Analog simulation of neural information propagation using an electrical FitzHugh–Nagumo la
neural information processing systems介绍
neural information processing systems介绍Neural information processing systems，简称neural nets，是一种模拟人类神经系统的计算模型，用于处理和解释大量数据。
它们在许多领域都有广泛的应用，包括但不限于机器学习、人工智能、自然语言处理、图像识别等。
一、神经网络的基本原理神经网络是由多个神经元互联而成的计算系统，通过模拟人脑的工作方式，能够学习和识别复杂的数据模式。
神经元是神经网络的基本单元，它接收输入信号，通过非线性变换和权重的加权和，产生输出信号。
多个神经元的组合形成了一个复杂的网络结构，能够处理大量的输入数据，并从中提取有用的信息。
二、神经网络的类型神经网络有多种类型，包括感知机、卷积神经网络（CNN）、循环神经网络（RNN）、长短期记忆（LSTM）和Transformer等。
每种类型都有其特定的应用场景和优势，可以根据具体的问题和数据特点选择合适的网络模型。
三、神经网络的发展历程神经网络的发展经历了漫长的历程，从最初的感知机到现在的深度学习技术，经历了多次变革和优化。
在这个过程中，大量的研究者投入了大量的时间和精力，不断改进网络结构、优化训练方法、提高模型的泛化能力。
四、神经网络的应用领域神经网络的应用领域非常广泛，包括但不限于图像识别、语音识别、自然语言处理、推荐系统、机器人视觉等。
随着技术的不断发展，神经网络的应用场景也在不断扩展，为许多领域带来了革命性的变革。
五、神经网络的未来发展未来神经网络的发展将面临许多挑战和机遇。
随着数据量的不断增加和计算能力的提升，神经网络将更加深入到各个领域的应用中。
同时，如何提高模型的泛化能力、降低计算复杂度、解决过拟合问题等也是未来研究的重要方向。
此外，神经网络的算法和理论也需要不断完善和深化，为未来的应用提供更加坚实的基础。
六、结论神经信息处理系统是一种强大的计算模型，具有广泛的应用领域和巨大的发展潜力。
计算机网络词汇
计算机网络词汇[38001-39000](整理)network timing 网络定时network topology 网络布局Network Troubleshooting 网络故障诊断与维修network 网络network 网路网络network 网络network(NET) 网络network, analog 模拟网络network, communications 通信网路network, computei 计算器网络network, distributed-processing 分布型处理网络network, electrical 电力网络network, star 星型网络NetWork-Coffee 网络咖啡networked computer 网络计算机Networking Blueprint 联网方案networking capabilities 连网能力networking cd rom technology 光盘网络技术networking components 网络组件Networking Hardware 网络硬件networking 连网networking 网络通信Networks 网络Network-to Network Interface, NNI 网络到网络间的接口NEUCC Northern European University Computing Center 北欧大学计算中心（丹麦）Neumann principle 诺埃曼原理NEUNS NEUrom Network System 北欧大学只读存储器网络系统neural information processing systems 神经信息处理系统Neural Network 类神经网络neural network 神经网络neurocomputer 神经计算机neuronic network 神经网络neutral atom laser 中性原子激光器neutral atom 中性原子neutral conductor 中线neutral conductor 中性导体neutral ground 中线接地neutral point 中性点neutral relay 无极继电器neutral relay 中和继电器neutral resistance 中性电阻neutral state 中性状态neutral temperature 中性温度neutral terminal 中性线端neutral transmission 中性传输neutral trapping center 中性俘获中心neutral zone 无控制酌的参数范围neutral zone 中性区neutral 中性neutral 中性的neutralization 中和；平衡neutralizing capacitor 中和电容器neutrodyne 有中和的高频党放大器neutron activation analysis 中子激活分析neutron doped semiconductor 中子掺入半导体neutron doped silicon 中子掺入硅neutron doping 中子掺入neutron irradiation 中子照射neutron pumping 中子激励neutron yield 中子产额neutron 中子neutrosphere 中性圈never 永远不NEV oDa NEtworked V oice Data 上网语音数据new detached Toolbar 新增超然的工具列new disk 新的磁盘New Economy 新经济new element 新增项目new folder 新资料夹new horizontal tab group 新增水平索引卷标群组new input queue 新输入队列new key 新增索引键new keyword New 关键词new line character 移行符号new macro Command 新增宏命令new mail 新信件new pack 新包装new password 新的密码new project 新增专案new search 重新搜寻new start 重新起动new sync 新同步new toolbar 新增工具列new vertical Tab Group 新增垂直索引卷标群组new window 开新窗口New World Semiconductor Conference (New WSC) 新世界半导体会议new 新的new 新信newbie 新手newdata argument NewData 自变量newline character 新行字符new-line character(NL) 新列字符newline 新行NEWS NetWare Early Warning System “网器” 预警系统NEWS Network Error Warning System 网络错误警告系统NEWS Network Extensible Window System 网络可扩充窗口系统news 新闻newsfeed 新聞供應Newsgroup 新闻组，网路新闻群组（台湾用语）〖因特网〗newsgroup 新闻组newsgroup 新聞討論組Newslink 新闻联线newton's method 牛顿法newtor 牛顿NEXT Near – End Cross – Talk loss 近端串线干扰，近端串音损耗next frame 下一帧Next Generation I/O (NGIO) 新一代输入/输出系统Next Generation Internet /Internet2 (NGI/I2) 下一代因特网／Internet2 Next Hop Resolution Protocol, NHRP 下一个网络节点解析协议neXT neXT(公司名称)next record 下一笔next state function 变换函数next statement Next 陈述式next track 下一个曲目next 下一步nexus 关结NF Noise Factor 噪音系数NF Noise Figure 噪音指数NF Nominal Frequency 标称频率nf Norfolk Island 诺福克岛（域名）NF Normal Form 正常形式，规格化形式，范式NFAP Network File Access Protocol 网络文件访问协议NFAS Non – Facilities Associated Signaling 与设备无关的信令NFAS Not Frame Alignment Signal 非帧对齐信号NFB Negative FeedBack 负反馈NFB Network Function Block 网络功能块NFB Non – Fuse Breaker 无保险丝断路器nfb 负反馈NFDC National Flight Data Center 全国飞行数据中心（美国）NFE Network Front End 网络前端NFE No First Error 非首次错误nfet n 沟道场效应晶体管NFI Noise Figure Indicator 噪音指数指示器NFP Not File Protect 无文件保护NFQ Night FreQuency 夜用频率NFS Need For Speed 《极品飞车》〖游戏名〗NFS Network File Server 网络文件服务器NFS Network File Share 网络文件共享NFS Network File System 网络文件系统NFS Network File System 网络文件系统NFS 网络文件系统NFSAIS National Federation of Science Abstracting and indexing Services 全国科学文摘与索引服务机构联合会（美国）NFSHS NFS: High Stakes 《极品飞车：孤注一掷》〖游戏名〗NFSMC NFS: MotorCity 《极品飞车：驰聘的都市》〖游戏名〗NFSP NFS: Porsche 《极品飞车：保时捷狂飙》〖游戏名〗NFSS News Feeder Screen Saver 新闻输送器屏幕保护ng Nigeria 尼日利亚（域名）NG Noise Generator 噪音发生器NGBT Negotiating Group on Basic Telecommunications 远程通信基本条件谈判组nGC net. Genesis Corp. “网源”公司（美国，出品企业内部网设备）NGC Network General Corp. 网络总公司（美国，出品网络分析器）NGCC National Guard Computer Center 国家防卫计算机中心（美国）NGCP Network General Control Protocol 网络通用控制协议NGE Not Greater or Equal 不大于或等于NGI Next Generation Internet 下一代因特网ngio(next generation input/output，新一代输入/输出标准)NGMF Netview Graphic Monitor Facility 软件Netview的图形监视器设备NGMHS NetWare Global Messaging Handling Service “网器”全球报文处理服务NGP Network Graphics Protocol 网络图形协议NH Network Handler 网络处理程序NH nonhygroscopic 防潮的NH Null Hypothesis 虚无假设，零假设NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai) 日本广播协会NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol 下一步跳跃传输的解析协议，下一个驿站解析协议〖因特网〗NHRP Next Hop Router Protocol 下一步跳跃传输的路由器协议〖因特网〗NHRP Next Hop Routing Procedure 下一次跳跃式传输的路由选择规程，下一段选路过程NHRR Next Hop Resolution Protocol 下一次跳跃式传输的分辨率协议NHS Next Hop Server 下一次跳跃式传输的服务器NI National Indicator 国家指示器，国别指示器NI Network Identifier 网络标识符NI Network Identify 网络识别NI Network Interconnect 网络互连NI Network Interface 网络接口ni Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜（域名）NI Nonforbid Interrupt 非禁止中断NI Northwest Industries 西北工业公司（美国）NI Novell Inc. 网威公司（美国，以开发网络产品和软件著称）NI(noninhibit)interrupts 非抑制岔断ni：non－intel，非英特尔NIA Network Interface Adapter 网络接口适配器NIA Networking Interoperability Alliance 网络协同操作联盟（由贝、IBM和3Com公司组成）NIA Next Interchange Address 下一次交换地址nia: networking interoperatility alliance(网络互操作联盟)NIB Node Initialization Block 节点初始化数据块nibble / nybble 半字节、四位nibble 半字节nibble 尼；半拜NIC National Information Center 全国信息中心（美国）NIC National ISDN Council 全国综合业务数字网委员会NIC Negative Impedance Converter 负阻抗转换器NIC Network Identification Code 网络标识码NIC Network Independent Clock 网络独立时钟NIC Network Information Center 网络信息中心〖因特网〗NIC Network Interface Card 网络接口卡，网卡（同网络适配器）NIC Network Interface Control(ler) 网络接口控制（器）NIC Normal Input Cause 正常输入原因NIC Network Information Center 网络信息中心NIC Network Interface Card 网络(接口)卡NIC 网络卡/网络信息中心NICC National Information Control Center 国家信息控制中心NiCd battery 镍镉电池NICE Network Information Control Exchange 网络信息控制交换NICE Normal Input / Output Control Executive 标准输入/ 输出控制的执行程序NICEP Network Information and Control Exchange Protocol 网络信息控制与交换协议nichrome 镍铬合金nickel delay lint 镍延迟线nickel 镍nickel-cadmium battery 镍镉电池nickel-iron(Ni Fe)secondary cell 铁镍二次电池(蓄电池)nickname 别名nickname 昵称NICNAME (WhoIs Protocol) 化名协议〖因特网〗NICNAME, WhoIs Protocol, (RFC-954) WhoIs协议NICO National Information Coordinating Organization 国家信息协调机构nico 镍钴合金NICOL New International Commercial Language 新国际商业语言NICONFIG Network Interconnect CONFIGurator 网络互连配置器NICS Network Integrated Control System 网络综合控制系统NID Network IDentifier 网络标识符NID Network Interface Device 网络接口设备NID Network Interface Device 网络接口服务NIDA Numerically Integrated Differential Analyzer 数字积分微分分析器NIDN Naval Intelligence Data Network 海军情报数据网NIDOC National Information and Documentation Center 全国信息与文献中心（阿拉伯联合共和国）NIF Noise Improvement Factor 噪音改善系数NIF Neighborhood Information Frame 邻近信息块nife 镍铁合金night airglow 夜天光night effect 夜间效应NIGP National Institute of Governmental Purchasing 政府采购全国讲习会NII National Information Infrastructure 国家信息基本设施（美国克林顿政府1993年9月提出的未来宽带广域网，亦称信息高速公路）NII, National Information Infrastructure 全国信息体系NIIT National Information Infrastructure Testbed 国家信息基础设施实验室（美国）nil 空指标nil 无niladic functions niladic 函数nill pointer 零指标NIM Network Information Management 网络信息管理系统（IBM的）NIM Network Instrument Manipulation 网络工具操作NIM Network Interface Machine 网络接口机NIM Network Interface Module 网络接口模块NIM Networked Interactive Multimedia 网络化交互式多媒体NIMF National Institute on Media and the Family 媒体与家庭全国调研会（美国）NIMH Nickel Metal Hydride 镍金属氢化物NI-MH Battery 镍氢电池NIN National Information Network 全国情报网络nine edge 九边nines complement 九补码nine's complement 九的补码ninety column card 九十行卡Nintendo 任天堂NIOS NetWare Input / Output Subsystem “网器” 输入/ 输出子系统NIOS Network Input / Output System 网络输入/ 输出系统NIP Non – Impact Printer 非撞击式打印机NIP Nucleus Initialization Program 核心程序初始化程序nip 核心初始化程序NIPO Negative Input, Positive Output 负输入，正输出NIPRNET Non – secure Internet Protocol Router NETwork 不安全的因特网协议路由器网络NIPRNET Nonclassified Internet Protocol Router NETwork 非机密因特网协议路由器网络NIPS National Information Processing System 全国信息处理系统NIPS Neural Information Processing System 神经中枢信息处理系统NIR Network Information Retrieval 网络信息检索NIRI National Information Research Institute 国家信息研究所（美国）NIS National Information System 国家信息系统（美国）NIS Network Information Service 网络信息服务NIS Network Interface System 网络接口系统N-ISDN Narrowband – Integrated Services Digital Network 窄带综合服务数字网络，“一线通”N-ISDN Narrowband ISDN 窄带ISDNNISO National Information Standards Organization 国家信息标准组织NISSAT National Information System for Science and Technology 国家科技信息系统（印度）NIST National Institute of Science and Technology 全国科学技术学会NIST National Institute of Standard and Technology 国家标准与技术研究所（美国，即早期的国家标准局NBS）NIT National Information application Technology certificate 全国信息应用技术证书（中国）NIT Non – Intelligent Terminal 非智能终端NITA National Industrial Television Association 全国工业电视协会（美国）NITC National Information Technology Center 国家信息技术中心（美国）nitridation 氮化nitride gate 氮化硅栅nitride masking 氮化硅掩蔽nitride oxide reactor 氮化物氧化物反应器nitride oxide structure 氮化物氧化物结构nitride passivation 氮化硅钝化nitride process 氮化硅工艺Nitro “硝基”系列显卡（生产商：STB）nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮nitrogen dusting 氮气吹尘nitrogen purging 氮气吹尘nitrogen purifier 氮气提纯器nitrogen 氮nitrogenous hood 氮箱nitrox reactor 氮化物氧化物反应器nitrox 氮化物氧化物结构NIU Network Interface Unit 网络接口设备NIU Forum (North American ISDN User Group Forum) 北美综合业务数字网用户组论坛NIUF North American ISDN User''s Forum 北美ISDN用户论坛nixie tube 数字管NJ Network Job 网络作业NJCC National Joint Computers Committee 全国计算机联合委员会（美国）NJCL Network Job Control Language 网络作业控制语言NJP Network Job Processing 网络作业处理NJS Noise Jammer Simulator 噪音干扰模拟器NK Narinder Kapany 纳林德尔·卡帕尼（在1955年发明光纤）nl Netherlands 荷兰（域名）NL Network Layer 网络层NL New Line 换行〖字符〗NL No Label 无标号NL Noise Level 噪声度〖扫描仪〗NL Nominal Transmission Loss 名义传输损耗nl 移行符号NLA National Library of Australia 澳大利亚国家图书馆NLA Network Logical Address 网络逻辑地址NLA Non – Linear Amplifier 非线性放大器NLA Normalized Local Address 规格化局部地址NLC National Library of Canada 加拿大国家图书馆NLC Natural Language Computer 自然语言计算机NLC Network Language Center 网络语言中心NLC Network Level Control 网络级别控制NLC Non Linear Computation 非线性计算NLD Non Linear Distortion 非线性失真NLDM Network Logical Data Management 网络逻辑数据管理NLE NonLinear Element 非线性元件NLE Not Less or Equal 不小于或等于n-level address n阶地址n-level logic n阶逻辑NLF Non Linear Filtering 非线性过滤NLI Natural Language Interface 自然语言接口NLI Noise Limit Indicator 噪声极限指示器NLine, National Library Line 国家图书馆网络NLL National Lending Library for Science and Technology 全国科技出借图书馆（英国）NLL Negative Logic Level 负逻辑级NLM National Library of Medicine 国家医学图书馆（美国）NLM NetWare Loadable Module “网器”的可装载模块NLM Network Link Module 网络连接模块NLM Noise Level Monitor 噪声电平监视器NLO Non Linear Operation 非线性运算NLO Non Linear Optimization 非线性优化NLOS Natural Language Operating System 自然语言操作系统NLOS No Line Of Sight 无视线NLP Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理NLP Non Linear Programming 非线性规划NLPID Network Level Protocol ID (Identifying) 网络级别协议识别NL-Port Node Loop Port 节点循环端口，环接点通信口NLPT NoLooP Trouble 无环路故障NLQ Near – Letter – quality 近似信函体质量NLQ, near letter quality 近打字效果NLR Natural Language Representation 自然语言表示法指定NLR Network Layer Relay 网络层转接NLR No Load Ratio 空载比NLR Noise Load Ratio 噪音负载比NLRM Non – Linear Regression Model 非线性回归模型NLS National Language Support 国家语言支持系统（IBM的）NLS Natural Language Support 自然语言支持系统（多指语音识别系统）NLS Negative Lens System 负透镜系统NLS NetWare Licensing Services “网器”许可的服务NLS No – Load Speed 空载速度NLS Non – Linear System 非线性系统NLSI National Library of Science and Invention 全国科学发明图书馆（英国）NLSP NetWare Link –State Protocol “网器”的连接状态协议NLSP Novell(NetWare) Link Services Protocol 网威公司（“网器”）的链路服务协议NLST Name LiST 名单NLT Not Less Than 不少于NLTS Network Load Test System 网络负荷测试系统NM Nathan Myhrvold 纳森·米尔沃德（微软的“技术教父” ）NM Net. Medic “网络侦探”麦迪克〖软件名〗NM Network Management 网络管理NMA National Microfilm Association 全国缩微胶片协会（美国）NMA NetWare Management Agent “网器”管理代理NMARS Network Management Access RoutineS 网络管理访问例程NMC National Meteorological Center 国家气象中心NMC Navigation Map Computer 导航地图计算机NMC Network Management Center 网络管理中心NMC Network Management Computer 网络管理计算机NMC Network Measurement Center 网络度量中心NMC Network Message Controller 网络消息控制器NMC Network Monitor Card 网络监视卡NMC Network Multimedia Connection 网络多媒体连接计划（有思科、英特尔和微软在1997年联合推出）NMC Network Management Card 网络管理卡NMC Network Management Center 网络管理中心NMCC Network Management Command and Control system 网络管理命令控制系统NME Noise Measuring Equipment 噪音测量设备NME network Management Entity 网络管理实体NMF Network Management Forum 网络管理论坛NMF New Master File 新的主文件NMI National Microcomputers Inc. 国家微电脑公司（美国，出品个人电脑）NMI NetManag e Inc. “网管”公司（美国，出品信息管理器）NMI Network Management Integration 网络管理集成化NMI Network Management Interface 网络管理接口NMI NonMaskable Interrupt 非闭频中断，不可屏蔽中断nmi 非屏蔽中断NML Neighborhood Matching Logic 邻域匹配逻辑电路NML Network Management Layer 网络管理层次NML Network Management Listener 网络管理监听员NMLIS Native Mode LAN Interconnect Service 本地模式局域网互连业务NMLSI Network Management Listener Sharable Image 网络管理监听员可共享图像NMM Network – Management and Maintenance signal 网络管理和维护信号NMM Network Management Module 网络管理模块NMOS N – Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor N沟信道金属氧化物半导体（电路）N-MOS N – Metal Oxide Semiconductor N型金属氧化物半导体（电路）nmos n 沟道金属氧化物半导体NMOS N型金氧半导体nmos technology nmos 工艺nmos transistor nmos 晶体管NMP Name Management Protocol 名称管理协议NMP Network Management Plan 网络管理计划NMP Network Management Protocol 网络管理协议（AT&T开发）NMPF Network Management Productivity Facility 网络管理的劳动生产率设备NMR NetWare Multiprotocol Router “网器”的多协议路由器NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振NMRS NonMonotonic Reasoning System 非单调推理系统NMS NetWare Management System “网器” 管理系统NMS Network Management Signal 网络管理信号NMS Network Management Station 网络管理站（监视网上节点执行命令情况的计算机）NMS Network Management System 网络管理系统NMS New Management System 新型管理系统NMS Network Management System 网络管理系统NMSI National Mobile Station Identity 全国移动站标示NMSL Novell Mirror Server Link 网威公司镜像服务器链接NMT Network Management Terminal 网络管理终端NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone system 北欧移动电话系统NMTI NuMega Technologies Inc. 纽麦格技术公司（美国，出品开发工具）NMU Network Management Unit 网络管理器NMVT Network Management Vector Transport 网络管理矢量传送NMWG Network Management Working Group 网络管理工作组NN Narrow Network 窄带网络NN National Network 国家网络NN National Number 国家编号NN Network Neighborhood 网上邻居NN Network Node 网络节点NN Neural Network 神经网络NN Neverwinter Nights 《远离冬夜》〖游戏名〗n-n Junction n-n型接面NNA Neural – Net Algorithms 神经网络算法NNC National Network Congestion 全国网络拥塞NNC National Network Congestion signal 全国网络拥塞信号NNC Normal Network Cause 正常网络原因NNI Network Node Interface 网络节点接口〖A TM〗NNI Network to Network Interface 网络到网络接口，网间接口〖A TM〗NNI Network to Node Interface 网络到节点接口NNI Next Node Index 下一节点索引NNI Network-Network Interface 网间接口NNM Network Node Manager 网络节点管理器NNP National Numbering Plan 全国编号计划NNS NetWare Name Service “网器” 名称服务NNS Network Node Server 网络节点服务器NNS Network of NetworkS 网络的网络NNS Neutral Network Simulator 中性网络模拟器NNSC National Network Service Center 全国网络服务中心NNSC NSF Network Service Center 国家科学基金会网络服务中心（美国）NNSS Navy Navigation Satellite System 海军导航卫星系统NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol 网络新闻传送协议〖因特网〗NNTP (Network news transfer protocol) NNTP(网络新闻传输协议)NNTP Network News Transport Protocol 网络新闻传输协议NNTP NNTP协定NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol, (RFC-977) 网络新闻传输协议nntp: network news transfer protocol，网络新闻传输协议NNVT Number Nine Visual Technologies Inc. “老九”可视技术公司（美国，出品高性能可视加速器）NO Normally Open 通常是打开的no Norway 挪威（域名）NO Not Operational 不可操作，不可运行NO – OP No – Operation instruction 空操作，无操作no address instruction 无地址指令no carrier 没有载波讯号no failure operation 无故障工作no load characteristic 无载特性no load current 无载电流no load losses 无载损耗no load test 无载式验no load voltage 无载电压no load 无载的no operation 空操作no operation, memory protect 记忆保护无作业No Operation, NOP 不运算no operatton 无作业no opinstruction 空指令No Parity 无同位no return point 无转回点no select 没有选择no signal 无信号no voltage relay 无压继电器no wait memory 无等待存储器立即存储器no 否no-access Bytes No-Access 字节no-address instruction 无址指令noble gas ion laser 惰性气体离子激光器noble gas 惰性气体noble metal cermet 贵金属陶瓷noble metal paste 贵金属膏NOC Negative Operation Concepts 负运算概念NOC Network Operation Center 网络操作中心，网络运行中心NOC NOt – Carry 不进位NOC Network Operations Center 网络操作中心NOC网络操作中心NOCC National Operators Control Center 全国操作员控制中心（美国）no-consoles condition 无控制台条件nocturnal radiation 夜间辐射Nocturne 《夜曲》〖游戏名〗NOD News On Demand 点播新闻〖游戏名〗NODAL Network – Oriented Data Acquisition Language 面向网络的数据采集语言NODC National Oceanographic Data Center 国家海洋资料中心（美国）Node (N) 节点node computer 节点计算机node computer 节点计算器Node Encryption 节点加密node processor 节点处理器node splitting 节点划分node 节点node 节点Node 节点，结点，网点node 节点、结点node(N) 节；节点nodes 节点NODSE NODe Serve Routine 节点访问例程NOF National Optical Font 国家光学识别字体（美国）NOF Network Operations Forum 网络操作论坛NOFCW Number OF Chargeable Word 计费字数noise analyzer 噪声分析器noise background 背景噪声noise channel 噪声信道noise characteristics 噪声特性noise current 噪声电流noise cutting off 噪声截止noise equivalent power 噪声等效功率noise factor meter 噪声系数测量计noise factor 噪声度；噪声因子noise factor 噪声系数noise factor 噪声因数noise figure 噪声指数noise filter 静噪滤波器noise filter 噪声虑波器noise generation 噪声发生noise generator diode 噪声发生掐极管noise generator 噪声发生器noise immHunity 噪声免除noise immunity 抗扰度noise killer 除噪声器noise level 噪声电平noise level 噪声位准noise limiter 噪声抑制器noise margin 噪声容限noise margin, voltage 电度噪声容限noise meter 噪声测试器噪声计noise modulation 噪声灯noise power 噪声功率noise ratio 噪声比noise source 噪声源noise spectral power density 噪声功率频谱密度noise spectrum 噪声频谱noise stability 噪声稳定度noise standard 噪声标准noise suppression 噪声抑制noise suppressor 噪声抑制器noise temperature 噪声温度noise unity 噪声单位noise voltage 噪声电压noise word 干扰词noise 干扰noise 干扰noise 杂乱信号noise, ambient 周围噪声noise, background 背景噪声noise, broadband(white) 宽带(素)噪声noise, carrier 载波噪声noise, common-mode 通用模态噪声noise, delta 三角噪声noise, diode 二极管噪声noise, electricaltype 电气型式噪声noise, Gaussian 高斯噪声noise, impulse 脉冲噪声noise, line 线路噪声noise, modulation 调变噪声noise, natural 自然噪声noise, random 随机噪声noise, reference 参考噪声noise, systematic 系统噪声noise, thermal 热离讯noiseless channel 无噪声信道noiseless tuning 无噪声党noisy channel 有噪声信道noisy channel 噪声信道noisy digit 噪声数字noisy modt 噪声模态noisy signal 噪声信号No-Job Definition Error 无工作定义误差Nokia 诺基亚〖手机〗NOL Normal OverLoad 正常过载NOLAS New On – Line Administrative Computer System 新式在线行政管理计算机系统nom 从事个人活动的个体（最高域名）NOMAAD langnage 诺麦语言NOMC Network Operators Maintenance Channel 网络操作员维护通道nominal frequency 额定频率nominal power 额定功率nominal speed 额定速度nominal transformation ratio 标称变换系数nominal transformation ratio 额定变换率nominal value 标称值nominal(rated)speed 标称(额定)速率NOMS Network Operations Management System 网络操作管理系统non addressable memory 不可编址存储器non directional current protection 非方向电粒护装置non directional 不定向的non directive 不定向的non homing 不归位的non inductive load 无感负载non inductive resistance 无感电阻Non- Interlaced Video 非交错屏幕non linear amplifier 非线性放大器non linear distortion 非直线失真non linear element 非线性元件non linear network 非线性网络non linear potentiometer 非线性电位计non linear scale 非线性标度non linear system 非线性系统non linear time base 非线性时基non linear 非直线性的non polarized relay 无极继电器non resonating aerial 非谐振天线non resonating antenna 非谐振天线non return to zero 不归零制non symmetrical adjustment 不对称蝶Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) 非一致性内存non von neumann architecture 非冯诺依曼计算机总体结构non von neumann computer 非冯诺依曼型计算机non-add 非加non-administrative system 非行政系统nonaggregated object 非汇总物件nonalbyed contact 无合金化接触nonarithmetic shift 非算术移位nonarithmeticshift 非算术移位nonassociated CCIS 非结合CCISnonburst device 非脉冲串装置noncavity laser 无谐振腔激光器nonclient area 非工作区non-Client 非用户区nonclustered index 非聚集索引noncoherent bundle 非相关捆扎noncoherent modulation system 非相关调变系统noncompat 非相容nonconductor 非导体nonconjunction 非共结nonconjunction 与非nonconnected storage 非连接储存noncontact measurement 非接触测量技术noncontact plunger 非接触式活塞noncontact printing 无接触投影曝光noncontact recording 非触式记录noncontact scribing 无接触划片noncontact welding 非接触焊接noncontiguous constant 非邻接常数noncontiguous item 非连续项noncontinguous 非连续项目nondedicated part 非专用元件nondefective zone 无缺陷区nondegenerate gas 非简并气体nondegenerate semiconductor 非简并半导体nondegenerate state 非简并态nondependent nameNondestructive Addition 破坏性加法nondestructive backspace 非破坏回退nondestructive check 非破坏性试验nondestructive cursor 非破坏性光标nondestructive evaluation 非破坏可靠性评价nondestructive memory 非破坏性存储器nondestructive monitoring 非破坏性试验nondestructive read 非破坏读出nondestructive read(NDR) 非破坏性阅读nondestructive readout(NDRO) 非破坏性读出nondestructive storage 非破坏性存储器nondestructive test 非破坏性试验nondestructive testing 非破坏性试验nondial trunks 非拨号干线nondirect transition 间接跃迁nondisjunction 非分离nondisjunction 或非non-disk file 非磁盘档案non-display-based word-processing equipment 非显示基字处理设备nondissipative network 无耗电网络none 无nonequilibrium carrier 非平衡载劣nonequilibrium density 非平衡浓度nonequilibrium state 非平衡态nonequivalence element 非对等组件nonequivalence element 异门nonequivalence operation 非对等运算nonequivalence 非等价Nonequivalent Element 非对等组件nonerasable medium 不可抹媒介nonerasable memory 只读存储器固定存储器nonerasable storage 只读存储器固定存储器non-escapling key 非退出键nonexcited state 非激励状态nonexcutable statement 不可执行叙述nonexecutable statement 非执行语句nonfile-structured device 非文件结构装置nonflame spot bonder 无火焰点焊机nonflatness 非平面度nonflexible coaxial line 刚性同轴线nonformatted data 非格式化数据Non-Functional requirement 非功能性需求nonidentity operation 非识别运算nonimpact printer 非或式印刷机nonimpact printer 非撞击式打印机non-impact printer 非撞击式打印机nonimpact printer(NIP) 非冲击印字机nonimpact printing 非或式印刷nonintegral expression 非整数类表达式nonintelligible cross talk 不可理解串音noninteractive 非交谈式noninterruption discipline 非中断规定non-intrinsic OLE 非内建OLEnon-intrinsic 非内建noninvasive probe 非侵袭探针nonleaf member 非叶成员nonleaf 非叶nonlinear control system 非线性控制系统nonlinear control theory 非线性控制理沦nonlinear coupling 非线性联结nonlinear distortion 非线性失真nonlinear multivariable control 非线性多变量控制nonlinear optics 非线性光学nonlinear potentiometer 非线性电位计nonlinear programming 非线性规划nonlinear resistor 非线性电阻器nonlinear response 非线性响应nonlinear scale 非线性标度nonlinearity 非直线性nonloadable character set 非可载字符集nonloaded lines 无载线Nonlocking Escape 不锁逸出nonlocking escape 非锁定换码nonlocking 不锁nonlocking 非锁定nonmapping mode 非映像模态nonmaskable interrupt 非屏蔽中断non-modal form 非强制响应窗体nonmonotonic reasoning 非单灯理nonmonotonic 非单调的nonnumeric character 非数字字符nonnumeric literal 非数值文字常数nonnumeric literal 非数字实字nonnumeric machine 非数值计算机nonnumeric 非数字nonnumerical data processing 非数值数据处理nonoperable instruction 不可操作指令nonpacked format 非包装格式nonpageable partition 非分页划分nonpageable region 不可分页区nonpaged Pool Bytes 未分页集区字节nonpersistent screen 无余辉屏幕nonplanarity 非平面度nonpolar crystal 无极性晶体nonpolarized light 非偏振光nonpolarized return to zero recording 非极性归零记录制nonpolarized return-to-zero recording(RZ(NP)) 非极化归零记录nonprimitive operation 非本元运算nonprint code 非打印码nonprint 免印nonprintable character 不可印字符nonpriority interrupt 非优先中断nonprivileged instruction 非特权指令nonprocedural language 非过程语言nonprocedural programming language 非程序化程序语言non-procedure-oriented language 非程序定向语言nonproductive operations 辅助操作nonproductive poll 非生产输询nonproductive task 非生产任务nonprogrammable action 不可编程序的动作nonprogrammed halt 非规划暂停nonprogrammer user 非程序员用户nonradiative jump 无辐射跃迁nonradiative recombination 无辐射复合nonradiative transition 无辐射跃迁nonradiatve transfer process 无辐射传输过程non-real-time processing 非实时处理nonrectifying junction 非整玲nonredundancy 非冗余性nonredundant integrated circuit 无冗余集成电路nonreflective coatings 非反射涂料non-reflective ink 非反射墨水nonrepeatable read 不可重复读取nonreproducing code 非复制代码non-repudiation 不可否认性nonreserved word 非预定字nonresident part 非常驻部分nonresident portion 非常驻部分nonresident portion(of a control program) (一个控制程序的)非驻存部分nonresident program 非常驻程序nonresident routine 非常驻程序nonresident simulator computer system 非驻存仿真器计算器系统nonreturn to zero change recording 异码变化不归零记录nonreturn to zero recording 不归零记录Non-Return to Zero, Inverted NRZInon-return-to-chang recording 不归变更记录non-return-to-reference recording 不归位记录non-return-to-zero change-on-ones recording(NRZI) 不归零变更为一记录non-return-to-zero(chang4e)recording(NRZ(C)) 不归零(变更)记录non-return-to-zero(NRZ) 不归零nonreusable 不可重用nonrusable routine 不可重用程序nonsaturated logic 非饱和逻辑nonsaturated mode 非饱和方式nonsaturation current voltage characteristic 非饱和电恋缪固匦憎nonscalar value 非数值类值Nonscheduled Down Time 非计划停机时间nonscheduled maintenance time 非预定维修时间nonselfmaintained discharge 非自持放电nonsensitivity 无灵敏度non-SGML character 非SGML字元non-SGML character 非SGML字符non-SGML data entity 非SGML资料实体non-SGML data entity 非SGML数据实体nonshared subchannel 非公用子通道nonsignificant digit 无效数字nonsignificant zero 无效零nonsimultaneous transmission 非同时传输nonsingular matrix 非奇异矩阵nonspecific volume request 非特定量申请nonstandard label 非标准标号nonstatic member function 非静态成员函式nonstatic variables 非静态变量nonstatic 非静态nonsteady state 不稳定状态NonStop Clusters 不停顿丛集nonstorage device 非储存装置nonstorage display 非存储显示nonstore through cache 经快取非储存non-String 非字符串nonswitched connection 非交换连接nonswitched line 非交换线路nonswitched lint 非交换录nonswitched point-to-point line 非交换点对点线nonsynchronous 异步nonsystem key 非系统键nontemporary dataset 永久数据集nonterminal symbol 非终结符号nonthreshold logic 无阈值逻辑nontransparent mode 非透通模态nonuniform field 不均匀场nonuniform network 不均匀网络nonuniformity 不均匀性non-variant content 无差异内容non-visual 隐藏式nonvolatile memory array 非易失性存储企列nonvolatile memory 不变性记忆器nonvolatile memory 非易失存储器nonvolatile memory 非易失性存储器nonvolatile RAM 不变性随机接达记忆器nonvolatile ram 非易失随机存取存储器Non-V olatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) 非挥发性内存nonvolatile storage 不变性储存器nonvolatile storage 非易失存储器nonvolatile store 非易失存储器nonvolatility 非易失性nonzero digit 非零位nonzero 非零值NOOP NO OPeration 空操作no-op instruction 无作业指令No-Op 无作业no-operation instruction 无作业指令NOP Network and Operation Plan 网络和操作计划NOP Network Operation Procedure 网络操作程序NOP NO Operation 空操作（指令）nop 空操赘令NOR circuit 反或电路nor circuit 或非电路NOR Element NOR组件nor element 或非元件nor gate 或非门。
半导体专业名词解释
Cd cadmium
AWS advanced wet station
Manufacturing and Science
Sb antimony
===B===
B billion; boron
Ba barium
BARC bottom antireflective coating
BASE Boston Area Semiconductor Education (Council)
ACF anisotropic conductive film
ACI after-clean inspection
ACP anisotropic conductive paste
ACT alternative control techniques; actual cycle time
Al aluminum
ALD atomic layer deposition
ALE atomic layer epitaxy; application logic element
ALS advanced light source; advanced low-power Schottky
===A===
A/D analog to digital
AA atomic absorption
AAS atomic absorption spectroscopy
ABC activity-based costing
ABM activity-based management
AC alternating current; activated carbon
电子信息工程专业英语词汇.doc
电子信息工程专业英语词汇transistor n 晶体管 plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销 OSI开放式系统互联参考模型(Open System diode n 二极管 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的Interconnect) semiconductor n 半导体 fiber n 光纤 GSM全球移动通信系统(Global System forresistor n 电阻器 relay contact 继电接触器 Mobile Communications) capacitor n 电容器 single instruction programmer 单指令编程器 GPRS通用分组无线业务(General Packet Radio dedicated manufactures programmingunit 专 alternating adj 交互的 Service)amplifier n 扩音器，放大器供制造厂用的编程单元 FDD(frequencydivision duplex)频分双工 integrated circuit 集成电路 beam n (光线的)束，柱，梁 TDD(time division duplex)时分双工 polarize v(使)偏振，(使)极化linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统 VPI虚路径标识符(Virtual Path Identifier); voltage n 电压，伏特数 Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) 阴极射线管 ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)综 tolerance n 公差;宽容;容忍 neuron n神经元;神经细胞合业务数字网 fuzzy adj 模糊的 condenser n 电容器;冷凝器 IDN综合数字网(integrated digital network)dielectric n 绝缘体;电解质 Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序 HDTV (high definition television)高清晰度电视 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 Expert Systems 专家系统 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform)离散余弦变换 Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 adj 非传导性的 VCI(virtual circuit address)虚通路标识 deflection n偏斜;偏转;偏差 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 MAN城域网Metropolitan area networks linear device 线性器件 neural network 神经网络 LAN局域网local area networkthe insulation resistance 绝缘电阻 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑 WAN广域网wide area network anode n 阳极，正极 intelligent agent 智能代理同步时分复用STDM Synchronous Time Division cathode n 阴极 electromagnetic adj 电磁的 Multiplexing breakdown n 故障;崩溃 coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的统计时分复用STDM Statistical Time Divisionterminal n 终点站;终端，接线端 microwave n 微波 Multiplexing emitter n 发射器 charge v充电，使充电单工传输simplex transmission collect v 收集，集聚，集中 insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物半双工传输half-duplex transmission insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器 nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的全双工传输full-duplex transmission oscilloscope n 示波镜;示波器antenna n天线;触角交换矩阵Switching Matrix gain n 增益，放大倍数modeling n建模，造型电路交换 circuit switchingforward biased 正向偏置 simulation n 仿真;模拟分组交换packet switching reverse biased 反向偏置 prototype n 原型报文交换message switching P-N junction PN结 array n 排队，编队奇偶校验parity checking MOS(metal-oxide semiconductor) 金属vector n 向量，矢量循环冗余校验CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 氧化物半导体 wavelet n 微波，小浪虚过滤Virtual filter enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗sine 正弦 cosine 余弦数字滤波digital filtering 尽型 inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面;相反v伪随机比特Quasi Random Bit integrated circuits 集成电路倒转带宽分配 Bandwidth allocation analog n 模拟 high-performance 高精确性，高性能信源information sourcedigital adj 数字的，数位的 two-dimensional 二维的;缺乏深度的信宿destination horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的 three-dimensional 三维的;立体的;真实的数字化digitalize vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的 object-oriented programming面向对象的程序数字传输技术Digital transmission technology amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富设计灰度图像Grey scale images attenuation n衰减;变薄;稀薄化 spectral adj 光谱的灰度级Grey scale level multimeter n 万用表 attenuation n衰减;变薄;稀释幅度谱Magnitude spectrumfrequency n 频率，周率 distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形相位谱Phase spectrum the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管 wavelength n 波长频谱frequency spectrum dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器 refractive adj 折射的智能设备Smart Device signal generating device 信号发生器 ATM 异步传输模式Asynchronous Transfer 软切换Soft handover peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值 Mode 硬切换 Hard Handover sine wave 正弦波 ADSL 非对称用户数字线Asymmetric digital 相干检测Coherent detection triangle wave 三角波 subscriber line 边缘检测Edge detection square wave 方波 VDSL甚高速数字用户线very high data rate 冲突检测collision detection amplifier 放大器，扩音器 digital subscriber line 业务集合service integration oscillator n 振荡器 HDSL高速数据用户线 high rate digital 业务分离/综合service separation/ integration feedback n 反馈，回应 subscriber line 网络集合network integration phase n 相，阶段，状态FDMA频分多址(Frequency Division Multiple 环形网Ring networks filter n 滤波器，过滤器 Access) 令牌环网Token Ring network rectifier n整流器;纠正者 TDMA时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access) 网络终端NetworkTerminal band-stop filter 带阻滤波器 CDMA同步码分多址方式(Code Division Multiple 用户终端user terminalband-pass filter 带通滤波器 Access) 用户电路line circuit decimal adj 十进制的，小数的 WCDMA宽带码分多址移动通信系统(Wideband 电路利用率channel utilization(通道利用率) hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的 Code Division Multiple Access) 相关性coherence binary adj 二进制的;二元的TD-SCDMA(Time Division Synchronous Code 相干解调coherent demodulation octal adj 八进制的 Division Multiple Access)时分同步码分多址数字图像压缩digital image compression domain n 域;领域 SDLC(synchronous data link control)同步数据图像编码image encoding code n代码，密码，编码v编码链路控制有损/无损压缩lossy/lossless compression the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 HDLC(high-level data link control)高级数据链路解压decompression Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换控制呼叫控制Call Control microcontroller n 微处理器;微控制器 IP/TCP(internet protocol/transfer Control 误差控制error control assembly language instrucions n 汇编语Protocol)网络传输控制协议存储程序控制stored program control 言指令 ITU (International Telecommunication Union)存储转发方式store-and-forward manner chip n 芯片，碎片国际电信联盟语音\视频传输voice\video transmission modular adj 模块化的;模数的 ISO国际标准化组织(International 视频点播video-on-demand(VOD) sensor n 传感器Standardization Organization); 会议电视Video Conference有线电视cable television deploy 采用，利用，推广应用 multiplex 多路复用的量化quantization take the form of 采用…的形式 degradation 恶化，降级吞吐量throughput parameter 参数，参量 dioxide 二氧化碳话务量traffic layer 层 LED(light-emitting-diode) 发光二极管多径分集Multipath diversity dope 掺杂 evolution 发展，展开，渐进 FET(field effect transistors) 场效应管多媒体通信MDM Multimedia Communication feedback 反馈，回授多址干扰Multiple Access Interference audio recording 唱片dimension 范围，方向，维，元人机交互man machine interface ultra-high-frequency(UHF) 超高频 scenario 方案 in excess of 超过交互式会话Conversational interaction scenario 方案，电影剧本路由算法Routing Algorithm in excess of 超过 amplifer 放大器目标识别Object recognition hypertext 超文本 noninvasive 非侵略的，非侵害的话音变换Voice transform ingredient 成分，因素 tariff 费率，关税率;对…征税中继线trunk line ingredient 成分，组成部分，要素 distributed functional plane(DFP) 分布功传输时延transmission delay metropolitan-area network(WAN) 城域网能平面远程监控remote monitoring metropolitan area network(WAN) 城域网，DQDB(distributed queue dual bus) 分布式光链路optical link 城市网络队列双总线拓扑结构Topology congestion 充满，拥挤，阻塞 hierarchy 分层，层次均方根root mean square collision 冲突 partition 分成whatsoever=whatever 0 extractive 抽出;释放出 segmentation 分割switchboard (电话)交换台 extract 抽取，取出，分离 interface 分界面，接口bipolar (电子)双极的 lease 出租，租约，租界期限，租界物 asunder 分开地，分离地 premise (复)房屋，前提 pass on 传递，切换 detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的 cursor (计算机尺的)游标，指导的 transmission 传输 dispense 分配 elapse (时间)经过，消失 facsimile 传真 allocate 分配，配给;配给物vaporize (使)蒸发 innovative=innovatory 创新的，富有革新精神centigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度subsystem (系统的)分部，子系统，辅助系的的统 track 磁道 fractal 分形 metallic (像)金属的，含金属的，(声音)impetus 促进，激励 molecule 分子，微小，些微刺耳的 cluster 簇cellular 蜂窝状的 dispatch (迅速)派遣，急件 stored-program control(SPC) 存储程序控制 cellular 蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的 consensus (意见)一致，同意 a large number of 大量的 auxiliary storage(also called secondary storage)deadline (最后)期限，截止时间 peal 大声响，发出辅助存储器tomographic X线体层摄像的 supersede 代替 decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退 alas 唉，哎呀 supplant 代替，取代 negative 负电 cluster 把…集成一束，一组，一簇，一串，out-of-band signaling 带外信号 vicinity 附近，邻近一群simplex transmission 单工传输 vicinity 附近地区，近处 encyclopedia 百科全书 monochromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的 sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的 millionfold 百万倍的 ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的 high-frequency(HF) 高频 semiconductor 半导体 conductor 导体 high definition television 高清晰度电视 radius 半径范围，半径，径向射线 hierarchy 等级制度，层次 chromium 铬 half-duplex transmission 半双工传输 infrastructure 底层结构，基础结构 annotate 给…作注解 accompaniment 伴随物，附属物geographic 地理的，地区的 in terms of 根据，按照 reservation 保留，预定geographically 地理上 disclosure 公布，企业决算公开 quotation 报价单，行情报告，引语 GIS(ground instrumentation system) 地面测public network 公用网 memorandum 备忘录量系统 functionality 功能，功能度 redundancy 备用ground station 地面站 mercury 汞 be viewed as 被看作… earth orbit 地球轨道 resonator 共鸣器 be regards as 被认为是 extraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的 resonance 共振 as such 本身;照此;以这种资格 Land-sat 地球资源卫星 whimsical 古怪的，反复无常的 textual 本文的，正文的 rug 地毯，毯子 administration 管理，经营 verge 边界 ignite 点火，点燃，使兴奋cursor 光标(显示器)，游标，指针 variation 变化，变量 electromagnetic 电磁的 optical computer 光计算机 conversion 变化，转化 inductive 电感photoconductor 光敏电阻 identity 标识;标志 arc 电弧 optical disks 光盘criterion 标准，准则 telephony 电话(学)，通话 optically 光学地，光地 in parallel on 并联到，合并到 dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料;电解质的，绝wide-area networks 广域网 juxtapose 并置，并列缘的 specification 规范，说明书 dialing pulse 拨号脉冲 capacitor 电容 silicon 硅 wave-guide 波导telecommunication 电信，无线电通讯 the international telecommunication union(ITU)wavelength division multiplexed 波分复scenario 电影剧本，方案国际电信联盟用 modem pool 调制解调器(存储)池 excess 过剩 baud rate 波特率 superimposing 叠加，重叠 obsolete 过时的，废弃的 playback 播放(录音带，唱片) pin 钉住，扣住，抓住 maritime 海事的 no greater than 不大于customize 定做，定制 synthetic 合成的，人造的，综合的 update 不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更monolithic 独立的，完全统一的 synthetic 合成的，综合性的新 aluminize 镀铝 rational 合乎理性的 asymmetric 不对称的strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的 rationalization 合理化 irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的 substantial 多的，大的，实际上的 streamline 合理化，理顺 inevitably 不可避免的 multi-path fading 多径衰落 infrared 红外线的，红外线 inevitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的 multi-path 多路，多途径;多路的，多途径的 skepticism 怀疑论 segment 部分 multi-access 多路存取，多路进入 ring network 环形网 abrasion 擦伤，磨损 multiplex 多路复用hybrid 混合物counterpart 伙伴，副本，对应物 pervasive 扩大的，渗透的implementation 实施，实现，执行，敷设 electromechanical 机电的，电动机械的 tensile 拉力的，张力的 entity 实体，存在 Robot 机器人 romanticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义 vector quantification 矢量量化 Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学 discrete 离散，不连续 mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错accumulation 积累 ion 离子 vex 使烦恼，使恼火，基础结构 force 力量;力infrastructure 基础defy 使落空 substrate 基质，底质 stereophonic 立体声的 facilitate 使容易，促进 upheaval 激变，剧变 continuum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集 retina 视网膜 compact disc 激光磁盘(CD) smart 灵巧的;精明的;洒脱的 compatible 适合的，兼容的 concentrator 集中器，集线器 token 令牌transceiver 收发两用机 centrex system 集中式用户交换功能系统 on the other hand 另一方面 authorize 授权，委托，允许 converge on 集中于，聚集在…上 hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的 data security 数据安全性 lumped element 集总元件 hexagon 六角形，六边形 data independence 数据独立CAI(computer-aided instruction) 计算机monopoly 垄断，专利 data management 数据管理辅助教学 video-clip 录像剪辑 database 数据库computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM) 计aluminum 铝 database management system(DBMS) 数算机集成制造 pebble 卵石，水晶透镜据库管理信息系统 computer mediated communication(CMC) 计forum 论坛，讨论会database transaction 数据库事务算机中介通信 logical relationships 逻辑关系 data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性 record 记录 code book 码本attenuation 衰减 register 记录器，寄存器 pulse code modulation(PCM) 脉冲编码调制 fading 衰落，衰减，消失 expedite 加快，促进 roam 漫步，漫游dual 双的，二重的 weight 加权 bps(bits per second) 每秒钟传输的比特transient 瞬时的 accelerate 加速，加快，促进 ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码 deterministic 宿命的，确定的 categorize 加以类别，分类susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的 algorithm 算法 in addition 加之，又，另外 analog 模拟，模拟量 dissipation 损耗 hypothetical 假设的 pattern recognition模式识别 carbon 碳 rigidly 坚硬的，僵硬的 bibliographic 目录的，文献的 diabetes 糖尿病 compatibility 兼容性，相容性 neodymium 钕cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的 surveillance 监视 the european telecommunication razor 剃刀，剃 surveillance 监视 standardization institute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准go by the name of 通称，普通叫做 retrieval 检索，(可)补救局 commucation session 通信会话 verification 检验coordinate 配合的，协调的;使配合，调整 traffic 通信业务(量) simplicity 简单，简明 ratify 批准，认可 synchronous transmission 同步传输 film 胶片，薄膜 bias 偏差;偏置 concurrent 同时发生的，共存的 take over 接管，接任 deviate 偏离，与…不同 simultaneous 同时发生的，同时做的 ruggedness 结实 spectrum 频谱 simultaneous 同时发生的，一齐的 threshold 界限，临界值 come into play 其作用 coaxial 同轴的 with the aid of 借助于，用，通过entrepreneurial 企业的 copper 铜 wire line 金属线路，有线线路 heuristic methods 启发式方法 statistical 统计的，统计学的 coherent 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相play a …role(part) 起…作用 dominate 统治，支配干的stem from 起源于;由…发生 invest in 投资 compact 紧密的 organic 器官的，有机的，组织的 perspective 透视，角度，远景 approximation 近似hypothesis 前提 graphics 图示，图解 undertake 进行，从事 front-end 前置，前级 pictorial 图像的 transistor 晶体管 potential 潜势的，潜力的coating 涂层，层 elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安intensity 强度deduce 推理排的 reasoning strategies 推理策略 coincidence 巧合，吻合，一致vigilant 警戒的，警惕的 scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀 inference engine 推理机 alcohol 酒精，酒 inventory 清单，报表 topology 拓扑结构 local area networks(LANs) 局域网 heterodyne 外差法的 spherical 球的，球形的local-area networks(LANs) 局域网 distinguish 区别，辨别 peripheral外界的，外部的，周围的 drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演出 succumb 屈服，屈从，死 gateway 网关 focus on 聚集在，集中于，注视 hazardous 危险的 global functional plane(GFP) 全局功能平面insulator 绝缘 full-duplex transmission 全双工传输 microwave 微波(的) root mean square 均方根 hologram 全息照相，全息图 microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器 uniform 均匀的 microelectronic 微电子 deficiency 缺乏open-system-interconnection(OSI) 开放系thermonuclear 热核的 nuance微小的差别(色彩等) 统互连 artifact 人工制品 encompass 围绕，包围，造成，设法做到 expire 开始无效，满期，终止 AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能 maintenance 维护;保持;维修 immunity 抗扰，免除，免疫性 fusion 熔解，熔化 satellite communication 卫星通信take…into account 考虑，重视… diskettes(also called floppy disk) 软盘 satellite network 卫星网络programmable industrial automation 可编程sector 扇区 transceiver 无线电收发信机工业自动化 entropy 熵 radio-relay transmission 无线电中继传输demountable 可拆卸的 uplink 上行链路 without any doubt 无疑 tunable 可调的 arsenic 砷 passive satellite 无源卫星 reliable 可靠 neural network 神经网络 sparse 稀少的，稀疏的 be likely to 可能，大约，像要 very-high-frequency(VHF) 甚高频 downlink 下行链路 videotex video 可视图文电视upgrade 升级 precursor 先驱，前任 negligible 可以忽略的 distortion 失真，畸变 visualization 显像 aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的;天线identification 识别，鉴定，验明 feasibility 现实性，可行性 broadband 宽(频)带 pragmatic 实际的 linearity 线性度constrain 限制，约束，制约 regenerative 再生的 ABC American Broadcasting Company 美considerable 相当的，重要的 improve over 在……基础上改善国广播公司 geo-stationary 相对地面静止 play important role in 在…中起重要作用 Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音by contrast 相反，而，对比起来 in close proximity 在附近，在很近补偿 coorelation 相关性underlying 在下的，基础的 Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制mutual 相互的 in this respect 在这方面mutually 相互的，共同的 entail 遭遇，导致 ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平 interconnect 相互连接，互连 presentation 赠与，图像，呈现，演示 ABLC Automatic Brightness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路 one after the other 相继，依次 narrowband 窄(频)带minicomputer 小型计算机 deploy 展开，使用，推广应用 ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播protocol 协议，草案 megabit 兆比特联盟(亚广联 ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国protocol 协议，规约，规程germanium 锗psycho-acoustic 心理(精神)听觉的;传音positive 正电标准局的quadrature 正交 AC Access Conditions 接入条件 channelization 信道化，通信信道选择 orthogonal 正交的 Audio Center 音频中心 run length encoding 行程编码 quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) 正 ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频groom 修饰，准备交幅度调制道衰减 virtual ISDN 虚拟ISDN on the right track 正在轨道上 ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中multitude 许多，大批，大量 sustain 支撑，撑住，维持，持续心控制whirl 旋转 outgrowh 支派;长出;副产品 Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增preference 选择，喜欢 dominate 支配，统治益avalanche 雪崩 knowledge representation 知识表示 ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色pursue 寻求，从事 knowledge engineering 知识工程器 interrogation 询问 knowledge base 知识库 ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法 dumb 哑的，不说话的，无声的 in diameter 直径 ACS Access Control System 接入控制系subcategory 亚类，子种类，子范畴 helicopter 直升飞机统 orbital 眼眶;轨道 acronym 只取首字母的缩写词 Advanced Communication Service 高级oxygen 氧气，氧元素 as long as 只要，如果通信业务 service switching and control points(SSCPs) 业tutorial 指导教师的，指导的 Area Communication System 区域通信务交换控制点 coin 制造(新字符)，杜撰系统service control points(SCPs) 业务控制点 fabrication 制造，装配;捏造事实 ADC Analog to Digital Converter 模-数转service controlfunction(SCF) 业务控制功能 proton 质子换器 in concert 一致，一齐intelligence 智能，智力，信息 Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁handover 移交，越区切换 intelligent network 智能网电路 at a rate of 以……的速率 intermediate 中间的 ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线 in the form of 以…的形式 nucleus(pl.nuclei) 中心，核心 ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配base on… 以…为基础 neutrons 中子系统 yttrium 钇(稀有金属，符号Y) terminal 终端，终端设备 AE Audio Erasing 音频(声音asynchronous transmission 异步传输 overlay 重叠，覆盖，涂覆 AEF Automatic Editing Function 自动编asynchronous 异步的 highlight 重要的部分，焦点辑功能 exceptional 异常的，特殊的 charge 主管，看管;承载 AES Audio Engineering Society 音频工程voice-grade 音频级 dominant 主要的，控制的，最有力的协会indium 铟 cylinder 柱面 AF Audio Frequency 音频 give rise to 引起，使产生 expert system 专家系统 AFA Audio Frequency Amplifier 音频放大private network 专用网络器 cryptic 隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘 transition 转变，转换，跃迁 AFC Automatic Frequency Coder 音频编hard automation 硬自动化 relay 转播码器 relay 转播，中继Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备 repeater 转发器，中继器控制 subscriber 用户pursue 追赶，追踪，追求，继续 AFT Automatic Fine Tuning 自动微调 desktop publish 桌面出版 Automatic Frequency Track 自动频率跟telex 用户电报PBX(private branch exchange) 用户小交换机ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的;紫外线辐射踪或专用交换机 field 字段 Automatic Frequency Trim 自动额率微vendor 自动售货机，厂商调 be called upon to 用来…，(被)要求…superiority 优势 naturally 自然的;天生具备的 AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控predominance 优势，显著 synthesize 综合，合成制integrate 综合，使完全 AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能 active satellite 有源卫星in comparison with 与…比较 ISDN(intergrated services digital network) 综 ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表 comparable to 与…可比合业务数字网 AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅 preliminary 预备的，初步的 as a whole 总体上 AMS Automatic Music Sensor 自动音乐premonition 预感，预兆bus network 总线形网传感装置 nucleus 原子核 crossbar 纵横，交叉 ANC Automatic Noise Canceller 自动噪valence 原子价 impedance 阻抗声消除器circumference 圆周，周围 initial 最初的，开始的 ANT ANTenna 天线teleprocessing 远程信息处理，遥控处理 optimum 最佳条件 AO Analog Output 模拟输出 perspective 远景，前途 appear as 作为…出现 APS Automatic Program Search 自动节constrain 约束，强迫 A Analog 模拟目搜索 mobile运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车 A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换 APPS Automatic Program Pause System 上的 AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编自动节目暂停系统 convey 运输，传递，转换码 APSS Automatic Program Search System impurity 杂质 ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平自动节目搜索系统 impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯衡 AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Control 自动遥 BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter宽带 CII China Information Infrastructure 中国控终端适配器信息基础设施ASCII American Standard Code for Broadcasting Technology Association (日CIF Common Intermediate Format 通用中Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准本间格式 AST Automatic Scanning Tracking 自动 BTL Balanced Transformer-Less 桥式推 CIS Chinese Industrial Standard 中国工业扫描跟踪挽放大电路标准ATC Automatic Timing Control 自动定时 BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播 CLV Constant Linear Velocity 恒定线速度控制技术标准 CM Colour Monitor 彩色监视器 Automatic Tone Correction 自动音频校 BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单 CMTS Cable Modem Termination System正元线缆调制解调器终端系统 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步 BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频 CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比传输模式型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式 CON Console 操纵台ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹 BW BandWidth 带宽 Controller 控制器 ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系 BWTV Black and White Television 黑白 CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasting 统电视 (美国公共广播公司ATSC Advanced Television Systems CA Conditional Access 条件接收 CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元 Committee (美国高级电视制式委员会) CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接 CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校 ***C Automatic Volume Control 自动音收控制验量控制 CAL Continuity Accept Limit 连续性接 CRCC CRI Cyclic Redundancy Check Code ***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动受极限循环冗余校验码稳压器 CAS Conditional Access System 条件接 CROM China Radio International 中国国际AWB Automatic White Balance 自动白平收系统广播电台衡 Conditional Access Sub-system 条件接 CRT Control Read Only Memory 控制只读 AZC Automatic Zooming Control 自动变收子系统存储器焦控制 CATV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电 CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管 AZS Automatic Zero Setting 自动调零视 CSC Communication Satellite 通信卫星 BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器 Community Antenna Television 共用天 CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器线电视 Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器 BAC Binary-Analog Conversion 二进制模 C*** Constant AngularVelocity 恒角速 Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统拟转换度 CSU Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元BB Black Burst 黑场信号 CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CT Color Temperature 色温 BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英加拿大广播公司 CTC Cassette Tape Controller 盒式磁带控国广播公司 CBS Columbia Broadcasting System (美制器BBI Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京国哥伦比亚广播公司 Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制广播学院 CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路 BC Binary Code 二进制码 CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文 Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制Balanced Current 平衡电流字幕发生器 CTE Cable Termination Equipment 线缆终 Broadcast Control 广播控制 CCIR International Radio Consultative 端设备 BCT Bandwidth Compression Technique Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会 Customer Terminal Equipment 用户终端设带宽压缩技术 CCITT International Telegraph and 备 BDB Bi-directional Data Bus 双向数据总Telephone Consultative CTV Color Television 彩色电视线 Committee 国际电话电报咨询委员会 CVD China Video Disc 中国数字视盘BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则 CCR Central Control Room 中心控制室 CW Carrie Wave 载波 Bit Error Rate 比特误码率 CCTV China Central Television 中国中央 DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频 BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲电视台广播BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器 Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视 DASH Digital Audio Stationary Head 数字 Brillouin Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大 CCS Center Central System 中心控制系音频静止磁头器统 DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带BGM Background Music 背景音乐 CCU Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器DBMS Data Base Management System 数 BIOS Basic Input,Output System 基本CCW Counter Clock-Wise 反时针方向据库管理系统输入输出系统 CD Compact Disc 激光唱片 DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN 宽带综合业务 CDA Current Dumping Amplifier 电流放 DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒数据网大器带 BIU Basic Information Unit 基本信息单 CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制元唱片 DCT Digital Component Technology 数字 Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元 CDFM Compact Disc File Manager 光盘分量技术 BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制文件管理(程序Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换BML Business Management Layer 商务 CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静 DCTV Digital Color Television 数字彩色电管理层止图像的CD唱盘视BN Backbone Network 主干网 CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only DD Direct Drive 直接驱动BNT Broadband Network Termination 宽Memory 只读式紧凑光盘 DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制带网络终端设备 CETV China Educational Television 中国 DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交 BO Bus Out 总线输出教育电视台换BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发 CF Color Framing 彩色成帧 DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视生器 CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形器 BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器 (显示卡 DES Data Elementary Stream 数据基本码BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准 CI Common Interface 通用接口流学会 CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡 Data Encryption Standard 美国数据加密 BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星 CI Common Interface 通用接口标准业务 CIE Chinese Institute of Electronics 中国电 DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦光纤 BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端子学会 DG Differential Gain 微分增益 British Telecom 英国电信 DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机 DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动 DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技 DMS Digital Mastering System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络 DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采集 DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线 DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications 有线数据传输业务接口规范 DOC Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿 DOS Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统DP Differential Phase 微分相位 Data Pulse 数据脉冲 DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation差值脉冲编码调制 DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑 DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播 DSC Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声 DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Down-Stream Key 下游键 DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器 DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统 DT Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视 Data Terminal 数据终端 Data Transmission 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播 capacitance欢迎您阅读该资料，希望该资料能给您的学习和生活带来帮助，如果您还了解更多的相关知识，也欢迎您分享出来，让我们大家能共同进步、共同成长。
spectresimulation介绍PPT教案
3、View则包含多种类型，常用的有schemetic，symbol， layout，extracted，ivpcell等等 ,新建Cellview要注意选择 View的类型。
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Tools菜单
在Tools菜单下，比较常 用的菜单项有
Library Manager Library Path Editor Technology File Manager
Library Manager项打开的是库管 理器。在窗口的各部分中，分别 显示的是Library、Category、Cell 、View相应的内容。
i
11.Wire（Narrow） w
12.Wire（Wide）
13.Wire Name
l
14.Pin
p
15.Cmd Options
16.Repeat
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添加元器件
点击右边工具栏“Instance”或快捷键“I”
基本的元器件， 如NMOS PMOS 电阻 电容 电压源 电流源 等等 都在 analoglib库里。
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ac（交流分析）
ac（交流分析）是 分析电路性能随着 运行频率变化而变
化的仿真。
既可以对频率进行 扫描也可以在某个 频率下进行对其它
变量的扫描。
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Variables菜单
包括Edit等子菜单项。可以 对变量进行添加、删除、 查找、复制等操作。变量 （variables）既可以是电 路中元器件的某一个参量 ，也可以是一个表达式。 变量将在参量扫描（ parametric analysis）时用 到。
天津大学信息与通信工程考研复习辅导资料及导师分数线信息
天津大学信息与通信工程考研复习辅导资料及导师分数线信息天津大学信息与通信工程考研科目包括政治、外语、数学一以及通信原理、信号与系统。
主要研究方向分为两个，方向一考试科目为通信原理，方向二考试科目为信号与系统，此专业是报考人数较多的专业，考生需进一步把握备考方向。
考试科目备注专业代码、名称及研究方向081000信息与通信工程①101思想政治理论②201英语一③301数学一④814通信原理①101思想政治理论②201英语一③301数学一④815信号与系统天津大学信息与通信工程考研录取情况院（系、所） 专业 报考人数 录取人数信息与通信工程506 95 电子信息工程学院（2012年）信息与通信工程463 92 电子信息工程学院（2013年）天津大学信息与通信工程2012年的报考人数为506人，录取人数为95人，2013年的报考人数为463人，录取人数为92人。
由真题可以发现，现在考点涉及的广度和深度不断扩宽和加深。
由天津考研网签约的天津大学在读本硕博团队搜集整理了天津大学电子信息工程学院信息与通信工程考研全套复习资料，帮助考生梳理知识点并构建知识框架。
真题解析部分将真题按照知识点划分，条理清晰的呈现在同学们眼前。
然后根据各个考点的近几年真题解析，让同学对热点、难点了然于胸。
只有做到了对真题规律和趋势的把握，8—10月底的提高复习才能有的放矢、事半功倍！天津大学电子信息工程学院信息与通信工程考研导师信息刘开华纵向课题经费课题名称情境感知服务位置信息获取机理与算法2009-01-01--2011-12-31负责人:刘开华科技计划:国家基金委拨款单位:国家基金委合同经费:32 课题名称智能航空铅封技术研究2010-01-01--2012-12-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划:天津市科技支撑计划重点项目拨款单位:天津市科学技术委员会合同经费:50 横向课题经费课题名称基于相位法的RFID定位技术2013-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划: 拨款单位:中兴通信有限公司合同经费:16课题名称基于ADoc芯片组的产品开发2008-09-01--2009-08-31 负责人:刘开华科技计划: 拨款单位:THOMSON宽带研发（北京）有限公司合同经费:6.3 期刊、会议论文Tan, Lingling; Bai, Yu; Teng, Jianfu; Liu, Kaihua; Meng, WenqingTrans-Impedance Filter Synthesis Based on Nodal Admittance Matrix Expansion CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGnullTan, Lingling; Liu, Kaihua; Bai, Yu; Teng, Jianfu Construction of CDBA and CDTA behavioral models and the applications in symbolic circuits analysis ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SIGNAL PROCESSINGnullMa Yongtao，Zhou Liuji，Liu Kaihua A Subcarrier-Pair Based Resource AllocationScheme Using SensorsnullMa Yongtao，Zhou Liuji，Liu Kaihua, Wang Jinlong Iterative Phase Reconstruction and Weighted IEEE sensorsnull罗蓬，刘开华，闫格基于FrFT能量重心谱校正的LFM信号参数估计信号处理null 潘勇, 刘开华，等 A novel printed microstrip antenna with frequency reconfigurable characteristics for Bluetooth/WLAN/WiMAX applications Microwave and Optical Technology Lettersnull阎格，刘开华，吕西午基于分数阶Fourier变换的新型时频滤波器设计哈尔滨工业大学学报nullLin Zhu, Kaihua Liu, Zhang Qijun, Yongtao Ma and Bo Peng An enhanced analytical Neuro-Space Mapping method for large-signal microwave device modeling null罗蓬，刘开华，于洁潇，马永涛一种相干宽带线性调频信号的波达方向估计新方法通信学报nullLin Zhu, Yongtao Ma, Qijun Zhang and Kaihua Liu An enhanced Neuro-Space Mapping method for nonlinear device modeling nullYue Cui, Kaihua Liu, Junfeng Wang Direction-of-arrival estimation for coherent GPS signals based on oblique projection Signal ProcessingnullLV Xi-wu, LIU Kai-hua, et al. Efficient solution of additional base stations in time-of-arrival positioning systems Electronics Lettersnull省部级以上获奖刘开华；等数字电视接收系统、软件技术的研发与应用”天津市科技进步奖三等奖2011-04-29李华；刘开华；等数字视频压缩与码流测试技术的研发及应用天津市科技进步奖二等奖2009-04-29知识产权刘开华, 于洁潇高速公路上车辆的车速和相对位置实时测量系统及方法刘开华；潘勇；于洁潇；陈征一种基于无联网的车载自动实时监控远程终端刘开华，黄翔东，于洁潇，王兆华，闫格基于相位差测距的RFID无线定位方法王安国纵向课题经费课题名称基带处理与天线协同2007-07-16--2011-11-16 负责人:王安国科技计划:国家科技部拨款单位:财政部合同经费:157.41课题名称无线网络多源稀疏协作编码研究2011-01-01--2013-12-31 负责人:韩昌彩科技计划:国家基金委拨款单位:国家基金委合同经费:20横向课题经费课题名称具有波束多选择性的多频段可重构天线研究2013-01-01--2014-12-31 负责人:王安国科技计划: 拨款单位:东南大学毫米波国家重点实验室合同经费:5课题名称双方向图算法在室内定位中的应用2012-01-01--2012-12-31 负责人:冷文科技计划: 拨款单位:中兴通讯股份有限公司合同经费:14.5期刊、会议论文马宁王安国姬雨初石和平Cooperative Space Shift Keying for Multiple-Relay Network IEEE Communications Lettersnull裴静王安国高顺,冷文Miniaturized Triple-Band Antenna With a Defected Ground Plane for WLAN/WiMAX Applications IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Lettersnull赵国煌王安国冷文陈彬陈华Wideband internal antenna with coupled feeding for 4G mobile phone Microwave and Optical Technology Lettersnull陈彬王安国赵国煌Design of a novel ultrawideband antenna with dualband-notched characteristics Microwave and Optical technology lettersnull 蔡晓涛王安国马宁冷文 A Novel Planar Parasitic Array Antenna with Reconfigurable Azimuth pattern IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Lettersnull 马宁王安国聂仲尔曲倩倩姬雨初Adaptive Mapping Generalized Space Shift Keying Modulation China Communicationsnull王安国蔡晓涛冷文带寄生贴片的圆盘形方向图可重构天线设计电波科学学报null 王安国陈彬冷文赵国煌一种小型化五频段可重构蝶形天线的设计电波科学学报null蔡晓涛王安国马宁冷文Novel radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna with six beam choices The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunicationsnull 曲倩倩王安国聂仲尔郑剑锋Block Mapping Spatial Modulation Scheme forMIMO Systems The Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunicationsnull王安国刘楠兰航方向图可重构宽带准八木天线的设计天津大学学报null李锵纵向课题经费课题名称基于稀疏核支持向量机的音乐自动分类系统关键技术研究2009-06-01--2010-06-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:天津大学建筑设计研究院合同经费:3课题名称jg预研项目2010-03-01--2010-12-01 负责人:李锵科技计划:拨款单位:渤海石油运输有限责任公司合同经费:3课题名称超声波热治疗中非侵入式温度成像与弹性成像关键技术研究2015-01-01--2018-12-31 负责人:李锵科技计划:国家自然科学基金项目拨款单位: 国家自然科学基金委员会合同经费:85课题名称高等学校学科创新引智计划综合管理平台的设计与开发2010-04-01--2012-04-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:苏州国芯科技有限公司合同经费:3横向课题经费课题名称微粒捕集器数据采集系统开发2008-01-01--2008-06-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:润英联新加坡私人有限公司合同经费:22.5课题名称电子系统可靠性增长建模与仿真2006-12-01--2008-01-01 负责人:李锵科技计划: 拨款单位:中国人民解放军海军航空工程学院合同经费:5期刊、会议论文李锵，滕建辅，赵全明，李士心Wavelet domain Wiener filter and its application in signal denoising null张立毅，李锵，刘婷，滕建辅The research of the adaptive blind equalizer's steady residual error null徐星，李锵，关欣Chinese folk instruments classification via statistical features and sparse-based representation null张立毅，李锵，刘婷，滕建辅Study of improved constant modulus blind equalization algorithm null张立毅，孙云山，李锵，滕建辅Study on the fuzzy neural network classifier blind equalization algorithm null郭继昌，滕建辅，李锵Research of the gyro signal de-noising method based on stationary wavelets transform null肖志涛，于明，李锵，国澄明Symmetry phase congruency: Feature detector consistent with human visual system characteristics nullCai wei，李锵，关欣Automatic singer identification based on auditory features. null李锵，滕建辅，王昕，张雅绮，郭继昌Research of gyro signal de-noising with stationary wavelets transform null郭继昌，滕建辅，李锵，张雅绮The de-noising of gyro signals by bi-orthogonalwavelet transform nullLiu Tianlong，李锵，关欣Double boundary periodic extension DNA coding sequence detection algorithm combining base content null关欣，滕建辅，李锵，苏育挺Blind acoustic source separation combiningtime-delayed autocorrelation and 4TH-order cumulants null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅Kurtosis-driven variable step size blind equalization algorithm with constant module nullQin Lu，李锵，关欣Pitch Extraction for Musical Signals with Modified AMDF null Zhang Xueying，李锵，关欣The Improved AMDF Gene Exon Prediction null 李锵，Jian Dong,Ming-Guo Wang,滕建辅Analysis and simulation of antenna protocol optimization for ad hoc networks nullFeng Yanyan，李锵，关欣Entropy of Teager Energy in Wavelet-domain Algorithm Applied in Note Onset Detection nullBao Hu, Li ShangSheng, 李锵，滕建辅Research on the technology of RFSS in large-scale universal missile ATE null张立毅，Haiqing Cheng,李锵，滕建辅 A research of forward neural network blind equalization algorithm based on momentum term null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅 A New Adaptive Variable Step-size Blind Equalization Algorithm Based on Forward Neural Network nullYutao Ma,李锵，Chao Li，Kun Li，滕建辅Design of active transimpedanceband-pass filters with different Q values International Journal of Electronicsnull 夏静静，李锵,刘浩澧，Wen-shiang Chen,Po-Hsiang Tsui An Approach for the Visualization of Temperature Distribution in Tissues According to Changes in Ultrasonic Backscattered Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicinenull 耿晓楠，李锵，崔博翔，王荞茵，刘浩澧超声温度影像与弹性成像监控组织射频消融南方医科大学学报null谭玲玲, 李锵, 李瑞杰, 滕建辅Design of transimpedance low-pass filters International Journal of Electronicsnull李锵，李秋颖，关欣基于听觉图像的音乐流派自动分类天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）nullChong Zhou, Wei Pang, 李锵, Hongyu Yu, Xiaotang Hu, HaoZhang, Extracting the Electromechanical Coupling Constant of Piezoelectric Thin Film by the High-Tone Bulk Acoustic Resonator IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Controlnull朱琳, 李锵, 刘开华基于ADS的声表面波单端对谐振器建模压电与声光null董丽梦, 李锵, 关欣基于稀疏表示分类器的音乐和弦识别系统研究计算机工程与应用null关欣，李锵，田洪伟基于差分全相位MFCC的音符起点自动检测计算机工程null 关欣，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅二、四阶组合时延统计量多乐器盲分离计算机工程与应用null杨甲沛, 李锵, 刘郑, 袁晓琳基于自适应学习速率的改进型BP算法研究计算机工程与应用null李锵, 张法朝, 张瑞峰System design of DPF data recorder and data analysisnull李锵, 袁晓琳, 杨甲沛Application of ant colony algorithm in the optimization of the time environmental conversion factor of the reliability models null 张立毅，白煜，李锵，滕建辅复数系统中五二阶归一化积累盲均衡算法的研究通信学报null郭继昌，关欣，李锵，刘志杨红外图像预处理系统中模拟视频输出时序设计电子技术应用null关欣，滕建辅，李锵，苏育挺，Wang Shu-Yan Blind source separation combining time-delayed second and fourth order statistics 天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅复数系统中三、二阶归一化累积量盲均衡算法的研究计算机工程与应用null张立毅，李锵，滕建辅经典盲均衡算法中稳态剩余误差的分析天津大学学报null 滕建辅，董健，李锵，关欣Design of maximally flat FIR filters based on explicit formulas combined with optimization 天津大学学报（英文版）null郭继昌，陈敏俊，李锵，关欣红外焦平面失效元处理方法及软硬件实现光电工程null 马杰，王昕，李锵，滕建辅基于特征值和奇异值分解方法的盲分离天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null李锵，郭继昌，关欣，滕建辅基于通用DSP的红外焦平面视频图像数字预处理系统天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null李锵，郭继昌，关欣，刘航，童央群基于DSP的红外焦平面视频图像数字处理系统的设计测控技术null马杰，滕建辅，李锵具有参考噪声源的多路传感器信号盲分离方法测控技术null 周郭飞，李锵，滕建辅微带扇形分支线在低通滤波器设计中应用电子测量技术null 李锵，滕建辅，李士心，肖志涛小波域Wiener滤波器信号的去噪方法天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null肖志涛，于明，李锵，唐红梅，国澄明Log Gabor小波性能分析及其在相位一致性中应用天津大学学报（自然科学与工程技术版）null罗批，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅Improved genetic algorithm and its performance analysis 天津大学学报（英文版）null罗批，郭继昌，李锵，滕建辅一种实用的电子线路参数优化算法电路与系统学报null 罗批，李锵，郭继昌，滕建辅基于偏最小二乘回归建模的探讨天津大学学报null 知识产权李锵，闫志勇，关欣一种结合SVM和增强型PCP特征的和弦识别方法中国2014100089231李锵, 冯亚楠, 关欣基于Teager能量熵的音符切分方法学术专著(关欣, 杨爱萍, 白煜, 李锵), 信号检测与估计:理论与应用（译著）, 电子工业出版社2012-01-31(白煜, 李锵), 模拟集成电路设计的艺术(译著), 人民邮电出版社2010-11-04(李锵，周进等), 无线通信基础（译著）, 人民邮电出版社2007-06-30(李锵，董健，关欣，鲍虎), 数字通信（原书第2版）（译著）, 机械工业出版社2006-02-28(张为，关欣，刘艳艳，李锵), 电子电路设计基础（译著）, 电子工业出版社2005-10-01(张雅绮，李锵等), Verilog HDL高级数字设计（译著）, 电子工业出版社2005-01-31(李锵，侯春萍，赵宇), 网络（原书第2版）（译著）, 机械工业出版社2004-11-30(李锵，郭继昌), 无线通信与网络, 电子工业出版社2004-06-30本文内容摘自《天津大学814通信原理考研红宝书》，更多考研资料可登陆网站下载！。
Matlab的第三方工具箱大全
Matlab的第三方工具箱大全(按住CTRL点击连接就可以到达每个工具箱的主页面来下载了)Matlab Toolboxes∙ADCPtools - acoustic doppler current profiler data processing∙AFDesign - designing analog and digital filters∙AIRES - automatic integration of reusable embedded software∙Air-Sea - air-sea flux estimates in oceanography∙Animation - developing scientific animations∙ARfit - estimation of parameters and eigenmodes of multivariate autoregressive methods∙ARMASA - power spectrum estimation∙AR-Toolkit - computer vision tracking∙Auditory - auditory models∙b4m - interval arithmetic∙Bayes Net - inference and learning for directed graphical models∙Binaural Modeling - calculating binaural cross-correlograms of sound∙Bode Step - design of control systems with maximized feedback∙Bootstrap - for resampling, hypothesis testing and confidence interval estimation ∙BrainStorm - MEG and EEG data visualization and processing∙BSTEX - equation viewer∙CALFEM - interactive program for teaching the finite element method∙Calibr - for calibrating CCD cameras∙Camera Calibration∙Captain - non-stationary time series analysis and forecasting∙CHMMBOX - for coupled hidden Markov modeling using max imum likelihood EM ∙Classification - supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms∙CLOSID∙Cluster - for analysis of Gaussian mixture models for data set clustering∙Clustering - cluster analysis∙ClusterPack - cluster analysis∙COLEA - speech analysis∙CompEcon - solving problems in economics and finance∙Complex - for estimating temporal and spatial signal complexities∙Computational Statistics∙Coral - seismic waveform analysis∙DACE - kriging approximations to computer models∙DAIHM - data assimilation in hydrological and hydrodynamic models∙Data Visualization∙DBT - radar array processing∙DDE-BIFTOOL - bifurcation analysis of delay differential equations∙Denoise - for removing noise from signals∙DiffMan - solv ing differential equations on manifolds∙Dimensional Analysis -∙DIPimage - scientific image processing∙Direct - Laplace transform inversion via the direct integration method∙DirectSD - analysis and design of computer controlled systems with process-oriented models∙DMsuite - differentiation matrix suite∙DMTTEQ - design and test time domain equalizer design methods∙DrawFilt - drawing digital and analog filters∙DSFWAV - spline interpolation with Dean wave solutions∙DWT - discrete wavelet transforms∙EasyKrig∙Econometrics∙EEGLAB∙EigTool - graphical tool for nonsymmetric eigenproblems∙EMSC - separating light scattering and absorbance by extended multiplicative signal correction∙Engineering Vibration∙FastICA - fixed-point algorithm for ICA and projection pursuit∙FDC - flight dynamics and control∙FDtools - fractional delay filter design∙FlexICA - for independent components analysis∙FMBPC - fuzzy model-based predictive control∙ForWaRD - Fourier-wavelet regularized deconvolution∙FracLab - fractal analysis for signal processing∙FSBOX - stepwise forward and backward selection of features using linear regression∙GABLE - geometric algebra tutorial∙GAOT - genetic algorithm optimization∙Garch - estimating and diagnosing heteroskedasticity in time series models∙GCE Data - managing, analyzing and displaying data and metadata stored using the GCE data structure specification∙GCSV - growing cell structure visualization∙GEMANOVA - fitting multilinear ANOVA models∙Genetic Algorithm∙Geodetic - geodetic calculations∙GHSOM - growing hierarchical self-organizing map∙glmlab - general linear models∙GPIB - wrapper for GPIB library from National Instrument∙GTM - generative topographic mapping, a model for density modeling and data visualization∙GVF - gradient vector flow for finding 3-D object boundaries∙HFRadarmap - converts HF radar data from radial current vectors to total vectors ∙HFRC - importing, processing and manipulating HF radar data∙Hilbert - Hilbert transform by the rational eigenfunction expansion method∙HMM - hidden Markov models∙HMMBOX - for hidden Markov modeling using maximum likelihood EM∙HUTear - auditory modeling∙ICALAB - signal and image processing using ICA and higher order statistics∙Imputation - analysis of incomplete datasets∙IPEM - perception based musical analysisJMatLink - Matlab Java classesKalman - Bayesian Kalman filterKalman Filter - filtering, smoothing and parameter estimation (using EM) for linear dynamical systemsKALMTOOL - state estimation of nonlinear systemsKautz - Kautz filter designKrigingLDestimate - estimation of scaling exponentsLDPC - low density parity check codesLISQ - wavelet lifting scheme on quincunx gridsLKER - Laguerre kernel estimation toolLMAM-OLMAM - Levenberg Marquardt with Adaptive Momentum algorithm for training feedforward neural networksLow-Field NMR - for exponential fitting, phase correction of quadrature data and slicing LPSVM - Newton method for LP support vector machine for machine learning problems LSDPTOOL - robust control system design using the loop shaping design procedure LS-SVMlabLSVM - Lagrangian support vector machine for machine learning problemsLyngby - functional neuroimagingMARBOX - for multivariate autogressive modeling and cross-spectral estimation MatArray - analysis of microarray dataMatrix Computation- constructing test matrices, computing matrix factorizations, visualizing matrices, and direct search optimizationMCAT - Monte Carlo analysisMDP - Markov decision processesMESHPART - graph and mesh partioning methodsMILES - maximum likelihood fitting using ordinary least squares algorithmsMIMO - multidimensional code synthesisMissing - functions for handling missing data valuesM_Map - geographic mapping toolsMODCONS - multi-objective control system designMOEA - multi-objective evolutionary algorithmsMS - estimation of multiscaling exponentsMultiblock - analysis and regression on several data blocks simultaneously Multiscale Shape AnalysisMusic Analysis - feature extraction from raw audio signals for content-based music retrievalMWM - multifractal wavelet modelNetCDFNetlab - neural network algorithmsNiDAQ - data acquisition using the NiDAQ libraryNEDM - nonlinear economic dynamic modelsNMM - numerical methods in Matlab textNNCTRL - design and simulation of control systems based on neural networks NNSYSID - neural net based identification of nonlinear dynamic systemsNSVM - newton support vector machine for solv ing machine learning problems NURBS - non-uniform rational B-splinesN-way - analysis of multiway data with multilinear modelsOpenFEM - finite element developmentPCNN - pulse coupled neural networksPeruna - signal processing and analysisPhiVis- probabilistic hierarchical interactive visualization, i.e. functions for visual analysis of multivariate continuous dataPlanar Manipulator - simulation of n-DOF planar manipulatorsPRT ools - pattern recognitionpsignifit - testing hyptheses about psychometric functionsPSVM - proximal support vector machine for solving machine learning problems Psychophysics - vision researchPyrTools - multi-scale image processingRBF - radial basis function neural networksRBN - simulation of synchronous and asynchronous random boolean networks ReBEL - sigma-point Kalman filtersRegression - basic multivariate data analysis and regressionRegularization ToolsRegularization Tools XPRestore ToolsRobot - robotics functions, e.g. kinematics, dynamics and trajectory generation Robust Calibration - robust calibration in statsRRMT - rainfall-runoff modellingSAM - structure and motionSchwarz-Christoffel - computation of conformal maps to polygonally bounded regions SDH - smoothed data histogramSeaGrid - orthogonal grid makerSEA-MAT - oceanographic analysisSLS - sparse least squaresSolvOpt - solver for local optimization problemsSOM - self-organizing mapSOSTOOLS - solving sums of squares (SOS) optimization problemsSpatial and Geometric AnalysisSpatial RegressionSpatial StatisticsSpectral MethodsSPM - statistical parametric mappingSSVM - smooth support vector machine for solving machine learning problems STATBAG - for linear regression, feature selection, generation of data, and significance testingStatBox - statistical routinesStatistical Pattern Recognition - pattern recognition methodsStixbox - statisticsSVM - implements support vector machinesSVM ClassifierSymbolic Robot DynamicsTEMPLAR - wavelet-based template learning and pattern classificationTextClust - model-based document clusteringTextureSynth - analyzing and synthesizing visual texturesTfMin - continous 3-D minimum time orbit transfer around EarthTime-Frequency - analyzing non-stationary signals using time-frequency distributions Tree-Ring - tasks in tree-ring analysisTSA - uni- and multivariate, stationary and non-stationary time series analysisTSTOOL - nonlinear time series analysisT_Tide - harmonic analysis of tidesUTVtools - computing and modifying rank-revealing URV and UTV decompositions Uvi_Wave - wavelet analysisvarimax - orthogonal rotation of EOFsVBHMM - variation Bayesian hidden Markov modelsVBMFA - variational Bayesian mixtures of factor analyzersVMT- VRML Molecule Toolbox, for animating results from molecular dynamics experimentsVOICEBOXVRMLplot - generates interactive VRML 2.0 graphs and animationsVSVtools - computing and modifying symmetric rank-revealing decompositions WAFO - wave analysis for fatique and oceanographyWarpTB - frequency-warped signal processingWAVEKIT - wavelet analysisWaveLab - wavelet analysisWeeks - Laplace transform inversion via the Weeks methodWetCDF - NetCDF interfaceWHMT - wavelet-domain hidden Markov tree modelsWInHD - Wavelet-based inverse halftoning via deconvolutionWSCT - weighted sequences clustering toolkitXMLTree - XML parserYAADA - analyze single particle mass spectrum dataZMAP - quantitative seismicity analysis。
Analog Integrated Circuits And Signal Processing
An International Journal
Volume 9, No. 2, March 1996
Translinear rcuits in Subthreshold MOS
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Andreas G. Andreou and Kwabena A. Boahen'
141
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001 (ISSCC tutorial)Noise Analysis in Switched-Capacitor Circuits
© 2011 IEEE
IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference
© 2011 IEEE
Thermal Noise Power
• Nyquist showed that
PSD ( f ) = 4kT
• The total average noise power of a resistor in a certain frequency band is therefore
– Examples: Audio systems, wireless transceivers, sensor interfaces
• Electronic noise directly trades with power dissipation and speed • Electronic noise is a major concern in modern technologies with reduced VDD
• The noise of a MOSFET operating in the triode region is approximately equal to that of a resistor • In the saturation region, the thermal noise can be modeled using a drain current source with power spectral density
• We can model the noise using an equivalent voltage or current generator
2 vn
= Pn ⋅ R = 4kT ⋅ R ⋅ Δf
ann14 神经网络 第十四章 神经计算机
器件、分子器件、纳米生物器件和蛋白质芯片等。
2014-04-14
史忠植
神经网路
28
References
[1] Neuromorphic, </wiki/Neuromorphic>. [2] Hammerstrom, D. “A Survey of Bio-Inspired and Other Alternative Architectures,” in Waser, Rainer (ed.) Nanotechnology. Volume 4: Information technology II. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, pp. 251-282, 2006. [3] Carver Mead, </wiki/Carver_Mead> [4] Holler, M., et al. “An Electrically Trainable Artificial Neural Network (ETANN) with 10240 "Floating Gate” Synapses,” International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1989. [5] Nestor, I., Ni1000 Recognition Accelerator - Data Sheet, 1-7, 1996. [6] Ramacher, U. et al. “SYNAPSE-1: a high-speed general purpose parallel neurocomputer system, “ IPPS ( 774-781). 1995.
Los Alamos National Lab Air Force Research Laboratory (Rome, NY)
自动化专业英语常用词汇
自动化专业英语常用词汇acceleration transducer 加速度传感器accumulatederror 累积误差AC-DC-AC frequency converter 交 -直 -交变频器AC (alternating current)electric drive 交流电子传动active attitudestabilization 主动姿态稳定adjointoperator 伴随算子admissibleerror 容许误差amplifyingelement 放大环节analog-digital conversion 模数转换operationalamplifiers 运算放大器aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解approximate reasoning 近似推理a prioriestimate 先验估计articulatedrobot 关节型机器人asymptoticstability 渐进稳定性attained posedrift 实际位姿漂移attitudeacquisition 姿态捕获AOCS ( attitude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度attitude disturbance 姿态扰动automatic manual station 自动 -手动操作器automaton 自动机base coordinate system 基座坐标系bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表gauge 测量仪器black box testingapproach 黑箱测试法bottom-up development 自下而上开发boundary value analysis 边界值分析brainstorming method 头脑风暴法CAE (computer aided engineering) 计算机辅助工程CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 计算机辅助制造capacitive displacement transducer 电容式位移传感器capacity 电容displacement 位移capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表rectangular coordinatesystem 直角坐标系cascade compensation 串联补偿using series or parallel capacitors 用串联或者并联的电容chaos 混沌calrity 清晰性classical informationpattern 经典信息模式classifier 分类器clinical control system 临床控制系统closed loop pole 闭环极点open loop 开环closed loop transfer function 闭环传递函数combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵compatibility 相容性，兼容性compensating network 补偿网络Energy is conserved in all of its forms 能量是守恒的compensation 补偿，矫正conditionally instability 条件不稳定性configuration 组态connectivity 连接性conservative system 守恒系统consistency 一致性constraint condition 约束条件control accuracy 控制精度Gyroscope 陀螺仪control panel 控制屏，控制盘control system synthesis 控制系统综合corner frequency 转折频率coupling of orbit and attitude 轨道和姿态耦合critical damping 临界阻尼Damper 阻尼器临界 criticalcritical stability 临界稳定性cross-overfrequency 穿越频率，交越频率cut-off frequency 截止频率cybernetics 控制论cyclic remotecontrol 循环遥控cycle 循环 cyclic cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人damped oscillation 阻尼振荡oscillation 振荡；振动；摆动damper 阻尼器damping ratio 阻尼比ratio 比data acquisition 数据采集data preprocessing 数据预处理data processor 数据处理器D controller 微分控制器微分控制： Differentialcontrol积分控制： integralcontrol 比例控制： proportional controldescribing function 描述函数desired value 希望值真值： truthvalues 参考值： reference valuedestination 目的站detector 检出器deviation 偏差deviation alarm 偏差报警器differential dynamicalsystem 微differential pressure level meter差压液位计 meter=gauge仪表differen tial差别的 微分的differential pressure transmitter 差压变送器differential transformer displacement transducerdifferentiation element 微分环节差动变压器式位移传感器digital filer 数字滤波器 fil ter滤波器digital signal processing数字信号处理dimension transducer 尺度传感器discrete system simulation language 离散系统仿真语言discrete 离散的 不连续的displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移振幅传感器 幅度： amplitude distrubance 扰动disturbance compensation 扰动补偿diversit y 多样性 divisibi lity 可分性domain knowledge 领域知识dominant pole 主导极点 零点 zero 调制： modulation ； modulate 解调： demodulation countermodulatio n duty ratio 负载 比 dynamic characteristics 动态特性 dynamic deviation 动态偏差dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic input-output model 动态投入产出模型Index 指数eddy current thickness meter 电涡流厚度计 meter 翻译成计 gauge 翻译成表 electric conductance level meter 电导液位计 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器electronic batching scale 电子配料秤 scale 秤electronic belt conveyor scale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤elevation 仰角depression 俯角equilibrium point 平衡点error 误差estimate 估计量estimation theory 估计理论expected characteristics 希望特性failure diagnosis 故障诊断feasibility study 可行性研究feasible 可行的feasible region 可行域feature detection 特征检测feature extraction 特征抽取feedback compensation 反馈补偿Feed forward path 前馈通路前馈： feed forward 反馈 feedbackFMS ( flexible manufacturing system) 柔性制造系统柔性： flexible 刚性： rigiditybending deflection 弯曲挠度deflect 偏向偏离flow sensor/transducer流量传感器flow transmitter 流量变送器forward path 正向通路frequency converter 变频器frequency domain model reduction me thod 频域模型降阶法频域frequency response 频域响应functional decomposition 功能分解FES (functional electrical stimulation ) 功能电刺激stimulate 刺激functional simularity 功能相似fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑generalized least squares estimation 广义最小二乘估计geometric similarity 几何相似global optimum 全局最优goal coordinationmethod 目标协调法graphic search 图搜索guidance system 制导系统gyro drift rate 陀螺漂移率gyrostat 陀螺体Hall displacement transducer 霍尔式位移传感器horizontaldecomposition 横向分解hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达Icontroller 积分控制器integral 积分identifiability 可辨识性imagerecognition 图像识别impulse 冲量impulsefunction 冲击函数，脉冲函数index of merit 品质因数index 指数inductive force transducer 电感式位移传感器感应的inductive电感：inductanceindustrial automation 工业自动化inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏感器inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系information acquisition 信息采集infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析器infrared 红外线红外线的ultraviolet ray 紫外线的visible light可见光inherent nonlinearity 固有非线性inherent regulation 固有调节initial deviation 初始偏差input-output model 投入产出模型instability 不稳定性integrity 整体性intelligent terminal 智能终端internal disturbance 内扰invariant embedding principle 不变嵌入原理inverse Nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图investment decision 投资决策joint 关节knowledge acquisition 知识获取knowledge assimilation 知识同化knowledge representation 知识表达lag-lead compensation滞后超前补偿Laplacetransform 拉普拉斯变换large scale system 大系统least squares criterion 最小二乘准则criterion 准则linearizationtechnique 线性化方法linear motion electricdrive 直线运动电气传动linear motionvalve 直行程阀linearprogramming 线性规划load cell 称重传感器local optimum 局部最优local 局部log magnitude-phase diagram对数幅相图magnitude大小的程度amplitude 振幅long term memory 长期记忆Lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁致弹性称重传感器magnitude-frequency characteristic 幅频特性magnitude margin幅值裕度margin边缘magnitude scalefactor幅值比例尺manipulator机械手man-machine coordination人机协调MAP (manufacturing automation protocol) 制造自动化协议protocol 协议marginal effectiveness 边际效益Mason‘‘ s gain formula 梅森增益公式matchingcriterion匹配准则maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则minimal realization 最小实现minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统 model verification 模型验证modularization 模块化mean 平均MTBF (mean time between failures) 平均故障间隔时间 MTTF (mean time to failures) 平均无故障时间multiloop control 多回路控制multi-objective decision 多目标决策Nash optimality 纳什最优性nearest-neighbor 最近邻necessity measure 必然性侧度negative feedback 负反馈neural assembly 神经集合neural network computer 神经网络计算机Nichols chart 尼科尔斯图Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据objective function 目标函数on-line assistance 在线帮助on-off control 通断控制optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表optimal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术order parameter 序参数orientation control 定向控制oscillating period 振荡周期周期：period cycleoutput prediction method 输出预估法oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计Over damping 过阻尼underdamping 欠阻尼PR (pattern recognition) 模式识别P control 比例控制器peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法perceptron 感知器phase lead 相位超前phase lag相位滞后Photoelectri c光电tachometric transducer光电式转速传感器piezoelectric force transducer压电式力传感器PLC (programmable logic controller) 可编程序逻辑控制器plug braking 反接制动pole assignment 极点配置pole-zero cancellation零极点相消polynomial input 多项式输入portfolio theory 投资搭配理论pose overshoot位姿过调量position measuring instrument 位置测量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器positive feedback 正反馈power system automation 电力系统自动化pressure transmitter 压力变送器primary frequency zone 主频区priority 优先级process-oriented simulation 面向过程的仿真proportional control 比例控制proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器pulse duration 脉冲持续时间pulse frequency modulation control system 脉冲调频控制系统： frequency modulation 频率调制调频pulse width modulation control system 脉冲调宽控制系统PWM inverter 脉宽调制逆变器QC (qualitycontrol) 质量管理quantized noise 量化噪声ramp function 斜坡函数randomdisturbance 随机扰动random process 随机过程rate integratinggyro 速率积分陀螺real time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野rectangular robot 直角坐标型机器人redundantinformation 冗余信息regional planningmodel 区域规划模型regulatingdevice 调节装载regulation 调节relationalalgebra 关系代数remoteregulating 遥调reproducibility 再现性resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 电阻温度计传感器response curve 响应曲线return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratio matrix回比矩阵revolute robot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewriting rule重写规则rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 dynamics 动力学robotics 机器人学robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 robustness 鲁棒性 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter腰轮流量计rotameter 浮子流量计，转子流量计sampled-data control system 采样控制系统sampling control system 采样控制系统saturation characteristics 饱和特性 scalar Lyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数s-domain s 域self-operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制sensing element 敏感元件 sensitivity analysis 灵敏度 分析sensory control 感觉控制 sequential decomposition顺序分解sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制，随动控制servomotor settling time伺服马达过渡时间 sextan t六分仪short term planning短期计划short time horizon coordinationsignal detection and estimation短时程协调信号检测和估计signal reconstruction 信号重构similarity 相似性simulated interrupt 仿真中断simulation block diagram 仿真框图simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度simulator 仿真器single axle table 单轴转台single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度陀螺翻译顺序呵呵spin axis 自旋轴spinner 自旋体stability criterion 稳定性判据stabilitylimit 稳定极限stabilization 镇定，稳定state equation model 状态方程模型state space description 状态空间描述static characteristicscurve 静态特性曲线station accuracy 定点精度stationary randomprocess 平稳随机过程statistical analysis 统计分析statistic patternrecognition 统计模式识别steady state deviation稳态偏差顺序翻译即可steady state error coefficient稳态误差系数step-by-step control步进控制step function 阶跃函数strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器subjective probability 主观频率supervisory computer control system 计算机监控系统sustained oscillation 自持振荡swirlmeter 旋进流量计switching point 切换点systematology 系统学system homomorphism 系统同态system isomorphism 系统同构system engineering 系统工程tachometer 转速表target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器task cycle 作业周期temperature transducer 温度传感器tensiometer 张力计texture 纹理theorem proving 定理证明therapy model 治疗模型thermocouple 热电偶thermometer 温度计thickness meter 厚度计three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定three state controller 三位控制器thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统推力器thrustertime constant 时间常数time-invariant system 定常系统，非时变系统invariant不变的时序控制器time schedulecontrollertime-sharing control 分时控制time-varying parameter 时变参数top-down testing 自上而下测试全面质量管理TQC (total qualitycontrol)tracking error 跟踪误差trade-off analysis 权衡分析transfer function matrix传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法transient deviation 瞬态偏差短暂的瞬间的transient process过渡过程transition diagram 转移图transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表transmitter 变送器trend analysis 趋势分析triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计Turing machine 图灵机two-time scale system 双时标系统ultrasonic levelmeter 超声物位计unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动unbiased estimation 无偏估计underdamping 欠阻尼uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性uninterrupted duty 不间断工作制，长期工作制unit circle 单位圆unit testing 单元测试unsupervised learing 非监督学习upper level problem 上级问题urban planning 城市规划value engineering 价值工程variable gain 可变增益，可变放大系数variable structure control system 变结构控制function 函数vector Lyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数velocity transducer 速度传感器 vertical decomposition纵向分解vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器vibrometer 振动计vibrationVibrate 振动viscousdamping 粘性阻尼voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortex precessionflowmeter 旋进流量计vortex sheddingflowmeter 涡街流量计WB (way base) 方法库weighing cell 称重传感器weightingfactor 权因子weightingmethod 加权法Whittaker-Shannon sampling theorem 惠特克 -香农采样定理Wiener filtering维纳滤波w- plane w 平面zero-based budget 零基预算zero-input response零输入响应zero-state response零状态响应z-transform z 变换《信号与系统》专业术语中英文对照表第1章绪论信号（ signal）系统（ system）电压（ voltage）电流（ current）信息（ information）电路（ circuit ）网络（ network）确定性信号（ determinate signal）随机信号（ random signal）一维信号（ one–dimensional signal）多维信号（ multi –dimensional signal）连续时间信号（ continuous time signal）离散时间信号（ discrete time signal）取样信号（ sampling signal）数字信号（ digital signal）周期信号（ periodic signal）非周期信号（ nonperiodic（aperiodic） signal）能量（ energy）功率（ power）能量信号（ energy signal）功率信号（ power signal）平均功率（ average power）平均能量（ average energy）指数信号（ exponential signal）时间常数（ time constant）正弦信号（ sine signal）余弦信号（ cosine signal）振幅（ amplitude）角频率（ angular frequency）初相位（ initial phase）周期（ period）频率（ frequency）欧拉公式（ Euler ’s formula）复指数信号（ complex exponential signal）复频率（ complex frequency）实部（ real part）虚部（ imaginary part）抽样函数Sa(t)（sampling（Sa） function）偶函数（ even function）奇异函数（ singularity function ）奇异信号（ singularity signal）单位斜变信号（ unit ramp signal）斜率（ slope）单位阶跃信号（ unit step signal）符号函数（ signum function）单位冲激信号（ unit impulse signal）广义函数（ generalized function）取样特性（ sampling property）冲激偶信号（ impulse doublet signal）奇函数（ odd function）偶分量（even component）偶数even 奇数odd 奇分量（odd component）正交函数（ orthogonal function）正交函数集（ set of orthogonal function）数学模型（ mathematics model）电压源（ voltage source）基尔霍夫电压定律（ Kirchhoff ’s voltage law（KVL ））电流源（ current source）连续时间系统（ continuous time system）离散时间系统（ discrete time system）微分方程（ differential function）差分方程（ difference function）线性系统（ linear system）非线性系统（ nonlinear system）时变系统（ time–varying system）时不变系统（ time–invariant system）集总参数系统（ lumped–parameter system）分布参数系统（ distributed–parameter system）偏微分方程（ partial differential function ）因果系统（ causal system）非因果系统（ noncausal system）因果信号（ causal signal）叠加性（ superposition property）均匀性（ homogeneity）积分（ integral）输入–输出描述法（ input–output analysis）状态变量描述法（ state variable analysis）单输入单输出系统（ single–input and single–output system）状态方程（ state equation）输出方程（ output equation）多输入多输出系统（ multi –input and multi–output system）时域分析法（ time domain method）变换域分析法（ transform domain method）卷积（ convolution）傅里叶变换（ Fourier transform）拉普拉斯变换（ Laplace transform）第 2 章连续时间系统的时域分析齐次解（ homogeneous solution）特解（ particular solution）特征方程（ characteristic function）特征根（ characteristic root）固有（自由）解（ natural solution）强迫解（ forced solution）起始条件（ original condition）初始条件（ initial condition）自由响应（ natural response）强迫响应（ forced response）零输入响应（ zero-input response）零状态响应（ zero-state response）冲激响应（ impulse response）阶跃响应（ step response）卷积积分（ convolution integral）交换律（ exchange law）分配律（ distribute law）结合律（ combine law）第3 章傅里叶变换频谱（ frequency spectrum）频域（ frequency domain）三角形式的傅里叶级数（trigonomitric Fourier series）指数形式的傅里叶级数（exponential Fourier series）傅里叶系数（ Fourier coefficient）直流分量（ direct component）基波分量（ fundamental component）component分量n 次谐波分量（ nth harmonic component）复振幅（ complex amplitude）频谱图（ spectrum plot（diagram））幅度谱（ amplitude spectrum）相位谱（ phase spectrum）包络（ envelop）离散性（ discrete property）谐波性（ harmonic property）收敛性（ convergence property）奇谐函数（ odd harmonic function）吉伯斯现象（ Gibbs phenomenon）周期矩形脉冲信号（ periodic rectangular pulse signal）直角的周期锯齿脉冲信号（ periodic sawtooth pulse signal）周期三角脉冲信号（ periodic triangular pulse signal）三角的周期半波余弦信号（ periodic half–cosine signal）周期全波余弦信号（ periodic full –cosine signal）傅里叶逆变换（inverse Fourier transform）inverse 相反的频谱密度函数（ spectrum density function）单边指数信号（ single–sided exponential signal）双边指数信号（ two–sided exponential signal）对称矩形脉冲信号（ symmetry rectangular pulse signal）线性（ linearity ）对称性（ symmetry）对偶性（ duality）位移特性（ shifting）时移特性（ time–shifting）频移特性（ frequency–shifting ）调制定理（ modulation theorem）调制（ modulation）解调（ demodulation）变频（ frequency conversion）尺度变换特性（ scaling）微分与积分特性（ differentiation and integration）时域微分特性（ differentiation in the time domain）时域积分特性（ integration in the time domain）频域微分特性（ differentiation in the frequency domain）频域积分特性（ integration in the frequency domain）卷积定理（ convolution theorem）时域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the time domain）频域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the frequency domain）取样信号（ sampling signal）矩形脉冲取样（ rectangular pulse sampling）自然取样（ nature sampling）冲激取样（ impulse sampling）理想取样（ ideal sampling）取样定理（ sampling theorem）调制信号（ modulation signal）载波信号（ carrier signal）已调制信号（ modulated signal）模拟调制（ analog modulation）数字调制（ digital modulation）连续波调制（ continuous wave modulation）脉冲调制（ pulse modulation）幅度调制（ amplitude modulation）频率调制（ frequency modulation）相位调制（ phase modulation）角度调制（ angle modulation）频分多路复用（ frequency–division multiplex （FDM ））时分多路复用（ time–division multiplex （TDM ））相干（同步）解调（ synchronous detection）本地载波（ local carrier）载波系统函数（ system function）网络函数（ network function）频响特性（ frequency response）幅频特性（ amplitude frequency response）幅频响应相频特性（ phase frequency response）无失真传输（ distortionless transmission）理想低通滤波器（ideal low–pass filter）截止频率（ cutoff frequency）正弦积分（ sine integral）上升时间（ rise time）窗函数（ window function ）理想带通滤波器（ ideal band–pass filter）太直译了第 4 章拉普拉斯变换代数方程（ algebraic equation）双边拉普拉斯变换（ two-sided Laplace transform）双边拉普拉斯逆变换（ inverse two-sided Laplace transform）单边拉普拉斯变换（ single-sided Laplace transform）拉普拉斯逆变换（ inverse Laplace transform）收敛域（ region of convergence（ ROC））延时特性（ time delay）s 域平移特性（ shifting in the s-domain）s域微分特性（ differentiation in the s-domain）s 域积分特性（ integration in the s-domain）初值定理（ initial-value theorem）终值定理（ expiration-value）复频域卷积定理（ convolution theorem in the complex frequency domain）部分分式展开法（ partial fraction expansion）留数法（ residue method）第 5 章策动点函数（ driving function ）转移函数（ transfer function）极点（ pole）零点（ zero）零极点图（ zero-pole plot）暂态响应（ transient response）稳态响应（ stable response）稳定系统（ stable system）一阶系统（ first order system）高通滤波网络（ high-pass filter）低通滤波网络（ low-pass filter）二阶系统（ second order system）最小相位系统（ minimum-phase system）高通（ high-pass）带通（ band-pass）带阻（ band-stop）有源（ active）无源（ passive）模拟（ analog）数字（ digital）通带（ pass-band）阻带（ stop-band）佩利－维纳准则（ Paley-Winner criterion）最佳逼近（ optimum approximation）过渡带（ transition-band）通带公差带（ tolerance band）巴特沃兹滤波器（ Butterworth filter ）切比雪夫滤波器（ Chebyshew filter）方框图（ block diagram）信号流图（ signal flow graph）节点（ node）支路（ branch）输入节点（ source node）输出节点（ sink node）混合节点（ mix node）通路（ path）开通路（ open path）闭通路（ close path）环路（ loop）自环路（ self-loop）环路增益（ loop gain）不接触环路（ disconnect loop）前向通路（ forward path）前向通路增益（ forward path gain）梅森公式（ Mason formula）劳斯准则（ Routh criterion）第 6 章数字系统（ digital system）数字信号处理（ digital signal processing）差分方程（ difference equation）单位样值响应（ unit sample response）卷积和（ convolution sum）Z 变换（ Z transform）序列（ sequence）样值（ sample）单位样值信号（ unit sample signal）单位阶跃序列（ unit step sequence）矩形序列(rectangular sequence)单边实指数序列（ single sided real exponential sequence）单边正弦序列（ single sided exponential sequence）斜边序列（ ramp sequence）复指数序列（ complex exponential sequence）线性时不变离散系统（ linear time-invariant discrete-time system）常系数线性差分方程（ linear constant-coefficient difference equation）后向差分方程（ backward difference equation）前向差分方程（ forward difference equation）海诺塔（ Tower of Hanoi）菲波纳西（ Fibonacci）冲激函数串（ impulse train）第7 章数字滤波器（ digital filter ）单边 Z 变换（ single-sided Z transform）双边 Z 变换 (two-sided (bilateral) Z transform)幂级数（ power series）收敛（ convergence）有界序列（ limitary-amplitude sequence）正项级数（ positive series）有限长序列（ limitary-duration sequence）右边序列（ right-sided sequence）左边序列（ left-sided sequence）双边序列（ two-sided sequence）Z逆变换（ inverse Z transform）围线积分法（ contour integral method）幂级数展开法（ power series expansion）z域微分（ differentiation in the z-domain）序列指数加权（ multiplication by an exponential sequence）z域卷积定理（ z-domain convolution theorem）帕斯瓦尔定理（ Parseval theorem）传输函数（ transfer function）序列的傅里叶变换（ discrete-time Fourier transform：DTFT）序列的傅里叶逆变换（ inverse discrete-time Fourier transform：IDTFT ）幅度响应（ magnitude response）相位响应（ phase response）量化（ quantization）编码（ coding）模数变换（ A/D 变换： analog-to-digital conversion）数模变换（ D/A 变换： digital-to- analog conversion）第8 章端口分析法（ port analysis）状态变量（ state variable）无记忆系统（ memoryless system）有记忆系统（ memory system）矢量矩阵（ vector-matrix ）常量矩阵（ constant matrix ）输入矢量（input vector）输出矢量（ output vector）直接法（ direct method）间接法（ indirect method）状态转移矩阵（ state transition matrix）系统函数矩阵（ system function matrix）冲激响应矩阵（ impulse response matrix）光学专业词汇大全Accelaration 加速度Myopia-near-sighted 近视Sensitivity to Light 感光灵敏度boost 推进lag behind 落后于Hyperopic-far-sighted 远视visual sensation 视觉ar Pattern 条状图形approximate 近似adjacent 邻近的normal 法线Color Difference 色差V Signal Processing 电视信号处理back and forth 前后vibrant 震动quantum leap 量子越迁derive from 起源自inhibit 抑制 ,约束stride 大幅前进obstruction 障碍物substance 物质实质主旨residue 杂质criteria 标准parameter 参数parallax 视差凸面镜convex mirror凹面镜concave mirror分光镜 spectroscope入射角angle of incidence 出射角emergent angle平面镜plane mirror放大率角度放大率 angularmagnification放大率：magnification折射refraction反射reflect干涉 interfere衍射diffraction干涉条纹interference fringe衍射图像diffraction fringe 衍射条纹偏振polarize polarization透射 transmission透射光transmission light光强度 ] light intensity电磁波electromagnetic wave振动杨氏干涉夫琅和费衍射焦距brewster Angle 布鲁斯特角quarter Waveplates 四分之一波片ripple 波纹capacitor 电容器vertical 垂直的horizontal 水平的airy disk 艾里斑exit pupil 出[ 射光 ]瞳Entrance pupil 入瞳optical path difference 光称差radius of curvature 曲率半径spherical mirror 球面镜reflected beam 反射束YI= or your information 供参考phase difference 相差interferometer 干涉仪ye lens 物镜 /目镜spherical 球的field information 场信息standard Lens 标准透镜refracting Surface 折射面principal plane 主平面vertex 顶点 ,最高点fuzzy 失真 ,模糊light source 光源wavelength 波长angle 角度spectrum 光谱diffraction grating 衍射光栅sphere 半球的DE= ens data editor Surface radius of curvature 表面曲率半径surface thickness 表面厚度semi-diameter 半径focal length 焦距field of view 视场stop 光阑refractive 折射reflective 反射机械专业英语词汇（大全）金属切削metal cutting机床machine tool tool 机床金属工艺学technology of metals刀具 cutter摩擦 friction传动 drive/transmission轴shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性frequency characteristic误差 error响应 response定位 allocation动力学dynamic运动学kinematic静力学static分析力学analyse mechanics 力学拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting compress剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力bending stress强度 intensity几何形状geometricalUltrasonic 超声波精度 precision交流电路AC circuit机械加工余量machining allowance变形力deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理heat treatment电路 circuit半导体元件semiconductor element反馈 feedback发生器generator直流电源DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数logic algebra磨削grinding螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power装配 assembling流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工 machining稳定性 stability介质 medium强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress可靠性 reliability精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor摄像头CCD cameraLead rail 导轨合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer车间 workshop工程技术人员engineer数学模型mathematical model标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂 fracture 破裂塑性变形plastic distortionelastic deformation 弹性变形脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion齿轮gearGrain 磨粒转折频率corner frequency =break frequencyConvolution Convolution integral Convolution property Convolution sum 卷积卷积积分卷积性质卷积和Correlation function Critically damped systems Crosss-correlation functions Cutoff frequencies 相关函数临界阻尼系统互相关函数截至频率transistor diode semiconduct or nn晶体管二极管n半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数Condenser= capacitor n 电容器dielectric electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n 偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN 结MOS（ metal-oxide semiconductor ）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n 整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n 十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octaladj八进制的n绝缘体；电解质domain n 域；领域code n 代码，密码，编码 v 编码 the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换 Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换 microcontro ller n 微处理器；微控制器 assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令 chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的 sensor n 传感器plugvt 堵，塞，插上 n 塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤 relay contact 继电接触器 ArtificialIntelligence 人工智能 Perceptive Systems 感知系统 neural network 神经网络 fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理 electromagn etic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的 microwav e n 微波charge v 充电，使充电 insulato r n 绝缘体，绝缘物 nonconducti ve adj 非导体的，绝缘的 simulati on n 仿真；模拟 prototyp e n 原型 array n 排队，编队 vector n 向量，矢量inverse adj 倒转的，反转的 n 反面；相反 v倒转 high-performance 高精确性，高性能 two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的 three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的。
一种基于盲源分离的DOA估计方法
收稿日期 2007-09-06 收修改稿日期 2008-04-08 Received September 06, 2007; in revised form April 8, 2008 1. 海军大连舰艇学院信号与信息技术研究中心, 大连 116018 1. Research Center of Signal and Information, Dalian
矩阵阵R¯ˆX进行= 奇(1/异L值) 分Lτ解=1R[¯ˆXτ
(X¯ )]. 对得到的平均时间延迟相关 = U¯ RS V¯ H + σ2I, 其中 (·)H 表示
共轭转置, U¯ 和 V¯ 分别称为左右奇异矩阵. 则此时估计的阵
列流形 Aˆ = Q#U¯ = [aˆ1, aˆ2, · · · , aˆN ], 其中 (·)# 表示求伪逆,
离, 完成对阵列流形和源信号的估计, 然后根据 ESPRIT 方 法原理, 利用子阵间的相位延迟完成目标方位估计. 仿真实验 和海上实测数据结果表明, 所提方法能准确估计出目标的方 位和相应的源信号. 同时, 在阵元数、信噪比、快拍数的要求 和方位分辨率上表现出了比多重信号分类 (Multiple signal classification, MUSIC) 方法更优的性能.
4.1 仿真实验
仿真实验考虑均匀线列阵位于两窄带目标源的远场, 目 标源 1 的方位为 15 度, 目标源 2 的方位为 16 度. 用式 (9) 所 定义的圴方根误差 (Root mean square error, RMSE) 来检 验所提方法的有效性[3], 并与经典的高分辨方位估计 MUSIC 方法进行对比.
复数算法或修改的实数算法, 完成对阵列接收信号的分离,
如果能实现对阵列流形 A 的估计, 则完全可实现目标方位 θi 的估计.
射频功率放大器的基带自适应预失真技术概要
山东大学硕士学位论文射频功率放大器的基带自适应预失真技术姓名：王晓峰申请学位级别：硕士专业：微电子学与固体电子学指导教师：林兆军;阎跃鹏20090420射频功率放大器的数字自适应基带预失真技术摘要功率放大器是通信系统中最重要的器件，存在固有的非线性。
非线性导致了信号带宽之外的频谱再生或扩展，对邻近信道造成干扰。
同时，这种非线性在信号带宽内也造成失真，恶化了接收机的比特误码率。
新型的传输格式，比如宽带码分多址（ＷＣＤＭＡ）和正交频分复用（ＯＦＤＭ），由于具有较高的峰均功率比（ＰＡＰＲ）尤其容易受到非线性失真的影响，造成功率放大器记忆效应的产生，使功率放大器的特性发生变化，互调产物发生不平衡，同样引起失真。
如果我们为了获得功率放大器所需的线性度，仅仅采用简单地回退方法，那么功率放大器的效率在高峰均功率比情况下将会是非常小。
为了获得高效率同时线性度比较好的功率放大器，通常可以采用线性化的方法来实现。
数字预失真是所有线性化技术中性价比最好的一种，因此我们主要研究目标是数字预失真系统的实现。
为了研究数字预失真系统，需要对功率放大器的非线性特性及其记忆效应有非常深入的理解，同时为了进行数字预失真系统的仿真，需要构建准确的功率放大器行为模型。
本文就是对宽带功率放大器的非线性特性、记忆效应、行为模型以及数字预失真系统进行逐步展开研究的。
本文对功率放大器的非线性特性及其引起的失真、记忆效应的产生及其消除、行为模型的构建以及数字预失真系统仿真实现进行了全面的描述与研究。
功率放大器非线性特性部分主要阐述了非线性特性的描述、非线性特征参数、非线性产生的失真产物、非线性分析方法等；功率放大器记忆效应部分主要分析了记忆效应的识别、产生的原因，给出了记忆效应消除的方法；功率放大器的行为模型部分主要对当前提出的典型行为模型进行的分析和比较：数字预失真系统与仿真实现部分主要分析了当前主要的线性化技术并进行了比较，对数字射频预失真系统和数字基带预失真系统在ＭＡＴＬＡＢ环境下进行了系统构建并进行了仿真。
模拟电路论文BP神经网络论文
模拟电路论文BP神经网络论文摘要：通过分析bp神经网络和elman神经网络的基本结构和算法，研究了基于神经网络的模拟电路故障诊断方法，并通过仿真实验对比分析了bp神经网络和elman神经网络的诊断能力。
结果表明，bp神经网络的收敛速度相对较慢、训练时间长；elman神经网络的结构参数调整简单、训练时间短、性能稳定，更适合存在容差、非线性等问题的模拟电路故障诊断。
关键词：模拟电路；故障诊断；bp神经网络；elman神经网络application of bp neural network and elman neural network in fault diagnosis of analog circuit yang chen, shi bao-jun(department of electronics and information engineering,lanzhou jiaotong university, lanzhou 730070, china)abstract: this article studies the method of fault diagnosis of analog circuit based on the neural network, by analyzing the basic structure and the algorithm of bp neural network and elman neural network. then it contrastive analysis the diagnosis ability of bp neuralnetwork andelman neural network through simulation. the results shows that bp neural network's convergence rate is relatively slow, and the training time is long; elman neural network's parameter is simple to adjust, the training time is short, stable performance, and it is more suitable to solve the questions like tolerance, non-linear and so on in fault diagnosis of analog circuit.key words: analog circuit; fault diagnosis; bp neural network; elman neural network由于模拟电路中广泛存在着容差、非线性等问题，导致模拟电路的故障诊断较为复杂。
电子专业相关专业英文名称
高等数学Advanced Mathematics线性代数Linear Algebra复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics电路原理Principles of Circuit模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital ElectronicsC语言程序设计The C Programming Language信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface T echnology单片机技术及应用: Single-chip Technology and Application计算机接口技术及应用: Interfacing and Application of Computer信息技术基础Fundamentals of Information TechnologyC语言程序设计 C Language ProgrammingPhotoshop图像处理Photoshop Image Processing微机原理及应用Principle & Application of Microcomputer计算机通信网Computer Communication Network大学物理College Physcics电路分析Circuitry analysis模拟电子技术Analog Electronics Technique电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit数字电子技术Digital Electronic TechniqueC语言C (programming) language电路基础elemetary of electric circuit / basics of electric circuit电子技术electronic technology 低频电子技术高频电子技术信号与系统signal and system uter 这个正确吗?? 数字信号处理DSP = digital sign 通信原理theory of communication电子测量技术technology of electronic measuring。
人工神经网络及应用智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下长安大学
人工神经网络及应用智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下长安大学长安大学第一章测试1.Synapse is the place where neurons connect in function. It is composed ofpresynaptic membrane, synaptic space and postsynaptic membrane.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.Biological neurons can be divided into sensory neurons, motor neurons and（）according to their functions.A:multipolar neurons B:interneuronsC:Pseudo unipolar neural networks D:bipolar neurons答案:interneurons3.Neurons and glial cells are the two major parts of the nervous system. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.Neurons are highly polarized cells, which are mainly composed of two parts:the cell body and the synapse. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The human brain is an important part of the nervous system, which containsmore than 86 billion neurons. It is the central information processingorganization of human beings. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第二章测试1.In 1989, Mead, the father of VLSI, published his monograph "( )", in which agenetic neural network model based on evolutionary system theory wasproposed.A:Learning MachinesB:Journal Neural NetworksC:Analog VLSI and Neural SystemsD:Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry答案:Analog VLSI and Neural Systems2.In 1989, Yann Lecun proposed convolutional neural network and applied itto image processing, which should be the earliest application field of deeplearning algorithm. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.In 1954, Eccles, a neurophysiologist at the University of Melbourne,summarized the principle of Dale, a British physiologist, that "each neuronsecretes only one kind of transmitter ".（）A:错 B:对答案:对4.In 1972, Professor Kohonen of Finland proposed a self-organizing featuremap (SOFM) neural network model. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Prediction and evaluation is an activity of scientific calculation andevaluation of some characteristics and development status of things orevents in the future according to the known information of objective objects.（）A:对 B:错答案:对第三章测试1.The function of transfer function in neurons is to get a new mapping outputof summer according to the specified function relationship, and thencompletes the training of artificial neural network. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.The determinant changes sign when two rows (or two columns) areexchanged. The value of determinant is zero when two rows (or two columns) are same. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.There are two kinds of phenomena in the objective world. The first is thephenomenon that will happen under certain conditions, which is calledinevitable phenomenon. The second kind is the phenomenon that may ormay not happen under certain conditions, which is called randomphenomenon. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.Logarithmic S-type transfer function, namely Sigmoid function, is also calledS-shaped growth curve in biology. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.Rectified linear unit (ReLU), similar to the slope function in mathematics, isthe most commonly used transfer function of artificial neural network. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第四章测试1.The perceptron learning algorithm is driven by misclassification, so thestochastic gradient descent method is used to optimize the loss function. （）A:misclassification B:maximum C:minimumD:correct答案:misclassification2.Perceptron is a single-layer neural network, or neuron, which is the smallestunit of neural network. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.When the perceptron is learning, each sample will be input into the neuronas a stimulus. The input signal is the feature of each sample, and the expected output is the category of the sample. When the output is different from the category, we can adjust the synaptic weight and bias value until the output of each sample is the same as the category. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.If the symmetric hard limit function is selected for the transfer function, theoutput can be expressed as . If the inner product of the row vector and the input vector in the weight matrix is greater than or equal to -b, the output is 1, otherwise the output is -1. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The basic idea of perceptron learning algorithm is to input samples into thenetwork step by step, and adjust the weight matrix of the network according to the difference between the output result and the ideal output, that is tosolve the optimization problem of loss function L(w,b). （）A:错 B:对答案:对第五章测试1.The output of BP neural network is （）of neural network.A:the output of the last layer B:the input of the last layerC:the output of the second layer D:the input of the second layer答案:the output of the last layer2.BP neural network has become one of the most representative algorithms inthe field of artificial intelligence. It has been widely used in signal processing, pattern recognition, machine control (expert system, data compression) and other fields. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.In 1974, Paul Werbos of the natural science foundation of the United Statesfirst proposed the use of error back propagation algorithm to train artificialneural networks in his doctoral dissertation of Harvard University, anddeeply analyzed the possibility of applying it to neural networks, effectivelysolving the XOR loop problem that single sensor cannot handle. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.In the standard BP neural network algorithm and momentum BP algorithm,the learning rate is a constant that remains constant throughout the training process, and the performance of the learning algorithm is very sensitive tothe selection of the learning rate. （）答案:对5.L-M algorithm is mainly proposed for super large scale neural network, andit is very effective in practical application. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第六章测试1.RBF neural network is a novel and effective feedforward neural network,which has the best local approximation and global optimal performance. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.At present, RBF neural network has been successfully applied in nonlinearfunction approximation, time series analysis, data classification, patternrecognition, information processing, image processing, system modeling,control and fault diagnosis. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.The basic idea of RBF neural network is to use radial basis function as the"basis" of hidden layer hidden unit to form hidden layer space, and hiddenlayer transforms input vector. The input data transformation of lowdimensional space is mapped into high-dimensional space, so that theproblem of linear separability in low-dimensional space can be realized inhigh-dimensional space. （）答案:对4.For the learning algorithm of RBF neural network, the key problem is todetermine the center parameters of the output layer node reasonably. （）A:对 B:错答案:错5.The method of selecting the center of RBF neural network by self-organizinglearning is to select the center of RBF neural network by k-means clustering method, which belongs to supervised learning method. （）A:错 B:对答案:错第七章测试1.In terms of algorithm, ADALINE neural network adopts W-H learning rule,also known as the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. It is developed fromthe perceptron algorithm, and its convergence speed and accuracy have been greatly improved. （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.ADALINE neural network has simple structure and multi-layer structure. It isflexible in practical application and widely used in signal processing, system identification, pattern recognition and intelligent control. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.When there are multiple ADALINE in the network, the adaptive linear neuralnetwork is also called Madaline which means many Adaline neural networks.（）A:对 B:错答案:对4.The algorithm used in single-layer ADALINE network is LMS algorithm,which is similar to the algorithm of perceptron, and also belongs tosupervised learning algorithm. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.In practical application, the inverse of the correlation matrix and thecorrelation coefficient are not easy to obtain, so the approximate steepestdescent method is needed in the algorithm design. The core idea is that theactual mean square error of the network is replaced by the mean squareerror of the k-th iteration.（）A:错 B:对答案:对第八章测试1.Hopfield neural network is a kind of neural network which combines storagesystem and binary system. It not only provides a model to simulate humanmemory, but also guarantees the convergence to （）.A:local minimum B:local maximumC:minimumD:maximum答案:local minimum2.At present, researchers have successfully applied Hopfield neural network tosolve the traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is the most representative of optimization combinatorial problems. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.In 1982, American scientist John Joseph Hopfield put forward a kind offeedback neural network "Hopfield neural network" in his paper NeuralNetworks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective ComputationalAbilities. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.Under the excitation of input x, DHNN enters a dynamic change process, untilthe state of each neuron is no longer changed, it reaches a stable state. This process is equivalent to the process of network learning and memory, and the final output of the network is the value of each neuron in the stable state.（）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The order in which neurons adjust their states is not unique. It can beconsidered that a certain order can be specified or selected randomly. The process of neuron state adjustment includes three situations: from 0 to 1, and1 to 0 and unchanged. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第九章测试pared with GPU, CPU has higher processing speed, and has significantadvantages in processing repetitive tasks. （）A:对 B:错答案:错2.At present, DCNN has become one of the core algorithms in the field of imagerecognition, but it is unstable when there is a small amount of learning data.（）A:对 B:错答案:错3.In the field of target detection and classification, the task of the last layer ofneural network is to classify. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.In AlexNet, there are 650000 neurons with more than 600000 parametersdistributed in five convolution layers and three fully connected layers andSoftmax layers with 1000 categories. （）A:对 B:错答案:错5.VGGNet is composed of two parts: the convolution layer and the fullconnection layer, which can be regarded as the deepened version of AlexNet.（）A:错 B:对答案:对第十章测试1.The essence of the optimization process of D and G is to find the（）.A:maximum B:minimax C:local maximaD:minimum答案:minimax2.In the artificial neural network, the quality of modeling will directly affect theperformance of the generative model, but a small amount of prior knowledge is needed for the actual case modeling.（）A:对 B:错答案:错3. A GAN mainly includes a generator G and a discriminator D. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.Because the generative adversarial network does not need to distinguish thelower bound and approximate inference, it avoids the partition functioncalculation problem caused by the traditional repeated application of Markov chain learning mechanism, and improves the network efficiency. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.From the perspective of artificial intelligence, GAN uses neural network toguide neural network, and the idea is very strange. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第十一章测试1.The characteristic of Elman neural network is that the output of the hiddenlayer is delayed and stored by the feedback layer, and the feedback isconnected to the input of the hidden layer, which has the function ofinformation storage. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.In Elman network, the transfer function of feedback layer is nonlinearfunction, and the transfer function of output layer islinear function.（）A:对 B:错答案:对3.The feedback layer is used to memorize the output value of the previous timeof the hidden layer unit and return it to the input. Therefore, Elman neuralnetwork has dynamic memory function.（）A:对 B:错答案:对4.The neurons in the hidden layer of Elman network adopt the tangent S-typetransfer function, while the output layer adopts the linear transfer function. If there are enough neurons in the feedback layer, the combination of thesetransfer functions can make Elman neural network approach any functionwith arbitrary precision in finite time.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Elman neural network is a kind of dynamic recurrent network, which can bedivided into full feedback and partial feedback. In the partial recurrentnetwork, the feedforward connection weight can be modified, and thefeedback connection is composed of a group of feedback units, and theconnection weight cannot be modified. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十二章测试1.The loss function of AdaBoost algorithm is（）.A:exponential functionB:nonlinear function C:linear functionD:logarithmic function答案:exponential function2.Boosting algorithm is the general name of a class of algorithms. Theircommon ground is to construct a strong classifier by using a group of weakclassifiers. Weak classifier mainly refers to the classifier whose predictionaccuracy is not high and far below the ideal classification effect. Strongclassifier mainly refers to the classifier with high prediction accuracy. （）A:错 B:对答案:对3.Among the many improved boosting algorithms, the most successful one isthe AdaBoost (adaptive boosting) algorithm proposed by Yoav Freund ofUniversity of California San Diego and Robert Schapire of PrincetonUniversity in 1996. （）A:错 B:对答案:对4.The most basic property of AdaBoost is that it reduces the training errorcontinuously in the learning process, that is, the classification error rate onthe training data set until each weak classifier is combined into the final ideal classifier. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The main purpose of adding regularization term into the formula ofcalculating strong classifier is to prevent the over fitting of AdaBoostalgorithm, which is usually called step size in algorithm. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第十三章测试1.The core layer of SOFM neural network is（）.A:input layer B:hidden layerC:output layer D:competition layer答案:competition layer2.In order to divide the input patterns into several classes, the distancebetween input pattern vectors should be measured according to thesimilarity. （）are usually used.A:Euclidean distance method B:Cosine methodC:Sine method D:Euclidean distance method and cosine method答案:Euclidean distance method and cosine method3.SOFM neural networks are different from other artificial neural networks inthat they adopt competitive learning rather than backward propagationerror correction learning method similar to gradient descent, and in a sense, they use neighborhood functions to preserve topological properties of input space. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.For SOFM neural network, the competitive transfer function (CTF) responseis 0 for the winning neurons, and 1 for other neurons.（）A:错 B:对答案:错5.When the input pattern to the network does not belong to any pattern in thenetwork training samples, SOFM neural network can only classify it into the closest mode. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第十四章测试1.The neural network toolbox contains（）module libraries.A:three B:sixC:five D:four答案:five2.The "netprod" in the network input module can be used for（）.A:dot multiplication B:dot divisionC:addition or subtractionD:dot multiplication or dot division答案:dot multiplication or dot division3.The "dotrod" in the weight setting module is a normal dot product weightfunction.（）A:错 B:对答案:错4.The mathematical model of single neuron is y=f(wx+b).（）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The neuron model can be divided into three parts: input module, transferfunction and output module. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第十五章测试1.In large-scale system software design, we need to consider the logicalstructure and physical structure of software architecture. （）A:对 B:错答案:对2.The menu property bar has "label" and "tag". The label is equivalent to thetag value of the menu item, and the tag is the name of the menu display.（）A:对 B:错答案:错3.It is necessary to determine the structure and parameters of the neuralnetwork, including the number of hidden layers, the number of neurons inthe hidden layer and the training function.（）A:对 B:错答案:对4.The description of the property "tooltipstring" is the prompt that appearswhen the mouse is over the object. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.The description of the property "string" is: the text displayed on the object.（）A:错 B:对答案:对第十六章测试1.The description of the parameter "validator" of the wx.TextCtrl class is: the（）.A:size of controlB:style of control C:validator of controlD:position of control答案:validator of control2.The description of the parameter "defaultDir" of class wx.FileDialog is: （）.A:open the file B:default file nameC:default path D:save the file答案:default path3.In the design of artificial neural network software based on wxPython,creating GUI means building a framework in which various controls can beadded to complete the design of software functions. （）A:对 B:错答案:对4.When the window event occurs, the main event loop will respond and assignthe appropriate event handler to the window event. （）A:对 B:错答案:对5.From the user's point of view, the wxPython program is idle for a large partof the time, but when the user or the internal action of the system causes the event, and then the event will drive the wxPython program to produce the corresponding action.（）A:对 B:错答案:对。
电子信息工程专业英语词汇(精华整理版)
transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数Condenser=capacitor n 电容器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的simulation n 仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n 排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performance 高精确性，高性能two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的object-oriented programming面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ivision Multiplexing单工传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission全双工传输full-duplex transmission电路交换circuit switching数字传输技术Digital transmission technology灰度图像Grey scale images灰度级Grey scale level幅度谱Magnitude spectrum相位谱Phase spectrum频谱frequency spectrum相干解调coherent demodulation coherent相干的数字图像压缩digital image compression图像编码image encoding量化quantization人机交互man machine interface交互式会话Conversational interaction路由算法Routing Algorithm目标识别Object recognition话音变换Voice transform中继线trunk line传输时延transmission delay远程监控remote monitoring光链路optical linkhalf-duplex transmission 半双工传输accompaniment 伴随物，附属物reservation 保留，预定quotation 报价单，行情报告，引语memorandum 备忘录redundancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身；照此；以这种资格textual 本文的，正文的variation 变化，变量conversion 变化，转化identity 标识；标志criterion 标准，准则in parallel on 并联到，合并到juxtapose 并置，并列dialing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavelength division multiplexed 波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片）no greater than 不大于update 不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的inevitably 不可避免的inevitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segment 部分abrasion 擦伤，磨损deploy 采用，利用，推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET(field effect transistors) 场效应管audio recording 唱片ultra-high-frequency(UHF) 超高频in excess of 超过in excess of 超过hypertext 超文本ingredient 成分，因素ingredient 成分，组成部分，要素metropolitan-area network(WAN) 城域网metropolitan area network(WAN) 城域网，城市网络congestion 充满，拥挤，阻塞collision 冲突extractive 抽出；释放出extract 抽取，取出，分离lease 出租，租约，租界期限，租界物pass on 传递，切换transmission 传输facsimile 传真innovative=innovatory 创新的，富有革新精神的track 磁道impetus 促进，激励cluster 簇stored-program control(SPC) 存储程序控制a large number of 大量的peal 大声响，发出supersede 代替supplant 代替，取代out-of-band signaling 带外信号simplex transmission 单工传输monochromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的conductor 导体hierarchy 等级制度，层次infrastructure 底层结构，基础结构geographic 地理的，地区的geographically 地理上GIS(ground instrumentation system) 地面测量系统ground station 地面站earth orbit 地球轨道extraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的Land-sat 地球资源卫星rug 地毯，毯子ignite 点火，点燃，使兴奋electromagnetic 电磁的inductive 电感arc 电弧telephony 电话（学），通话dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料；电解质的，绝缘的capacitor 电容telecommunication 电信，无线电通讯scenario 电影剧本，方案modem pool 调制解调器（存储）池superimposing 叠加，重叠pin 钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制monolithic 独立的，完全统一的aluminize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substantial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fading 多径衰落multi-path 多路，多途径；多路的，多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED(light-emitting-diode) 发光二极管evolution 发展，展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dimension 范围，方向，维，元scenario 方案scenario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器noninvasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed functional plane(DFP) 分布功能平面DQDB(distributed queue dual bus) 分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partition 分成segmentation 分割interface 分界面，接口asunder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的dispense 分配allocate 分配，配给；配给物centigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular 蜂窝状的cellular 蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage(also called secondary storage)辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退negative 负电vicinity 附近，邻近vicinity 附近地区，近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-frequency(HF) 高频high definition television 高清晰度电视chromium 铬annotate 给…作注解in terms of 根据，按照disclosure 公布，企业决算公开public network 公用网functionality 功能，功能度mercury 汞resonator 共鸣器resonance 共振whimsical 古怪的，反复无常的administration 管理，经营cursor 光标（显示器），游标，指针optical computer 光计算机photoconductor 光敏电阻optical disks 光盘optically 光学地，光地wide-area networks 广域网specification 规范，说明书silicon 硅the international telecommunication union(ITU)国际电信联盟excess 过剩obsolete 过时的，废弃的maritime 海事的synthetic 合成的，人造的，综合的synthetic 合成的，综合性的rational 合乎理性的rationalization 合理化streamline 合理化，理顺infrared 红外线的，红外线skepticism 怀疑论ring network 环形网hybrid 混合物counterpart 伙伴，副本，对应物electromechanical 机电的，电动机械的Robot 机器人Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学accumulation 积累infrastructure 基础，基础结构substrate 基质，底质upheaval 激变，剧变compact disc 激光磁盘（CD）concentrator 集中器，集线器centrex system 集中式用户交换功能系统converge on 集中于，聚集在…上lumped element 集总元件CAI(computer-aided instruction) 计算机辅助教学computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM) 计算机集成制造computer mediated communication(CMC) 计算机中介通信record 记录register 记录器，寄存器expedite 加快，促进weight 加权accelerate 加速，加快，促进categorize 加以类别，分类in addition 加之，又，另外hypothetical 假设的rigidly 坚硬的，僵硬的compatibility 兼容性，相容性surveillance 监视surveillance 监视retrieval 检索，（可）补救verification 检验simplicity 简单，简明film 胶片，薄膜take over 接管，接任ruggedness 结实threshold 界限，临界值with the aid of 借助于，用，通过wire line 金属线路，有线线路coherent 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相干的compact 紧密的approximation 近似undertake 进行，从事transistor 晶体管elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的vigilant 警戒的，警惕的alcohol 酒精，酒local area networks(LANs) 局域网local-area networks(LANs) 局域网drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演出focus on 聚集在，集中于，注视insulator 绝缘root mean square 均方根uniform 均匀的open-system-interconnection(OSI) 开放系统互连expire 开始无效，满期，终止immunity 抗扰，免除，免疫性take…into account 考虑，重视…programmable industrial automation 可编程工业自动化demountable 可拆卸的tunable 可调的reliable 可靠be likely to 可能，大约，像要videotex video 可视图文电视negligible 可以忽略的aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的；天线broadband 宽（频）带pervasive 扩大的，渗透的tensile 拉力的，张力的romanticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散，不连续ion 离子force 力量；力stereophonic 立体声的continuum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的token 令牌on the other hand 另一方面hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的hexagon 六角形，六边形monopoly 垄断，专利video-clip 录像剪辑aluminum 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜forum 论坛，讨论会logical relationships 逻辑关系code book 码本pulse code modulation(PCM) 脉冲编码调制roam 漫步，漫游bps(bits per second) 每秒钟传输的比特ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的analog 模拟，模拟量pattern recognition模式识别bibliographic 目录的，文献的neodymium 钕the european telecommunicationstandardization institute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准局coordinate 配合的，协调的；使配合，调整ratify 批准，认可bias 偏差；偏置deviate 偏离，与…不同spectrum 频谱come into play 其作用entrepreneurial 企业的heuristic methods 启发式方法play a …role(part) 起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的，组织的hypothesis 前提front-end 前置，前级potential 潜势的，潜力的intensity 强度coincidence 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀inventory 清单，报表spherical 球的，球形的distinguish 区别，辨别succumb 屈服，屈从，死global functional plane(GFP) 全局功能平面full-duplex transmission 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图deficiency 缺乏thermonuclear 热核的artifact 人工制品AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化diskettes(also called floppy disk) 软盘sector 扇区entropy 熵uplink 上行链路arsenic 砷neural network 神经网络very-high-frequency(VHF) 甚高频upgrade 升级distortion 失真，畸变identification 识别，鉴定，验明pragmatic 实际的implementation 实施，实现，执行，敷设entity 实体，存在vector quantification 矢量量化mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错vex 使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空facilitate 使容易，促进retina 视网膜compatible 适合的，兼容的transceiver 收发两用机authorize 授权，委托，允许data security 数据安全性data independence 数据独立data management 数据管理database 数据库database management system(DBMS) 数据库管理信息系统database transaction 数据库事务data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性attenuation 衰减fading 衰落，衰减，消失dual 双的，二重的transient 瞬时的deterministic 宿命的，确定的algorithm 算法dissipation 损耗carbon 碳diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的razor 剃刀，剃go by the name of 通称，普通叫做commucation session 通信会话traffic 通信业务（量）synchronous transmission 同步传输concurrent 同时发生的，共存的simultaneous 同时发生的，同时做的simultaneous 同时发生的，一齐的coaxial 同轴的copper 铜statistical 统计的，统计学的dominate 统治，支配invest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景graphics 图示，图解pictorial 图像的coating 涂层，层deduce 推理reasoning strategies 推理策略inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构heterodyne 外差法的peripheral 外界的，外部的，周围的gateway 网关hazardous 危险的microwave 微波（的）microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器microelectronic 微电子nuance 微小的差别（色彩等）encompass 围绕，包围，造成，设法做到maintenance 维护；保持；维修satellite communication 卫星通信satellite network 卫星网络transceiver 无线电收发信机radio-relay transmission 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite 无源卫星sparse 稀少的，稀疏的downlink 下行链路precursor 先驱，前任visualization 显像feasibility 现实性，可行性linearity 线性度constrain 限制，约束，制约considerable 相当的，重要的geo-stationary 相对地面静止by contrast 相反，而，对比起来coorelation 相关性mutual 相互的mutually 相互的，共同的interconnect 相互连接，互连one after the other 相继，依次minicomputer 小型计算机protocol 协议，草案protocol 协议，规约，规程psycho-acoustic 心理（精神）听觉的；传音的channelization 信道化，通信信道选择run length encoding 行程编码groom 修饰，准备virtual ISDN 虚拟ISDNmultitude 许多，大批，大量whirl 旋转preference 选择，喜欢avalanche 雪崩pursue 寻求，从事interrogation 询问dumb 哑的，不说话的，无声的subcategory 亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气，氧元素service switching and control points(SSCPs) 业务交换控制点service control points(SCPs) 业务控制点service control function(SCF) 业务控制功能in concert 一致，一齐handover 移交，越区切换at a rate of 以……的速率in the form of 以…的形式base on…以…为基础yttrium 钇（稀有金属，符号Y）asynchronous transmission 异步传输asynchronous 异步的exceptional 异常的，特殊的voice-grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起，使产生cryptic 隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automation 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX(private branch exchange) 用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predominance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparison with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比preliminary 预备的，初步的premonition 预感，预兆nucleus 原子核valence 原子价circumference 圆周，周围teleprocessing 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途constrain 约束，强迫mobile 运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey 运输，传递，转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯regenerative 再生的improve over 在……基础上改善play important role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近underlying 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面germanium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthogonal 正交的quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) 正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain 支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长出；副产品dominate 支配，统治knowledge representation 知识表示knowledge engineering 知识工程knowledge base 知识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acronym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial 指导教师的，指导的coin 制造（新字符），杜撰fabrication 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子intelligence 智能，智力，信息intelligent network 智能网intermediate 中间的nucleus(pl.nuclei) 中心，核心neutrons 中子terminal 终端，终端设备overlay 重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge 主管，看管；承载dominant 主要的，控制的，最有力的cylinder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络transition 转变，转换，跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器，中继器pursue 追赶，追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面出版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor 自动售货机，厂商naturally 自然的；天生具备的synthesize 综合，合成integrate 综合，使完全ISDN(intergrated services digital network) 综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impedance 阻抗initial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…出现A Analog 模拟A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Brightness LimiterCircuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局AC Access Conditions 接入条件Audio Center 音频中心ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务Area Communication System 区域通信系统ADC Analog to Digital Converter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasing 音频（声音AEF Automatic Editing Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineering Society 音频工程协会AF Audio Frequency 音频AFA Audio Frequency Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Frequency Coder 音频编码器Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fine Tuning 自动微调Automatic Frequency Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Frequency Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Sensor 自动音乐传感装置ANC Automatic Noise Canceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTenna 天线AO Analog Output 模拟输出APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Control 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Scanning Tracking 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timing Control 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correction 自动音频校正ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee （美国高级电视制式委员会）***C Automatic Volume Control 自动音量控制***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Balance 自动白平衡AZC Automatic Zooming Control 自动变焦控制AZS Automatic Zero Setting 自动调零BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Binary-Analog Conversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京广播学院BC Binary Code 二进制码Balanced Current 平衡电流Broadcast Control 广播控制BCT Bandwidth Compression Technique带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directional Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brillouin Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Background Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic Input／Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic Information Unit 基本信息单元Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Business Management Layer 商务管理层BN Backbone Network 主干网BNT Broadband Network Termination 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输出BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasting Technology Association (日本BTL Balanced Transformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播技术标准BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW BandWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Television 黑白电视CA Conditional Access 条件接收CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接收控制CAL Continuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Conditional Access System 条件接收系统Conditional Access Sub-system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电视Community Antenna Television 共用天线电视C*** Constant Angular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation加拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasting System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文字幕发生器CCIR International Radio ConsultativeCommittee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph andTelephone ConsultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Central Control Room 中心控制室CCTV China Central Television 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视CCS Center Central System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器CCW Counter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片CDA Current Dumping Amplifier 电流放大器CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc File Manager 光盘文件管理(程序CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read OnlyMemory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV China Educational Television 中国教育电视台CF Color Framing 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CIE Chinese Institute of Electronics 中国电子学会CII China Information Infrastructure 中国信息基础设施CIF Common Intermediate Format 通用中间格式CIS Chinese Industrial Standard 中国工业标准CLV Constant Linear Velocity 恒定线速度CM Colour Monitor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem Termination System线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CON Console 操纵台Controller 控制器CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasting（美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic Redundancy Check Code循环冗余校验码CROM China Radio International 中国国际广播电台CRT Control Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统CSU Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Controller 盒式磁带控制器Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable Termination Equipment 线缆终端设备Customer Terminal Equipment 用户终端设备CTV Color Television 彩色电视CVD China Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Stationary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Management System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Component Technology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Television 数字彩色电视DD Direct Drive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视器DES Data Elementary Stream 数据基本码流Data Encryption Standard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦光纤DG Differential Gain 微分增益DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Mastering System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿DOS Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统DP Differential Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Down-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视Data Terminal 数据终端Data Transmission 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Television Standard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Extension Amplifier 延长放大器EB Electron Beam 电子束EBS Emergency Broadcasting System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correction 误差校正ECN Emergency Communications Network应急通信网络ECS European Communication Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electronic Data Exchange 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decision List 编辑点清单EDTV Extended Definition Television 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14调制EFP Electronic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ethernet Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivalent Input Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electronic Information System 电子信息系统EISA Extended Industrial StandardArchitecture 扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Luminescent 场致发光EM Error Monitoring 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Point 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emergency Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Elementary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲空间局ETV Education Television 教育电视FA Enhanced Television 增强电视FABM FAS Facial Animation 面部动画FC Fiber Amplifier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Frequency Changer 变频器FCC Fiber Channel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal Communications Commission 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Frequency Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete Cosine Transform离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed Data Interface 分布式光纤数据接口Frequency-Division Multiplexing 频分复用FF Fiber Distribution Point 光纤分配点FG Front End 前端FH Framing Error 成帧误差FIT Fast Forward 快进FN Frequency Generator 频率发生器FOA Frequency Hopping 跳频FOC Frame-Interline Transfer 帧一行间转移Fiber Node 光纤节点Fiber Optic Amplifier 光纤放大器FOM Fiber Optic Cable 光缆FON Fiber Optic Communications 光纤通信FOS Fiber Optic Coupler 光纤耦合器FOTC Fiber Optic Modem 光纤调制解调器FS Fiber Optic Net 光纤网Factor of Safety 安全系数Fiber Optic Trunk Cable 光缆干线FT Frame Scan 帧扫描FTP Frame Store 帧存储器FTTB Frame Synchro 帧同步机FTTC France Telecom 法国电信Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter 交交变频电路AC power control交流电力控制AC Power Controller交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper升压斩波电路Boost Converter升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper降压斩波电路Buck Converter降压变换器Commutation换流Conduction Angle导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM（电流）连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK 斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cyclo convertor周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter直交直电路DC Chopping直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter直流－直流变换器Device Commutation器件换流Direct Current Control直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode （电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode快恢复二极管fast revcovery epitaxial diodes 快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor场控晶闸管flyback converter 反激电流forced commutation 强迫换流forward converter 正激电路frequency converter 变频器full bridge converter全桥电路full bridge rectifier 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier 全波整流电路fundamental factor基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO 可关断晶闸管general purpose diode 普通二极管giant transistor——GTR 电力晶体管half bridge converter 半桥电路hard switching 硬开关high voltage IC 高压集成电路hysteresis comparison 带环比较方式indirect current control间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power module---IPM智能功率模块integrated gate-commutated thyristor---IGCT 集成门极换流晶闸管inversion 逆变latching effect 擎住效应leakage inductance 漏感light triggered thyristor---LTT光控晶闸管line commutation 电网换流load commutation 负载换流loop current 环流1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 bench top supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capacitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Saturation 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE Temperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。
人工智能与仿真模拟..
人工智能 专家系统
最优化技术 自动化技术
多媒体计算机
二、仿真模拟技术与虚拟实验室
multimedia simulation of instrument analysis experiment
在仿现实环境的界面中，模拟实际过程（数学建模）， 完成特定任务。
采用的技术：场景设计；动态非线形交互；多线程；数 学模型；
二、仪器分析实验多 媒体仿真模拟
multimedia simulation of instrument analysis experiment
一、分析化学中的人工智能技术简介
a introduction to Artificial intelligence 人工智能（artificial intelligence）: 是指用机器
15:15:39
逻辑表示模式
将事实用“命题”和“谓词”两种方式表示； 命题：“真”、“假”两种可能的事实；
如：P命题“2980cm-1处有吸收”； Q命题“1719cm-1处有吸收”
命题可以用逻辑关系词组合成“复合命题”； P^Q；化合物在两处均有吸收 谓词：描述实体的性质或关系； 如：P(acetone)表示“丙酮在1719cm-1处有吸收”； E(b,c)表示 “b=c”； A(Z,X，Y)表示Z=X+Y； 知识表述： E(X,Y)^ E(Y,Z)→ E(X,Z)
第二章 计算机与仪器分析
computer and instrument analysis
第四节
人工智能与实验仿真 模拟技术
artificial intelligence and multimedia experiment simulation technology
一、人工智能简介
两类神经网络的cmos模拟电路设计与分析
摘要神经网络是模拟人脑基本特性的智能系统，也是一门信息处理的科学。
神经网络具有自适应学习、非线性映射、分布并行处理等特点。
神经网络从单个神经元的模拟，到最终模拟大脑的信息处理功能。
神经网络应用非常广泛，目前主要运用于非线性系统、网络故障、航空航天、智能机器人等领域。
对于神经网络的研究主要分为三部分：理论研究、应用研究和实现技术研究。
而实现技术上，主要有两种实现方法：软件实现和硬件实现。
用软件实现神经网络，具有处理速度、并行程度低等缺点，这很难满足神经网络信息处理的实时性的要求。
用硬件实现神经网络能体现网络的快速性、并行计算，且能实现大规模的信号处理，这在复杂的数据处理场合中是非常有利的。
因此，硬件实现是神经网络发展的必然趋势。
硬件实现方法中，基于模拟CMOS电路实现神经网络电路具有结构简单、集成速度快、占用芯片面积小、集成度高、功耗低等特点，因此本文研究采用模拟CMOS集成电路设计神经网络。
神经网络模型中具有代表性的有：误差反向传播BP网络、径向基函数RBF 网络、自组织网络、感知器、反馈Hopfield网络、小脑模型CMAC网络、模糊神经网络等。
目前，已经用硬件实现了的神经网络有：BP网络、RBF网络、感知器等，而在其他的网络模型的硬件实现方案甚少。
基于研究神经网络的全面性，本文主要研究用模拟CMOS电路实现自组织竞争神经和模糊神经网络，围绕这两种神经网络，做了如下相关工作：（1）针对神经网络的神经元模型中权值不可调的缺点，设计了线性可调运算跨导放大器和电流乘法器电路作为突触电路，通过改变外部电流实现权值可调功能，且设计的电路结构简单，线性度高。
以此能作为基本单元应用于神经元电路中。
（2）基于自组织竞争神经网络中竞争层算法难以实现的问题，设计了一种电流模式的最值电路模拟实现竞争算法，通过比较电流的大小达到竞争目的。
该电路实现简单、模拟程度高、便于集成，与输入层结合能实现自组织竞争神经网络。
（3）针对模糊神经网络的单元电路结构复杂且精度低的问题，本文对高斯函数电路、求小电路、去模糊电路的结构进行优化设计，从整体上提高模糊神经网络的精度和高速性。
Memristors Advances and Applications
Memristors Advances and Applications Memristors, a relatively new and exciting development in the field of electronics, have been making waves in the world of technology. These devices, which can remember the amount of charge that has passed through them and can retain that memory even when the power is turned off, have the potential to revolutionize the way we build and use electronic systems. As researchers and engineers continue to explore the capabilities of memristors, they are uncovering a wide range of potential applications that could have a profound impact on various industries.One of the most promising applications of memristors is in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. These devices have the ability to mimic the way that neurons in the human brain work, making them ideal for building neural networks and other types of AI systems. By using memristors in these applications, researchers hope to create more efficient and powerful AI systems that can learn and adapt in ways that were previously not possible. This could have far-reaching implications for everything from autonomous vehicles to medical diagnostics.In addition to their potential in AI, memristors also show promise in the realm of non-volatile memory. Unlike traditional computer memory, which loses its stored information when the power is turned off, memristor-based memory could retain its data indefinitely without needing constant power. This could lead to faster, more energy-efficient, and more reliable storage solutions for everything from personal computers to data centers. Furthermore, the ability of memristors to store multiple values in a single device could lead to denser and more efficient memory storage, further revolutionizing the way we store and access data.Another area where memristors are showing potential is in the development of neuromorphic computing systems. These systems, which are designed to mimic the way that the human brain processes information, could benefit greatly from the unique properties of memristors. By using memristors to build circuits that more closely resemble the brain's neural networks, researchers hope to create computing systems that are notonly more powerful and efficient but also more adaptable and capable of learning from experience.Furthermore, memristors are also being explored for their potential in the field of analog computing. Unlike traditional digital computers, which process information in discrete steps, analog computers can work with continuous data, making them potentially faster and more efficient for certain types of calculations. By using memristors in analog computing systems, researchers hope to create new types of computers that can solve complex problems more quickly and accurately than is currently possible.In conclusion, the development of memristors represents an exciting frontier in electronics and computing. With their unique ability to remember and retain information, these devices have the potential to revolutionize everything from artificial intelligence and machine learning to memory storage and computing systems. As researchers continue to explore the capabilities of memristors and develop new ways to integrate them into electronic systems, we can expect to see a wave of innovation that could have a profound impact on numerous industries and aspects of our daily lives.。
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Analog simulation of neural information propagationusing an electrical FitzHugh–Nagumo latticeP.Marqui ea,*,te b ,S.Morfu ca Laboratoire LE2I,FRE CNRS 2309,Universit e de Bourgogne,BP 47870-21078Dijon Cedex,Franceb Department of Physics,University of Crete and Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas,P.O.Box 2208,71003Heraklion,Crete,Greecec Laboratoired ÕAstrophysique,CNRS UMR 6525,Universit ede Nice Sophia-Antipolis,Parc Valrose,06108Nice Cedex 2,France Accepted 16April 2003AbstractA nonlinear electrical lattice modelling neural information propagation is presented.It is shown that our system is an analog simulator of the FitzHugh–Nagumo equations,and hence supports pulse propagation with the appropriate properties.Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionAs reaction–diffusion equations arise in many areas of physics,biology,chemistry or ecology (see e.g.[1]),a growing interest has been devoted in recent years,to nonlinear information processes in reaction–diffusion systems.Among them,and to just focus on this example,is the neural system.Indeed,the knowledge of the neural information propagation mechanisms constitutes one of most exciting scientific challenge,both from a medical point of view and for the potential bio-inspired applications in transmission and signal processing.Mathematically,the description of the neural action potential propagation obeys to the well-known FitzHugh–Nagumo (F–N)system of two coupled equations [1,2].This system allowing pulse propagation can be reduced to the single Nagumo equation which permits then front or kink propagation.Experimentally,since the pioneering work of Nagumo [3]who presented an electrical lattice modelling the above-cited Nagumo equation,most of the studies devoted to reaction–diffusion systems have also focused on this equation (see e.g.[4]and references therein).Then,only front propagation properties were considered.The main purpose of this letter is to present an electrical diffusive lattice simulating the whole F–N system,allowing then the study of pulse propagation properties.First,we describe the electrical structure of the lattice and derive the related system of equations.Then,several properties of pulse propagation are verified (profile,velocity),by means of both electrical PSpice simulations and numerical simulations,proving that our electrical lattice is an analog simulator of the F–N system.2.Description of the electrical latticeWe consider a nonlinear electrical lattice realized with N elementary cells,resistively coupled by linear resistors R ,as represented in Fig.1.Each cell contains a linear capacitor in parallel with both a linear self-inductance L and a nonlinear resistor R NL ,whose current–voltage characteristic obeys the following cubic law:*Corresponding author.E-mail address:marquie@u-bourgogne.fr (P.Marqui e ).0960-0779/04/$-see front matter Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0960-0779(03)00190-5Chaos,Solitons and Fractals 19(2004)27–30/locate/chaosI NL ðV Þ¼V R 0ab ðV Àa ÞðV Àb Þ;ð1Þwhere the roots of the characteristic a and b are constant voltages while R 0is a weighting resistor.The desired nonlinear resistor R NL ,constructed with analog multipliers [5],provides a perfect agreement between the cubic theoretical characteristic (continuous curve in Fig.1)and the measured experimental data (+signs).Using Kirchhofflaws leads to the set of differential equations describing nonlinear propagation in the lattice:C d U n ¼1½U n þ1þU n À1À2U n ÀU n 0ðU n Àa ÞðU n Àb ÞÀI L ;n ;U n ¼L d I L ;n d t;8>><>>:ð2Þwhere U n and I L ;n are respectively the voltage at cell n and the resulting current through the linear inductor L .Then,setting u n ¼U n =b ,D ¼a R 0=R ,w n ¼ðR 0a =b ÞI L ;n ,e ¼R 20C a 2=L and s ¼t =ðR 0C a Þ,system (2)reduces tod u n d s¼D ½u n þ1þu n À1À2u n Àu n ðu n Àa Þðu n À1ÞÀw n ;d w n d s ¼e u n ;8>><>>:ð3Þ28P.Marqui e et al./Chaos,Solitons and Fractals 19(2004)27–30which is a simplified version of the well-known F–N system of equations,modelling action potential propagation in nerve fibers or information processes in neuronal models.Thus,our nonlinear electrical lattice appears to be an analog simulator of the F–N system,allowing then pulse propagation.3.Circuit parameters and numerical resultsThe experimental electrical lattice is composed of N ¼70identical cells,resistively coupled by linear resistors R ¼3:9k X .The electrical parameters of each cell are respectively a ¼0:35V,b ¼1:15V,R 0¼680X ,L ¼50mH,and C ¼620pF,which implies a ¼0:304,D ¼5:3Â10À2and e ¼5:3Â10À4.Then,a freely propagating pulse can be generated by launching an initial rectangular pulse in the lattice.As presented in Fig.2,the PSpice simulationresultsP.Marqui e et al./Chaos,Solitons and Fractals 19(2004)27–302930P.Marqui e et al./Chaos,Solitons and Fractals19(2004)27–30(+signs)showing the pulse profile versus time at cells n¼26and50,respectively,are in perfect agreement with the continuous lines obtained by simulating system(3)using a fourth order Runge–Kutta algorithm with integration step d t¼10À3.Furthermore,it is also possible to study the velocity dependance of the pulse according to the coupling resistor between cells R(which is related to D in the normalized system3).The results,presented in Fig.3,lead to the following remarks.PSpice experimental results(+signs)are wellfitted by a mathematical expression of the formðR cÀRÞ0:5,with R c¼5:1k X(continuous line in Fig.3).This mathematical expression and the existence of the critical resistor R c reveal the existence of the well-known propagation failure effect(represented by point A in Fig.3for a sake of clarity).This important phenomenon,shared by most diffusely coupled systems of excitable cells,is related to the intrinsically discrete character of the lattice[4,6,7].Indeed,it traduces that there exists a nonzero critical value D c of the intercellular normalized coupling D(corresponding to a noninfinite coupling resistor R c from an electrical point of view)under which information fails to propagate.Quantitative analytical descriptions of this phenomenon have been proposed(see [4,6])in the case of the single Nagumo equation,but to our knowledge,no analytical expression of the critical coupling exists for F–N systems of equations.Nevertheless,considering the electrical system presented in this paper,as the pulse velocity presents this typical evolution versus R inðR cÀRÞ0:5related to the propagation failure phenomenon,one can conclude that the lattice is an analog simulator of the F–N equations.4.ConclusionIn this letter,we have presented an electrical lattice which is an analog simulator of the F–N equations modelling the neural system.As the electrical components can be easily changed,the use of our lattice may be of great interest in the study of the inhomogeneities influence allowing a better understanding of several phenomena mainly in neuro and cardio-physiology,for which the physical media supporting propagation are intrinsically inhomogeneous[8–10].Fi-nally,this electrical lattice may also allow to consider the experimental realization of bio-inspired applications including logical functions in signal processing.References[1]Murray JD.Mathematical Biology.Berlin:Springer-Verlag;1989.[2]Carpio A,Bonilla LL.Pulse propagation in discrete systems of coupled excitable cells.SIAM J Appl Math2002;63:619–35.[3]Nagumo J,Arimoto S,Yoshisawa S.An active pulse transmission line simulating nerve axon.Proc IRE1962;50:2061–70.[4]Comte JC,Morfu S,Marqui e P.Propagation failure in discrete bistable reaction–diffusion systems:Theory and experiments.PhysRev E2001;64:027102-1–4.[5]Comte JC,Marqui e P.Generation of current–voltage characteristics:A general method.Int J Bifurcation Chaos2002;12:447–9.[6]Keener JP.Propagation and its failure in coupled systems of discrete excitable cells.SIAM J Appl Math1987;47:556–72.[7]Erneux T,Nicolis G.Propagating waves in discrete bistable reaction–diffusion 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