专业英语40-44

40.P r o g r a m m a b l e C o n t r o l l e r sV o c a b u l a r y:archaically [ ♏♓♓☜●♓] 古老的, 古代的，旧式的albeit [ ●♌♓♓♦] 虽然unsophisticated [ ✈⏹♦☜♐♓♦♦♓♏♓♦♓♎] 单纯的, 纯洁的，简单的arise [☜❒♋♓] 出现, 发生come on the scene出现retention [❒♓♦♏⏹☞☜⏹] 保持，保留psychologically [ ♦♋♓☜♊●♎✞♓☜●♓] 心理上地, 心理学地versed [ ☜♦♦] 精通的binary [ ♌♋♓⏹☜❒♓] 二进位的, 二元的switch [♦♦♓♦☞] 转换, 转变relay [ ❒♓●♏♓] 继电器transistor [♦❒✌⏹♓♦♦☜] 晶体管fluidics [♐●◆♓♎♓♦] 射流技术sheer [☞♓☜] 纯粹的, 绝对的bulk [♌✈●] 大小, 体积profligate [ ☐❒♐●♓♈♓♦] 肆意挥霍的facility [♐☜♦♓●♓♦♓] 设备, 工具readily [ ❒♏♎♓●♓] 容易地integral [ ♓⏹♦♓♈❒☜●] 部分plug [☐●✈♈] 插头interaction [ ♓⏹♦☜❒✌☞☜⏹] 交互作用keypad [ ♓☐✌♎] 袖珍键盘emit [♓❍♓♦] 发出, 放射diode [ ♎♋♓☜◆♎] 二极管robust [❒☜♌✈♦♦] 坚固的, 耐用的interference [ ♓⏹♦☜♐♓☜❒☜⏹♦] 干扰ladder [ ●✌♎☜] 梯子Boolean [ ♌◆●♓☜⏹] 布尔数学体系的proprietary [☐❒☜☐❒♋♓☜♦☜❒♓] 专用的，专利的instruction [♓⏹♦♦❒✈☞☜⏹] 指令说明manual [ ❍✌⏹◆☜●] 手册, 指南individual [ ♓⏹♎♓♓♎◆☜●] 个别的, 单独的consult [ ☜⏹♦✈●♦] 查阅，参考, 考虑interpreter [♓⏹♦☜☐❒♓♦☜] 解释程序execution [ ♏♦♓◆☞☜⏹] 实行, 完成, 执行subject [ ♦✈♌♎✞♓♦] 课题，问题，主题T e x t:1. General descriptionModern programmable controllers are no more than microcomputers used for control propose.The use of the name “programmable controller” (PC), or more archaically, “programmable logic controller” (PLC), arises because programmable controllers, albeit very unsophisticated logic devices, were available before the microcomputer came on the scene. The retention of the name is more acceptable psychologically to engineers already versed in logic control.Previous devices used binary switching, just as microcomputers do. They incorporated such components as relays, solid state (transistor) switches or fluidics (airflow logic). They were programmed to use the minimum number of components.Their performance was limited by speed of operation, sheer bulk and cost of components.A microprocessor may contain 100,000 switches. Memory for programs is inexpensive and plentiful.The limitations of the earlier programmable controllers, therefore, disappear.Programs are now best written for ease of understanding, rather than to minimize component, and one way be as profligate with memory as one choose.2. FacilitiesProgrammable controllers will usually have the following facilities:a. Control interfaces which are readily available either integral with the basic unit or as plugs in extras.b. Some means of permanent storage of developed programs which will be either RAM with battery or PROM.c. Interaction with humans is often by a simple numeric keypad.Readout may be on a simply display of light-emitting diodes.A full keyboard and monitor can be used if appropriate.d. They are robust in construction and well-protected against electrical noise and interference.3. Relay ladder logicProgramming may be done in BASIC or machine code, but often programmable controllers are designed to use relay ladder logic.Relay ladder logic, as its name suggests, is based upon relay logic Boolean expressions. Proprietary PCs each have their own set of instruction and programming manuals for individual PCs need to be consulted.Just as a program written in BASIC has to be converted into machine code by a special program called an interpreter, so relay ladder logic has to have an interpreter.Relay ladder logic is:a. as hard to learn as machine code.b. slower than machine code in execution.c. much more limited than machine code or BASIC.It is suggest therefore that any engineer coming new to the subject should choose systems using BASIC and machine code rather than relay ladder logic.41.C A D/C A MV o c a b u l a r y:accuracy [ ✌◆❒☜♦♓] 精确性, 正确度evolves [♓●] (使)发展, (使)进展, (使)进化electronics [♓●♏♦❒⏹♓♦] 电子学maturity [❍☜♦◆☜❒♓♦♓] 成热, 完备integration [ ♓⏹♦♓♈❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 成为整体; 集成; 综合; 一体化threshold [ ❒♏☞♒☜◆●♎] 开始, 开端envision [♓⏹♓✞☜⏹] 想象, 预想various [ ☪☜❒♓☜♦] 不同的, 各种各样的, 多方面的, 多样的draft [♎❒♐♦] 草图；起草, 设计schedule [ ♦♏♎✞◆●] 时间表; 确定时间fabrication [ ♐✌♌❒♓♏♓☞☜⏹] 制造, 生产, 制作conceptualize [ ☜⏹♦♏☐♦◆☜●♋♓] 使有概念idealize [♋♓♎♓☜●♋♓] 理想化via [ ♋♓☜] 经, 通过, 经由terminal [ ♦☜❍♓⏹●] 终点站, 终端advent [ ✌♎☜⏹♦] 出现, 到来stack [♦♦✌] 堆, 堆栈tape [♦♏♓☐] 带子instantaneous [ ♓⏹♦♦☜⏹♦♏♓⏹☜♦] 瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的dimensional [ ♎♓❍♏⏹☞☜⏹☜●] 空间的specify [ ♦☐♏♦♓♐♋♓] 指定representation [ ❒♏☐❒♓♏⏹♦♏♓☞☜⏹] 表现, 陈述, 代表diagram [ ♎♋♓☜♈❒✌❍] 图表stroke [♦♦❒☜◆] 一划, (绘画等)一笔flip [♐●♓☐] 翻转otherwise [ ✈❆☜♦♋♓] 另外的manipulate [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦] 操作, 处理issue [ ♓♦◆] 发布命令symmetrical [♦♓❍♏♦❒♓☜●] 对称的, 均匀的linear [ ●♓⏹♓☜] 线的, 直线的, 线性的detailed [ ♎♓♦♏♓●♎] 详细的, 逐条的flawless [ ♐●●♓♦] 无瑕疵的, 无缺点的resultant [❒♓✈●♦☜⏹♦] 作为结果而发生的geometric [♎✞♓☜❍♏♦❒♓] 几何的, 几何学的artwork [ ♦♦☜] 工艺图circuit [ ♦☜♓♦] 电路arrange [☜❒♏♓⏹♎✞] 解决simulate [ ♦♓❍◆●♏♓♦] 模拟, 模仿validate [ ✌●♓♎♏♓♦] 使生效, 确认, 证实verify [ ♏❒♓♐♋♓] 检验, 校验, 查证, 核实summary [ ♦✈❍☜❒♓] 摘要, 概要comprise [ ☜❍☐❒♋♓] 包含, 由...组成distinct [♎♓♦♦♓☠♦] 截然不同的, 独特的analysis [☜⏹✌●♓♦♓♦] 分析, 分解kinematics [ ♋♓⏹♓❍✌♦♓♦] 运动学T e x t:Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) use digital computers, with their speed and accuracy, as the integrating force throughout the entire process from engineering design to product manufacture. CAD/CAM evolves from and brings together such technologies as numerical control and computer technology.Tied together by the common usage of digital data, and fed by a continuous stream of electronics developments, numerical control and the digital computer have reached the maturity to permit a level of integration that brings us to the threshold of thelong-envisioned automatic factory.The various computerized functions under CAD/CAM fall into three general areas:1. Design/drafting, or computer-aided engineering.2. Planning/scheduling, or management information systems.3. Fabrication, or manufacturing automation.A conceptualized or idealized CAD/CAM system is shown in Fig. This shows how the user interacts with the computer via a graphics terminal, designing and controlling the manufacturing process from start to finish with information stored in a shared data base.With the advent of interactive graphics, the problem of the user entering data and instructions into the computer with stacks of coded punched cards or reels of taps went away. No longer was the user required to be experienced in computer programming and operation to use the machine. With interactive graphics, the user communicates with the computer in display-screen pictures. No knowledge of computers is required to operate these systems, and the communication is in real time, which means that the computer's response to the user's instructions is almost instantaneous. In CAD/CAM, the requirement is for the solution of three-dimensional mechanical design and manufacturing problems. Interacting with the computer via keyboard and lightpen or other pencil like devices, the designer specifies points and lines on the display screen to quickly construct a display-screen drawing or model. This is in reality the representation of the diagram stored in the computer data base.With a stroke of the pen or by pushing a button, the designer can move, magnify, rotate, flip, copy, or otherwise manipulate the entire design or any part of it. For examp le, by pushing a button, the designer may issue a flip command to produce a mirror image ofa display for modeling symmetrical parts, or a translate command may be used to create models for linear parts. A cross section may be defined and then translated linearly to create a surfaced model. In a similar manner, circular parts can be easily modeled with a rotate command in which a cross section is rotated about a central axis to model parts. There operations take advantage of the computer's capability to repeat detailed operations quickly and flawlessly.After design completion, the resultant geometric data stored in the computer memory may be used to produce numerical control instructions for making the parts on automated machine tools, or to generate the artwork and drill tapes for automated printed circuit card fabrication. Many CAD/CAM systems can now produce NC instructions automatically for arrange of different part types. T ool paths may be simulated on the display screen to validate, verify, and modify the program more rapidly.In summary, CAD/CAM is comprised of distinct functional areas. The experts group CAD functions into four major categories:1. Geometric modeling2. Engineering analysis3. Kinematics4. Automated draftingCAM technology also centers around four major areas or categories:1. Numerical control2. Process planning3. Robotics4. Factory management42.C N C a n d D N CV o c a b u l a r y:desirable [♎♓♋♓☜❒☜♌●] 值得要的, 合意的, 令人想要的, 悦人心意的confuse [ ☜⏹♐◆] 搞乱, 使糊涂essentially [♓♦♏⏹☞☜●♓] 本质上, 本来dedicate [ ♎♏♎♓♏♓♦] 专用于conventional [ ☜⏹♏⏹☞☜⏹●] 惯例的, 常规的, 传统的facility [♐☜♦♓●♓♦♓] 设备configuration [ ☜⏹♐♓♈◆❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 构造, 结构, 配置bare [♌☪☜] 刚刚充足的；仅仅term [♦☜❍] 术语conveniently [ ☜⏹♓⏹☜⏹♦●♓] 便利地capability [ ♏♓☐☜♌♓●♓♦♓] (实际)能力, 性能, 容量eliminate [♓●♓❍♓⏹♏♓♦] 消除prototype [ ☐❒☜◆♦☜♦♋♓☐] 原型comparatively [ ☜❍☐✌❒☜♦♓●♓] 比较地, 相当地reliability [❒♓●♋♓☜♌♓●♓♦♓] 可靠性diagnostic [ ♎♋♓☜♈⏹♦♦♓] 诊断的respective [❒♓♦☐♏♦♓] 分别的, 各自的substantial [♦☜♌♦♦✌⏹☞☜●] 坚固的, 实质的interlink [ ♓⏹♦☜●♓☠] 连结cable [ ♏♓♌●] 电缆compatible [ ☜❍☐✌♦☜♌●] 谐调的, 一致的, 兼容的necessitate [⏹♓♦♏♦♓♦♏♓♦] 成为必要module [ ❍♎◆●] 模块approach [☜☐❒☜◆♦☞] 方法definitely [ ♎♏♐♓⏹♓♦●♓] 明确地, 干脆地T e x t:A brief mention about computerized numerical control (CNC) and direct numerical control (DNC) is desirable at this stage. This should not be confused with computer aided programming associated with NC. The latter is essentially off-line since the programs are prepared on the computer independent of the NC machine. The CNC system has a dedicated computer in it which controls the NC functions.In a conventional NC system, the control is hardwared and therefore any modifications or addition in facility call for many changes in the controller which may or may not be possible due to limitations of basic configuration. Besides this, the tape needs to be loaded each time when the component needs to be reproduced. This results in loss of time and sometimes error in reading. If any changes in instructions are desired, modifications and editing are not possible. As compared to this, in a CNC system, a bare minimum of electronic hardware is used while software is used for obtaining the basic functions. That is why it is sometimes termed as softwared control. This assists in adding extra facilities conveniently without much program and cost. The system has the capability of entering the program through a tape or the keyboard which is then stored whenever any program is required to be run for manufacture of a component, it is called thereby saving time and eliminating errors due to tape reading. Further, editing of program is now much more convenient which is a very desirable operation in or small batch or prototype manufacture.Any particular information or operation block can be called for display and or use, i.e. the system has facilities for searching, etc., which the operator can perform on the machine during progress of work. Since these computers are dedicated type, they need comparatively much less storage and with the present costs and high reliability, CNC has become a reality in all NC work. Diagnostic software makes trouble shooting extremely easy on these systems.The direct numerical control system refers to uses of a large frame computer which not performs other functions in the company but also controls a number of NC installations in the plant. This has come to be useful since in the present age of computer integrated manufacture and flexible manufacturing systems, centralized data handing and control is desirable. The main-frame computer stores programs and after processing sends the control signals to the respective NC systems. CNC systems can be easily adapted to a DNC setup. Historically speaking, DNC systems came into existence earlier than CNC. Since a large memory system is required and substantial cabling work is involved in interlink the NC machines to computer, DNC system is expensive. Further, it necessitates that any new NC machines added to the installation must be compatible with the main computer. One of the other points to be considered is the down time when the main computer breaks down. This is one aspect when CNC-each NC machine with its own dedicated computer, a module approach is definitely advantageous.43.C o m p u t e r C o n t r o l o f M e t a l C u t t i n gV o c a b u l a r y:analogue [ ✌⏹☜●♈] 模拟irregular [♓❒♏♈◆●☜] 不规则的, 无规律的outline [ ☜◆♦●♋♓⏹] 轮廓console [ ☜⏹♦☜◆●] 控制台T e x t:Numerical control of machine tools by computers has made great advances in recent years. Generally, automatic tools are efficient and accurate when large quantities of parts of the same shape are required, but changing from one automatic cycle to another is a long and expensive process and would only be carried out for a long run. But there are many examples when only a few parts are required and it is in such work that the computer-controlled machine is valuable.There are two types of computers- digital and analogue.A digital computer works with numbers given in digital form, a digit being one of a certain set of symbols used to show numbers. It is the digital computer which is used in electronic data processing. The analogue computer is based on an analogy of quantity. It deals with physical quantities and not numbers.In a digital control system, information from a drawing is put on a punched tape which is put into a special type of computer which computes from the information to the continuous motion of the cutting tool. The output is put on a tape which is put into the machine-tool control unit when required. One computer serves a number of machines. Types can be stored and used any number of times in future case, simply by replaying them if the same parts are wanted again. For best results, the electronic control equipment and the machine tool must be designed together.The method has also been applied to the control of oxygen cutting of steel plates,when irregular shapes are required, as in ship building, it has been the practice to make a model and to follow its outline by hand control, a method which does not always give accurate results. Again, information is processed by a special computer which then prepares a tape for use in the control console of the cutting machine. With this tape, the machine can automatically cut plates of complicated shapes very accurately. This development has particular importance for making steel plates and is a good example of automation applied to batch production.44.F l e x i b l e M a n u f a c t u r i n g S y s t e m sV o c a b u l a r y:conversion [ ☜⏹☜☞☜⏹] 变换, 转化subassembly [ ♦✈♌☜♦♏❍♌●♓] 部件, 组件interconnection [ ♓⏹♦☜☎✆☜⏹♏☞☜⏹] 相互联系vehicle [ ♓♓●] 交通工具, 车辆pallet [ ☐✌●♓♦] 托盘, 货盘integration [ ♓⏹♦♓♈❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 成为整体; 集成illustration [ ♓●☜♦♦❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 说明, 例子indicate [ ♓⏹♎♓♏♓♦] 指出, 显示hierarchy [ ♒♋♓☜❒♓] 层次manipulator [❍☜⏹♓☐◆●♏♓♦☜] 操纵器stand-alone单机swarf [♦♦♐] 金属屑retrieval [❒♓♦❒♓☜●] 回收distribute [♎♓♦♦❒♓♌◆♦♓♎] 分布node [⏹☜◆♎] 节点datum [ ♎♏♓♦☜❍] 数据, 资料inspection [♓⏹♦☐♏☞☜⏹] 检查T e x t:When designing an FMS, the basic problem is to create the cells from which the systems are to be constructed. FMS cells are complex for several reasons. They can have different physical characteristics to perform the required conversion on workparts or subassemblies. They can have a variety of interconnections with different materialshanding systems (robots, automated guide vehicles, conveyors, pallet loading and unloading carts, etc.), and they have to communicate with data processing networks for successful integration with the system.A greatly simplified illustration of an FMS cell is given in fig. It shows only one cell with its input and output, indicating its basic functions. These are: to perform the conversion process; to allow buffer storage and/or holding of workpiece or workpieces; to provide the physical links to the materials handing systems in the 'outside world' and to provide the data communication links to the control system. The physical links allow the transport of parts, tools pallet, etc.The data processing links enable communication with the data bases containing part programs, inspection programs, robot programs, machining data, real-time FMS control data, etc. They also enable the feedback of data to the upper level of the control hierarchy, thus providing the facility for further analysis of performance or for real-time faulty recovery.Part and tool transportation inside the cell can be performed by variety of equipment, such as pallet changing devices, automated pallet storage devices, and part changing and tool changing manipulators. These devices are necessary for the stand-alone and often unmanned operation of the cell.The main conversion process itself can be machining (e.g. turning, milling, boring, grinding, cutting, punching, etc.), chip removal (part washing and swarf retrieval), welding, painting, automated assembly, inspection, packing, storage, etc.Logically, each cell has to be handled separately in the process control system by providing an intelligent node of a distributed network.The output of the cell is the product of that particular module of the FMS. It does not only consist of a finished or semifinished part, but it also has to 'carry' data in computer readable format. This information will 'tell' the next cell what to do with the part, or generally how to process the output further, via the distributed communications network.If, for example, the part went through a datum surfacing operation on one cell, then it could go to another cell for further machining or inspection operation.But the part an d the data in computer readable format (instructions on what further operations are required, in what order and on which surfaces) have to be transferred to the next cell. (The next cell does not necessarily mean physically the next station as in a rigid transfer system. It is rather the next cell as programmed for the required conversion process.)47.P r e s s u r e T r a n s d u c e r sV o c a b u l a r y:divide [♎♓♋♓♎] 除以transducer [♦❒✌⏹♎◆♦☜] 传感器, 变换器Newton [ ⏹◆♦⏹] 牛顿square [♦♦☪☜] 平方atmospheric [ ✌♦❍☜♦♐♏❒♓] 大气的surge [♦☜♎✞] 波动shock [☞] 冲击withstand [♦♓❆♦♦✌⏹♎] 抵挡, 经受住analog [ ✌⏹☜●♈] 模拟的，类似物conditioning [ ☜⏹♎♓☞☜⏹♓☠] 调节displace [♎♓♦☐●♏♓♦] 偏移distort [♎♓♦♊♦♦] 变形，扭曲alter [ ●♦☜] 改变convert [ ☜⏹☜♦] 使转变representative [ ❒♏☐❒♓♏⏹♦☜♦♓] 有能力表现或描述的voltage [ ☜☺●♦♓♎✞] 电压signal [ ♦♓♈⏹●] 信号的strain [♦♦❒♏♓⏹] 应变piezo [☐♋♓♓☜◆]压电，压力gauge [♈♏♎✞] 量规, 量表quartz [ ♦♦♦] 石英crystal [ ❒♓♦♦●] 水晶diaphragm [ ♎♋♓☜♐❒✌❍] 应变膜，横隔膜，振动膜integrate [ ♓⏹♦♓♈❒♏♓♦] 使成整体, 使一体化circuit [ ♦☜♓♦] 电路alter [ ●♦☜]改变transient [ ♦❒✌⏹♓☜⏹♦] 短暂的, 瞬时的charge [♦☞♎✞] 电荷acoustics [☜◆♦♦♓♦] 声学principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] 原则, 原理induce [♓⏹♎◆♦] 导致, 引起proportional [☐❒☜☐☞☜⏹●] 比例的, 成比例的capacitance [ ☜☐✌♦♓♦☜⏹♦] 电容stability [♦♦☜♌♓●♓♦♓] 稳定性T e x t:Pressure as defined by force divided by area uses the units of bar or Ib/square inch (psc).The bar is 105N/m2 and is almost equal to 14.7 psc (atmospheric pressure); hence it is choice as a unit.Pressure transducers must be selected to fit the range over which they are to work.Fluid power systems can experience great surges of pressure or shock waves, which may be of short duration but are sufficient to destroy the transducer.The ability to withstand these over-pressures must not be overlooked.Whilst there are various types of pressure transducers, they all have several things in common.1. They are all analog devices.2. They all have some elements, usually a diaphragm, which is displaced or distorted by the application of pressure.This displacement is used to alter some physical property which can be converted into representative voltages.3. They all need signal conditioning.When ordering pressure transducers it is necessary to determine what signal conditioning elements are necessary.Devices, which incorporate these into the body of the transducers, are the easier to use.There are three main types of component used for pressure transducers: strain gauges, piezo or quartz crystal and piezo-resistive or integrated circuit type.The features of these three types are described below.Strain Gauge TypeA strain gauge is bonded onto a diaphragm.As the diaphragms distorted so the resistive value of the strain gauge is altered.This change in resistance is used to give an indirect measurement of pressure.Pressure transducers based on strain gauges are well established and widely used.They are robust and can withstand transient over-pressures better than other types.Piezo-electric or Quartz Crystal TypeWith pressure change a piece of quartz crystal produces electronic charges.These charges can be amplified and converted into voltages to represent pressure changes.Piezo-electric transducers have a very high frequency response and are widely used in applications where rapid changes of pressure are to be measure, such as in the case of shock, vibration and acoustics testing.Piezo-resistive or Integrated Circuit TypeThe principle of operation of the piezo-resistive type is that pressure induces strain in integrated circuit(IC) which is a part of a silicon diaphragm.This strain is made to generate a voltage which is proportional to the applied pressure.These devices are more recent in development than the strain gauge orpiezo-electric devices, and are widely used for fluid power applications.They have advantages in cost, size, frequency response, and stability.They are likely to withstand overloading as well as the strain gauge type.There are other types of pressure transducers available based upon, say, capacitance or LVDT construction used for measuring the displacement by pressure of a diaphragm.These types are not as widely used for fluid power applications as the types already mentioned.。