for joy and screamed very loudly when his team won the game.
并列句Compound (2> independent clauses connected with coordinating conjunctions: 并列连词)
She read the book but she didn’t like it。
复合句Complex (a combination of dependent (subordinate) and independent clauses：从属连词、连接代词、连接副词)
状语从句
条件状语连词或词组：if, unless, as long as/so long as/so far as, in case, suppose/supposing/provided that/providing, on condition that If you can practice enough, you are sure to pass the driving test this time. I’d like to go swimming unless the water is too cold. Supposing that he doesn’t help, what shall we do？
原因状语连词：because/since/as/now that, considering that , seeing Since you’re not interested in this TV play, let’s change the channel. Now that you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
This is an interesting book.
This is the book which they talked about.
Everything depends on the weather.
Whether we’ll go on a picnic tomorrow
depends
on the weather.
Grammar
结构系统 (语法)
语言
语义系统
语音系统 文字系统
语法层次
语法结构的五个层次
词素 (Morpheme) 词 ( Word) 词组 (Phrase) 分句 (Clause) 句子 (Sentence)
词素（morpheme)
free morphemes
bFra Baidu bibliotekund
lexical (child) Functional(and) derivational(re-)
连接副词:how, when, where, why, He told us where he found that missing boy. I asked him why he didn’t show up at the party last night.
Tip: 宾语从句后置
定语从句
引导定语从句的关系词，除引导定语从句外，还在 定语从句中承担一个句子成分。
连接副词:how, when, where, why, How he did it puzzled us all. Why he was absent from class is a mystery.
Tip: 主语从句后置
表语从句
从属连词：whether，that，as if He looks as if he didn’t care. The question is whether they would like to help us.