Standard test method for surface wettability of paper(angle-of-contact method)

合集下载

润湿性的标准试验方法及使用自动接触角测试仪测定铁皮表面材料吸水性

Standard Test Method for Surface wettability and Absorbency of Sheeted Materials Using an Automated Contact Angle Tester润湿性的标准试验方法及使用自动接触角测试仪测定铁皮表面材料吸水性Introduction简介The property of a liquid to adhere,or "wet".a sheeted surface.or to be absorbed by that surface ,or both,is important in many aspects of paper manufacturing and converting,as well as in the end-use applications of many converted paper products.液体的属性，坚持，或“湿“。

一席状表面，或者被这种表面吸收，或同时反对两者，在制造和转换的许多方面的重要文件，以及在很多人的终端应用加工纸产品。

Example include,but are not limited to,the adhesion of water or other liquid by an absorbent structure(such as an absorbent tissue or wipe);the adhesion of an ink to a polymer film or a coated or uncoated paper(such as a packaging or wrapping material);the adherence of a polymer film or sizing material to a paper substrate in a laminate or coated structure;the adhesion of a pressure(such as a diaper or other composite structure);and the non-wetting or non-absorbency,or both,of a barrier paper.例如包括但不限于由吸水结构（如吸水组织或擦拭）水或其他液体附着;一个油墨附着力聚合物薄膜或涂层或无涂层纸（如包装或包装材料）;一个聚合物薄膜或胶料坚持在一个结构层压或涂层纸基材;的压力（如尿布或其他复合结构）粘附;和非润湿或不吸水，或两者兼而有之，纸的一个障碍。

产品规格承认书

跌落测ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้（整箱） Drop Test
震动测试（单体） Vibration Test
弯曲实验 Bending Test 拔插实验 USB connector
温度(Temp)：60℃ 湿度(Humidity)：80-85％时间(Time)：24H 荷重：4KG 持续时间：60 秒高(High)：60CM 回数：10 次木板上高(High)：60CM 一角三边六面木板上 1.震动机的震动频率调至 50Hz；
1．笔记本摄像头模组的外观 (Notebook camera module appearance) （二）检验方法:( Test methods)
1．人员: 外观检查人员需经过培训并且辨色能力正常,其视力应达到 1.0 以上(矫正后达到 1.0 以上
亦可),辨色能力应可通过标准测试。 Staff: The appearance of the inspectors to be trained and the capacity of normal color vision, Its vision to achieve more than 1.0 (after correction can also be reached more than 1.0), Color vision capability should be available through standard tests. 2．距离和时间: 观察距离为 50 ∼ 75cm,观察时间为每个表面 3 ∼ 5 秒。 Distance and Time: Observation distance: 50 ∼ 75cm, Observation time for each surface: 3 ∼ 5seconds 3. 检验环境: 外观检验应在不刺目的荧光灯下检查,其最低照度应在 100 尺烛光亮度以上，或者是

ASTM D257.21915 绝缘材料电阻测试方法

conductance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a square.3.1.4.1Discussion—Surface conductivity is expressed in siemens.It is popularly expressed as siemens/square(the size of the square is immaterial).Surface conductivity is the reciprocal of surface resistivity.3.1.5conductivity,volume,n—the volume conductance multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions (distance between electrodes divided by the cross-sectional area of the electrodes)which transforms the measured conduc-tance to that conductance obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.3.1.5.1Discussion—V olume conductivity is usually ex-pressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the reciprocal of volume resistivity.3.1.6moderately conductive,adj—describes a solid mate-rial having a volume resistivity between1and10000000 V-cm.3.1.7resistance,insulation,(R i),n—the ratio of the dc voltage applied to two electrodes(on or in a specimen)to the total volume and surface current between them.3.1.7.1Discussion—Insulation resistance is the reciprocal of insulation conductance.3.1.8resistance,surface,(R s),n—the ratio of the dc voltage applied to two electrodes(on the surface of a specimen)to the current between them.3.1.8.1Discussion—(Some volume resistance is unavoid-ably included in the actual measurement.)Surface resistance is the reciprocal of surface conductance.3.1.9resistance,volume,(R v),n—the ratio of the dc voltage applied to two electrodes(on or in a specimen)to the current in the volume of the specimen between the electrodes.3.1.9.1Discussion—V olume resistance is the reciprocal of volume conductance.3.1.10resistivity,surface,(r s),n—the surface resistance multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions(width of electrodes deﬁning the current path divided by the distance between electrodes)which transforms the measured resistance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a square.3.1.10.1Discussion—Surface resistivity is expressed in ohms.It is popularly expressed also as ohms/square(the size of the square is immaterial).Surface resistivity is the reciprocal of surface conductivity.3.1.11resistivity,volume,(r v),n—the volume resistance multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions (cross-sectional area of the specimen between the electrodes divided by the distance between electrodes)which transforms the measured resistance to that resistance obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.3.1.11.1Discussion—Volume resistivity is usually ex-pressed in ohm-centimetres(preferred)or in ohm-metres. V olume resistivity is the reciprocal of volume conductivity.4.Summary of Test Methods4.1The resistance or conductance of a material specimen or of a capacitor is determined from a measurement of current or of voltage drop under speciﬁed conditions.By using the appropriate electrode systems,surface and volume resistance or conductance may be measured separately.The resistivity or conductivity can then be calculated when the required speci-men and electrode dimensions are known.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1Insulating materials are used to isolate components of an electrical system from each other and from ground,as well as to provide mechanical support for the components.For this purpose,it is generally desirable to have the insulation resis-tance as high as possible,consistent with acceptable mechani-cal,chemical,and heat-resisting properties.Since insulation resistance or conductance combines both volume and surface resistance or conductance,its measured value is most useful when the test specimen and electrodes have the same form as is required in actual use.Surface resistance or conductance changes rapidly with humidity,while volume resistance or conductance changes slowly although theﬁnal change may eventually be greater.5.2Resistivity or conductivity may be used to predict, indirectly,the low-frequency dielectric breakdown and dissi-pation factor properties of some materials.Resistivity or contivity is often used as an indirect measure of moisture content,degree of cure,mechanical continuity,and deteriora-tion of various types.The usefulness of these indirect measure-ments is dependent on the degree of correlation established by supporting theoretical or experimental investigations.A de-crease of surface resistance may result either in an increase of the dielectric breakdown voltage because the electricﬁeld intensity is reduced,or a decrease of the dielectric breakdown voltage because the area under stress is increased.5.3All the dielectric resistances or conductances depend on the length of time of electriﬁcation and on the value of applied voltage(in addition to the usual environmental variables). These must be known to make the measured value of resistance or conductance meaningful.5.4V olume resistivity or conductivity can be used as an aid in designing an insulator for a speciﬁc application.The change of resistivity or conductivity with temperature and humidity may be great(1,2,3,4),7and must be known when designing for operating conditions.V olume resistivity or conductivity determinations are often used in checking the uniformity of an insulating material,either with regard to processing or to detect conductive impurities that affect the quality of the material and that may not be readily detectable by other methods.5.5V olume resistivities above1021V·cm(1019V·m),ob-tained on specimens under usual laboratory conditions,are of doubtful validity,considering the limitations of commonly used measuring equipment.5.6Surface resistance or conductance cannot be measured accurately,only approximated,because some degree of volume resistance or conductance is always involved in the measure-ment.The measured value is also affected by the surface contamination.Surface contamination,and its rate of accumu-lation,is affected by many factors including electrostatic charging and interfacial tension.These,in turn,may affect the7The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to these testmethods.surface resistivity.Surface resistivity or conductivity can beconsidered to be related to material properties when contami-nation is involved but is not a material property in the usualsense.6.Electrode Systems6.1The electrodes for insulating materials should be of amaterial that is readily applied,allows intimate contact with thespecimen surface,and introduces no appreciable error becauseof electrode resistance or contamination of the specimen (5).The electrode material should be corrosion-resistant under theconditions of test.For tests of fabricated specimens such asfeed-through bushings,cables,etc.,the electrodes employedare a part of the specimen or its mounting.Measurements ofinsulation resistance or conductance,then,include the contami-nating effects of electrode or mounting materials and aregenerally related to the performance of the specimen in actualuse.6.1.1Binding-Post and Taper-Pin Electrodes ,Fig.1andFig.2,provide a means of applying voltage to rigid insulatingmaterials to permit an evaluation of their resistive or conduc-tive properties.These electrodes simulate to some degree theactual conditions of use,such as binding posts on instrumentpanels and terminal strips.In the case of laminated insulatingmaterials having high-resin-content surfaces,somewhat lowerinsulation resistance values may be obtained with taper-pinthan with binding posts,due to more intimate contact with thebody of the insulating material.Resistance or conductancevalues obtained are highly inﬂuenced by the individual contactbetween each pin and the dielectric material,the surfaceroughness of the pins,and the smoothness of the hole in thedielectric material.Reproducibility of results on differentspecimens is difficult to obtain.6.1.2Metal Bars in the arrangement of Fig.3were prima-rily devised to evaluate the insulation resistance or conduc-tance of ﬂexible tapes and thin,solid specimens as a fairlysimple and convenient means of electrical quality control.Thisarrangement is somewhat more satisfactory for obtainingapproximate values of surface resistance or conductance whenthe width of the insulating material is much greater than itsthickness.6.1.3Silver Paint ,Fig.4,Fig.5,and Fig.6,is availablecommercially with a high conductivity,either air-drying orlow-temperature-baking varieties,which are sufficiently po-rous to permit diffusion of moisture through them and thereby allow the test specimen to be conditioned after the application of the electrodes.This is a particularly useful feature in studying resistance-humidity effects,as well as change with temperature.However,before conductive paint is used as an electrode material,it should be established that the solvent in the paint does not attack the material so as to changeitsFIG.1Binding-Post Electrodes for Flat,SolidSpecimens FIG.2Taper-PinElectrodes FIG.3Strip Electrodes for Tapes and Flat,SolidSpecimenselectrical properties.Reasonably smooth edges of guard elec-trodes may be obtained with a ﬁne-bristle brush.However,forcircular electrodes,sharper edges can be obtained by the use ofa ruling compass and silver paint for drawing the outline circlesof the electrodes and ﬁlling in the enclosed areas by brush.Anarrow strip of masking tape may be used,provided thepressure-sensitive adhesive used does not contaminate the surface of the specimen.Clamp-on masks also may be used if the electrode paint is sprayed on.6.1.4Sprayed Metal ,Fig.4,Fig.5,and Fig.6,may be used if satisfactory adhesion to the test specimen can be obtained.Thin sprayed electrodes may have certain advantages in that they are ready for use as soon as applied.They may be sufficiently porous to allow the specimen to be conditioned,but this should be veriﬁed.Narrow strips of masking tape or clamp-on masks must be used to produce a gap between the guarded and the guard electrodes.The tape shall be such as not to contaminate the gap surface.6.1.5Evaporated Metal may be used under the same con-ditions given in 6.1.4.6.1.6Metal Foil ,Fig.4,may be applied to specimen surfaces as electrodes.The usual thickness of metal foil used for resistance or conductance studies of dielectrics ranges from 6to 80µm.Lead or tin foil is in most common use,and is usually attached to the test specimen by a minimum quantity of petrolatum,silicone grease,oil,or other suitable material,as an adhesive.Such electrodes shall be applied under a smoothing pressure sufficient to eliminate all wrinkles,and to work excess adhesive toward the edge of the foil where it can be wiped off with a cleansing tissue.One very effective method is to use a hard narrow roller (10to 15mm wide),and to roll outward on the surface until no visible imprint can be made on the foil with the roller.This technique can be used satisfactorily only on specimens that have very ﬂat surfaces.With care,the adhesive ﬁlm can be reduced to 2.5µm.As this ﬁlm is in series with the specimen,it will always cause the measured resistance to be too high.This error may become excessive for the lower-resistivity specimens of thickness less than 250µm.Also the hard roller can force sharp particles into or through thin ﬁlms (50µm).Foil electrodes are not porous and will not allow the test specimen to condition after the electrodes have been applied.The adhesive may lose its effectiveness at elevated temperatures necessitating the use of ﬂat metal back-up plates under pressure.It is possible,with the aid of a suitable cutting device,to cut a proper width strip from one electrode to form a guarded and guard electrode.Such a three-terminal specimen normally cannot be used for surface resistance or conductance measurements because of the grease remaining on the gap surface.It may be very difficult to clean the entire gap surface without disturbing the adjacent edges of the electrode.6.1.7Colloidal Graphite ,Fig.4,dispersed in water or other suitable vehicle,may be brushed on nonporous,sheet insulat-ing materials to form an air-drying electrode.Masking tapes or clamp-on masks may be used (6.1.4).This electrode material is recommended only if all of the following conditions are met:6.1.7.1The material to be tested must accept a graphite coating that will not ﬂake before testing,6.1.7.2The material being tested must not absorb water readily,and 6.1.7.3Conditioning must be in a dry atmosphere (Proce-dure B,Methods D 618),and measurements made in this same atmosphere.6.1.8Mercury or other liquid metal electrodes give satisfac-tory results.Mercury is not recommended for continuous use or at elevated temperatures due to toxic effects.(Warning—Volume Resistivity g |Ls 2t Surface ResistivityFIG.4Flat Specimen for Measuring Volume and SurfaceResistances orConductancesD 05(D 1+D 2)/2L >4t g |La 2t Volume Resistivity g |Ls 2t Surface ResistivityFIG.5Tubular Specimen for Measuring Volume and SurfaceResistances orConductancesMercury metal vapor poisoning has long been recognized as ahazard in industry.The maximum exposure limits are set by theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.8The concentration of mercury vapor over spills from brokenthermometers,barometers,or other instruments using mercurycan easily exceed these exposure limits.Mercury,being aliquid and quite heavy,will disintegrate into small droplets andseep into cracks and crevices in the ﬂoor.The use of acommercially available emergency spill kit is recommendedwhenever a spill occurs.The increased area of exposure addssigniﬁcantly to the mercury vapor concentration in air.Mer-cury vapor concentration is easily monitored using commer-cially available sniffers.Spot checks should be made periodi-cally around operations where mercury is exposed to theatmosphere.Thorough checks should be made after spills.)Themetal forming the upper electrodes should be conﬁned bystainless steel rings,each of which should have its lower rimreduced to a sharp edge by beveling on the side away from theliquid metal.Fig.7A and Fig.7B show two electrode arrange-ments.6.1.9Flat Metal Plates ,Fig.4,(preferably guarded)may beused for testing ﬂexible and compressible materials,both atroom temperature and at elevated temperatures.They may becircular or rectangular (for tapes).To ensure intimate contactwith the specimen,considerable pressure is usually required.Pressures of 140to 700kPa have been found satisfactory (seematerial speciﬁcations).6.1.9.1A variation of ﬂat metal plate electrode systems isfound in certain cell designs used to measure greases or ﬁllingcompounds.Such cells are preassembled and the material to betested is either added to the cell between ﬁxed electrodes or the electrodes are forced into the material to a predetermined electrode spacing.Because the conﬁguration of the electrodes in these cells is such that the effective electrode area and the distance between them is difficult to measure,each cell constant,K ,(equivalent to the A/t factor from Table 1)can be derived from the following equation:K 53.6p C 511.3C (1)8American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists,6500Glen-way Ave.,Building D-7,Cincinnati,OH,45211.FIG.6Conducting-PaintElectrodesN OTE 1—Warning:See 6.1.8FIG.7Mercury Electrodes for Flat,SolidSpecimenswhere:K has units of centimetres,andC has units of picofarads and is the capacitance of the electrode system withair as the dielectric.See Test Methods D 150for methods of measurementfor C.6.1.10Conducting Rubber has been used as electrode ma-terial,as in Fig.4,and has the advantage that it can quickly andeasily be applied and removed from the specimen.As theelectrodes are applied only during the time of measurement,they do not interfere with the conditioning of the specimen.The conductive-rubber material must be backed by properplates and be soft enough so that effective contact with thespecimen is obtained when a reasonable pressure is applied.N OTE 1—There is evidence that values of conductivity obtained usingconductive-rubber electrodes are always smaller (20to 70%)than valuesobtained with tinfoil electrodes (6).When only order-of-magnitudeaccuracies are required,and these contact errors can be neglected,aproperly designed set of conductive-rubber electrodes can provide a rapidmeans for making conductivity and resistivity determinations.6.1.11Water is widely employed as one electrode in testinginsulation on wires and cables.Both ends of the specimen mustbe out of the water and of such length that leakage along theinsulation is negligible.Guard rings may be necessary at eachend.It may be desirable to add a small amount of sodiumchloride to the water to ensure high conductivity.Measure-ments may be performed at temperatures up to about 100°C.7.Choice of Apparatus and Test Method7.1Power Supply —A source of very steady direct voltage isrequired (see X1.7.3).Batteries or other stable direct voltagesupplies may be used.7.2Guard Circuit —Whether measuring resistance of aninsulating material with two electrodes (no guard)or with a three-terminal system (two electrodes plus guard),consider how the electrical connections are made between the test instrument and the test sample.If the test specimen is at some distance from the test instrument,or the test specimen is tested under humid conditions,or if a relatively high (1010to 1015ohms)specimen resistance is expected,spurious resistance paths can easily exist between the test instrument and test specimen.A guard circuit is necessary to minimize interference from these spurious paths (see also X1.9).7.2.1With Guard Electrode —Use coaxial cable,with the core lead to the guarded electrode and the shield to the guard electrode,to make adequate guarded connections between the test equipment and test specimen.Coaxial cable (again with the shield tied back to the guard)for the unguarded lead is not mandatory here (or in 7.2.2),although its use provides some reduction in background noise (see also Fig.8).7.2.2Without Guard Electrode —Use coaxial cable,with the core lead to one electrode and the shield terminated about 1cm from the end of the core lead (see also Fig.9).7.3Direct Measurements —The current through a specimen at a ﬁxed voltage may be measured using any equipment that has the required sensitivity and accuracy (610%is usually adequate).Current-measuring devices available include elec-trometers,d-c ampliﬁers with indicating meters,and galva-nometers.Typical methods and circuits are given in Appendix X3.When the measuring device scale is calibrated to read ohms directly no calculations are required.7.4Comparison Methods —A Wheatstone-bridge circuit may be used to compare the resistance of the specimen with that of a standard resistor (see Appendix X3).7.5Precision and Bias Considerations :7.5.1General —As a guide in the choice of apparatus,the pertinent considerations are summarized in Table 2,but it is not implied that the examples enumerated are the only ones applicable.This table is not intended to indicate the limits of sensitivity and error of the various methods per se ,but rather is intended to indicate limits that are distinctly possible with modern apparatus.In any case,such limits can be achieved or exceeded only through careful selection and combination of the apparatus employed.It must be emphasized,however,that the errors considered are those of instrumentation only.Errors such as those discussed in Appendix X1are an entirely different matter.In this latter connection,the last column of Table 2lists the resistance that is shunted by the insulation resistance between the guarded electrode and the guard system for the various methods.In general,the lower such resistance,the less probability of error from undue shunting.N OTE 2—No matter what measurement method is employed,the highest precisions are achieved only with careful evaluation of all sources of error.It is possible either to set up any of these methods from the component parts,or to acquire a completely integrated apparatus.In general,the methods using high-sensitivity galvanometers require a more permanent installation than those using indicating meters or recorders.The methods using indicating devices such as voltmeters,galvanometers,d-c ampliﬁers,and electrometers require the minimum of manual adjustment and are easy to read but the operator is required to make the reading at a particular time.The Wheatstone bridge (Fig.X1.4)and the potentiometermethod (Fig.X1.2(b ))require the undivided attention of the operatorinN OTE 1—Warning:See 6.1.8FIG.7Mercury Cell for Thin Sheet Material(continued)keeping a balance,but allow the setting at a particular time to be read atleisure.7.5.2Direct Measurements :7.5.2.1Galvanometer-Voltmeter —The maximum percent-age error in the measurement of resistance by thegalvanometer-voltmeter method is the sum of the percentageerrors of galvanometer indication,galvanometer readability,and voltmeter indication.As an example:a galvanometerhaving a sensitivity of 500pA/scale division will be deﬂected25divisions with 500V applied to a resistance of 40G V(conductance of 25pS).If the deﬂection can be read to thenearest 0.5division,and the calibration error (including AyrtonShunt error)is 62%of the observed value,the resultantgalvanometer error will not exceed 64%.If the voltmeter hasan error of 62%of full scale,this resistance can be measuredwith a maximum error of 66%when the voltmeter reads fullscale,and 610%when it reads one-third full scale.Thedesirability of readings near full scale are readily apparent.7.5.2.2Voltmeter-Ammeter —The maximum percentage er-ror in the computed value is the sum of the percentage errorsin the voltages,V x and V s ,and the resistance,R s .The errors inV s and R s are generally dependent more on the characteristicsof the apparatus used than on the particular method.The mostsigniﬁcant factors that determine the errors in V s are indicatorerrors,ampliﬁer zero drift,and ampliﬁer gain stability.Withmodern,well-designed ampliﬁers or electrometers,gain stabil-ity is usually not a matter of concern.With existing techniques,the zero drift of direct voltage ampliﬁers or electrometerscannot be eliminated but it can be made slow enough to be relatively insigniﬁcant for these measurements.The zero driftTABLE 1Calculation of Resistivity or Conductivity A Type of Electrodes or SpecimenVolume Resistivity,V -cm Volume Conductivity,S/cm r v 5A t R v g v 5t A G v Circular (Fig.4)A 5p ~D 11g !24RectangularA 5(a +g)(b +g)SquareA 5(a +g)2Tubes (Fig.5)A 5p D 0(L +g)Cables r v 52p LR vln D 2D 1g v 5lnD 2D 12p LR v Surface Resistivity,V (per square)Surface Conductivity,S (per square)p s 5P g R s g s 5g P G s Circular (Fig.4)P 5p D 0RectangularP 52(a +b +2g)SquareP 54(a +g)Tubes (Figs.5and 6)P 52p D 2Nomenclature:A 5the effective area of the measuring electrode forthe particular arrangement employed,P 5the effective perimeter of the guarded electrode for the particular arrangement employed,R v 5measured volume resistance in ohms,G v 5measured volume conductance in siemens,R s 5measured surface resistance in ohms,G s 5measured surface conductance in siemens,t 5average thickness of the specimen,D 0,D 1,D 2,g,L 5dimensions indicated in Figs.4and 6(see Appendix X2for correction to g ),a,b,5lengths of the sides of rectangular electrodes,andln 5natural logarithm.A All dimensions are in centimetres.FIG.8Connections to Guarded Electrode for Volume and Surface Resistivity Measurements (Volume Resistance hook-up shown)is virtually nonexistent for carefully designed converter-type ampliﬁers.Consequently,the null method of Fig.X1.2(b )is theoretically less subject to error than those methods employ-ing an indicating instrument,provided,however,that the potentiometer voltage is accurately known.The error in Rs is tosome extent dependent on the ampliﬁer sensitivity.For mea-surement of a given current,the higher the ampliﬁer sensitivity,the greater likelihood that lower valued,highly precise wire-wound standard resistors can be used.Such ampliﬁers can be obtained.Standard resistances of 100G V known to 62%,are available.If 10-mV input to the ampliﬁer or electrometer gives full-scale deﬂection with an error not greater than 2%of full scale,with 500V applied,a resistance of 5000T V can be measured with a maximum error of 6%when the voltmeter reads full scale,and 10%when it reads 1⁄3scale.7.5.2.3Comparison-Galvanometer —The maximum per-centage error in the computed resistance or conductance is given by the sum of the percentage errors in Rs ,the galvanom-eter deﬂections or ampliﬁer readings,and the assumption that the current sensitivities are independent of the deﬂections.The latter assumption is correct to well within 62%over the useful range (above 1⁄10full-scale deﬂection)of a good,modern galvanometer (probably 1⁄3scale deﬂection for a dc current ampliﬁer).The error in R s depends on the type of resistor used,but resistances of 1M V with a limit of error as low as 0.1%are available.With a galvanometer or d-c current ampliﬁer having a sensitivity of 10nA for full-scale deﬂection,500V applied to a resistance of 5T V will produce a 1%deﬂection.At this voltage,with the preceding noted standard resistor,and with F s 5105,d s would be about half of full-scale deﬂection,with a readability error not more than 61%.If dx is approxi-mately 1⁄4of full-scale deﬂection,the readability error would not exceed 64%,and a resistance of the order of 200G V could be measured with a maximum error of 651⁄2%.7.5.2.4Voltage Rate-of-Change —The accuracy of the mea-surement is directly proportional to the accuracy of the measurement of applied voltage and time rate of change of the electrometer reading.The length of time that the electrometer switch is open and the scale used should be such that the time can be measured accurately and a full-scale reading obtained.Under these conditions,the accuracy will be comparable with that of the other methods of measuring current.7.5.2.5Comparison Bridge —When the detector has ad-equate sensitivity,the maximum percentage error in the com-puter resistance is the sum of the percentage errors in the arms,A,B,and N .With a detector sensitivity of 1mV/scale division,500V applied to the bridge,and R N 51G V ,a resistance of 1000T V will produce a detector deﬂection of one scale division.Assuming negligible errors in R A and R B ,with R N 51G V known to within 62%and with the bridge balanced to one detector-scale division,a resistance of 100T V can be mea-sured with a maximum error of 66%.8.Sampling 8.1Refer to applicable materials speciﬁcations for sam-pling instructions.9.Test Specimens 9.1Insulation Resistance or Conductance Determination :9.1.1The measurement is of greatest value when the speci-men has the form,electrodes,and mounting required in actual use.Bushings,cables,and capacitors are typical examples for which the test electrodes are a part of the specimen and its normal mounting means.9.1.2For solid materials,the test specimen may be of any practical form.The specimen forms most commonly used are ﬂat plates,tapes,rods,and tubes.The electrode arrangements of Fig.2may be used for ﬂat plates,rods,or rigid tubes whose inner diameter is about 20mm or more.The electrode arrangement of Fig.3may be used for strips of sheet material or for ﬂexible tape.For rigid strip specimens the metal support may not be required.The electrode arrangements of Fig.6may be used for ﬂat plates,rods,or parison of materials when using different electrode arrangements is frequently inconclusive and should be avoided.9.2Volume Resistance or Conductance Determination :9.2.1The test specimen may have any practical form that allows the use of a third electrode,when necessary,to guard against error from surface effects.Test specimens may be in the form of ﬂat plates,tapes,or tubes.Fig.4and Fig.7illustrate the application and arrangement of electrodes for plate or sheet specimens.Fig.5is a diametral cross section of three elec-trodes applied to a tubular specimen,in which electrode No.1is the guarded electrode,electrode No.2is a guard electrode consisting of a ring at each end of electrode No.1,and electrode No.3is the unguarded electrode (7,8).For materials that have negligible surface leakage,the guard rings may be omitted.Convenient and generally suitable dimensions appli-cable to Fig.4in the case of test specimens that are 3mm in thickness are as follows:D 35100mm,D 2588mm,and D 1576mm,or alternatively,D 3550mm,D 2538mm,andD 1525mm.For a given sensitivity,the largerspecimenFIG.9Connections to Unguarded Electrodes for UnguardedSurfaceMeasurements。

美国钢铁产品的标准比较多

美国钢铁产品的标准比较多，主要有以下几种：美国钢铁产品的标准比较多，主要有以下几种：ANSI 美国国家标准AISI??美国钢铁学会标准ASTM 美国材料与试验协会标准ASME 美国机械工程师协会标准AMS 航天材料规格（美国航空工业最常用的一种材料规格，由SAE制定）API 美国石油学会标准AWS 美国焊接协会标准SAE 美国机动车工程师协会标准MIL 美国军用标准QQ 美国联邦政府标准A216:：WCB , WCCA217: WC6 , WC9 , C5 (ZGCr5Mo)A351: CF8 , CF3 , CF3 M , CF8C标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A1-00 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢丁字轨? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Tee Rails ASTM A2-02 ? ? ? ? 普通型,带槽和防护型碳素工字钢轨? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Girder Rails of Plain, Grooved, and Guard TypesASTM A3-01 ? ? ? ? 低、中、高碳素钢鱼尾（连接）板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Joint Bars, Low, Medium, and High Carbon (Non-Heat-Treated)ASTM A6/A6M-04a ? ? ? ? 轧制结构钢板材、型材和薄板桩通用技术要求? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling ASTM A20/A20M-04a ? ? ? ? 压力容器用钢板材通用要求? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure VesselsASTM A27/A27M-03 ? ? ? ? 通用碳素钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationASTM A29/A29M-04 ? ? ? ? 热锻及冷加工碳素钢和合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought, General Requirements forASTM A31-04 ? ? ? ? 钢铆钉及铆钉和压力容器用棒材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure VesselsASTM A34/A34M-01 ? ? ? ? 磁性材料的抽样和采购试验的标准惯例? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic MaterialsASTM A36/A36M-04 ? ? ? ? 碳素结构钢技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Structural SteelASTM A47/A47M-99 ? ? ? ? 铁素体可锻铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron CastingsASTM A48/A48M-03 ? ? ? ? 灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron CastingsASTM A49-01 ? ? ? ? 经热处理的碳素钢鱼尾（连接）板，微合金鱼尾板及锻制碳素钢异型鱼尾板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Joint Bars, Microalloyed Joint Bars, and Forged Carbon Steel Compromise Joint BarsASTM A53/A53M-04 ? ? ? ? 无镀层热浸的、镀锌的、焊接的及无缝钢管的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessASTM A65-01 ? ? ? ? 钢轨道钉? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Track SpikesASTM A66-01 ? ? ? ? 钢质螺旋道钉? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Screw SpikesASTM A67-00 ? ? ? ? 热加工低碳钢和高碳钢垫板技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Tie Plates, Low-Carbon and High-Carbon Hot-WorkedASTM A74-04 ? ? ? ? 铸铁污水管及配件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsASTM A82-02 ? ? ? ? 钢筋混凝土用无节钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A90/A90M-01 ? ? ? ? 镀锌和镀锌合金钢铁制品镀层重量的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Iron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy Coatings ASTM A99-03 ? ? ? ? 锰铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerromanganeseASTM A100-04 ? ? ? ? 硅铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrosiliconASTM A101-04 ? ? ? ? 铬铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrochromiumASTM A102-04 ? ? ? ? 钒铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrovanadiumASTM A105/A105M-03 ? ? ? ? 管系部件用碳素钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping ApplicationsASTM A106/A106M-04a ? ? ? ? 高温用无缝碳素钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A108-03 ? ? ? ? 优质冷加工碳素钢棒材技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-FinishedASTM A109/A109M-03 ? ? ? ? 冷轧碳素钢带技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25 Maximum Percent), Cold-RolledASTM A111-99a(2004)e1 ? ? ? ? 电话和电报线路用镀锌"铁"丝规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Iron Telephone and Telegraph Line WireASTM A116-00 ? ? ? ? 镀锌钢丝编织栏栅网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated, Steel Woven Wire Fence FabricASTM A121-99(2004) ? ? ? ? 镀锌刺钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Mettalic-Coated Carbon Steel Barbed WireASTM A123/A123M-02 ? ? ? ? 钢铁产品的锌镀层（热浸镀锌）技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel ProductsASTM A125-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 热处理螺旋形钢弹簧? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Springs, Helical, Heat-TreatedASTM A126-04 ? ? ? ? 阀门、法兰和管配件用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe FittingsASTM A128/A128M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 钢铸件,奥氏体锰? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseASTM A131/A131M-04 ? ? ? ? 海船用结构钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Steel for ShipsASTM A132-04 ? ? ? ? 钼铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerromolybdenumASTM A134-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 电熔(电弧)焊钢管(NPS为16英寸和16英寸以上)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over)ASTM A135-01 ? ? ? ? 电阻焊钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel PipeASTM A139/A139M-04 ? ? ? ? 电熔(电弧)焊钢管(4英寸以上的)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)ASTM A143/A143M-03 ? ? ? ? 热浸镀锌结构钢制品防脆裂措施和探测脆裂的程序? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting EmbrittlementASTM A144-02 ? ? ? ? 铁钨合金规范? ? ? ? Specification for FerrotungstenASTM A146-04 ? ? ? ? 氧化钼制品? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Molybdenum Oxide Products ASTM A148/A148M-03 ? ? ? ? 结构用高强度钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesASTM A153/A153M-04 ? ? ? ? 钢铁制金属构件上镀锌层(热浸)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel HardwareASTM A159-83(2001) ? ? ? ? 汽车用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Automotive Gray Iron CastingsASTM A167-99 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热铬镍钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripASTM A176-99 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热铬钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripASTM A178/A178M-02 ? ? ? ? 电阻焊接碳素钢钢管及碳锰钢锅炉和过热器管的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A179/A179M-90a(2001) ? ? ? ? 热交换器和冷凝器用无缝冷拉低碳钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes ASTM A181/A181M-01 ? ? ? ? 普通锻制碳素钢管的规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose PipingASTM A182/A182M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温设备用锻制或轧制的合金钢管法兰、锻制管件、阀门及零件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A183-03 ? ? ? ? 钢轨用碳素钢螺栓和螺母? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Track Bolts and NutsASTM A184/A184M-01 ? ? ? ? 混凝土加筋用变形钢筋编织网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A185-02 ? ? ? ? 钢筋混凝土用焊接钢丝结构? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteASTM A192/A192M-02 ? ? ? ? 高压用无缝碳素钢锅炉管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure ServiceASTM A193/A193M-04b ? ? ? ? 高温设备用合金钢和不锈钢螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A194/A194M-04a ? ? ? ? 高温和高压设备用碳素钢与合金钢螺栓和螺母的规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or BothASTM A197/A197M-00 ? ? ? ? 化铁炉用可锻铸铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cupola Malleable IronASTM A202/A202M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用铬锰硅合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Manganese-SiliconASTM A203/A203M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 压力容器用镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, NickelASTM A204/A204M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用钼合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, MolybdenumASTM A209/A209M-03 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用无缝碳钼合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A210/A210M-02 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用无缝中碳素管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A213/A213M-04 ? ? ? ? 无缝铁素体和奥氏体合金钢锅炉、过热器和换热器管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, andHeat-Exchanger TubesASTM A214/A214M-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 热交换器与冷凝器用电阻焊接碳素钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes ASTM A216/A216M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 高温下使用的适合于熔焊的碳素钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High- Temperature ServiceASTM A217/A217M-02 ? ? ? ? 适合高温受压零件用合金钢和马氏体不锈钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A220/A220M-99 ? ? ? ? 珠光体可锻铁? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable IronASTM A225/A225M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰矾镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Vanadium-NickelASTM A227/A227M-99 ? ? ? ? 机械弹簧用冷拉钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn for Mechanical SpringsASTM A228/A228M-02 ? ? ? ? 乐器用优质弹簧钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Music Spring QualityASTM A229/A229M-99 ? ? ? ? 机械弹簧用油回火的钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Oil-Tempered for Mechanical SpringsASTM A230/A230M-99 ? ? ? ? 阀门用油回火优质碳素钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Oil-Tempered Carbon Valve Spring QualityASTM A231/A231M-96(2002) ? ? ? ? 铬钒合金钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring WireASTM A232/A232M-99 ? ? ? ? 阀门用优质铬钒合金钢弹簧丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality WireASTM A234/A234M-04 ? ? ? ? 中温与高温下使用的锻制碳素钢及合金钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature ServiceASTM A239-95(2004) ? ? ? ? 用普力斯试验法(硫酸铜浸蚀)确定铁或钢制品上镀锌层最薄点的测试方法? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc (Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel ArticlesASTM A240/A240M-04ae1 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用耐热铬及铬镍不锈钢板、薄板及带材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General ApplicationsASTM A242/A242M-04 ? ? ? ? 高强度低合金结构钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural SteelASTM A247-67(1998) ? ? ? ? 铁铸件中石墨显微结构评定试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron CastingsASTM A249/A249M-04 ? ? ? ? 锅炉、过热器、换热器和冷凝器用焊接奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser TubesASTM A250/A250M-04 ? ? ? ? 锅炉和过热器用电阻焊铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesASTM A252-98(2002) ? ? ? ? 焊接钢和无缝钢管桩? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe PilesASTM A254-97(2002) ? ? ? ? 铜焊钢管规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel TubingASTM A255-02 ? ? ? ? 测定钢淬透性用末端淬火试验的标准试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Determining Hardenability of SteelASTM A262-03 ? ? ? ? 奥氏体不锈钢晶间浸蚀敏感性的检测? ? ? ? Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless SteelsASTM A263-03 ? ? ? ? 耐腐蚀铬钢包覆板材,薄板材及带材技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Chromium Steel-Clad PlateASTM A264-03 ? ? ? ? 包覆的不锈铬镍钢板,薄板及带材规格? ? ? ? Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad PlateASTM A265-03 ? ? ? ? 镍和镍基合金包覆钢板规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-Clad Steel PlateASTM A266/A266M-03a ? ? ? ? 压力容器部件用碳素钢锻件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsASTM A268/A268M-04 ? ? ? ? 一般设备用无缝和焊接铁素体与马氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceASTM A269-04 ? ? ? ? 一般设备用无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General ServiceASTM A270-03a ? ? ? ? 卫生设施用无缝钢和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary TubingASTM A275/A275M-98(2003) ? ? ? ? 钢锻件的磁粉检查试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsASTM A276-04 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢棒材和型材? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and ShapesASTM A278/A278M-01 ? ? ? ? 适用于650F容压部件用灰铸铁件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts for Temperatures Up to 650°F (350°C) ASTM A283/A283M-03 ? ? ? ? 低和中等抗拉强度碳素钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesASTM A285/A285M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用低和中等抗拉强度的碳素钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile StrengthASTM A288-91(2003) ? ? ? ? 涡轮发电机磁性定位环用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A289/A289M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 发电机非磁性定位环用合金钢锻件的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for GeneratorsASTM A290-02 ? ? ? ? 减速器环用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsASTM A291-03 ? ? ? ? 减速器小齿轮、齿轮和心轴用碳素钢和合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction Gears ASTM A295-98 ? ? ? ? 高碳耐磨轴承钢技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bearing SteelASTM A297/A297M-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 一般用耐热铬铁与镍铬铁合金钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General ApplicationASTM A299/A299M-04 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰硅碳钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Manganese-SiliconASTM A302/A302M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用锰钼和锰钼镍合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Manganese-Molybdenum and Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel ASTM A304-04 ? ? ? ? 有末端淬火淬透性要求的合金钢棒材的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars Subject to End-Quench Hardenability RequirementsASTM A307-04 ? ? ? ? 抗拉强度为60000psi的碳素钢螺栓和螺柱的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthASTM A308/A308M-03 ? ? ? ? 经热浸处理镀有铅锡合金的薄板材的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Terne (Lead-Tin Alloy) Coated by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A309-01 ? ? ? ? 用三点试验法测定长镀锌薄钢板镀层的重量成分的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight and Composition of Coating on Terne Sheet by the Triple-Spot TestASTM A311/A311M-04 ? ? ? ? 有机械性能要求的消除应力的冷拉碳素钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved Carbon Steel Bars Subject to Mechanical Property Requirements ASTM A312/A312M-04a ? ? ? ? 无缝和焊接奥氏体不锈钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel PipesASTM A313/A313M-03 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢弹簧丝技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Spring WireASTM A314-97(2002) ? ? ? ? 锻造用不锈及耐热钢坯及钢棒规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for ForgingASTM A319-71(2001) ? ? ? ? 高温无压部件用灰铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing PartsASTM A320/A320M-04 ? ? ? ? 低温用合金钢螺栓材料规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A321-90(2001) ? ? ? ? 经淬火和回火的碳素钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Quenched and TemperedASTM A322-91(2001)e1 ? ? ? ? 合金钢棒材.级别? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard GradesASTM A323-93(2000) ? ? ? ? 硼铁规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerroboronASTM A324-73(2000) ? ? ? ? 钛铁合金? ? ? ? Standard Specification for FerrotitaniumASTM A325-04a ? ? ? ? 经热处理最小抗拉强度为120/105ksi的热处理钢结构螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength ASTM A325M-04a ? ? ? ? 经热处理最小抗拉强度为830Mpa的热处理钢结构螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated 830 Mpa Minimum Tensile Strength [Metric] ASTM A327-91(1997) ? ? ? ? 铸铁冲击试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast IronsASTM A327M-91(1997) ? ? ? ? 铸铁冲击试验方法(米制)? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)ASTM A328/A328M-03 ? ? ? ? 薄钢板桩? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling ASTM A333/A333M-04a ? ? ? ? 低温用无缝与焊接钢管规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A334/A334M-04a ? ? ? ? 低温设备用无缝与焊接碳素和合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A335/A335M-03 ? ? ? ? 高温用无缝铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A336/A336M-03a ? ? ? ? 压力与高温部件用合金钢锻件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsASTM A338-84(2004) ? ? ? ? 铁路,船舶和其他重型装备在温度达到650华氏度(345摄氏度)时使用的可锻铸铁法兰,管件和阀门零件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650°F (345°C)ASTM A340-03a ? ? ? ? 有关磁性试验用符号和定义的术语? ? ? ? Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingASTM A341/A341M-00 ? ? ? ? 用直流磁导计和冲击试验法测定材料的直流磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and the Ballistic Test MethodsASTM A342/A342M-99 ? ? ? ? 磁铁材料导磁率的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Feebly Magnetic MaterialsASTM A343/A343M-03 ? ? ? ? 在电力频率下用瓦特计-安培计-伏特计法(100-1000赫兹)和25 厘米艾普斯亭(EPSTEIN) 机架测定材料的交流电磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method forAlternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameASTM A345-98 ? ? ? ? 磁设备用平轧电炉钢? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic ApplicationsASTM A348/A348M-00 ? ? ? ? 用瓦特计--安培计--伏特计法(100-10000赫兹)和25厘米艾普斯亭框测定材料的交流磁性能的试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Alternating Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method, 100 to 10 000 Hz and 25-cm Epstein FrameASTM A350/A350M-04 ? ? ? ? 要求进行缺口韧性试验的管道部件用碳素钢与低合金钢锻件技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping ComponentsASTM A351/A351M-03 ? ? ? ? 容压零件用奥氏体及奥氏体铁素体铸铁的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing PartsASTM A352/A352M-03 ? ? ? ? 低温受压零件用铁素体和马氏体钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A353/A353M-93(1999) ? ? ? ? 压力容器用经二次正火及回火处理的含9％镍的合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, 9 Percent Nickel,Double-Normalized and TemperedASTM A354-04 ? ? ? ? 淬火与回火合金钢螺栓,双头螺栓及其他外螺纹紧固件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded FastenersASTM A355-89(2000) ? ? ? ? 渗氮用合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloys, for NitridingASTM A356/A356M-98(2003) ? ? ? ? 蒸汽轮机用厚壁碳素钢、低合金钢和不锈钢铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Low Alloy, and Stainless Steel, Heavy-Walled for Steam TurbinesASTM A358/A358M-04 ? ? ? ? 高温用电熔焊奥氏体铬镍合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General ApplicationsASTM A363-03 ? ? ? ? 地面架空线用镀锌钢丝绳? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Overhead Ground Wire StrandASTM A367-60(1999) ? ? ? ? 铸铁的激冷试验方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods of Chill Testing of Cast IronASTM A368-95a(2000) ? ? ? ? 不锈钢和耐热钢丝绳的标准? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Wire StrandASTM A369/A369M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用锻制和镗孔碳素钢管和铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A370-03a ? ? ? ? 钢制品机械测试的标准试验方法和定义? ? ? ? Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称ASTM A372/A372M-03 ? ? ? ? 薄壁压力容器用碳素钢及合金钢锻件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsASTM A376/A376M-02a ? ? ? ? 高温中心站用无缝奥氏钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station ServiceASTM A377-03 ? ? ? ? 球墨铸铁压力管规范索引? ? ? ? Standard Index of Specifications for Ductile-Iron Pressure PipeASTM A380-99e1 ? ? ? ? 不锈钢零件、设备和系统的清洗和除垢? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsASTM A381-96(2001) ? ? ? ? 高压输送用金属弧焊钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification forMetal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission SystemsASTM A384/A384M-02 ? ? ? ? 防止钢组件热浸镀锌时翘曲和扭曲用安全保护? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies ASTM A385-03 ? ? ? ? 提供高质量镀锌覆层(热浸)? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip)ASTM A387/A387M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用铬钼合金钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-MolybdenumASTM A388/A388M-03 ? ? ? ? 重型钢锻件超声波检测? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel ForgingsASTM A389/A389M-03 ? ? ? ? 适合高温受压部件用经特殊热处理的合金钢铸件规格? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A390-95(2001) ? ? ? ? 饲养家禽用镀锌钢丝栏栅网(六角形和直线形)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)ASTM A391/A391M-01 ? ? ? ? 80号合金钢链条? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Grade 80 Alloy Steel ChainASTM A392-03 ? ? ? ? 镀锌钢丝链环栏栅网? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence FabricASTM A394-04 ? ? ? ? 传动塔架用镀锌和裸露钢螺栓? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and BareASTM A395/A395M-99e1 ? ? ? ? 高温用铁素体球墨铸铁受压铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated TemperaturesASTM A400-69(2000) ? ? ? ? 钢棒的成分及机械性能选择指南? ? ? ? Standard Practice for Steel Bars, Selection Guide, Composition, and Mechanical PropertiesASTM A401/A401M-03 ? ? ? ? 铬硅合金钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Chromium-Silicon AlloyASTM A403/A403M-04 ? ? ? ? 锻制奥氏体不锈钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping FittingsASTM A407-93(2004) ? ? ? ? 盘簧用冷拉钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn, for Coiled-Type SpringsASTM A409/A409M-01 ? ? ? ? 腐蚀场所或高温下使用的焊接大口径奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature ServiceASTM A411-03 ? ? ? ? 镀锌低碳钢铠装线? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Low-Carbon Steel Armor WireASTM A413/A413M-01 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Chain ASTM A414/A414M-04 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用碳素薄钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, for Pressure VesselsASTM A416/A416M-02 ? ? ? ? 预应力混凝土用无涂层七股钢铰线? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed ConcreteASTM A417-93(2004) ? ? ? ? 之字形、方形、正弦形家具用弹簧元件用冷拔钢丝? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Cold-Drawn, for Zig-Zag, Square-Formed, and Sinuous-Type Upholstery Spring UnitsASTM A418-99(2003) ? ? ? ? 涡轮机及发电机钢转子锻件的超声波检查方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor ForgingsASTM A420/A420M-04 ? ? ? ? 低温下用锻制碳素钢和合金钢管配件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature ServiceASTM A421/A421M-02 ? ? ? ? 预应力混凝土用无涂层消除应力钢丝的技术规范? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed ConcreteASTM A423/A423M-95(2000) ? ? ? ? 无缝和电焊低合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel TubesASTM A424-00 ? ? ? ? 搪瓷用钢薄板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain EnamelingASTM A426/A426M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用离心铸造的铁素体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A427-02 ? ? ? ? 冷轧和热轧用锻制合金钢辊? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot ReductionASTM A428/A428M-01 ? ? ? ? 钢铁制品上铝覆层重量的测试方法? ? ? ? Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Aluminum-Coated Iron or Steel ArticlesASTM A434-04 ? ? ? ? 热轧与冷精轧经回火及淬火的合金钢棒? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought or Cold-Finished, Quenched and TemperedASTM A435/A435M-90(2001) ? ? ? ? 钢板的直射束纵向超声波检验? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel PlatesASTM A436-84(2001) ? ? ? ? 奥氏体灰口铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Austenitic Gray Iron CastingsASTM A437/A437M-01a ? ? ? ? 高温用经特殊处理的涡轮型合金钢螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A439-83(1999) ? ? ? ? 奥氏体可锻铸铁铸件? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron CastingsASTM A447/A447M-93(2003) ? ? ? ? 高温用镍铬铁合金钢铸件(25-12级)? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service ASTM A449-04a ? ? ? ? 经淬火和回火的钢螺栓和螺柱? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and StudsASTM A450/A450M-04 ? ? ? ? 碳素钢管、铁素体合金钢管及奥氏体合金钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel TubesASTM A451/A451M-02 ? ? ? ? 高温用离心铸造的奥氏体钢管? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceASTM A453/A453M-03 ? ? ? ? 具有同奥氏体钢相类似的膨胀系数、屈服强度为50-120Ksi(345-827MPa)的耐高温螺栓材料? ? ? ? Standard Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless SteelsASTM A455/A455M-03 ? ? ? ? 压力容器用高强度碳锰钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, High-Strength ManganeseASTM A456/A456M-99(2003) ? ? ? ? 大型曲轴锻件的磁粉检查? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft ForgingsASTM A459-97(2003) ? ? ? ? 镀锌平轧扁钢铠装带? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Flat Steel Armoring TapeASTM A460-94(2004)e1 ? ? ? ? 包铜钢丝绳标准? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Copper-Clad Steel Wire StrandASTM A463/A463M-02a ? ? ? ? 热浸镀铝薄钢板? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A466/A466M-01 ? ? ? ? 非焊接碳素钢链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Weldless Chain ASTM A467/A467M-01 ? ? ? ? 机器链和盘旋链? ? ? ? Standard Specification for Machine and Coil Chain标准号? ? ? ? 标准中文名称? ? ? ? 标准英文名称。

以107胶为基础制备烷氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的研究

以107胶为基础制备烷氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的研究张银华;曾戎;徐珊【摘要】采用仲胺盐催化剂,以α,ω-二羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷(107胶)为基础制备了三甲氧基和乙烯基二甲氧基2种端基结构的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),通过钛酸酯测试法、核磁共振波谱对封端效果进行了评价,结果显示钛酸酯测试无黏度高峰,29Si-NMR谱中封端聚合物的硅羟基基本消失,高温老化结果显示封端聚合物具有很好的贮存稳定性.采用自制的三甲氧基和乙烯基二甲氧基封端PDMS为基础聚合物,制备了2种单组分脱醇型RTV硅橡胶,并对其工艺性能、力学性能及贮存稳定性等进行系统评价.结果显示2种封端聚合物在制胶过程中均无黏度高峰,无需高剪切力分散.制备的2种单组分脱醇型RTV硅橡胶挤出率高,室温贮存可达12个月以上,其中采用乙烯基二甲氧基封端PDMS的RTV硅橡胶具有非常好的触变性,适合制备高触变产品.%Trimethoxy-terminated and vinyl dimethoxy-terminated PDMSs were successfully prepared by reacting tetramethoxysilane and vinyl trimethoxysilane with α,ω-dihydroxy PDMS (107 silicone rubber) using a kind of secondary ammonium salt catalyst, respectively. The alkoxy terminated PDMSs were characterized by titanate method and NMR test.29 And the titanate test results indicated that there was no high-viscocity peak existing. By the Si-NMR test, the results indicated that the silanol groups disappeared. Meanwhile, the high temperature aging tests showed that the viscosity of the capped polymers was stable. Two kinds of one-component dealcoholized RTV silicone rubbers were respectively prepared with the above alkoxy-terminated PDMSs as the base polymer, and the process properties, mechanical properties and storage stability of thedealcoholized type silicone rubbers were systematically evaluated. The results showed that there was no highviscosity peak in the process of preparation and the high shear dispersion was not needed. The shelf-life of prepared onepackage dealcoholized RTV silicone rubbers was longer than 12 months. Especially the RTV silicone rubber prepared withvinyl dimethoxy-terminated PDMS showed good thixotropy, showed its suitability for the application of preparing the high thixotropic products.【期刊名称】《粘接》【年(卷),期】2018(039)004【总页数】8页(P18-24,37)【关键词】烷氧基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷;黏度高峰;贮存稳定性;触变性【作者】张银华;曾戎;徐珊【作者单位】广州回天新材料有限公司,广东广州 510800;暨南大学材料科学与工程系,广东广州 510632;广州回天新材料有限公司,广东广州 510800【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ433.4+38单组分脱醇型室温硫化（RTV）硅橡胶依靠空气中的湿气固化，无难闻气味，无腐蚀性，粘接性能优良，在复杂苛刻的环境中能保持良好的物理性能及电性能，是一种综合性能优异的单组分湿气固化硅橡胶。

超高温表面张力及接触角测试模块

超高温表面张力及接触角测试模块型号：SL200HT系列-极端环境下的影像分析法界面化学分析系统SL200HT系列超高温表面张力及接触角测试模块，是专门针对温度条件要求非常特殊的行业如矿物、冶金、制陶、瓷釉、焊接、半导体、玻璃、合金材料研制和煤炭等行业的影像分析法界面化学分析系统。

整机包括了特殊设计的超高温炉膛以及专业的光学成像系统、精密机械调整结构等，可用于分析高温熔液与其他固体材料之间的接触角值以及高温熔液与空气或其他惰性气体的表面张力或界面张力值。

超高温条件下的接触角及表面张力测试：在固体水平平面上滴上一滴液滴，在固体表面上的固－液－气三相交界点处由其气－液界面和固－液界面两切线把液相夹在其中时所形成的角称为接触角。

1、超高温条件下的接触角测试：通常情况下，小块的被测物体在高温加热后，熔液形成的液滴的形状受重力影响而不形成一个球冠。

此时接触角的测量通常采用Young-Laplace拟合技术（ADSA™）。

2、超高温条件下的熔液表面张力测试：在超高温熔化的条件下，被测物的熔液外形轮廓可以用以表征其表面化学性质。

采用停滴法（Sessile drop method）,通过分析液滴的轮廓并将使用Young-Laplace方程，就可以分析得到熔液的表面张力值及其相应的体积大小。

Young-Laplace拟合技术以及ADSA™界面化学分析系统CAST®3.0本系统通过摄录下单张或基于时间变化的多张液滴（Drop）或气泡（Bubble）的图像，采用亚像素级的图像识别技术分析所捕捉到的图像中的关键信息如图像边缘等，利用有限的如密度、重力加速度、时间等参数，通过复杂的数学分析模型（Young-Laplace方程曲线拟合），将液滴轮廓边缘曲线与数学模型分析得出的的理论曲线通过特殊图像曲线拟合技术进行优化分析，进而得出如液－气表面张力值、液－液界面张力值、固－气接触角值、液－液－固三相体系接触角值等物理化学参数。

技术公司内部技术规范DKBA E华为图纸说明规范手册

华为技术有限公司内部技术规范华为图纸说明规范【最新资料，WORD文档，可编辑修改】修订声明Revision declaration 本规范拟制与解释部门：华为技术有限公司整机工程部本规范的相关系列规范或文件：无相关国际规范或文件一致性：无替代或作废的其它规范或文件：DKBA相关规范或文件的相互关系：无目录范围: (4)1.标准应用原则52.图框结构说明53.图纸标注说明7. 图面说明7. 压铆件标注 7. 焊接符号标注8. 紧固件材质和表面处理标注84.材料栏内容说明8. 标准材料标注格式8. 非标准材料标注格式 10. 特殊标注115.表面处理代码说明11. 表面处理代码编码规则11. 表面处理代码表示的内容 116.附录17. 常用材料新旧表示对照表 17. 作废代码列表18华为图纸说明规范Specification of Explanation for Huawei Drawings范围:本规范规定了华为技术有限公司结构件设计图的标题栏中各部分的表示规则以及图面标注规则。

本规范适用于华为技术有限公司结构产品的生产和质量检验。

简介：本规范对结构件设计图纸标注进行了说明。

主要介绍了图框各部分所表达的含义，以及结构材料代号和表面处理代号的含义。

关键词：材料，结构，图框，标注，表面处理，代号引用文件：下列文件中的条款通过本规范的引用而成为本规范的条款。

凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本规范，然而，鼓励根据本规范达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。

凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本规范。

缩略语：术语和定义：•标准应用原则华为产品生产参照的技术资料有：华为图纸、华为企业标准、通信设备行业标准、中国国家标准。

这些标准的优先级别从高到底依次为：华为图纸、华为企业标准、通信设备行业标准、中国国家标准。

当规范与图纸要求不一致的地方，按照图纸要求执行。

盐雾测试报告中英文对照全面

1. Test diagram & test method 测试图示和方法2. Test result 测试结果5PCS/2014/9/21Salt spray test machine DJS-EN61盐雾试验机:DJS-GU-358Test environment 测试环境Drawing NO.工程图号HDMI M/M Ni Plated 30AWG OD:5.0 L=1.5/2.0M Black/Sample Q'ty 样品数量Part/No.产品料号Test machine 测试设备温度：28℃/湿度：75%SHENZHEN EAST-TOPTECH ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD深圳市东景盛电子技术有限公司Salt spray Test Report 盐雾测试报告Product name产品名称Product spec.产品规格HDMI AM TO AM 30AWG 1.4REV. OD ：5.0mm Length ：1.5/2.0MCustomer 客户名称/Test date 测试日期Note 备注According to GB/T10125-1997OK Sample No.OK Test result description 结果描述Judgement 综合判定2#3#4#Test Item 测试项目Salt spray test 盐水喷雾试验Result of measurement 测试结果Test Requirement 测试要求6.8Reference 参考6.5～7.235±2℃35±2℃1.0-2.0ml(80cm 2/H)5#■ PASS 合格 □ NG 不合格After ( 24 ) hours, test surface has no red phenomenon such as corrosion, bubble, crackAfter ( 24 ) hours, test surface has no red phenomenon such as corrosion, bubble, crackAfter ( 24 ) hours, test surface has no red phenomenon such as corrosion, bubble, crackOK OK OK Judgement 判定35℃35℃1.00KG/CM 225°GB/T10125-19971.5ml 24HAfter the test, take out the sample on the interior, natural drying 0.5 1 h, and then use clean flow of temperature is not higher than 35 ℃ water gently cleaning to remove the sample surface residual salt spray solution, then blow dry.试验结束后,取出试样放在室内,自然干燥0.5-1H,然后用温度不高于35℃的清洁流动水轻轻清洗以除去试样表面残留的盐雾溶液，再用吹风机吹干。

JESD22-B108A-Y2003贴装半导体元器件平面度测试

viewpoint. Within the JEDEC organization there are procedures whereby a JEDEC standard or publication may be further processed and ultimately become an ANSI/EIA standard.
Documents, USA and Canada 1-800-854-7179, International (303) 397-7956
Printed in the U.S.A. All rights reserved
Copyright Solid State Technology Association Reproduced by IHS under license with JEDEC No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
1 Scope
The purpose of this test is to measure the deviation of the terminals (leads or solder balls) from coplanarity for surface-mount semiconductor devices.
//^:^^#^~^^"^~"^"^:$^~#:"#:$@^^""#:~"*~~^^~:^#*^^:^^*\\
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Seating plane
The plane formed by the three terminal apexes that exhibit the greatest perpendicular distance from the package substrate, provided that the triangle formed by those three apexes encompasses the projectio n of the center of gravity (COG) of the component.

外文翻译---测定织物液态水动态传递的新测试方法的精度

外文翻译---测定织物液态水动态传递的新测试方法的精度译文二测定织物液态水动态传递的新测试方法的精度摘要一项由AATCC（American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists，美国纺织化学师与印染师协会）最近提出的测试法解决了测试纺织面料和其他多孔材料的吸湿导汗性能这一难题。

这项测试方法和依照这项方法设计的仪器，吸湿导汗性能测试仪（MMT），以及评估指标的定义和等级，连同织物吸湿导汗性能的分级方法都得到了改进。

此项测试的样品为8块面料。

这8块面料的结构特征、材料各不相同，其中部分面料所使用的染整工艺不同。

本文还对此方法与其他测试方法的联系进行了分析。

根据在实验室内进行的实验，笔者对数据进行了变异数分析，以确定此项测试方法的精度。

关键词：液态，精度，吸湿导汗性能测试仪（MMT），测试方法，水传递评价指标根据测试数据和统计曲线，笔者定义了一系列用于表征样品液态水吸收和传递性能的指标。

这些指标如表1所示。

液态水传递综合指数（OMMC）可通过公式1计算都得到。

OMMC = C1* ARB_ndv + C2*Rndv+C3*SSB_ndv（公式1）式中C1、C2、C3代表非因次值所占的权重，ARB_ndv 、Rndv和SSB_ndv分别代表“吸湿率”、“单向液态水传递指数”和“液态水传递速度”这三项指标。

表1 织物吸湿导汗性能指标含义及符号指标单位顶部WTT s加湿时间底部WTB s顶部ART %/s吸湿比率底部ARB %/s顶部MWRT mm 最大加湿范围的半径底部MWRB mm顶部SST mm/s 液态水传递速度底部SSB mm/s累计单向传递能力R %液态水传递综合指数OMMC实验论证此次MMT测试的样品为8块从百货大楼购得的由品牌厂家生产的机织物。

根据标准ASTM D1776，测试需在环境温度为20.0±5℃，相对湿度为65.0±2%的环境可调节实验室内进行。

金属加工油(液)有机挥发物含量的测定——热重法

2019年4月Apr．2019润滑油LUBＲICATING OIL第34卷第2期Vo l．34，No．2DOI：10．19532/j．cnki．cn21-1265/tq．2019．02．012文章编号：1002-3119（2019）02-0053-04金属加工油（液）有机挥发物含量的测定———热重法陆沁莹，孙成杰，魏朝良，逄翠翠，刘洪辉，丁冬梅，盛蔷（中国石油大连润滑油研究开发中心，辽宁大连116031）摘要：有机挥发物（VOC）对环境和人体健康的影响巨大，对其环保排放要求已经跟国际接轨。

文章通过对一系列金属加工油（液）试验样品挥发物的重复性考察，建立了一种测定金属加工油（液）中有机挥发物含量的方法———热重法，可以测定金属加工油（液）以及防锈油中VOC的含量，还可用于其他类润滑油的VOC测定。

关键词：VOC测定；热重分析；金属加工油（液）中图分类号：TE626．39文献标识码：AStandard Test Method for Votatile Organic Compound of MetalworkingFluids by Thermogravimetric Analyzer（TGA）MethodLU Qin－ying，SUN Cheng－jie，WEI Chao－liang，PANG Cui－cui，LIU Hong－hui，DING Dong－mei，SHENG Qiang（PetroChina Dalian Lubricating OilＲ＆D Institute，Dalian116031，China）Abstract：The volatile organic compound（VOC）have great influence on environment and the health of human．Ｒequirements for emission regulations of VOC have been in line with international standards．In this paper，the repeatability of the VOC in metal working fluids was investigated．A method which can determine the VOC content in metal working fluids was established by thermogravimetry．This method al-so can be applied to the determination of the VOC content in other lubricants．Key words：determination of VOC；thermogravimetric analysis；metal working fluid0引言有机挥发物（VOC）是指挥发性有机化合物，国际标准化组织对其定义为：在与之接触的大气正常温度和压力下能自然挥发的任何有机液体或固体。

Apparatus and method for surface treatment of semi

专利名称：Apparatus and method for surfacetreatment of semiconductor wafer usingozone containing fluid发明人：温子瑛,張倪涛申请号：JP2017506969申请日：20150729公开号：JP6632160B2公开日：20200122专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for treating a surface of a semiconductor wafer using an ozone-containing fluid. The ozone generating apparatus and the solvent storage bottle each include an ozone generating device, a solvent storage bottle, a gas liquid mixing device, a sealed chamber, a gas liquid transmission system and a gas liquid discharge system, And an outlet of the gas liquid mixing device is connected to at least one inlet of the closed chamber. A micro processing chamber is employed as the closed chamber, and the micro processing chamber includes an upper storage chamber and a lower storage room assembled with each other. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention improves the partial pressure of gas phase ozone by introducing ozone-containing gas liquid mixed fluid or ozone-containing solution and ozone gas into one closed chamber, and is used after ozone is produced , The concentration of ozone in the solution can be secured and the effect of treating the ozone fluid on the wafer surface in the sealed chamber can be improved. In addition, by adopting a micro-processing chamber, it is possible to reduce the amount of gas and liquid used and reduce emissions.申请人：无錫華瑛微電子技術有限公司代理人：ＴＲＹ国際特許業務法人更多信息请下载全文后查看。

一种高温下测量薄膜电阻温度特性的方法

第 14 卷第 21 期 2014 年 7 月 1671— 1815( 2014) 21-0234-05科学技术与工程Science T echnology and EngineeringV o l. 14 N o . 21 Jul 〃 20142014 Sci. Tech. Engrg.通信技术一种高温下测量薄膜电阻温度特性的方法张志浩施永明王俊马斌( 中科院上海技术物理研究所，中国科学院红外成像材料与器件重点实验室，上海 200083)摘要介绍了Ｒymaszewski 四探针法测薄膜方块电阻原理，设计并搭建了可测室温到 550 ℃ 的四探针测试仪。

该系统可在保护气体下变温测量薄层电阻，弥补了四探针法在较高温度测量薄膜电阻率的不足。

制备并测试了多晶硅及铂薄膜的电阻温度特性，用多项式拟合了在该温度范围内电阻温度系数，并分析了方法可靠性。

关键词四探针Ｒymaszewski 法高温薄膜多晶硅 Pt 电阻温度系数中图法分类号 TN307;文献标志码 A随着科学技术的不断发展，半导体工业越来越受到人们的重视。

业界领先的超大规模集成电路特征尺寸已经达到 22 nm ，对于薄膜材料的制备与特性研究提出更高的要求，以便能够对器件的性能作出更加准确的估计，缩短研究时间，降低成本投入。

薄膜电阻是材料特性研究中非常重要的内容， Valdes 首先提出了四探针法［1］测量半导体电阻率，后来Ｒymaszewski 法［2］及范德堡法［3］对普通四探针法作了改进，因而被广泛使用。

甚至结合原子力显微镜技术研发了微观四探针系统［4］，利用碳纳米管探针间距可以做到 30 nm 。

近来微机电系统( micro- electro-mechanical system ，M E MS) 技术发展迅速，在航天、消费电子产品等领域应用广泛。

有些 MEMS 器件需要在极端的环境下工作，如用于红外景像模拟的电阻阵器件［5］需要在上千度的高温下工作，传统的四探针技术已对这些环境下的薄膜测试束手无策。

3M DI-NOC 装饰膜安装准备指南说明书

Two Methods for Surface Preparation1.Standard DI-NOC™ Installation – Dry Method2.DI-NOC™ Installation with Wallcovering Paste – Wet MethodStandard DI-NOC™ Installation – Dry MethodSurface Preparation & Sealer/Primer Application:•It is very important that drywall application surfaces are prepared correctly prior to application of 3M™ DI-NOC™ Architectural Finishes (DI-NOC™).•Provide a Level 5 drywall finish per Gypsum Association GA-214-10e. The finish needs to be very smooth, as any imperfections or texture in the finish can show through the 3M™ DI-NOC™ film.•Once the Level 5 drywall skim coat is dry and sanded, clean all debris and dust residue from the walls, ceilings, soffits, and any other application surfaces.•Apply a coat of a high-quality sealer/primer to the drywall application surface. Use a low nap (1/4 in.) roller to maintain the Level 5 smooth finish and avoid orange-peel texture.NOTE: Application of the sealer/primer must be very smooth in order maintain a very smooth wall finish.•Allow the sealer/primer to dry per manufacturer’s specifications as indicated on the container before applying second coat.-Rust-Oleum® Zinsser® GARDZ® Problem Surface Sealer has been shown to aid in successful installations.•Thoroughly clean the surfaces again to remove any accumulated debris and/or dust residue.•Apply a second coat of a high-quality sealer/primer, again using a low nap (1/4 in.) roller to maintain the Level 5 smooth finish and avoid orange peel texture.•Allow the sealer/primer to cure per the manufacturer’s specifications as indicated on the container before DI-NOC is installed.3M™ DI-NOC™ Installation - Dry Method:•Once the sealer/primer is fully cured, perform the 3M™ Wall Adhesion Test per the 3M™ DI-NOC™ Installation Guide using 1 in. x 10 in.strips of DI-NOC™ to ensure proper adhesion before installation.NOTE: Refer to 3M Instruction Bulletin 5.37 (“A Guide to Understanding and Applying Graphics to Common Smooth and Textured Wall Surfaces”) Section 6. Tools & Support Technical Information Search: 5.37 at /graphics.•Wipe down the surface with a 70%/30% solution of Isopropyl alcohol and water, and allow the surface to dry completely.•Use adhesion promoter (i.e. 3M™ Primer 94 or 3M™ DI-NOC™ WP2000 Primer) on edges, around objects, or other areas where adhesion might be compromised.NOTE: Application of the adhesion promoter must also be very smooth in order maintain in a very smooth wall finish.•Apply DI-NOC™ to the application surface, following the 3M™ DI-NOC™ Installation Guide for detailed instructions. The use of a 3M Endorsed Installer to apply DI-NOC™ is recommended. A list of 3M Endorsed Installers can be found under “Locate an Installer” at /AMD.DI-NOC™ Installation With Wallcovering Paste – Wet MethodRecommended Products:Products from ROMAN™ Products, LLC, were tested and shown to aid in successful installations. Testing was performed on all combinations of two (2) ROMAN™ wallcovering primers and three (3) ROMAN™ wallcovering adhesives. Testing showed all primer/ adhesive combinations provided an acceptable installation. The primers/adhesives recommended below are those that performed best in testing and are most readily available across the United States. Primers and adhesives from other manufacturers should only be used on a customer Test and Approve basis.Primers:1.ROMAN™ PRO-977 Ultra Prime® Pigmented Wallcovering Primer (*available at in-store locations) - For use on Level 5 drywall finish(new construction) or on existing painted surfaces (see Surface Preparation below).2.ROMAN™ PRO-999 Rx-35® Sealer / Primer for Porous Surfaces (*available at in-store locations) - For use on Level 5 drywall finish(new construction) without paint.Adhesives:1.ROMAN™ PRO-880 Ultra® Clear Strippable Wallcovering Adhesive (*available at in-store locations)2.ROMAN™ PRO-838 Heavy Duty Clear Adhesive (*special order or on-line purchase only)3.ROMAN™ PRO-505 TEKNAgrip® Pre-Pasted Wallcovering Activator (*available at in-store locations)*see /retailers/ for a list of regional retailers.Recommended tools:•Standard DI-NOC™ installation tools:-Razor knife-Seam Buster (liner cutter)-Plastic wallpaper smoother (6” to 8” in width) with “loop” (from “3M™ Hook & Loop”), felt, or equivalent-Putty knife-Straight edge-Level or laser leveling tool-Pencil-Tape measure-ScotchBlue™ Painters Tape-Roller & roller covers-Sponge & bucket of clean water-Step stool-Drop cloths-Work TableMold and MildewBefore installing any DI-NOC™, the building must be checked for any moisture problems which could have an effect on mold and mildew growth after the film is installed. Do not install any DI-NOC™ if the walls appear to have any moisture damage or if the building appears to have moisture infiltration problems. If there is any uncertainty as to whether or not moisture problems are present, contact the architect, mechanical contractor, or general contractor for the standard of care and best application or finish for that area and that design of a building. 3M does not take responsibility for any quality issues if moisture problems are not addressed before installation. Refer to the Mold Handbook authored by the Wallcovering Association with respect to considerations for specifying vinyl wallcovering in various climates and for various building designs. The handbook can be found at: /MOLDbook.pdfSurface Preparation & Sealer/Primer Application:•Site conditions: For best results, finished lighting should be in place at the time of wall preparation and wallcovering installation.•Do not install DI-NOC™ unless a temperature above 55 °F (13 °C) is maintained.•Any mildew must be removed from the walls and surfaces treated to inhibit further mildew growth. More extensive moisture problems may require additional steps before installation.•Prior to priming and skim coating, seal damaged drywall facing paper.NOTE: Crayon, pen, markers, ink, screw and nail heads, heavy pencil marks, and stains need to be sealed with a stain-killer prior to priming.•Acceptable Level 5 drywall finish must be clean, smooth, dry and structurally intact.•For all new or refinished wall surfaces, a water-based wallcovering primer should be applied to surface before application of DI-NOC™.Apply at recommended spread rate using a brush, roller, or spraying system. Do not overspread.•Where there is a color contrast between the wall surface and the DI-NOC™, it is always best to tint the primer to match the color of the DI-NOC™.•It is critical to test the surface with the recommended primer to ensure compatibility. Select a small, inconspicuous area of the surface for testing and apply the primer as specified. Inspect test area after 24 hours for any defects before proceeding with installation of DI-NOC™.•Use PRO-977 Ultra Prime® Pigmented Wallcovering Primer over Flat, Satin, and Eggshell Finish water-based paint. Surface must be free from grease and other residues, dry, smooth and structurally sound. Check surfaces for paint bonding and damaged wallboard or plaster.Repair all unsound surfaces.•PRO-977 Wallcovering Primer is not recommended for use over paints with a glossy finish. Dulling the surface by lightly sanding or by using a deglosser may allow the PRO-977 to adhere to a glossy finish. This should be done on a test and approve basis.•PRO-977 Wallcovering Primer is not recommended for use over oil/alkyd-based paints.•Use PRO-999 Rx-35® Sealer/Primer for Porous Surfaces or PRO-977 Wallcovering Primer directly over Level 5 drywall finish. Adhesive Application:•3M recommends the use of a quality, pre-mixed, “clear” adhesive designed for vinyl wallcoverings. See recommended products. NOTE: 3M recommends the use of a primer and adhesive from the same manufacturer.•It is critical to always test the surface with the recommended adhesive to ensure compatibility. Select a small, inconspicuous area of the surface for testing and apply the adhesive as specified. Inspect test area after 24 hours for any defects before proceeding with installation of DI-NOC™.•Do not dilute adhesive.•The recommended adhesive can be applied with a roller directly to the wall surface or the back of the DI-NOC™ film over its existing pressure sensitive adhesive. A thin, uniform layer of adhesive should be applied.NOTE: Paper liner must be removed prior to application of wallcovering adhesive.•If the back of the DI-NOC™ is to be pasted, make certain that the adhesive completely covers the back of the DI-NOC™, especially at the edges, to minimize the risk of future failures.© 3M 2020. All rights reserved. 3M and DI-NOC are trademarks of 3M. Used under license in Can-ada. Commercial Solutions3M Center, Building 220-12E-04DI-NOC™ Installation – Wet Method:•Measure the wall height, add 2 inches, and then cut the DI-NOC™. It will overlap onto the ceiling and the baseboard each by approximately 1 inch.•The main section of the paper liner on the DI-NOC™ must be removed prior to installation. However, do not remove the 4”-wide hinge sections until directed to do so. When applying adhesive to the wall, use caution after removing liner as exposed pressure sensitive adhesive on DI-NOC™ may permanently bond with dust, debris and other finishes.•Apply adhesive as described above. Hang the first DI-NOC™ panel to a plumb line and allow it to overlap onto the ceiling, baseboard and inside corner as required. Use a plastic wallpaper smoother to remove any air bubbles and to make sure all the DI-NOC™ has made good contact to the wall. The smoothing tool should be covered with “loop” (from “3M™ Hook & Loop”), felt or equivalent to keep from scratching the face of the DI-NOC™. Use light, even pressure. Do not press hard enough to remove the adhesive from underneath the DI-NOC™.•Trim with a razor knife and putty knife at the ceiling, baseboards, window and door frames, etc. Once trimmed, remove the liner in its entirety and install the film. This will keep the DI-NOC™ from adhering to the adjacent try surfaces, preventing possible damage to the surfaces.•Overlap the second DI-NOC™ panel 1 inch over the edge of the first panel, and smooth out firmly. Panel edges should then be double-cut within the overlapped area. Care should be exercised so that the wallboard underneath is not scored. A Seam Buster tool is recommended to prevent scoring the wall.•The excess DI-NOC™ should be removed from the wall and the seam closed within one hour.•If paste gets on the front of the DI-NOC™ during installation, it is best to clean it off immediately with warm water and a clean, soft sponge. Change the wash water frequently, and dry the surface with a clean towel. Be certain to wash the ceiling, baseboards, window and door frames, etc. to remove any paste residue.•Do not leave any overlap at the seams. Seams should double-cut and have a tight fit, free from air and paste bubbles.•Proceed in the same manner for remaining DI-NOC™ panels.•For Inside Corners, the first panel of DI-NOC™ should be brought around the corner roughly 1/8 to 1/4-inch. The second panel should then be trimmed directly into the corner, overlapping the material from the first panel.•For Outside Corners, it is best to wrap the film around the corner.For Outside Corners, it is best to wrap the film around the corner. Where the corner is not straight, wrap the film around the corner as far as possible, to achieve lay-flat for a 6-inch minimum. Use a straight edge to cut off any excess material that will not lay flat. Care should be exercised so that the wallboard underneath is not scored. A Seam Buster tool is recommended to prevent scoring the wall. A new panel should then be added with 1-inch overlap and double-cut as stated above.。

润湿角测量操作流程

润湿角测量操作流程When it comes to the measurement of wetting angle, it is essential to follow a standardized operating procedure to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. 润湿角测量是一个关键的实验操作，需要严格遵守标准化操作程序，以确保测量结果的准确性和可重复性。

First and foremost, it is crucial to prepare the sample surface before conducting the wetting angle measurement. 首先，需要在进行润湿角测量之前对样品表面进行必要的准备工作。

This involves cleaning the surface to remove any contaminants or impurities that could affect the wetting angle measurement. 这涉及清洁表面，以去除可能影响润湿角测量的任何污染物或杂质。

Once the sample surface is prepared, the next step is to carefully place the droplet of liquid on the surface and capture an image using a high-resolution camera. 当样品表面准备就绪后，下一步是将液滴小心地放在表面上，并使用高分辨率摄像头拍摄图像。

It is important to ensure that the droplet is placed centrally on the surface to avoid any inaccuracies in the measurement. 需要确保液滴被放置在样品表面的中心位置，以避免测量中的任何不准确性。

变压器油微水测试方法及等级

变压器油微水测试方法及等级英文回答：Transformer Oil Moisture Testing Method and Classification.Moisture in transformer oil is a critical parameter to monitor as excessive moisture can lead to degradation of the transformer insulation and reduced performance. There are several methods available to test for moisture in transformer oil, including the Karl Fischer (KF) titration method, the dew point method, and the interfacial tension method.1. Karl Fischer (KF) Titration Method:The KF titration method is widely used for moisture testing in transformer oil. It involves the reaction of water with iodine in a solvent medium, which is then titrated with a standardized solution of iodine. The amountof iodine required to reach the endpoint is directly proportional to the amount of water present in the oil sample.2. Dew Point Method:The dew point method measures the temperature at which moisture starts to condense in the oil sample. A chilled mirror device is used to cool the oil sample, and the temperature at which condensation occurs is recorded. This temperature is known as the dew point temperature and indicates the moisture content in the oil.3. Interfacial Tension Method:The interfacial tension method measures the ability of the oil to resist emulsification with water. A drop of water is added to the oil sample, and the time taken for the drop to disappear is measured. The longer it takes for the drop to disappear, the lower the moisture content in the oil.Classification of Transformer Oil Moisture Levels:Transformer oil moisture levels are classified according to international standards such as IEC 60422 and ASTM D1533. The classification is based on the moisture content in parts per million (ppm) or percentage (%). The moisture levels are typically categorized as follows:1. Very Dry: Moisture content below 10 ppm or 0.001%.2. Dry: Moisture content between 10 ppm and 35 ppm or 0.001% to 0.0035%.3. Wet: Moisture content between 35 ppm and 60 ppm or 0.0035% to 0.006%.4. Very Wet: Moisture content between 60 ppm and 80 ppm or 0.006% to 0.008%.5. Extremely Wet: Moisture content above 80 ppm or0.008%.中文回答：变压器油微水测试方法及等级。

ASTM C 518

Designation:C518–04Standard Test Method forSteady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation C518;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1This test method covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission throughﬂat slab specimens using a heat ﬂow meter apparatus.1.2The heatﬂow meter apparatus is used widely because it is relatively simple in concept,rapid,and applicable to a wide range of test specimens.The precision and bias of the heatﬂow meter apparatus can be excellent provided calibration is carried out within the range of heatﬂows expected.This means calibration shall be carried out with similar types of materials, of similar thermal conductances,at similar thicknesses,mean temperatures,and temperature gradients,as expected for the test specimens.1.3This a comparative,or secondary,method of measure-ment since specimens of known thermal transmission proper-ties shall be used to calibrate the apparatus.Properties of the calibration specimens must be traceable to an absolute mea-surement method.The calibration specimens should be ob-tained from a recognized national standards laboratory.1.4The heatﬂow meter apparatus establishes steady state one-dimensional heatﬂux through a test specimen between two parallel plates at constant but different temperatures.By appropriate calibration of the heatﬂux transducer(s)with calibration standards and by measurement of the plate tempera-tures and plate separation.Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used to calculate thermal conductivity,and thermal resistivity or thermal resistance and thermal conductance.1.5This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045.Many advances have been made in thermal technology,both in measurement techniques and in improved understanding of the principles of heatﬂow through materials. These advances have prompted revisions in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the thermal transmission properties(1-4).2All users of this test method should be aware of these concepts.1.6This test method is applicable to the measurement of thermal transmission through a wide range of specimen prop-erties and environmental conditions.The method has been used at ambient conditions of10to40°C with thicknesses up to approximately250mm,and with plate temperatures from –195°C to540°C at25-mm thickness(5,6).1.7This test method may be used to characterize material properties,which may or may not be representative of actual conditions of use.Other test methods,such as Test Methods C236or C976should be used if needed.1.8To meet the requirements of this test method the thermal resistance of the test specimen shall be greater than0.10 m2·K/W in the direction of the heatﬂow and edge heat losses shall be controlled,using edge insulation,or a guard heater,or both.1.9It is not practical in a test method of this type to try to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without pertinent technical knowledge.Thus users of this test method shall have sufficient knowledge to satisfactorily fulﬁll their needs.For example,knowledge of heat transfer principles,low level electrical measurements,and general test procedures is required.1.10The user of this method must be familiar with and understand the Annex.The Annex is critically important in addressing equipment design and error analysis.1.11Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers.1.12Since the design of a heatﬂow meter apparatus is nota simple matter,a procedure for proving the performance of an apparatus is given in Appendix X3.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30on Thermal Measurement.Current edition approved May1,2004.Published June2004.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2002as C518–02e1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method.1Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.Copyright ASTM InternationalProvided by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ/9976803100Not for Resale, 11/26/2007 19:03:21 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS--````,`,`,``,,,,,`,,``,``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---1.13This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:3C 167Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal InsulationsC 168Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate ApparatusC 236Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box C 687Practice for Determination of the Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill Building InsulationC 976Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated Hot BoxC 1045Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State ConditionsC 1046Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope ComponentsC 1058Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation C 1114Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC 1363Test Method for the Thermal Performance of Build-ing Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box ApparatusE 230Speciﬁcation and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF)Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE 178Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations E 691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 2.2ISO Standard:ISO 8301:1991Thermal Insulation—Determination of Steady-State Thermal Resistance and Related Properties—Heat Flow Meter Apparatus 43.Terminology3.1Deﬁnitions —For deﬁnitions of terms and symbols used in this test method,refer to Terminology C 168and to the following subsections.3.2Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.2.1calibration ,n —the process of establishing the calibra-tion factor for a particular apparatus using calibration speci-mens having known thermal transmission properties.3.2.2calibration transfer specimen ,n —(CTS)a thermal calibration specimen that has been measured by a national standards laboratory (26).3.2.3cold surface assembly ,n —the plate that providesas isothermal boundary at the cold surface of the test specimen(s).3.2.4controlled environment ,n —an environment some-times employed in the apparatus to limit lateral heat ﬂows.3.2.5edge insulation ,n —auxiliary insulation used to limit lateral heat ﬂows,these are sometimes permanently mounted in the apparatus.3.2.6guard ,n —promotes one-dimensional heat ﬂow.Pri-mary guards are planar,additional coplanar guards can be used and secondary or edge guards are axial.3.2.7heat ﬂow meter apparatus ,n —the complete assem-blage of the instrument,including hot and cold isothermal surfaces,the heat ﬂux transducer(s),and the controlled envi-ronment if used,and instrumentation to indicate hot and cold surface temperatures,specimen thickness,and heat ﬂux.3.2.8hot surface assembly ,n —the plate that provides an isothermal boundary at the hot surface of the test specimen(s).3.2.9heat ﬂux transducer ,n —a device containing a ther-mopile,or an equivalent,that produces an output which is a function of the heat ﬂux passing through it.The metering area usually consists of a number of differently connected tempera-ture sensors placed on each face of a core and surface sheets to protect the assembly.A properly designed transducer will have a sensitivity that is essentially independent of the thermal properties of the specimen.3.2.10metering area ,n —the area of the specimen(s)in contact with the sensor area of the heat ﬂux transducer.3.2.11secondary transfer standard ,n —a specimen,which has been measured in a heat ﬂow meter apparatus,which has been calibrated with primary standards,used to calibrate additional apparatuses.3.2.12sensitivity ,n —the ratio of the heat ﬂux passing through the transducer to the electrical output of the heat ﬂux transducer.3.2.13standard reference material (SRM),n —a lot of material that has been characterized by a national standards laboratory (26).3.2.14thermal transmission properties ,n —those properties of a material or system that deﬁne the ability of the material or system to transfer heat.Properties,such as thermal resistance,thermal conductance,thermal conductivity,and thermal resis-tivity would be included,as deﬁned in Terminology C 168.3.3Symbols and Units —The symbols used in this test method have the following signiﬁcance:3.3.1l —thermal conductivity,W/(m·K).3.3.2C —thermal conductance,W/(m 2·K)3.3.3R —thermal resistance,(m 2·K)/W .3.3.4q —heat ﬂux (heat ﬂow rate,Q ,through area A ),W/m 2.3.3.5Q —heat ﬂow rate in the metered area,W .3.3.6A —metering area,m 2.3.3.7L —separation between the hot and cold plate assem-blies during testing,m .3.3.8T m —mean temperature,(T h +T c )/2,K .3.3.9D T —temperature difference across the specimen,K .3.3.10r —(bulk)density of the material tested,kg/m 3.3.3.11S —calibration factor of the heat ﬂux transducer,(W/m 2)/V .3.3.12E —heat ﬂux transducer output,V .3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI),25W.43rd St.,4th Floor,New York,NY 10036.3.3.13T h—temperature of the hot plate surface,K.3.3.14T c—temperature of the cold plate surface,K.3.4Subscripts:3.4.1h—hot.3.4.2c—cold3.4.3a,b—ﬁrst and second specimen.3.4.4m—mean.3.4.5a—statistical term used to deﬁne signiﬁcance level.4.Signiﬁcance and Use4.1This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately.4.2Proper calibration of the heatﬂow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s)having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Meth-ods C177,or C1114.N OTE1—Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials,thermal conductances,thicknesses, mean temperatures,and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens.4.3The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material;be affected by moisture or other conditions;change with time;change with mean temperature and temperature difference;and depend upon the prior thermal history.It must be recognized,therefore,that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modiﬁcation to all service conditions.4.3.1As an example,this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized.Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables,such as mean temperature and temperature difference.These dependencies should be mea-sured or the test made at conditions typical of use.4.4Special care shall be taken in the measurement proce-dure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies,rigidity,or especially high or low resistance to heatﬂow(see Practice C1045).The use of a heatﬂow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may yield very unreliable results.If the thermal bridge is present and parallel to the heatﬂow the results obtained may well have no meaning.Special considerations also are necessary when the measurements are conducted at either high or low temperatures,in ambient pressures above or below atmospheric pressure,or in special ambient gases that are inert or hazardous.4.5The determination of the accuracy of the method for any given test is a function of the apparatus design,of the related instrumentation,and of the type of specimens under test(see Section10),but this test method is capable of determining thermal transmission properties within62%of those deter-mined by Test Method C177when the ambient temperature is near the mean temperature of the test(T(ambient)=T(mean)61°C),and in the range of10to40°C.In all casesthe accuracy of the heatﬂow meter apparatus can never be better than the accuracy of the primary standards used to calibrate the apparatus.4.5.1When this test method is to be used for certiﬁcation testing of products,the apparatus shall have the capabilities required in A1.7and one of the following procedures shall be followed:4.5.1.1The apparatus shall have its calibration checked within24h before or after a certiﬁcation test using either secondary transfer standards traceable to,or calibration stan-dards whose values have been established by,a recognized national standards laboratory not more thanﬁve years prior to the certiﬁcation date.The average of two calibrations shall be used as the calibration factor and the specimen(s)certiﬁed with this average value.When the change in calibration factor is greater than1%,the standard specimen shall be retested and a new average calculated.If the change in calibration factor is still greater than1%the apparatus shall be calibrated using the procedure in Section6.4.5.1.2Where both the short and long term stability of the apparatus have been proven to be better than1%of the reading (see Section10),the apparatus may be calibrated at less frequent intervals,not exceeding30days.The specimens so tested cannot be certiﬁed until after the calibration test follow-ing the test and then only if the change in calibration factor from the previous calibration test is less than1%.When the change in calibration is greater than1%,test results from this interval shall be considered void and the tests repeated in accordance with4.5.1.1.4.5.2The precision(repeatability)of measurements made by the heatﬂow meter apparatus calibrated as in Section6.6 normally are much better than61%of the mean value.This precision is required to identify changes in calibration and is desirable in quality control applications.5.Apparatus5.1The construction guidelines given in this section should be understood by the user of this test method.While it is mandatory that these details be followed carefully when constructing an apparatus,it behooves the user to verify that the equipment is built as speciﬁed.Serious errors of measure-ment may result from this oversight.5.2General:5.2.1The general features of a heatﬂow meter apparatus with the specimen or the specimens installed are described in Section6and shown in Figs.1-3.A heatﬂow meter apparatus consists of two isothermal plate assemblies,one or more heat ﬂux transducers and equipment to control the environmental conditions when needed.Each conﬁguration will yield equiva-lent results if used within the limitations stated in this test FIG.1Apparatus with One Heat Flux Transducer and OneSpecimenmethod.There are distinct advantages for each conﬁguration in practice and these are discussed in Appendix X2.N OTE 2—Further information can be found in ISO 8301:1991,which is the equivalent ISO standard for the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus.5.2.2Further design considerations such as plate surface treatment,ﬂatness and parallelism,temperature requirements and measuring system requirements can be found in Annex A1.6.Calibration6.1The calibration of a heat ﬂow meter apparatus is a very critical operation.Since lateral heat losses or gains of heat are not controlled or eliminated automatically,but only lessened by increasing the size of the guard area and edge insulation,there is no guarantee that the heat losses or gains are negligible under all testing conditions.To ensure that the equipment is performing properly with specimens of different thermal resis-tances,the apparatus shall be calibrated with materials having similar thermal characteristics and thicknesses as the materials to be evaluated.The apparatus shall be calibrated with the specimen in the same orientation and the heat ﬂux in the same direction under which the primary,CTS or SRM,or secondary transfer standards were characterized,if known.The material selected for the calibration standard shall have properties that are not affected by convection over the range of calibration parameters (temperature difference,thickness,density,and so forth)of interest.The apparatus shall be calibrated as a unit,with the heat ﬂux transducer(s)installed in the apparatus.6.2This procedure applies to the calibration of a heat ﬂow meter apparatus over a wide range of heat ﬂow rates andtemperatures,which permits the testing of a wide varietyof insulation materials over an extended temperature range.6.3The following calibration procedure is used to compute the calibration factor,S for a heat ﬂow meter apparatus,and must be used by anyone who desires to produce meaningful heat ﬂux measurements from a heat ﬂow apparatus.6.4Calibration Standards :6.4.1Calibration standards may be good for many years if handled carefully but shall be checked periodically to conﬁrm lack of change.6.4.2It is recommended that the primary standards obtained from a national standards laboratory should not be used on a daily basis,but secondary or working standards should be produced.Create a record on the secondary standards with the following information.6.4.2.1Name of national laboratory to which it is traceable.6.4.2.2Date the secondary standard is produced.6.4.2.3Date the secondary standard is last tested.6.4.2.4Direction of heat ﬂux during calibration.6.4.2.5Thermal value of the secondary standard.6.4.2.6Range of parameters for which it is valid.6.4.2.7Estimate of bias of the primary and secondary standards.6.5Calibration Procedure :6.5.1Calibrate the heat ﬂow meter apparatus under the same conditions of plate temperatures,temperature gradient,speci-men thickness,heat ﬂow direction,and apparatus orientation as those for which data are available for the standard.6.5.2Single Temperature Point —If the calibration standard is tested at a single mean temperature,conduct the calibration and subsequent tests near the same mean e engineering judgment or an error analysis to determine how closely the mean temperature must be maintained.As assess-ment of the sensitivity of the calibration standard to test conditions should be determined by the user of the transfer standard to determine its limitations of use.6.5.3Multiple Temperature Points —If the calibration stan-dard is tested at three or more mean temperatures,calibrate the heat ﬂow meter apparatus at the same temperatures using the same temperature gradients (11).A smooth curve can be ﬁtted to the points such that a calibration factor can be interpolated for any given mean temperature.It is not permissible to extrapolate above or below the mean temperature range of the calibration standard measurements.Changing the plate tem-perature of a heat ﬂow meter apparatus has the potential of changing apparatus calibration.When changing plate tempera-tures,take steps to determine if the heat ﬂux transducer calibration factor has changed.6.5.4Single Thickness Point —If the original calibration standard is tested at only one thickness,the heat ﬂow meter apparatus can be calibrated for that thickness without an exhaustive thickness study.If tests are to be conducted at thicknesses other than the calibrated thickness,make a thor-ough study of the error of the heat ﬂow meter apparatus at other thicknesses.Several references on this subject are listed at the end of this test method (4,11-15,17,26,27).6.5.5Multiple Thickness Points —If the original standard is tested at three or more thicknesses,the heat ﬂow meterFIG.2Apparatus with One Heat Flux Transducer and TwoSpecimensFIG.3Apparatus with Two Heat Flux Transducers and OneSpecimenapparatus can be calibrated over the same thickness range.A smooth curve can beﬁtted to the points such that a calibration factor can be interpolated for any given thickness.If tests are to be conducted at thicknesses above or below the calibrated thicknesses,make a thorough study of the error of the heatﬂow meter apparatus at these thicknesses.6.6Calibration of Various Designs:6.6.1There are several conﬁgurations of heatﬂow meter apparatuses that use one or two heatﬂux transducers and one or two specimens in the apparatus.While it is not practical to list all of the possible combinations of apparatus and specimen conﬁgurations,this section contains the equations for calculat-ing the calibration factor of three common apparatuses.The calibration and testing conﬁguration should be identical.The calibration factor of a heatﬂow meter apparatus is determined by running the same standard specimens a number of times,not consecutively,but over a period of time with the standard removed each time.6.6.2One Calibration Standard—Apparatus with one heat ﬂux transducer and one standard(see Fig.1).S5C·~Th–Tc!/E(1) 6.6.3Two Calibration Standards—Apparatus with one heat ﬂux transducer and one specimen conﬁguration(same as that for6.6.2).6.6.3.1The two calibration standards need to be the same thickness and of similar material but need not be identical. With the following equation,it is not necessary to know the thermal conductance of each calibration standard,but it is necessary to know the average thermal conductance of the two standards:S5C a1C bS E a~T ha–T ca!1E b~T hb–T cb!D(2)6.6.3.2Two Calibration Standards—Apparatus with one heatﬂux transducer and two specimens(see Fig.2).6.6.3.3Again,the standards need to be the same thickness and of similar material but not necessarily identical.S5C a1C b E·S1~T ha–T ca!11~T hb–T cb!D(3)6.6.4One Calibration Standard—Apparatus with two heat ﬂux transducers and one specimen(see Fig.3).6.6.4.1Assuming the two transducers physically are iden-tical and have similar outputs,one can sum the outputs of the two transducers and then calibrate as a single transducer apparatus.In this case,it is very important to keep the mean temperature and the plate temperatures equal to those used in testing the standard.It is essential that each of the transducers be at steady state.S5C·~Th–Tc!~E11E2!(4)6.6.4.2In the case where multiple transducers are used,a similar calculation can be utilized to calculate the calibration factor.6.6.4.3As an alternative,each heatﬂux transducer can be calibrated as an independent apparatus as in6.6.1.7.Test Procedures7.1Foreword on Testing Procedures—The relativesimplic-ity of this test method may lead one to overlook very important factors,which may affect the results.To ensure accurate measurement,the operator shall be instructed fully in the operation of the equipment.Furthermore,the equipment shall be calibrated properly with reference materials having similar heat transfer characteristics.Also it is necessary that the specimen be prepared properly for evaluation.7.2Sampling and Preparation of Specimens:7.2.1Test Specimens—One-or two-piece specimens may be used,depending on the conﬁguration selected for the test. Where two pieces are used,they shall be selected from the same material to be essentially identical in construction, thickness,and density.For looseﬁll materials,the method speciﬁed in the material speciﬁcation or in Practice C687shall be used to produce a specimen or specimens of the desired density.7.2.2Selection of Specimens—The specimen or specimens shall be of such size as to cover the plate assembly surfaces and shall either be of the actual thickness to be applied in use or of sufficient thickness to give a true average representation of the material to be tested.If sufficient material is not available,the specimen shall at least cover the metering area,and the rest of the plate surfaces must be covered with a mask with a thermal conductivity as close to that of the specimen as possible. 7.3Specimen Conditioning—Details of the specimen selec-tion and conditioning preferably are given in the material speciﬁcation.Where such speciﬁcations are not given,the specimen preparation shall be conducted in accordance with the requirement that materials shall not be exposed to tempera-tures that will change the specimens in an irreversible manner. Typically,the material speciﬁcations call for specimen condi-tioning at22°C(72°F)and50%R.H.for a period of time until less than a1%mass change is observed over a24-h period. For some materials,such as cellulose,considerably longer times may be required for both conditioning and testing.7.4Specimen Preparation:7.4.1Use the following guidelines when the material speci-ﬁcation is unavailable.In general,the surfaces of the specimen should be prepared to ensure that they are parallel with and have uniform thermal contact with the hot and cold plates. 7.4.2Compressible Specimens—The surfaces of the uncom-pressed specimens may be comparatively uneven so long as surface undulations are removed under test compression.It may be necessary to smooth the specimen surfaces to achieve better plate-to-specimen contact.If the apparent thermal con-ductivity of the contact void is greater than that of the specimen,compressible or otherwise,the measured heatﬂux will be greater than the heatﬂux that would be obtained if the voids were absent.This may often be the case at higher temperatures where radiant heat transfer predominates in the void.For the measurement of compressible specimens,the temperature sensors are often mounted directly in the plate surfaces.Also,plate spacers may be required for the measure-ment of compressible specimens.7.4.3Rigid and High Conductance Specimens—The mea-surement of rigid specimens or high conductance specimensrequires careful surface preparation.First,the surfaces should be madeﬂat and parallel to the same degree as the heat-ﬂow-meter.If the specimen has a thermal resistance that is suffi-ciently high compared to the specimen-to-plate interface resis-tance,temperature sensors mounted in the plates may be adequate.7.5Measurements on Specimens:7.5.1Blanket and Batt-Type Materials—When speciﬁed, the test thickness of blankets and batt-type materials shall be determined before testing in accordance with Test Methods C167,provided that good contact is maintained between the specimen and the isothermal plates.Also,it is recommended highly that the thickness during the actual test be measured.At the conclusion of the test,the density in the metering area should be determined.7.5.2Loose-ﬁll Materials—These materials generally are tested in open test frames as spelled out in Practice C687.The requirement to measure the density in the metering area is again critical.7.6Limitations on Specimen Thickness:7.6.1General—The combined thickness of the specimen or specimens,the heatﬂux transducer and any damping material, which in total equals the distance between the cold and hot plates,must be restricted in order to limit the effect of edge losses on the measurements.In addition edge losses are affected by the edge insulation and the ambient temperature,so the requirements on both of these parameters must be met.7.6.2Maximum Spacing Between Hot and Cold Plates—The maximum allowable distance between the hot and cold plates during a test,is related to the dimensions of the heatﬂux transducer,the metering area,the size of the plate assembly,the construction of the heat meter apparatus,and the properties of the specimen.No suitable theoretical analysis is available to predict the maximum allowable thickness of specimens.It is possible to use the results of an analysis for a similarly sized guarded hot plate as a guide(10,16-18).7.7Procedure of Measurement:7.7.1Temperature Difference—For any test,make the tem-perature difference across the specimen not less than10K.For specimens that are expected to have a large thermal resistance, a larger temperature difference in the specimen is recom-mended(see Practice C1058for the selection of the plate temperatures).The actual temperature difference or gradient is best speciﬁed in the material speciﬁcations or by agreement of the parties concerned.7.7.2Edge Insulation—Enclose the edges of the specimens with thermal insulation to reduce edge heat losses to an acceptable level if this edge insulation is not built into the apparatus(see A1.6).7.7.3Settling Time and Measurement Interval—Verify the existence of thermal equilibrium by observing and recording, the emf output of the heatﬂux transducer,the mean tempera-ture of the specimens,the temperature drop across the speci-men,and a calculated l value.Make observations at time intervals of at least10min untilﬁve successive observations yield values of thermal conductivity,which fall within1⁄2%of the mean value for theseﬁve readings.If theﬁve readings show a monotonically increasing or decreasing trend,equilib-rium has not been attained.In this case,additional setsof readings shall be taken.If experience has shown that a shorter time interval may be used,follow the same criteria for stability. For high density specimens(r>40kg/m2)or for low conductance specimens(C<0.05W/K·m2)the time between readings may have to be increased to30min or longer(19).8.Calculation8.1Density and Change in Mass—When required,calculate the density of the dry specimen as tested,r,the mass change due to conditioning of the material,and the mass change of the specimen during test.8.1.1Density of Batt and Blanket Specimens—It has been found that it is important to measure the mass of the specimens in contact with the metering area.The area of the specimen directly measured shall be cut out and its mass determined after testing,unless the specimen must be retained for further testing.8.2Thermal Properties for One Specimen—When only one specimen is used,calculate the thermal conductance of the specimen as follows:C5S·E/D T(5) and where applicable,calculate the thermal conductivity,as follows:l5S·E·~L/D T!(6) 8.3Thermal Properties for Two Specimens—When two specimens are used,calculate the total thermal conductance,C, as follows:C5S·E/~D T a1D T b!(7) The l factor,that is,the average thermal conductivity of the specimen is calculated as follows:l ave5~S·E/2!·~L a1L b!/~D T a1D T b!(8) where the subscripts refer to the two specimens.8.4Other derived thermal properties may be calculated but only under the provisions given in Practice C1045.8.5Thermal Properties for Two Transducers—All pertinent equations of8.2and8.3apply to this conﬁguration,provided S·E will be replaced by(S’·E’+S”·E”)/2,where the super-scripts’and”refer to theﬁrst and second heatﬂux transducer, respectively.9.Report9.1The report of the results of each test shall include the following information with all data to be reported in both SI and inch-pound units unless speciﬁed otherwise.9.1.1The report shall be identiﬁed with a unique numbering system to allow traceability back to the individual measure-ments taken during the test performed.9.1.2Name and any other pertinent identiﬁcation of the material including a physical description.9.1.3Description of the specimen and its relationship to the sample,including a brief history of the specimen,if known.9.1.4Thickness of the specimen as received and as tested.9.1.5Method and environment used for conditioning,if used.9.1.6Density of the conditioned specimen as tested,kg/m3.。

独立探头3ω法表征甲烷水合物热导率和热扩散率

独立探头3ω法表征甲烷水合物热导率和热扩散率姚贵策;苑昆鹏;吴硕;王照亮【摘要】Most experiments about gas hydrates were based on time domain. With the development of the free-standing sensors based on 3ω method, the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of methane hydrate could be easily measured in frequency domain. Experimental devices for synthesis of methane hydrate under low temperature and high pressure was established and the thermal contact resistance(TCR)was measured. Besides that, the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for methane hydrate was analyzed and the measurement value was compared with the data printed by others. It was found that the TCR had a great effect on measurement data. The values omitting TCR tended to be closer to the true value when the TCR became lower.%甲烷水合物热物性参数的测量一般是基于时域信号测量,测量方法没有考虑探测器与试样之间的接触热阻.基于频域信号测量原理,研发的3ω 独立探头大大拓展了该方法的应用范围.建立了低温高压甲烷水合物合成测量系统.利用独立探头3ω 法实时测量甲烷水合物热导率、热扩散率、探头和甲烷水合物之间的接触热阻.分析了甲烷水合物热导率、热扩散率随温度的变化规律;比较了测量值与国内外学者测量数据的不同;发现接触热阻对甲烷水合物热导率有显著影响.【期刊名称】《化工学报》【年(卷),期】2016(005)005【总页数】8页(P1665-1672)【关键词】甲烷水合物;热导率;热扩散率;独立探头【作者】姚贵策;苑昆鹏;吴硕;王照亮【作者单位】中国石油大学(华东)能源与动力工程系,山东青岛 266580;中国石油大学(华东)能源与动力工程系,山东青岛 266580;吉林大学汽车工程学院,吉林长春130012;中国石油大学(华东)能源与动力工程系,山东青岛 266580【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TK123DOI：10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20150930作为新能源的天然气水合物（或可燃冰，natural gas hydrate），其开发和利用是石油和石化行业面临的重要课题，也是保证国家能源安全和保护环境而迫切需要解决的问题之一。