reproductive biology of boiga guangxiensis wen, 1998serpentes colubridae
Animal Reproductive Tissue Sample
Animal Reproductive Tissue Sample Animal reproductive tissue samples are a crucial aspect of scientific research and veterinary medicine. These samples are essential for studying the reproductive processes of animals, diagnosing reproductive disorders, and developing reproductive technologies. However, obtaining these samples can be a challenging and sensitive process, as it involves the collection of tissues from livinganimals or post-mortem specimens. This raises ethical considerations and necessitates careful handling and storage of the samples to ensure their integrity and usefulness for research and diagnostic purposes. From a scientific perspective, animal reproductive tissue samples are invaluable for understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying reproduction in different species. These samples provide researchers with the opportunity to study the structure and function of reproductive organs, the development of gametes, the hormonal regulation of reproductive processes, and the genetic basis of reproductive disorders. By analyzing these tissues, scientists can gain insights into the reproductive biology of animals, which can have implications for conservation, breeding programs, and the development of reproductive technologies. In the field of veterinary medicine, reproductive tissue samples play a crucialrole in diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders in animals. These samples are used to identify the causes of infertility, abnormal estrous cycles, and reproductive tract infections in domestic and wild animals. By examining these tissues, veterinarians can make accurate diagnoses, develop treatment plans, and provide reproductive management advice to animal owners and breeders. Additionally, reproductive tissue samples are essential for monitoring the reproductive healthof animals in breeding programs and for ensuring the quality and safety of reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. However, the collection of animal reproductive tissue samples raises ethical considerations regarding the welfare of the animals involved. The process of obtaining these samples, whether through surgical procedures, non-invasive techniques, or post-mortem examinations, must be carried out with the utmost care and consideration for the animals' well-being. This requires the involvement of trained professionals who can perform the procedures in a manner that minimizespain and distress for the animals. Furthermore, the use of animal reproductive tissue samples for research and diagnostic purposes must be justified by the potential benefits to animal health, welfare, and conservation. In addition to ethical considerations, the handling and storage of animal reproductive tissue samples are critical for preserving their integrity and ensuring their usefulness for research and diagnostic purposes. Proper collection, labeling, and preservation of these samples are essential to avoid contamination, degradation, or loss of valuable biological material. This requires adherence to strict protocols for sample collection and storage, as well as the use of appropriate equipment and facilities for handling reproductive tissues. Furthermore, the transportation of these samples from the collection site to the laboratory must be carefully planned to maintain their quality and prevent any damage ordeterioration during transit. From a personal perspective, working with animal reproductive tissue samples can be emotionally challenging for researchers, veterinarians, and animal care professionals. The process of collecting these samples may involve interacting with animals in various settings, including farms, research facilities, and wildlife habitats. This requires a deep sense of empathy, respect, and responsibility towards the animals, as well as a commitment to upholding ethical standards and animal welfare principles. Additionally, the analysis of reproductive tissue samples may reveal information about the reproductive health and potential challenges faced by individual animals, which can evoke feelings of concern and compassion for their well-being. In conclusion, animal reproductive tissue samples are invaluable for scientific research and veterinary medicine, providing essential insights into the reproductive biology of animals and facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders. However, the collection, handling, and storage of these samples require careful consideration of ethical, technical, and emotional aspects. By addressing these perspectives, we can ensure that animal reproductive tissue samples are obtained and utilized in a responsible and respectful manner, ultimately benefiting the health, welfare, and conservation of animals.。
【医学PPT课件】Reproductive Physiology
➢ Initial development of oocytes beings in fetal life, but maturation is delayed until puberty when single oocytes mature and are released monthly for the next 4 decades.
In the female, FSH stimulates follicle development and, along with LH, the synthesis of estradiol.
Testosterone and estradiol stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics and a growth spurt in the male and female, respectively.
➢ Spermatogenesis results from conversion of spermatogonia to mature sperm through mitosis, meiosis, and differentiation.
➢ Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules support sperm development as well as surround and isolate developing sperm from the blood supply.
➢ FSH stimulates monthly development of follicles, LH stimulates monthly ovulation, and both stimulate synthesis and secretion of progesterone and estradiol.
生物学简介英文版
生物学简介英文版Introduction to BiologyBiology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It is a vast and diverse field that encompasses various sub-disciplines, including ecology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and evolutionary biology. Biology is essential to understanding the natural world and how it functions.The origins of biology can be traced back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who studied and wrote about living organisms. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a formalized science with the help of advancements in scientific tools and techniques.One of the central themes of biology is the concept of evolution. Evolution is the process by which species change and adapt over time through natural selection. This concept is supported by fossil records, genetics, and biogeography. Evolution drives biodiversity and has shaped the natural world as we know it today.Ecology is another vital sub-discipline of biology. It is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment.Ecologists investigate various topics, such as food webs, nutrient cycles, and the impact of human activity on ecosystems.Genetics is the study of DNA and how it shapes traits in organisms. It is instrumental in understanding the inheritance of traits and the evolution of species. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms, including metabolism, enzyme function, and cell signaling.Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Microorganisms play crucial roles in many aspects of life, including food production, medicine, and environmental processes.In conclusion, biology is a vast and diverse field that explores the natural world and the living organisms that make it up. It encompasses various sub-disciplines, including ecology, genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and evolutionary biology. Biology provides us with a better understanding of the world we live in and how we relate to it.。
生物治疗英文作文
生物治疗英文作文Biological therapy, also known as biotherapy or immunotherapy, is a type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. It can involve using the body's own immune system to fight cancer, or using genetically engineered proteins to target specific cells in the body.One of the most common forms of biological therapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies, which are designed to target and destroy specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. These antibodies can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.Another form of biological therapy is the use of cytokines, which are proteins that help regulate the immune system. Cytokine therapy can be used to boost the body's natural defenses against cancer, or to help reduce the side effects of other cancer treatments.In addition to treating cancer, biological therapy can also be used to treat other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and inflammatory conditions. For example, biological therapy can be used to target the underlying causes of rheumatoid arthritis, or to help the body fight off infections such as HIV or hepatitis.Overall, biological therapy offers a promising approach to treating a wide range of diseases, by harnessing the power of the body's own immune system and using targeted therapies to attack specific disease-causing cells. As research in this field continues to advance, the potential for biological therapy to revolutionize the treatment of disease is becoming increasingly apparent.。
医学专业外语--Medical Terminology Reproduction女性生殖系统
Ovary
Testis
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Hypothalamus
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
nes produced by
Female Reproductive System
Stem Words - Anatomy
Gyn/o, gynec/o Ov/o Ovari/ Oophor/o Salpinx Hyster/o Cervix Vagina Vulva Labia
Female Reproductive System
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Ovary
Estrogens
• Estradiol
Progesterone Androgens
Test Yourself – Name the hormones produced by
Testis
Female Reproductive System Anatomy - Medical Terms
Gonad, Ovary Fallopian Tube Uterus, Womb Muscle of uterus Lining of uterus Neck of the uterus, cervix
Ovary (Stems = ovari-
Oophoro-)
Words using the stems
Testi-
Testes Testicle Testicular Testosterone
Ova-, Ovari-
Microbial Bioprospecting Sample
Microbial Bioprospecting Sample Microbial bioprospecting is a fascinating field that holds immense potential for discovering new sources of valuable compounds with diverse applications. The process involves exploring microbial diversity in different environments,isolating unique microorganisms, and studying their metabolites for possible commercial use. One of the key aspects of microbial bioprospecting is the search for novel bioactive compounds that can be used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and bioremediation. By tapping into the rich microbial biodiversity present in nature, researchers have the opportunity to uncover hidden treasures that could benefit society in numerous ways. One of the most exciting aspects of microbial bioprospecting is the sheer diversity of microorganisms that exist in the environment. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes can be found in almost every habitat on Earth. These microorganisms have evolved unique biochemical pathways to survive in their respective environments, often producing bioactive compounds with interesting biological properties. By harnessing the power of microbial diversity, scientists have the chance to discover novel compounds that could potentially lead to the development of new drugs, agrochemicals, and industrial enzymes. The process of microbial bioprospecting typically involves sampling from diverse environments, such as hot springs, deep-sea vents, or even the human gut. By collecting samples from these different sources, researchers can obtain a wide range of microbial species that have adapted to varying conditions. These samples are then cultured in the laboratory, and the metabolites produced by the microorganisms are screened for bioactivity. This initial screening process helps to identify promising candidates for further study, with the aim of isolating and characterizing the bioactive compounds of interest. One of the major challenges in microbial bioprospecting is the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from complex microbial mixtures. Many microorganisms produce a wide array of metabolites, making it difficult to pinpoint which compounds are responsible for the observed bioactivity. To overcome this challenge, researchers employ a combination of techniques, including chromatography, mass spectrometry, and bioassays, to identify and purify the target compounds. By elucidating thechemical structures of these bioactive molecules, scientists can determine their potential applications and mechanisms of action. In addition to the scientific and technological aspects of microbial bioprospecting, ethical considerations also play a crucial role in this field. As researchers explore natural habitats and extract microbial samples for study, it is essential to adhere to principles of sustainable and responsible bioprospecting. This includes obtaining proper permits for sample collection, respecting the rights of indigenous communities, and ensuring the conservation of biodiversity in the areas being studied. By conducting bioprospecting activities ethically and responsibly, scientists can help to preserve the environment while also unlocking the potential benefits of microbial resources. Overall, microbial bioprospecting offers a captivating journey into the world of microbial diversity and bioactive compounds. By tapping into the rich reservoir of microbial life on Earth, researchers have the opportunity to discover new sources of valuable compounds that could have significant implications for various industries. From the depths of the ocean to the soil beneath our feet, microbes hold the key to unlocking a wealth ofbioactive molecules with diverse applications. Through rigorous scientific research, ethical practices, and a sense of wonder and curiosity, microbial bioprospecting continues to push the boundaries of innovation and discovery in the quest for novel bioactive compounds.。
生物学英文自我介绍
生物学英文自我介绍生物学英文自我介绍1Respected leader:Excuse me, thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my job search materials!My name is * *, is a newly graduated from XX University of biotechnology professional college graduates. I am honored to have the opportunity to present my personal letter to you, in society, in order to find their own professional interests and work to better use of their talents and realize their value of life so, to make a self introduction.Present brief introduction of oneself circumstance as follows:In school I can learn professional knowledge seriously, but also because of the investment of learning and has won the outstanding student scholarship. Major courses: biology, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, chemical principle, enzyme engineering, cell engineering, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering, biotechnology, food technology, fermentation engineering equipment.At the same time, students actively participate insocial work, served as Student Union minister of learning, planning and organizing the “College Students’Occupation Skills Contest”, “star of hope English contest”, “experimental skills competition”and other large extracurricular activities by the teachers and students recognized. And thus won the “three good student” and “three good student model” the honorary title, and won several “social work activist”title. In the freshmen occasion, I also because of the leadership and teacher recommendations, and served as assistant instructor of biotechnology major.To complete their studies seriously and actively participate in social work students at the same time, I also pay attention to strengthen social practice, improve their overall quality, to meet the needs of future employment. For example: when the sales in the United States, in the course of work, due to the remarkable achievements, received the employer awards. It can be seen that the moment I don’t forget to improve their own contact as soon as possible to let the workplace, explore and develop my abilities.My life is in a period full of go, I am eager to display their talents in the wider world, I am notsatisfied with the existing level of knowledge, expectations were tempered in practice and improve, so I hope to join your unit. I will do a good job of their own, doing their best to achieve good performance at work. I believe that through their own hard work and efforts, will make due contributions.Thank you for your busy schedule to give my attention. Wish the expensive unit business on the upgrade, repeated success, I wish your business make still further progress further!生物学英文自我介绍2Respected leader:Hello!My name is XXX, XX years old this year, graduated from XXXX College of Biological Engineering Biotechnology Major (food direction), during the school, in all aspects of performance is excellent During the period of school, I basically reached the life, work, learning, the ideal goal in life. The four point line emotional life, because his family was poor, I created a self-reliance, hard working, King dedicated, diligent in thinking, the courage to act personality; work, because the perennial participation in Campus activities and lead their team let me, verygood exercise their leadership, organization and management ability, thinking ability, planning ability, interpersonal communication ability, practical ability, coordination ability and team cooperation ability; learning, not because of the limitations of their own professional knowledge, but to develop their interest in learning the business, and The solution of many commercial unspoken rule, greatly cultivate their learning ability, information collection ability and stress tolerance; feelings, because interpersonal communication ability is strong, so I have been in a harmonious, healthy interpersonal circle, develop their own self-confidence, optimistic, positive attitude is good.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. At the beginning I was engaged in a variety of university campus team work and practice work. I have joined the “campus life > newspaper, campus association work team, and participated in the school of biology students, get a good workout. At the same time I also started the practice of university career, from the initial campus canteen room, pastry sales agents, independent tutor, sent to lead the team to have independent enrollment propaganda, to enrich theirexperience, and in a summer move to Hubei to work study engineering 5000 college students summer internship program in practice, I opened a big Learn a new leaf in your lifeI started at the beginning of the second Jingmen first DM advertising press I because of colorful campus, founded the journal in April 20xx Jingmen has received the “Jingmen daily” and “Jingmen evening news reports focus on the characters of campus entrepreneurship, founded the first campus Jingchu University of technology enterprise team - colorful simulation campus Entrepreneurship group (campus Simulated company), led his team engaged in a lot of campus business activities, has with Jingmen mobile, Jingmen Tietong, Jingmen post and other large enterprises, and further to the advertising media, electronic information products and other service industries. This summer led the team back into the students Mobile business department internship, and free to go to Wuhan by the Mobile Corporation Hubei Post Hotel in Hubei mobile “the first direct captain training training in August this year, the long lead his team engaged in campus mobile direct marketing and agency business, many of the contract is the bestwitness. The campus practice countless times, let me win their college career most of the living expenses and tuition, with considerable success, not only for the practice of University own experience adds a beautiful one, but also to share a great burden for poor families. The school is not easy for children in the countryside, I always encourage myself to make good use of the University time to make good grades.Experience behind the rich practice, I did not neglect their studies, although it is not very good, but still won the scholarship for the few. In the campus activities team has won the first prize of psychological knowledge contest “college students,”Lei Feng’s essay “two Honor Award. At the same time I have a good in learning, training habits, perennial absorption of all kinds of information, from the book, site, network, video everywhere to learn, which greatly enriched the knowledge and personal knowledge. Because lead his team I am constantly learning management training, marketing, advertising, various aspects of team operation etc. In order to enhance their own knowledge, a preliminary study on enterprise operation management, business promotion, personnel salary, performance management, in order to reduceunemployment career, improve their occupation competitiveness, to create a repair man has been “material”, I hope your company will be able to exercise personal training here, “talent”even “wealth”, together with the company growth and progress together with the colleagues.Youth can grow. As long as you give me a piece of soil, I will work hard with young life. You can not only see my success, but also harvest the whole autumn. This is my commitment to personal confidence and ability I very much hope that this kind of grass heart, deep sincere love to your company and share a common destiny, with the development and progress. Please give me a chance, I will use action to prove himself. A great company, training talents, service excellent talents to the great company.生物学英文自我介绍3Distinguished judges, teachers, good morning!I am eleventh groups of 15 players, a bachelor’s degree in the specialty of biological technology. Since childhood, I determined to become an outstanding teacher of the people, can help children answering questions, remove the obstacles on the road of study.I have strict demands on themselves, enhance their ownquality, in order to be the future can go to the three platform, complete own ideal, to help more children to achieve their dreams. I will be in the three aspects I participate in the biology teacher qualification exam interview has the advantage:One of my university studies undergraduate professional biotechnology, through the system of basic biological knowledge and experimental skills of learning, for my future learning students encountered biological problems answering questions provide a theoretical basis.Two, during the University, I actively participate in social practice, sunshine education, teachers occupation skill training and other activities for providing me with rich practical experience, so I had a chance to combine theory and practice, can be of any problems occurring in the classroom to calm.Three, based on the pedagogy, educational psychology, learning system of teachers occupation morality, I have a deeper understanding of the teachers, and the honor of this year through the teacher qualification examination. If I can pass the interview today, so I will take practical action to practice the spirit of dedication to a teacher in the end. Even ifI don’t pass, I have strict demands on themselves, make their own teachers from standard a little closer, a little closer. Today, I want to tell the people from the contents of senior high school biology course XXXX, following the start of my teaching link.生物学英文自我介绍1Respected leader:Excuse me, thank you for taking time out of your busy schedule to read my job search materials!My name is * *, is a newly graduated from XX University of biotechnology professional college graduates. I am honored to have the opportunity to present my personal letter to you, in society, in order to find their own professional interests and work to better use of their talents and realize their value of life so, to make a self introduction.Present brief introduction of oneself circumstance as follows:In school I can learn professional knowledge seriously, but also because of the investment of learning and has won the outstanding student scholarship. Major courses: biology, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, chemical principle, enzyme engineering, cellengineering, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering, biotechnology, food technology, fermentation engineering equipment.At the same time, students actively participate in social work, served as Student Union minister of learning, planning and organizing the “College Students’Occupation Skills Contest”, “star of hope English contest”, “experimental skills competition”and other large extracurricular activities by the teachers and students recognized. And thus won the “three good student” and “three good student model” the honorary title, and won several “social work activist”title. In the freshmen occasion, I also because of the leadership and teacher recommendations, and served as assistant instructor of biotechnology major.To complete their studies seriously and actively participate in social work students at the same time, I also pay attention to strengthen social practice, improve their overall quality, to meet the needs of future employment. For example: when the sales in the United States, in the course of work, due to the remarkable achievements, received the employer awards. It can be seen that the moment I don’t forget to improvetheir own contact as soon as possible to let the workplace, explore and develop my abilities.My life is in a period full of go, I am eager to display their talents in the wider world, I am not satisfied with the existing level of knowledge, expectations were tempered in practice and improve, so I hope to join your unit. I will do a good job of their own, doing their best to achieve good performance at work. I believe that through their own hard work and efforts, will make due contributions.Thank you for your busy schedule to give my attention. Wish the expensive unit business on the upgrade, repeated success, I wish your business make still further progress further!生物学英文自我介绍2Respected leader:Hello!My name is XXX, XX years old this year, graduated from XXXX College of Biological Engineering Biotechnology Major (food direction), during the school, in all aspects of performance is excellent During the period of school, I basically reached the life, work, learning, the ideal goal in life. The four point line emotional life, because his family waspoor, I created a self-reliance, hard working, King dedicated, diligent in thinking, the courage to act personality; work, because the perennial participation in Campus activities and lead their team let me, very good exercise their leadership, organization and management ability, thinking ability, planning ability, interpersonal communication ability, practical ability, coordination ability and team cooperation ability; learning, not because of the limitations of their own professional knowledge, but to develop their interest in learning the business, and The solution of many commercial unspoken rule, greatly cultivate their learning ability, information collection ability and stress tolerance; feelings, because interpersonal communication ability is strong, so I have been in a harmonious, healthy interpersonal circle, develop their own self-confidence, optimistic, positive attitude is good.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. At the beginning I was engaged in a variety of university campus team work and practice work. I have joined the “campus life > newspaper, campus association work team, and participated in the school of biology students, get a good workout. At the sametime I also started the practice of university career, from the initial campus canteen room, pastry sales agents, independent tutor, sent to lead the team to have independent enrollment propaganda, to enrich their experience, and in a summer move to Hubei to work study engineering 5000 college students summer internship program in practice, I opened a big Learn a new leaf in your lifeI started at the beginning of the second Jingmen first DM advertising press I because of colorful campus, founded the journal in April 20xx Jingmen has received the “Jingmen daily” and “Jingmen evening news reports focus on the characters of campus entrepreneurship, founded the first campus Jingchu University of technology enterprise team - colorful simulation campus Entrepreneurship group (campus Simulated company), led his team engaged in a lot of campus business activities, has with Jingmen mobile, Jingmen Tietong, Jingmen post and other large enterprises, and further to the advertising media, electronic information products and other service industries. This summer led the team back into the students Mobile business department internship, and free to go to Wuhan by the Mobile Corporation Hubei PostHotel in Hubei mobile “the first direct captain training training in August this year, the long lead his team engaged in campus mobile direct marketing and agency business, many of the contract is the best witness. The campus practice countless times, let me win their college career most of the living expenses and tuition, with considerable success, not only for the practice of University own experience adds a beautiful one, but also to share a great burden for poor families. The school is not easy for children in the countryside, I always encourage myself to make good use of the University time to make good grades.Experience behind the rich practice, I did not neglect their studies, although it is not very good, but still won the scholarship for the few. In the campus activities team has won the first prize of psychological knowledge contest “college students,”Lei Feng’s essay “two Honor Award. At the same time I have a good in learning, training habits, perennial absorption of all kinds of information, from the book, site, network, video everywhere to learn, which greatly enriched the knowledge and personal knowledge. Because lead his team I am constantly learning management training, marketing, advertising, various aspects ofteam operation etc. In order to enhance their own knowledge, a preliminary study on enterprise operation management, business promotion, personnel salary, performance management, in order to reduce unemployment career, improve their occupation competitiveness, to create a repair man has been “material”, I hope your company will be able to exercise personal training here, “talent”even “wealth”, together with the company growth and progress together with the colleagues.Youth can grow. As long as you give me a piece of soil, I will work hard with young life. You can not only see my success, but also harvest the whole autumn. This is my commitment to personal confidence and ability I very much hope that this kind of grass heart, deep sincere love to your company and share a common destiny, with the development and progress. Please give me a chance, I will use action to prove himself. A great company, training talents, service excellent talents to the great company.生物学英文自我介绍3Distinguished judges, teachers, good morning!I am eleventh groups of 15 players, a bachelor’s degree in the specialty of biological technology. Sincechildhood, I determined to become an outstanding teacher of the people, can help children answering questions, remove the obstacles on the road of study.I have strict demands on themselves, enhance their own quality, in order to be the future can go to the three platform, complete own ideal, to help more children to achieve their dreams. I will be in the three aspects I participate in the biology teacher qualification exam interview has the advantage:One of my university studies undergraduate professional biotechnology, through the system of basic biological knowledge and experimental skills of learning, for my future learning students encountered biological problems answering questions provide a theoretical basis.Two, during the University, I actively participate in social practice, sunshine education, teachers occupation skill training and other activities for providing me with rich practical experience, so I had a chance to combine theory and practice, can be of any problems occurring in the classroom to calm.Three, based on the pedagogy, educational psychology, learning system of teachers occupation morality, I have a deeper understanding of the teachers,and the honor of this year through the teacher qualification examination. If I can pass the interview today, so I will take practical action to practice the spirit of dedication to a teacher in the end. Even if I don’t pass, I have strict demands on themselves, make their own teachers from standard a little closer, a little closer. Today, I want to tell the people from the contents of senior high school biology course XXXX, following the start of my teaching link.【生物学英文自我介绍】相关文章：1.生物学大学生自我介绍2.英文自我介绍3.英文的自我介绍4.自我介绍的英文5.自我介绍英文6.英文口头自我介绍7.新人的英文自我介绍8.英文工作自我介绍。
生物与医药复试科目汇总
生物与医药复试科目汇总英文回答：Biology and Medicine Comprehensive Examination Subjects. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology:Structure and function of biomolecules.Metabolism and energy production.Gene expression and regulation.Molecular techniques.Cell Biology:Cell structure and function.Cell cycle and division.Cell signaling.Microscopy and imaging techniques. Physiology:Cardiovascular system.Respiratory system.Nervous system.Endocrine system.Immunology:Immune response and surveillance. Antibodies and antigens.Innate and adaptive immunity.Microbiology:Microbial structure and function.Microbial genetics and diversity.Pathogenesis and infectious diseases.Pharmacology:Principles of drug action.Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.Drug discovery and development.Epidemiology and Biostatistics:Principles of epidemiology.Statistical methods in biomedical research.Medical Ethics and Law:Ethical issues in biomedical research and practice. Legal aspects of healthcare.中文回答：生物与医药复试科目汇总。
从轮叶党参中分离到的一种新的脱水素基因(英文文献)
BMBreports338BMB reports*Corresponding author. T el: 82-31-201-2688; Fax: 82-31-202-2687;E-mail: dcyang@khu.ac.krReceived 17 October 2007, Accepted 26 December 2007K eywords: Abiotic stress, Codonopsis lanceolata , Dehydrin (DHN), Semi-quantitative RT-PCRIsolation of a novel dehydrin gene from Codonopsis lanceolata and analysis of its response to abiotic stressesRama Krishna Pulla 1,2, Yu-Jin Kim 1, Myung Kyum Kim 1, Kalai Selvi Senthil 3, Jun-Gyo In 4 & Deok-Chun Yang 1,*1Korean Ginseng Center and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-dong, Kiheung-gu Yongin, Kyunggi-do, South Korea, 2Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641029, India. 3Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, 641043, India. 4Biopia Co., Ltd., Yongin, KoreaDehydrins (DHNs) compose a family of intrinsically unstructured proteins that have high water solubility and accumulate during late seed development at low temperature or in water-deficit conditions. They are believed to play a protective role in freez-ing and drought-tolerance in plants. A full-length cDNA encod-ing DHN (designated as ClDhn ) was isolated from an oriental medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata , which has been used widely in Asia for its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. The full-length cDNA of ClDhn was 813 bp and contained a 477 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 159 amino acids. Deduced ClDhn protein had high similarities with other plant DHNs. RT-PCR analysis showed that different abiotic stresses such as salt, wounding, chilling and light, trig-gered a significant induction of ClDhn at different time points within 4-48 hrs post-treatment. This study revealed that ClDhn assisted C. lanceolata in becoming resistant to dehydration. [BMB reports 2008; 41(4): 338-343]INTRODUCTIONPlants have developed defensive strategies against various stresses that arise from frequent environmental fluctuations to which they are exposed. Drought and low temperatures are the most severe factors limiting plant growth and yield. More than 100 genes have been shown to be responsive to such conditions and they are believed to function either during the physiological protection of cells from water-deficiencies or temperature-changes or in the regulation of gene expression (1-3).DHNs are proteins that are known to accumulate in vegetative plant tissues under stress conditions, such as low temperature, drought, or salt-stress (2, 4-6). These proteins have been catego-rized as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins (7, 8).DHNs have been subdivided into five classes according to thepresence of highly conservative segments: YnSK 2, Kn, KnS, SKn and Y 2Kn. The K-segment (EKKIGIMDKIKEKLPG) is a conserved 15-mer lysine-rich sequence characteristic of DHNs, which may be present in one or several copies (5). The K-segment can form an amphiphathic α-helix structure that may interact with lipid components of bio-membranes and partially denatured proteins like chaperones (6, 9). The S-segment consists of contiguous ser-ine residues in the centre of the protein, which may be phosphorylated. They are involved in nuclear transport through their binding to nuclear localization signal peptides (6). The Y-segment with the consensus sequence DEYGNP, shares some similarities to the nucleotide-binding site of chaperones in plants and bacteria (5, 10). Another conserved domain contained in many DHNs is ϕ-segment (repeated Gly and polar amino acids), which interacts with and stabilizes membranes and macro-molecules, preventing structural damage and maintaining the activity of essential enzymes (11).DHNs have been found in the cytoplasm (12), nucleus (12, 13), mitochondria (14), vacuole (15), and chloroplasts (16). They are known to associate with membranes (17, 18), pro-teins (19) and excess salt ions (15, 20). Several DHN genes have been isolated and characterized from different species, including cor47, erd10 and erd14 from Arabidopsis thaliana ; Hsp90, BN59, BN115 and Bnerd10 from Brassica napus ; cor39 and wcs19 from Triticum aestivum (bread wheat); and cor25 from Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (21). Many studies have reported a positive correlation between the accumulation of DHN transcripts or proteins and tolerance to freezing, drought, and salinity (12, 17, 22-24). Moreover, mod-ulation of transcripts by light has been reported for many DHN-encoding genes in drought- or cold-stressed plants (25-28). Although the biochemical functions and physiological roles of DHNs are still unclear, their sequence character-izations and expression patterns suggest that they may play a positive role in plant-response and adaptation to abiotic stress that leads to cellular dehydration. Indeed, many studies have indicated that transgenic plants with DHNs have a better stress-tolerance, recovery or re-growth after drought and freez-ing stress than that of the control (8, 29, 30).Thus far, there are no reports on isolation of the DHN gene from the oriental medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata . ThisCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin geneRama Krishna Pulla, et al.339BMBreportsFig. 1. Nucleotide sequence and de-duced amino acid sequence of a ClDhn cDNA isolated from C. lanceolata . Num-bers on the left represent nucleotide positions. The deduced amino acid se-quence is shown in a single-letter code below the nucleotide sequence. The as-terisk denotes the translation stop signal.Amino acids in two double boxes repre-sent the Y-segment and amino acids in a single box the S-segment, respectively.The two underlined sequences represent the K-segments.plant belongs to the family of Campanulaceae (bellflower fam-ily), which contains many famous oriental medicinal plants such as Platycodon grandiflorum (Chinese bellflower or balloon flow-er), Codonopsis pilosula and Adenophora triphylla (nan sha shen). The roots of these plants have been used as herbal drugs to treat bronchitis, cough, spasm, macrophage-mediated immune responses and inflammation, and has also been administered as a tonic (31). C. lanceolata grows in North-eastern china, Korea, and far eastern Siberia. Despite their medicinal importance, little genomic study of this plant has been carried out. In this study, we characterized an Y 2SK 2 type DHN gene from C. lanceolata and analyzed its expression in response to various abiotic stresses.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONIsolation and characterization of the full length cDNA of the ClDhn geneAs part of a genomic project to identify genes in the medicinal plant C. lanceolata , a cDNA library consisting of about 1,000 cDNAs was previously constructed. A cDNA encoding a dehy-drin (DHN), designated ClDhn was isolated and sequenced. The sequence data of ClDhn has been deposited in GenBank under accession number AB126059. As shown in Fig. 1, ClDhn is 813 bp in length and it has an open reading frame (ORF) of 477 bp nucleotide with an 87-nucleotide upstream sequence and a 248-nucleotide downstream sequence. The ORF of ClDhn starts at nucleotide position 88 and ends at position 565. ClDhn encodes a precursor protein of 159 amino acids resi-dues with no predicted signal peptide at the N-terminal. The calculated molecular mass of the protein is approximately 16.7kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 6.87. In the deduced amino acid sequence of ClDhn protein, the total number of neg-atively charged residues (Asp +Glu) amounted to 21 while the total number of positively charged residues (Arg +Lys) was 20. In addition, transmembrane helix prediction (TMHMMv2.0) did not identify any transmembrane helices in the deduced protein, implying that the protein did not function in the membrane but might function within the cytosolic or nuclear compartment.Homology analysisA GenBank Blastp search revealed that ClDhn had the highest sequence homology to the carrot (Daucus carota ) DHN (BAD86644) with 51% identity and 61% similarity. ClDhn also shared homology with ginseng (Panax ginseng ) DHN5 (ABF48478, 50% identity and 60% similarity), wild potato (Solanum commersonii ) DHN (CAA75798, 50% identity and 58% similarity), robusta coffee (Coffea canephora ) DHN1α (ABC55670, 47% identity and 55% similarity), grape (Vitis vin-ifera ) DHN (ABN79618, 47% identity and 57% similarity), American beech (Fagus sylvatica ) DHN (CAE54590, 46% iden-tity and 56% similarity), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ) DHN (BAD13498, 45% identity and 56% similarity), sunflower (Helianthus annuus ) DHN (CAC80719, 45% identity and 52% similarity), and soybean (Glycine max ) DHN (AAB71225, 44% identity and 52% similarity). The DHNs showing the highest similarities were Y 2SK 2 type DHNs except grape (Vitis vinifera ) DHN (YSK 2 type) (32). Thus ClDhn might belong to Y 2SK 2 type DHNs based on the two Y-segments, one S-segment, and two K-segments present in its amino acid sequence. Phylogenetic analysis of ten of the plant DHNs were carried out using theCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin gene Rama Krishna Pulla, et al.340BMB reportsFig. 2. A phylogenetic tree based on DHN amino acid sequence, showing the phylogenetic relationship between ClDhn and other plant DHNs . The tree was constructed using the Clustal X method (Neighbor-joining method) and a bar represents 0.1 substitutions peramino acid position.Fig. 3. Alignment of ClDhn with the most closely related DHNs from carrot (Daucus carota , BAD86644), ginseng (Panax ginseng DHN5, ABF48478), com-merson’s wild potato (Solanum commer-sonii , CAA75798), robusta coffee (Coffea canephora , ABC55670), grape (Vitis vin-ifera , ABN79618), American beech (Fagus sylvatica , CAE54590), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum , BAD13498), sunflower (Helian-thus annuus , CAC80719) and soybean (Glycine max , AAB71225). Gaps are marked with dashes. The conserved ami-no acid residues are shaded and Y-, S-, and K-segments are shown.Clustal X program (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 is a sequence alignment result of ClDhn and other closely related DHNs .The differential expression of ClDhn in different organs of C . lanceolataThe expression patterns of ClDhn in different C . lanceolata or-gans were examined using RT-PCR analysis. Almost similar levels of ClDhn -mRNA expression were observed in leaves and roots, whereas ClDhn was expressed in slightly higher lev-els in the stems. (Data was not shown).Expression of ClDhn in response to various stressesExpression patterns of ClDhn under various conditions were ex-amined using RT-PCR analysis. Fig. 4A showed the accumu-lation of ClDhn -mRNA in response to 100 mM ABA in MS agar. ABA is a hormone secreted when environmental conditions be-come dry. Expression of ClDhn was induced and reached a maximum level after 12 hrs, and then gradually decreased. When plants are submitted to dehydration the endogenous con-tent of ABA increases, with ABA mediating the closure of the stomata. Several studies have identified ABA as a key hormone in the induction pathway of many inducible genes including DHN , in response to drought (33-36). 100 μM of ABA in sprayCodonopsis lanceolata dehydrin geneRama Krishna Pulla, et al.341BMBreportsFig. 4. RT-PCR analyses of the expressions of ClDhn gene in the leaves of C. lanceolata at various time points (h) post-treatment with various stresses: A, 100 mM ABA; B, 100 mM NaCl; C, wounding; D, chilling and E, light treatment. Actin was used as an internal control.induced DHN-levels in Brassica napus and increased its ex-pression up to 48 hrs after treatment with ABA (37). 100 μM of ABA in MS agar induced DHN -levels in rice and cause a max-imum expression level at 1 hr post-treatment (10).Fig. 4B shows the accumulation of ClDhn mRNA in re-sponse to salt stress (100 mM NaCl). ClDhn expression was in-duced at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs. In Brassica napus , 250 mM NaCl added in the nutrient medium induced DHN-expression and reached a maximum at 48 hrs post-treatment (37). The application of NaCl to soil brought on a progressive decrease of the pre-dawn leaf water potential, a decrease of stomatal-conductance and a growth- reduction. Osmotic potential increase during salt treatmentcould result from Na ＋ or Cl −absorption and from the synthesis of compatible compounds (38).Under wounding stress, ClDhn gene transcription was in-duced at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs (Fig. 4C). Richard et al . (39) discussed that the cumulative effect of wounding on transcript accumulation could also be associated with greater water-loss through more open surfaces arising from the wounding treatment.Under cold treatment, increase of ClDhn transcripts was ob-served at 4 hrs post-treatment and gradually increased until 48 hrs (Fig. 4D). Induction of DHN by low temperatures has been observed in numerous plants (17, 38). Overexpression of citrus DHN improved the cold tolerance in tobacco (18). Overexpre-ssion of multiple DHN genes in Arabidopsis resulted in accu-mulation of the corresponding DHNs to levels similar or higher than in cold-acclimated wild-type plants (24). Another example showed that overexpression of the acidic DHN WCOR410 could improve freezing tolerance in transgenic strawberry leaves (29). Fig. 4E shows that ClDhn gene expression was induced bylight stress and increased continuously until 48 hrs post-treat-ment. Natali et al . (40) showed that the G-box (CACGTGGC), a motif found in the promoter region of many light regulated genes, was found in the DHN gene promoter of helianthus and that DHN was responsive to light stress (41).In conclusion, we isolated a new dehydrin gene (ClDhn ) from C. lanceolata and characterized its expression in response to various stresses. ClDhn was induced by various stresses related to wa-ter-deficiency (ABA, salt, wounding and cold) and was induced by light, similar to other DHN genes isolated from other plants.MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant materialsCodonopsis lanceolata were grown in vitro on MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar under the 16 hrs light and 8 hrs dark period. Its growth was maintained by regular subculture every 4 weeks. Abiotic stress studies were carried out on plants that were subcultured for one month. To analyze gene expression in different organs, samples were col-lected from leaves, roots and stem of C. lanceolata plants.Sequence analysesThe full-length ClDhn gene was analyzed using the softwares BioEdit, Clustal X, Mega 3 and other databases listed below; NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih), SOPMA (http://npsa-pbil.ibcp /npsaautomat.pl?page=npsopma.html).Stress assaysTo investigate the response of the ClDhn gene to various stress-es, the third leaves with petioles from C. lanceolata were used. For treatment with ABA (100 mM) and NaCl (100 mM), leaf samples were incubated in media containing each compound at 25o C for 48 hrs. For mechanical wounding stress, excised leaves were wounded with a needle puncher (42). Chilling stress was applied by exposing the leaves to a temperature of 4o C (43). To investigate the ClDhn gene-expressions in light, leaves were incubated under an electrical lamp with a light in-tensity of 24 mol m-2 s-1 for 48 hrs. All treatments were carried out on MS media with or without the treatment solution (ABA, NaCl). All treated plant materials were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70o C until further analysis.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysisTotal RNA was extracted from various whole plant tissues (leaves, stem, roots) of C. lancolata using the Rneasy mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). For RT-PCR (reverse tran-scriptase-PCR), 800 ng of total RNA was used as a template for reverse transcription using oligo (dT) primer (0.2 mM)(INTRON Biotechnology, Inc., South Korea) for 5 mins at 75oC. The reaction mixture was then incubated with AMV Reverse Transcriptase (10 U/μl) (INTRON Biotechology, Inc., SouthKorea) for 60 mins at 42oC. The reaction was inactivated byheating the mixture at 94oC for 5 mins. PCR was then per-Codonopsis lanceolata dehydrin gene Rama Krishna Pulla, et al.342BMB reportsformed using a 1 μl aliquot of the first stand cDNA in a final volume of 25 μl containing 5 pmol of specific primers for cod-ing of ClDhn gene (forward, 5'-AAA GAG AGA GAA AAT GGC AGG TTA C-3'; reverse, 5'-GGA GTA GTT GTT GAA GTT CTC TGC T-3') were used. As a control, the primers spe-cific to the C. lanceolata actin gene were used (forward, 5'-CAA GAA GAG CTA CGA GCT ACC CGA TGG-3'; reverse, 5'-CTC GGT GCT AGG GCA GTG ATC TCT TTG CT-3'). PCR was carried out using 1 μl of taq DNA polymerase (Solgent Co., South Korea) in a thermal cycler programmed as follows:an initial denaturation for 5 mins at 95oC, 30 amplification cy-cles [30 s at 95o C (denaturation), 30 s at 53o C (annealing), and90 s at 72oC (polymerization)], followed by a final elongation for 10 mins at 72o C. Actin was used as an internal control to normalize each sample for variations in the amount of RNA used.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (No. R01-2006-000-11178-0).REFERENCES1.Bray, E. A. (2002) Classification of the genes differentially expressed during water-deficit stress in Arabidopsis thali-ana : An analysis using micro array and differential ex-pression data. Ann. Bot. 89, 803-811.2.Ingram, J. and Bartels, D. (1996) The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 377-403.3.Kim, S. J., Jeong, D. H., An, G. and Kim, S. R. (2005) Characterization of a drought-responsive gene, OsTPS1, identified by the T-DNA gene-trap system in rice. J. Plant Biol. 48, 371-379.4.Allagulova, Ch. R., Gimalor, F. R., Shakirova, F. M. and Vakhitov, V. A. (2003) The plant dehydrins: Structure and putative functions. 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Vertebrate Proteomics Analysis
Vertebrate Proteomics Analysis Vertebrate proteomics analysis is a crucial field in biological research that focuses on studying the proteins present in various vertebrate species. Proteins play a vital role in almost all biological processes, serving as the building blocks of cells and tissues, as well as being involved in signaling pathways, enzymatic reactions, and many other functions essential for life. By analyzing the proteome of vertebrates, researchers can gain valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various physiological and pathological processes. One ofthe key goals of vertebrate proteomics analysis is to identify and quantify the proteins present in different tissues, organs, or cell types of vertebrate species. This information can help researchers understand the functional diversity of proteins in different biological contexts and provide insights into how these proteins contribute to the overall physiology of vertebrates. For example, by comparing the proteomes of healthy and diseased tissues, researchers can identify potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In addition to identifying and quantifying proteins, vertebrate proteomics analysis also involves studying post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. PTMs, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, can significantly impact the function, localization, and stability of proteins. By characterizing the PTMs of proteins in vertebrates, researchers can uncover novel regulatory mechanisms and gain a deeper understanding of how these modifications influence cellular processes and disease states. Furthermore, vertebrate proteomics analysis often involves studyingprotein-protein interactions (PPIs) to elucidate the complex networks of proteins that govern cellular functions. PPIs play a crucial role in signal transduction, gene regulation, and many other biological processes. By mapping out the interactome of vertebrate species, researchers can identify key protein hubs, signaling pathways, and regulatory circuits that are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to external stimuli. Moreover, vertebrate proteomics analysis can also be used to study the evolutionary conservation of proteins across different vertebrate species. By comparing the proteomes ofclosely related species, researchers can identify conserved proteins and pathwaysthat have been preserved throughout evolution. This comparative approach can provide insights into the functional importance of certain proteins and help researchers understand how molecular changes have contributed to the diversity of vertebrate species. In conclusion, vertebrate proteomics analysis is a powerful tool for studying the complex and dynamic world of proteins in vertebrate species. By identifying and quantifying proteins, studying PTMs, investigating PPIs, and exploring evolutionary conservation, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie physiological processes, disease states, and evolutionary adaptations in vertebrates. This knowledge can ultimately lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools, therapeutic targets, and insights into the biology of vertebrate species.。
清华生物博士申请英语要求
清华生物博士申请英语要求IntroductionI am writing to express my strong interest in the Ph.D. program in Bioinformatics at Tsinghua University. With my background in biology and computer science, I believe that the program at Tsinghua University will provide me with the perfect opportunity to further my academic and research aspirations. My academic background, research experience, and professional goals align perfectly with the high standards and rigorous curriculum of the Ph.D. program at Tsinghua University, and I am eager to contribute to the cutting-edge research being conducted at your esteemed institution.Academic BackgroundI completed my undergraduate studies in Biology with a focus on Genetics and Genomics ata leading university. During my undergraduate studies, my coursework delved into molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics, where I gained a solid foundation in the principles of biology. In addition to my coursework, I actively pursued research opportunities and collaborated with faculty members on projects related to genomic analysis and molecular biology. My dedication to academic excellence led me to graduate with honors and an outstanding academic record.Following my undergraduate studies, I pursued a Master's degree in Computer Science, specializing in Bioinformatics. This interdisciplinary program allowed me to bridge the gap between biology and computer science and gain expertise in computational methods for biological data analysis. My coursework included advanced topics in algorithm design, machine learning, and statistical analysis, which enabled me to develop a strong skillset in data analysis and programming. Furthermore, I completed a thesis project focused on the development of a novel algorithm for analyzing genomic data, which showcased my ability to apply computational methods to biological research.Research ExperienceDuring my academic pursuits, I actively sought out research opportunities to gain hands-on experience in applying computational methods to biological problems. I worked as a research assistant in a laboratory specializing in genomics, where I collaborated on projects aimed at understanding the genetic basis of complex traits. My responsibilities included analyzing large-scale genomic datasets, developing computational models for genetic studies, and interpreting biological insights from computational analyses. This experience honed my skills in data analysis, statistical modeling, and scientific communication, and instilled in me a passion for leveraging computational tools to advance biological research. Professional GoalsMy academic and research experiences have fueled my ambition to pursue a Ph.D. in Bioinformatics at Tsinghua University. I am eager to delve deeper into the interdisciplinaryfield of bioinformatics, where I aim to contribute to the development of computational methods for understanding complex biological systems. My long-term career goal is to become a leading researcher in the field of bioinformatics, where I can leverage my expertise to address critical challenges in genomics, precision medicine, and personalized healthcare. I am committed to conducting impactful research that integrates computational and biological approaches to drive innovation and discovery in the life sciences.Why Tsinghua UniversityI am confident that Tsinghua University is the ideal institution for me to pursue my Ph.D. studies in bioinformatics. The university's exceptional faculty, state-of-the-art research facilities, and collaborative research environment align with my academic and research goals. I am particularly drawn to the interdisciplinary nature of the bioinformatics program at Tsinghua University, where I can engage with experts in biology, computer science, and other related fields to advance my research endeavors. Furthermore, the university's reputation for excellence in scientific research and its commitment to fostering a diverse and inclusive academic community make Tsinghua University the perfect setting for me to thrive as a Ph.D. candidate.ConclusionIn conclusion, I am excited about the opportunity to join the Ph.D. program in Bioinformatics at Tsinghua University. My academic background, research experiences, and professional goals have prepared me to excel in this challenging and dynamic field of study.I am confident that the resources and mentorship available at Tsinghua University will propel my research aspirations and enable me to make valuable contributions to the field of bioinformatics. I am fully committed to pursuing a Ph.D. at Tsinghua University, and I am eager to embark on this transformative academic journey within your esteemed institution. Thank you for considering my application, and I look forward to the possibility of contributing to the vibrant academic community at Tsinghua University.。
有关高考生物的作文英语
As a high school student, the journey through the gaokao, Chinas national college entrance examination, is an experience that shapes our lives significantly. Among the subjects that we prepare for, biology stands out as a fascinating and complex field that challenges us to understand the intricate workings of life. Here, I want to share my reflections on the gaokao biology experience and how it has influenced my perspective on the natural world.The gaokao biology curriculum is vast, encompassing topics from cellular biology to ecology. It requires a deep understanding of the scientific method, as well as the ability to apply this knowledge to a variety of scenarios. One of the most challenging aspects of studying for the gaokao in biology is the sheer volume of information that we must absorb. From memorizing the structure of the DNA double helix to understanding the complex interactions within an ecosystem, the breadth of knowledge is immense.During my preparation for the gaokao, I found that the key to mastering biology was not just rote memorization, but also the ability to think critically about the information. For example, understanding the process of photosynthesis wasnt just about remembering the steps it was about grasping why plants need sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. This understanding allowed me to apply the concept to various questions and scenarios, which is a common approach in the gaokao biology exam.The gaokao biology exam also tests our ability to analyze data and drawconclusions. We are often presented with graphs, charts, and experimental results that we must interpret. This skill is not only crucial for the exam but also for our future studies and careers. It has taught me the importance of being detailoriented and analytical, skills that are valuable in any field.One of the most memorable parts of my biology gaokao preparation was the dissection of a frog. This handson experience gave me a deeper appreciation for the complexity of life and the precision of biological systems. It was a humbling experience to see the intricate network of muscles, nerves, and organs that work together to keep an organism alive. This experience has instilled in me a greater respect for life and the natural world.Moreover, the gaokao biology exam has also taught me about the importance of environmental conservation. Studying topics like biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development has made me more aware of the challenges our planet faces. It has motivated me to consider how I can contribute to a more sustainable future, whether through my career choices or my daily actions.In conclusion, the gaokao biology experience has been more than just a test of my knowledge it has been a journey of discovery and learning about the world around me. It has equipped me with a scientific mindset and a deeper understanding of the natural world. As I look forward to my future, I am grateful for the lessons I have learned and the skills I have developed through the gaokao biology curriculum. It has prepared me notonly for higher education but also for a lifetime of curiosity and exploration.。
生物制剂学英语作文
生物制剂学英语作文Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving field that has revolutionized various aspects of our lives. From the development of life-saving drugs to the creation of innovative agricultural products, the impact of biotechnology is undeniable. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted realm of biotechnology, delving into its history, applications, and future prospects.The origins of biotechnology can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where humans harnessed the power of living organisms to produce essential goods such as bread, wine, and cheese. However, the modern era of biotechnology truly began in the 1970s with the advent of recombinant DNA technology. This groundbreaking technique allowed scientists to manipulate and transfer genetic material between different organisms, paving the way for a myriad of advancements.One of the most significant applications of biotechnology is in the pharmaceutical industry. Biopharmaceuticals, or biologics, are drugs derived from living organisms, such as cells, tissues, or microorganisms. These therapeutic agents have transformed the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmunedisorders, and genetic conditions. Biotechnology has enabled the development of monoclonal antibodies, which target specific molecules and have revolutionized cancer treatment. Additionally, the production of insulin for the management of diabetes has been revolutionized through the use of genetically engineered bacteria.Beyond the realm of medicine, biotechnology has also made significant strides in the agricultural sector. Genetically modified crops, often referred to as GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms), have been developed to enhance desirable traits such as increased yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional value. These advancements have the potential to address global food security challenges and improve the livelihoods of farmers worldwide. Moreover, biotechnology has also contributed to the developmentof biofuels, which offer a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.In the field of environmental conservation, biotechnology has played a crucial role. Bioremediation, the use of living organisms to remove or neutralize environmental pollutants, has become an increasingly important tool in addressing issues such as oil spills, heavy metal contamination, and the degradation of hazardous waste. Microorganisms can be engineered to break down and metabolize these pollutants, effectively cleaning up the environment.The advancements in biotechnology have also extended to the realm of forensics and crime investigation. Techniques such as DNA profiling and genetic fingerprinting have revolutionized the way we approach criminal investigations, enabling the identification of individuals with unprecedented accuracy. These tools have not only helped to solve crimes but have also played a crucial role in exonerating the wrongfully accused.As biotechnology continues to evolve, the future holds immense promise. Emerging fields such as synthetic biology, where scientists design and construct novel biological systems, have the potential to revolutionize various industries. Advancements in gene editing technologies, like CRISPR-Cas9, have opened the door to the precise manipulation of genetic material, allowing for the treatment of genetic disorders and the potential enhancement of human traits.However, the rapid progress of biotechnology also raises ethical and regulatory concerns. Issues such as the safety of genetically modified organisms, the equitable access to biotechnological advancements, and the potential misuse of these technologies for nefarious purposes must be carefully addressed. Ongoing discussions and collaborations among scientists, policymakers, and the public are crucial to ensure that the benefits of biotechnology are realized while mitigating potential risks.In conclusion, biotechnology is a multifaceted field that has profoundly impacted various aspects of our lives. From advancements in medicine and agriculture to environmental conservation and forensics, the transformative power of biotechnology is undeniable. As we continue to push the boundaries of scientific understanding, it is essential to navigate the ethical and regulatory landscape with foresight and responsibility, ensuring that the benefits of biotechnology are harnessed for the betterment of humanity and the planet.。
2_个发育阶段的克氏原螯虾卵巢转录组学分析
54卷2个发育阶段的克氏原螯虾卵巢转录组学分析黄瑾1，2，陈晓汉1，2，闭显达2，吴铁军2，梁正2，高雪梅2，陈田聪2，王卉2，李旻2，陈秀荔2*（1广西大学动物科学技术学院，广西南宁530004；2广西水产科学研究院/广西水产遗传育种与健康养殖重点实验室，广西南宁530021）摘要：【目的】通过转录组测序分析筛选出与克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii ）卵巢发育相关的主要代谢通路及特异表达基因，为揭示克氏原螯虾卵巢发育分子机制提供理论依据。
【方法】采集发育至Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期的克氏原螯虾卵巢组织样品，用石蜡包埋法进行组织学观察；同时提取RNA 构建cDNA 文库，通过Illumina NovaSeq 6000完成转录组测序，筛选出差异表达基因（DEGs ），然后进行GO 功能注释分析和KEGG 代谢通路富集分析，并通过实时荧光定量PCR 验证转录组数据的准确性。
【结果】克氏原螯虾Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期卵巢的卵巢指数分别为0.22%和2.70%，对应的卵母细胞分别以生长期卵母细胞和成熟期卵母细胞为主要时相；转录组测序分别获得49716560和44573146条有效序列（Clean reads ），各样本Clean reads 与克氏原螯虾参考基因组序列的匹配率均超过92.00%。
从克氏原螯虾Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期卵巢组织中筛选出1508个DEGs （762个DEGs 为上调表达，746个DEGs 为下调表达），GO 功能注释分析发现DEGs 主要注释在薄膜部分、结合、催化活性和细胞部分等功能条目上；KEGG 代谢通路富集分析显示，上调DEGs 富集在247条代谢通路上，主要包括溶酶体、抗原处理和呈递、胰腺分泌、鞘磷脂代谢、PI3K-Akt 信号通路等；下调DEGs 富集在270条代谢通路上，主要有系统性红斑狼疮、溶酶体、TGF-β信号通路、GnRH 信号通路等。
筛选出10个与克氏原螯虾卵巢发育相关的保守基因，分别是H2A 、S3a 、IR93a 、FOXL 、nanos 、RPB1、piwi 、insulin 、scylla 和serine 基因。
Human Reproductive Biology
Human Reproductive BiologyHuman Reproductive Biology is a complex and fascinating subject that has been studied for centuries. It involves the process of human reproduction, from the formation of gametes to the development of the embryo and fetus. The study of human reproductive biology is important for understanding the mechanisms of fertility and infertility, as well as for developing effective treatments for reproductive disorders. In this essay, we will explore the different aspects of human reproductive biology, including the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, the process of fertilization, and the development of the embryo and fetus.The human reproductive system is made up of the male and female reproductive organs. The male reproductive system includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. The testes are responsible for producing sperm, while the other organs are involved in the transport and storage of sperm. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries are responsible for producing eggs, while the other organs are involved in the transport, fertilization, and development of the embryo and fetus.The process of fertilization involves the fusion of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote. This occurs in the fallopian tube, where the egg is released from the ovary and travels to the uterus. The sperm are deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse and travel through the cervix, uterus, and into the fallopian tube. The sperm and egg meet in the fallopian tube and fuse together to form a zygote. The zygote then begins to divide and develop into an embryo.The development of the embryo and fetus is a complex process that involves the formation of different organs and systems. During the first trimester, the embryo develops the basic structures of the nervous system, heart, lungs, and digestive system. By the end of the first trimester, the embryo is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce. During the second trimester, the fetus continues to grow and develop, and the organs and systems become more complex. By the end of the second trimester, the fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs about 2 pounds. During the third trimester, the fetus continues to grow anddevelop, and prepares for birth. By the end of the third trimester, the fetus is about 20 inches long and weighs about 7 pounds.The study of human reproductive biology is important for understanding the mechanisms of fertility and infertility. Infertility is a common problem that affects many couples, and can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, and lifestyle factors. Understanding the causes of infertility can help to develop effective treatments, such as assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). ART involves the manipulation of sperm and eggs outside of the body, and can help couples who are struggling with infertility to conceive.In conclusion, human reproductive biology is a complex and fascinating subject that has many different aspects. Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, the process of fertilization, and the development of the embryo and fetus is important for understanding the mechanisms of fertility and infertility, as well as for developing effective treatments for reproductive disorders. The study of human reproductive biology is a vital area of research that has the potential to improve the lives of millions of people around the world.。
生物专业英语第四版课文
生物专业英语第四版课文The Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is a comprehensive and well-structured resource that provides students and professionals in the field of biology with a solid foundation in the English language. This textbook is designed to cater to the needs of individuals who are studying or working in the biological sciences and require proficiency in English to effectively communicate their research findings, participate in international conferences, and collaborate with colleagues from around the world.One of the standout features of this textbook is its focus on scientific terminology and vocabulary. The authors have carefully curated a wide range of biological terms and concepts, ensuring that readers are exposed to the language used in academic and professional settings. The textbook covers a diverse range of topics, including cell biology, genetics, ecology, and evolution, among others, providing students with the necessary vocabulary and language skills to engage with the subject matter at a deeper level.The organization of the textbook is another strength, as it follows alogical progression that allows learners to build their knowledge and skills gradually. Each chapter begins with an introduction to the topic, followed by a series of reading passages that delve into the subject in greater detail. The passages are accompanied by a range of exercises and activities designed to reinforce the vocabulary and grammar concepts introduced in the text.One of the unique aspects of this textbook is its emphasis on developing practical language skills. In addition to the traditional reading and comprehension exercises, the textbook includes sections on scientific writing, oral presentations, and professional communication. These sections provide learners with the tools and strategies they need to effectively communicate their ideas and findings in a variety of academic and professional settings.The textbook also includes a strong focus on cultural awareness and intercultural communication. The authors recognize that the field of biology is inherently global, with researchers and professionals from diverse cultural backgrounds collaborating on a regular basis. To this end, the textbook includes sections on cultural differences, etiquette, and strategies for effective cross-cultural communication.Another noteworthy feature of the Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is its use of authentic materials. The reading passages and exercises are based on real-world scientific articles, research papers,and other relevant sources, ensuring that learners are exposed to the language and conventions used in the field. This approach not only enhances the relevance and applicability of the content but also helps students develop the critical thinking and analytical skills necessary for success in the biological sciences.The textbook also includes a comprehensive set of supplementary materials, such as audio recordings, interactive exercises, and online resources. These materials provide learners with additional opportunities to practice their language skills and reinforce their understanding of the course content.Overall, the Biological English Fourth Edition Textbook is an invaluable resource for students and professionals in the field of biology who are looking to improve their English language proficiency. The textbook's focus on scientific terminology, practical language skills, and cultural awareness makes it an essential tool for anyone seeking to excel in the global arena of biological research and communication.。
生物博士面试英语自我介绍
生物博士面试英语自我介绍"Good morning, esteemed panel of interviewers! I am thrilled to be here today to introduce myself as a passionate biologist with a burning curiosity for the intricate dance of life. My name is [Your Name], and I hold a Ph.D. in Biology from [Your University], where I immersed myself in the study of [Your Specific Field of Study], a field that has not only broadened my understanding of the natural world but also ignited my desire to contribute to its preservation and advancement.Throughout my academic journey, I have honed my skills in experimental design, data analysis, and scientific communication, all of which I believe are crucial for therole I am applying for. I have authored several research papers that have been published in reputable journals, reflecting my dedication to rigorous scientific inquiry and my ability to communicate complex ideas effectively.My experience extends beyond the lab, as I have engagedin various outreach programs to promote scientific literacy and have mentored undergraduate students, fostering a collaborative and supportive learning environment. I am eager to bring my expertise, enthusiasm, and a commitment to innovation to your esteemed institution, where I am confident I can make a meaningful impact in the field of biology.I am looking forward to discussing how my backgroundaligns with the goals of your team and how together we can further the boundaries of our understanding of life's many wonders. Thank you for considering my application and giving me the opportunity to share my passion for biology with you today."。
生物学博士英语
生物学博士英语As a Ph.D. in Biology, I have dedicated years of study and research to understanding the intricacies of thenatural world. My expertise lies in the field of molecular biology, where I have focused on the study of genetic mechanisms and their impact on various biological processes.My research has primarily centered around the role of DNA and RNA in cellular function, with a particular emphasis on gene expression and regulation. Through experimental analysis and computational modeling, I have sought to unravel the complex networks that govern genetic information flow within living organisms.In addition to my laboratory work, I have also been involved in teaching and mentoring undergraduate and graduate students. I have designed and led courses ontopics such as genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics, aiming to cultivate a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of life among the next generation of biologists.Furthermore, I have collaborated with other researchersin the field to publish my findings in peer-reviewedjournals and present my work at scientific conferences. By engaging with the broader scientific community, I have been able to contribute to the collective knowledge of molecular biology and foster meaningful discussions about the latest advancements in the field.In the future, I am eager to continue my research and pursue new avenues of inquiry within molecular biology. I am particularly interested in exploring the intersection of genetics and medicine, with the goal of developing innovative therapies for genetic diseases and advancing our understanding of human health and disease.作为生物学博士，我已经花费了多年的时间研究和探索自然界的复杂性。
reproductive biomedicine online 中科院分区 大类 小类 -回复
reproductive biomedicine online 中科院分区大类小类-回复Title: Reproductive Biomedicine Online: A Comprehensive Review and Classification within the CAS SystemIntroduction:Reproductive Biomedicine Online (RBO) is an esteemed academic journal that focuses on the field of reproductive biomedicine, encompassing various disciplines such as reproductive endocrinology, assisted reproductive technologies (ART), reproductive genetics, and reproductive ethics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of RBO's classification within the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) system, including its major category and sub-categories.Section 1: Overview of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) System:1.1 CAS System Introduction:The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is a leading institution in China that promotes scientific research and development. It is responsible for the evaluation and classification of academicjournals based on their impact and scientific quality.1.2 CAS Journal Evaluation and Classification:The CAS system utilizes a two-tier evaluation system, incorporating qualitative analysis and quantitative measures, to classify academic journals. The primary classification is based on two modules: major category and sub-category.Section 2: Classification of Reproductive Biomedicine Online (RBO) within the CAS System:2.1 Major Category Assignment:Reproductive Biomedicine Online has been categorized under the Life Sciences Division (LSD) within the CAS system. The LSD covers various fields related to life sciences, including biology, genetics, and biomedicine.2.2 Sub-Category Classification:Within the Life Sciences Division, RBO is further classified into the sub-category of "Reproductive and Developmental Biology." This sub-category focuses specifically on research related to the reproductive system, including its biological processes, fertilization, early embryonic development, and gamete biology.Section 3: Impact Factor and Influence:3.1 Impact Factor Definition:The Impact Factor (IF) is a measure used to evaluate the importance and influence of scientific journals within their respective fields. It quantifies the average number of citations received by articles published in a particular journal during a specified period.3.2 RBO's Impact Factor Ranking:Reproductive Biomedicine Online has consistently maintained a high Impact Factor, which reflects its significant contribution to the field of reproductive biomedicine. The journal's Impact Factor ranking places it among the top-tier academic journals worldwide within the field.Section 4: Contributions and Outstanding Research within Reproductive Biomedicine Online:4.1 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART):RBO publishes groundbreaking research on ART techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and other advanced reproductive technologies. These studies explore the efficacy,safety, and ethical considerations associated with ART procedures.4.2 Reproductive Genetics:This section highlights RBO's contributions to reproductive genetics research, including genetic screening, prenatal diagnosis, and gene editing techniques. The journal publishes studies aiming to improve understanding, diagnosis, and prevention of inheritable genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.4.3 Reproductive Endocrinology:RBO features studies on various hormonal aspects of reproduction, focusing on conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, and hormonal imbalances affecting reproductive health. These articles cover both basic research and clinical interventions related to reproductive endocrinology.4.4 Reproductive Ethics and Law:Ethical considerations are a vital aspect of reproductive biomedicine. RBO publishes research exploring ethical dilemmas surrounding ART, reproductive genetic testing, surrogacy, and other related issues. These studies contribute to the development of ethical guidelines and inform policy decisions in the field.Conclusion:Reproductive Biomedicine Online's classification within the CAS system as a prominent journal in the Life Sciences Division underscores its significant contributions to the field of reproductive biomedicine. Through its high-quality research publications, RBO plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge, innovation, and ethical practices within this dynamic and evolving field.。
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A si an H er pet ol ogi c al R e sea r c h2010，l(1)：44—47D O I：10．3724／S P．J．1245．2010．00044R epr oduct i ve B i ol ogy of B oi ga guangxi ens i s W en，1998(Ser pent es：C ol ubr i dae)Ser gei A．R yabovP and N i kol ai L．O r l ov21T u／a E xot ar i um，O kt yabr s kaya，26，T u／a300002，Russi a2Z ool ogi ca l I nst i t ut e，R us s i an A ca dem y of Sci ences，U ni ver si t et s kaya N ab．1，St．Pet er s bur g199034，R uss i aA bst r act U p t o now,t he r epr od uct i ve bi ol ogy of m ost speci es of t he genusB oi ga i s i nves t igat ed ve r y l i t t l e．I m por t ant dat a on t he r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy of B oi ga guangxi e nsi s w ere r ece i ved by us f or t he f'u'st t i m e．T he i nves t i gat i ons w er e car r i ed ou t i n V i et N a m dur i ng expe di t i ons and i n t he l abor at ori es of T ul a Exot af i umi n t he per i od bet w ee n1998-2000．T he dat a on t he f eedi ng，egg s i ze，i ncubat i on，s i ze of hat chi n gs，and j uveni l e col o ur at i on of t hi s speci es ar e pr ovi de d f or t he f i r st t i m e．I n addi t i on，t he dat a on si z e a nd r at i o of s nout-vent l engt l Y t ai l l engt h of t hi s s na ke ar e pr ovi ded bas ed on t he V i e t na m e se sa m pl es．O ur r es ear ches de m onst r at e d t hat B．guangxi e nsi s i s di st i ngui shed f r om m os t ot her s peci es of t he genus by a num ber of pecul i ari t i es of i t s r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy．A l so，m or phol ogi c al di f f er ences bet w eenC hi ne se and V i e t na m e se i ndi vi dual s of t hi s s peci es w er e not e d．K eyw or ds B oi ga guangxi ensi s，r epr oduct i on，j uveni l e col ourat i on，V i et N am1．I nt r oduc t i onThe G uangxi C atS na ke，B oi ga guangxi ensi s，w as r e-cent l y de scr i bed f r om G uangxi i n C hi na by W en(1998)．I n V i et N am．只guangxi ens i s w as pr evi ous l y i dent i f i ed嬲B．cynodon by C am pden-M ai n(1970)，and N guyen and H o(1996)．Thi s speci e s w as m ent i one d as80i ga ni gr i ceps(Z ha o and A dl e r,1993)．It i s di st r i but ed i n m any pans of V i et N am，i ncl udi ng L ao C a i，C a o B ang，L ang Son，T hai N guyen，V i Tl l l Phuc and B ac G i ang pr ovi nces i n t he nort h，Q uang B i nh，K on T uma nd G i a L ai pr ovi nces i n ce nt ra l，and L am D ong，T ay N i nh and D ong N ai pr ovi nc es i n sout h V i et N am(N guyen e t a1．，2009)．W e al so obse r ve d t hi s speci e s i n t he f or est nea r Son K i m C om m une，H u ong Son D i s t r i ct of H a T i nh Pr ovi nce．Thi s s peci es i s al s o know n f rom Laos(O r l ov a nd Ryabov,2002)．M ost of t he speci e s of B oi ga ar e r ar el y kept i n capt i vi t y,and onl y l i t tl e i s know n about t hei r r epr od uct i ve bi ol ogy．Si nce1998，a s ci ent i f i c-pr act i cal r es ear ch pr ogr am f or+C or re s p on di n g aut hor：D r．Ser g ei A R y a bo v,D i re c t or of Tul a E x ot a-r i um,w i t h hi s r ese ar ch f o cusi n g o n i nves t i gat i o n ofA s i a n s nakes．E—m ai l：ser gr yabov@m a i l．r BR e ce i ve d：19M ay2010A c ce pt e d：27Ju l y2010t he r epr oduct i ve bi ol ogy of c at sna kes has been deve．10ped a nd c onduct ed bot h i n t he T ul a Exot a r i um and i n Z ool ogi c al Ins t i t ut e of t he R ussi an A c adem y of Sci ences．A t pr esent，data on r epr oduct i on of10s peci es of B o／ga have be e n col l ect e&B．guangxi ensi s w a s on e of t he st udi ed spec i es．B a sed on t he pr ev i ous w or k of t he pr o—gr am，t hi s r es ear ch w as t he n car r i ed out．2．M at eri al and M et hods2．1A dapt at i on and keepi ng O ne m a l e and t hr ee f e—m al es of B．guangxi e nsi s w e r e kept f or br e edi ng i n T ul a Exot ar i umi n1998-2006．They w er e col l ect ed i n A pr i l 1998f r om H oang H oa T ha m C om m une，C hi Li nh D i s．t r i ct i n H ai D uong Pr ovi nce，V i et N am．A dapt a t i on of t he snake s t o t he t err a ri a condi t i ons w as r at her si m pl e and r a pi d．Each i ndi vidual w as kept i n a pl as t i c box w i t h a s i ze60x35x40cm．T he boxes w er e equi pped w i t h com f or t a bl e er ossbar s a nd br anche s f or cl i m bi ng。
T he t e m pe r at ur e i ns i de t he boxes w as m ain．m i ned at27-3l oC i n t he w a r m com er and a t23-24。
C i n t he col d cor ner at dayt i m e．but at22—230C at ni ght．H u-m i di t y i n t he t err a ri a w a s80％-90％，and i t w as ac hi eve d by ever y-day spr ay i ng of t he s ubst r at e of c r um pl ed f i l t er pa per ．N o．1Serge i A．R y abov et a1．R epr oduct i ve B i ol ogy ofB oi gaguangxi ens i s．．2．2D i apause A t t he e nd of O ct ober1998．t he t e nl-per at ur e w a s r educ ed t o15-170C and t he t i m e of li ght l l'e a血l e nt w as shof t e ned t o8hou r s i n a day f or a11t hecapt i v e i ndi vi dual s of B guangxi ensi s．Food w as not of f er e d at t hat t i m e．The hum i di t y w as kept10w er t han usual(50*／,--60％)．I n ou r exper i m ent，t he dur a t i on of t he di a pause w a s t w o m ont hs．3．R esul t s a nd D i s cus s i on3．1R asear ch i n t he丘el d I n t be m ount ai ns of TaI nki n and A nnam t hi s speci es i s qui t e conl ol on．bu t i t i s r ar el y encount ered i n t he s ont hem pr ovi nces of V i et N am (O r l ov et a1．，20031．T he m axi m um know n s i ze i s 1700+440m m(Z hao．2006)．O ur addi ti onai s pe ci m e ns w er e col l ect ed f r om T am D ao i n t he nor t h r zI SP 255l2_-25517。