CLTAC SPRING 2006
Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic
From SAUNDERS , eds) , 1989 , Magmatism in the Ocean Geological Socicty Special Publication No. 42 , pp. 313-345.
3 13
3 14
Major issues in the chemical evolution and geodynamics of the mantle
A first-order aim in the study of oceanic basa Its is to improve our understanding of the chemical
S.-s. Sun & W. F. McDonough
contribute to the geochemica\ and isotopic evolution of mantle reservoirs. The nature of mantle convection processes through time (whole mantle or layered mantle) is critical to our understanding of the chemica\ and thermal evo\ution of the Earth. The term ‘ reservoir' is used here in a general sense to refer to a part of the man tI e which has a partícular regíonal chemical and isotopic composítion , whereas the term ‘ componen t' speci缸" ally refers to a reservoir (or many reservoìrs) in thεmantle with an isotopically distinctive composition (eg HIMU , EM , MORB). This use of theterm ‘compone时， is similar to that in Zindler & Hart (1986). In essεnce each mantle reservoir carries an identifiable chemistry and isotopic fingerprínt of the specific processes and environments whích hav已 acted upon it. These composítional fingerprints reflect the responses to such factors as partìal melting under di在'erent P-T-X(C0 2 , water rich , melts or fluids) conditions , sediment subduction , and recycling of oceanic crust and asthenosphere through the subduction zone environment. Mantle differentiation processes through time Our understandin喜 of mantle differentiation 蹈' sociated with the Earth's accretion , core formation and the e挂rly history of man tI e-crust fractionation relies upon chemical and isotopíc studies of Archaean to modern volcanic rocks and other planetary bodies , petrological and chemical experiments carried out under hightemperature and high-prεssure conditions , and numerical modelling of the thermal evolution of the Earth. Even if some thermal models favour the pr出 ence of upper and lower mantle convection cells at present (eg Richter 1985) , there is no obvious reason to argue against whole-mantle convectÌon during the early history of the Earth. It is generaIl y assumed that the early Earth's man tI e temperature was higher (eg 2000 oC surface potential temperature) (Richter 1985) , which would favour vigorous , and probably chaotic , whole-mantle convection with possible largescale mantle meIting. Consequent1 y , it is very likely that the lower mantle would have been ìnvolved in the formation of the earliest enriched lithosphere , resulting in an incompatibleelement-dεpleted character , ie a non-primitive fractionated Iower mantle. At the same time , dense early-formed severely hydrothermaIl y altered mafic to ultramafic crust and lithospheric mantle may well have been rapidly recycI ed back i 挝o the convective mantle by meteorite
基于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布
王小平，刘忠莹，钟洋，等. 基于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（7）：254−260. doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050068WANG Xiaoping, LIU Zhongying, ZHONG Yang, et al. Analysis of Arsenic Speciation Distribution in Agaric, Shiitake Mushroom,Matsutake and Agrocybe by IC-ICP-MS Method[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(7): 254−260. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023050068· 分析检测 ·基于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布王小平1,2，刘忠莹1，钟 洋1，张定秋1，陆 阳1，朱敏敏1，郑红毅1，何叶馨1，王 鑫1,2，黄韬睿3，江祖彬3,*（1.四川省食品检验研究院，四川成都 610097；2.国家市场监管重点实验室（白酒监管技术），四川成都 610097；3.四川旅游学院，四川成都 610100）摘 要：为分析木耳、香菇、松茸和茶树菇中砷形态分布，采用离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱（Ion Chromato-graphy-Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer ，IC-ICP-MS ）法对其砷甜菜碱、二甲基砷、亚砷酸、砷胆碱、一甲基砷、砷酸进行测定，并进行方法学考察和含量测定。
结果表明：方法在5 min 内能将6种砷形态全部分离开，且峰型好；方法线性关系良好（标线质量浓度0.5~20 μg/L ，r >0.999），6种砷形态检出限和定量限分别不超过0.005、0.017 mg/kg 。
AUG 16 CGD COMMENTS 译文
AUG 16CGD COMMENTS现货市场：美豆出口需求较8月初的活跃程度有所放慢，但仍未停滞。
USDA单日成交报告显示11.9万吨新作销往中国。
驳船市场买家再度下调贴水出价，即使报价已有所走弱。
内陆市场上，东部地区贴水表现强势，但西部地区贴水仍然不及出口市场。
驳船市场和内陆市场贴水详情如下：豆粕价格企稳、伊利诺伊继续报-2至-3Q。
明尼苏达和艾奥瓦地区报价也维持-25Q，有走强之势因油厂停机检修。
传言铁路市场有更多到墨西哥的订单成交。
芝加哥铁路市场报-2至-3Q---和周一价格持平。
东部地区油厂仍在提高大豆贴水出价，以确保新作上市前有足够的销售。
据悉西部地区豆油成交价格在交割价格或略高于的水平。
市场出现对仓单的兴趣，消息称某出口商采购美湾FOB 豆油。
豆粕仓单0张，豆油5,793张。
马盘收跌33令吉，跌幅1.36%。
继周一价格大涨后获利平仓出脱，施加卖压。
现货价格企稳至上涨2.5美金。
南美大豆方面，巴西FOB市场无大豆贴水成交。
巴西雷亚尔收于3.2022，周一3.1864，上周五3.1898。
阿根廷比索收于14.6730。
豆粕方面，巴西豆粕成交26,000吨9月船期和21,000吨OND船期+17。
阿根廷豆粕无成交，除压榨放慢需求国对近月豆粕的需求也寥寥无几。
豆油市场，巴西成交8,000吨4-5月船期-80和6-7月船期-90，周一成交水平-60。
阿根廷豆油基差走弱因豆油期价上涨。
油籽类：中国市场本周又有消息传来称政府将对DDGS执行40-50%的进口关税。
中国贸易商普遍认为将从9月初开始执行。
部分压榨商认为DDGS进口关税上调将增加三季度和四季度的豆粕需求，因生猪养殖规模扩大中。
中国油厂采购大豆节奏放慢，今日仅1船成交，12月船期美西大豆。
巴西船表显示8月迄今已向中国装运130万吨大豆，船表上还有110万吨待装。
目前巴西大豆普遍从里奥格兰德装出。
阿根廷船表上仅90万吨大豆待装往中国。
市场普遍预计美国8月将向中国装出180万吨大豆。
论文-大金空调销售渠道
内容摘要家用中央空调市场随着我国经济的发展也逐渐被人们所重视。
但是，企业都普遍面临的问题是，如何通过选择好的销售渠道，来发挥渠道本身的作用。
本文主要讨论的是，面对不同的销售渠道结构如何做选择，通过分析其中存在的渠道冲突，来研究各自的渠道。
本文通过研究营销渠道的渠道结构和渠道冲突及其解决方法，并且结合案例分析现有家用中央空调的销售渠道的状况，提出改进意见和新的销售渠道。
分析表明现有的家用中央空调的渠道结构存在水平渠道冲突和垂直渠道冲突。
在现有的家用中央空调渠道中，加强管理，建立良好的激励机制，来减弱渠道冲突。
还可以通过建立新的家电连锁渠道和虚拟渠道，为家用中央空调营销渠道的拓展提供积极的现实意义。
关键字：家用中央空调、营销渠道、渠道冲突ABSTRACTWith the development of China’s economic, household central air conditioning market is receiving more and more attention. However, the enterprises have to face the common problem, which is how to make good use of the sale channel structure by choose itself. And the article talks about how to make a good choice among the different channel structures. Then this paper also do a research of the all the channels by analysis the existing sale channel conflict.Through the study of channel structure and the channel conflict and its solutions, this paper will also combined them with the case analysis of household central air-conditioning, and it will put forward some advice of how to improve it and a new market channel. And the research of structure shows that the present channel structure of the household central air-conditioning has some problems, such as the conflict of level and vertical channel market. Based on the present household central air conditioning market, we should strengthen the management, and build a good incentive mechanism. And we can also provide positive significance of household central air conditioner expansion of marketing channels by building a new home appliance interlinks channels and virtual channel.KEY WORDS: household central air conditioning, marketing channels, channel conflict正文目录第一章绪论 (1)第一节研究背景 (1)第二节研究对象和研究目的 (2)第三节研究的方法与技术路线 (3)第四节研究框架和创新点 (3)第二章文献综述 (5)第一节家用中央空调的相关研究 (5)第二节营销渠道的相关研究 (6)第三节总结 (11)第三章家用中央空调市场分析概述 (12)第一节我国家用中央空调产业背景 (12)第二节家用中央空调产业的特征 (12)第四章家用中央空调渠道分析—以大金空调公司为例 (15)第一节家用中央空调的渠道分析 (15)第二节与经销商合作模式分析 (16)第三节与房产商合作模式分析 (18)第五章家用中央空调现有渠道的改进 (19)第一节与经销商合作渠道的改进 (19)第二节与房产商合作渠道的改进 (20)第六章家用中央空调的渠道创新 (21)第一节家电连锁渠道模式 (21)第二节家用中央空调的网络销售模式 (23)第七章结论 (26)第一节研究结论 (26)第二节研究不足 (26)参考文献 (27)致谢.................................. 错误！未定义书签。
2023年12月六级真题第2套
大学英语六级考试2023年12月真题(第二套)Part] Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay that begins with the sentence “Nowadaysparents are increasingly aware that allowing kids more freedom to explore and learn on their own helps foster their independence and boost their confidence.”You can make comments,cite examples or use your personal experiences to develop your essay.You should write at least 150words but no more than 200words (not including the sentence given).Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once.Afier you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter o n Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.A)Renting a car instead of driving their own. C)Exploring more summer holiday resorts.B)Surfing online to check out the best deals. D)Spending their holidays in a novel way.2.A)He once owned a van. C)He did not find holiday homes appealing.B)He was well travelled. D)He did not like to be locked into one place.3.A)Ensure the safety of passengers. C)Receive instructions via computers.B)Drive under any weather condition.D)Generate their own electricity.4.A)Having one's basic needs covered while away from home.B)Enjoying the freedom to choose where to go and work.C)Slowing down in one's increasingly hectic life.D)Riding one's mountain bike on vacation.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5.A)She has missed several important appointments lately.B)Her job performance has worsened over the past month.C)She has lagged behind most of her co-workers in output.D)Her physical health has deteriorated these past few weeks.6.A)Serious health issues. C)Some problems at home.B)Disturbance of her mind. D)Penalty for curtailed output.7.A)The woman's work proficiency. C)His engaging personalityB)The woman's whole-hearted support. D)His management capability8.A)The woman will resume her work in two weeks.B)The man will be back at his 100%in a couple of weeks.C)The woman will be off work on the next two Mondays.D)The man will help the woman get back to her usual self.·2023年12月六级真题(第二套)·10Section BDirections: In this section,you will hear two passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear three or four questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9.A)It can have an impact on our moods and emotions.B)It can enable us to live a healthier and longer life.C)It can improve our financial status significantly.D)It can help us achieve better work performance.10.A)One's health tends to differ before and after marriage.B)One's health status is related to one's social background.C)The wealthier one's spouse is,the healthier one becomes.D)The spouse's level of education can impact one's health.11.A)They benefited a lot from their career achievements.B)They showed interest in their spouse's occupations.C)They had much in common with their spouses.D)They had more education than their spouses.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12.A)Eliminating their root cause. C)Identifying the cities'geological features.B)Forecasting flood risks accurately. D)Finding out the changing climate patterns.13.A)To validate his hypothesis about the gravity of floods.B)To determine the frequency of high tides causing floods.C)To improve his mathematical flooding model.D)To see the feasibility of his project on flooding.14.A)To study the consequences of high tides on flooded areas.B)To teach local citizens how to collect data of incoming floods.C)To forecast rapid floods in real time.D)To classify the flooding data processed.15.A)They set up Internet-connected water-level sensors.B)They tracked the rising tides with video-cameras.C)They used newly-developed supercomputing facilities.D)They observed the direction of water flow on the spot.Section CDirections: In this section,you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once.Afier you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16.A)To argue about the value of a college degree.B)To debate the validity of current survey data.11·2023年12月六级真题(第二套) ·C)To account for the drastic decline in employment among men.D)To compare men without college degrees with those who have.17.A)The increase in women taking up jobs. C)The factor of wages.B)The issue of changing job requirements. D)The impact of inflation.18.A)Men's unwillingness to accept low wages in times of growing inflation.B)The wage gap between those with college degrees and those without.C)More jobs requiring their holders to have a college degree nowadays.D)The sharp decline in marriage among men with no college degrees.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19.A)More and more people attach importance to protecting endangered animals.B)More and more people prioritize animal welfare when buying things to wear.C)An increasing number of people demand to free animals being kept in cages.D)An increasing number of people follow the latest trend of becoming vegetarians.20.A)Avoided the use of leather and fur. C)Refrained from using chemicals in their products.B)Labelled all their products as vegan.D)Utilized a silk substitute made from mushrooms.21.A)Whether they actually signify a substantial change. C)Whether they can be considered sustainable.B)Whether they effectively protect animals at large. D)Whether they can be regarded as ethical.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22.A)The era we live in is the most peaceful in history.B)The world has seen more violence in recent years.C)The environmental welfare has worsened in the world.D)The belief is less prevalent that the world is going to hell.23.A)They were actually not in their right mind.B)They believed the world was deteriorating.C)They did not wish to live in the previous century.D)They were convinced by the statistics presented to them.24.A)The subjectivity of mass media. C)Our psychological biases.B)The current state of affairs. D)Our ancestors'influence.25.A)Spreading exciting news around us far and wide. C)Calculating dangerous risks to our survival.B)Vacuuming up depressing or enraging stories. D)Paying attention to negative information. Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefiully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter:Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Our brains respond to language expressing facts differently than they do to words conveying possibility, scientists at New York University have recently found.Their work offers new insights into the impact word choice has on how we 26between statements expressing what is real versus what is merely possible.The ·2023年12月六级真题(第二套)·12researchers assert their findings are important because we are presented with false information all the time. Some of this is 27 ,as is the case with deceptive advertisements,but the problem is 28_by individuals who believe they are sharing correct information.Thus,it is more important than ever to separate the factual from the possible or merely 29 in how we communicate.This is especially true as the study makes clear that information presented as fact 30 special responses in our brains,which are distinct from when we process the same content with clear indicators of 31In their new study,the scientists intended to 32 how the brain computes possibilities as expressed by words such as “may,”“might,”and “if.”The researchers compared brain responses to statements expresing factual 33 and those expressing possibility."There is a monster under my bed"exemplifies a factual statement.“I will stay home,”is also factual.This is opposed to statements that express possibility,like “There might be a monster under my bed,"or “If it rains,I will stay home."The results of the study showed that factual language_ 34 a rapid increase in brain activity,with the brain responding more powerfully and showing more engagement with factual phrases compared to those communicating possibility.Thus,facts rule when it comes to the brain.Brain regions involved in processing 35 rapidly distinguish facts from possibilities.Further,these regions respond in a much more robust fashion to factual statements.Section BDirections: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter:Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Treasure FeverA)Most visitors come to Cape Canaveral,on the northeast coast of Florida,for the tourist attractions.It's hometo the second-busiest cruise ship port in the world and is a gateway to the cosmos.Nearly 1.5 million visitors flock here every year to watch rockets,spacecraft,and satellites blast off into the solar system from Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.Nearly 64 kilometers of undeveloped beach and 648 square kilometers of protected refuge fan out from the cape's sandy shores.B)Yet some of Cape Canaveral's most legendary attractions lie unseen,wedged under the sea's surface inmud and sand,for this part of the world has a reputation as a deadly ship trap.Over the centuries,dozens of majestic Old World sailing ships smashed and sank on this irregular stretch of windy Florida coast.They were vessels built for war and commerce,crossing the globe carrying everything from coins to cannons,boxes of silver and gold,chests of jewels and porcelain,and pearls from the Caribbean.13·2023年12月六级真题(第二套)·C)Cape Canaveral contains one of the greatest concentrations of colonial shipwrecks in the world.In recentyears,advances in radar,diving,detection equipment,computers,and GPS have transformed the hunt.The naked eye might see a pile of rocks,but technology can reveal the precious artifacts(人工制品) that lie hidden on the ocean floor.D)As technology renders the seabed more accessible,the hunt for treasure-filled ships has drawn a fresh tideof salvors(打捞人员)and their investors—as well as marine archaeologists(考古学家)wanting to bring to light the lost relics.But of late,when salvors have found vessels,their rights have been challenged in court.The big question:who should have control of these treasures?E)High-stakes fights over shipwrecks pit archacologists against treasure hunters in a vicious cycle ofaccusations.Archacologists regard themselves as protectors of history,and they see salvors as careless destroyers.Salvors feel they do the hard work of searching for ships,only to have them stolen from under them when discovered.This kind of clash inevitably takes place on a grand scale.Aside from the salvors, their investors,and the maritime archacologists who serve as expert witnesses,the battles sweep in local and international govemments and organizations like UNESCO that work to protect under-water heritage.The court cases that ensue stretch on for years.Are finders keepers,or do the ships belong to the countries that made them and sent them sailing centuries ago?Where once salvors and archacologists worked side by side, now they belong to opposing,and equally contemptuous,tribes.F)Nearly three million vessels lie wrecked on the Earth's ocean floor-from old canoes to the Titanic—andikely less than one percent have been explored.Some—like an ancient Roman ship found off Antikythera, Greece,dated between 70 and 60 BC and carrying astonishingly sophisticated gears and dials for navigating by the sun-are critical to a new understanding of our past.No wonder there is an eternal stirring among everybody from salvors to scholars to find them.G)In May 2016,a salvor named Bobby Pritchett,president of Global Marine Exploration (GME)in Tampa,Florida,announced that he had discovered scattered remains of a ship buried a kilometer off Cape Canaveral.Over the prior three years,he and his crew had obtained 14 state permits to survey a nearly 260-square- kilometer area off the cape;they worked 250 days a year,backed by investor funds of,he claims,US S4 million.It was hard work.Crew members were up at dawn,dragging sensors from their expedition vessels back and forth,day in and day out,year after year,to detect metal of any ing computer technology, Pritchett and his crew created intricate,color-coded maps marked with the GPS coordinates of thousands offinds,all invisible under a meter of sand.H)One day in 2015,the magnetometer (磁力计)picked up metal that turned out to be an iron cannon;when thedivers blew the sand away,they also discovered a more precious bronze cannon with markings indicating French royalty and,not far off,a famous marble column carved with the coat of arms of France,known from historical paintings.The discovery was cause for celebration.The arifacts indicated the divers had likely found the wreck of La Trinité,a 16th-century French vessel that had been at the center of a bloody battle between France and Spain that changed the fate of the United States of America.I)And then the legal storm began,with GME and Pritchett pitted against Florida and France.The SunkenMilitary Craft Act of 2004,a US federal act,protects any vessel that was on a military mission,allowing the originating country to claim their ship even centuries later.In 2018,two long years after Pritchett's discovery, the federal district court ruled in favor of France.For Pritchett,the decision was lions of dollars of investor funding and years of labor were lost.J)But this is far from the first time a salvor has lost all rights to a discovery.In 2012,for instance,Spain won a five-year legal battle against Odyssey Marine Exploration,which had hauled 594,000 gold and silver coins ·2023年12月六级真题(第二套) · 14from a Spanish wreck off the coast of Portugal across the Atlantic to the United States.“Treasure hunters can be naive,”says attorney David Concannon,who has had several maritime archaeologists as clients and represented two sides in the battles over the Titanic for 20 years.“Many treasure hunters don't understand they are going to have to fight for their rights against a govemment that has an endless supply of money for legal battles that treasure hunters are likely to lose.”K)Puting an inflated price on artifacts rather than viewing them as cultural and historical treasures that transcend any price is what iritates many archaeologists.For the archaeologist,everything in a wreck matters-hair,fabric,a fragment of a newspaper,rat bones-all things speak volumes.Archacologists don't want artifacts ending up in a private collection instead of taking humanity on a jourmey of understanding.L)George Bass is one of the pioneers of under-water archacology,and a researcher at Texas A&M University.He has testified in court against treasure hunters,but says archacology is not without its own serious problems.He believes archacologists need to do a better job themselves instead of routinely criticizing treasure hunters.“Archaeology has a terrible reputation for not publishing enough on its excavations (发掘) and finds,"he says.Gathering data,unearthing and meticulously preserving and examining finds,verifying identity and origin,piecing together the larger story,and writing and publishing a comprehensive paper or book can take decades.A bit cynically,Bass describes colleagues who never published because they waited so long they became ill or died.Who is more at fault,Bass asks,the professional archacologist who carefully excavates a site and never publishes on it or the treasure hunter who locates a submerged wreck,salvages part,conserves part,and publishes a book on the operation?M)Pritchett concedes that his find deserves careful excavation and preservation."I think what I found should go in a museum,"he says."But I also think I should get paid for what I found.”Indeed,it's a bit of a mystery why governments,archacologists,and treasure hunters can't work together-and why salvors aren't at least given a substantial finder's fee before the original owner takes possession of the vessel and its artifacts.36.Exploration of shipwrecks on the sea floor is crucial in updating our understanding of humanity's past.37.Quite a number of majestic ships sailing from Europe to America were wrecked off the Florida coast over thecenturies.38.Pritchett suffered a heavy loss when a US district court ruled against him.39.Recently,people who found treasures in shipwrecks have been sued over their rights to own them.40.Pritchett claims he got support of millions of dollars from investors for his shipwreck exploration.41.One pioneer marine scientist thinks archacologists should make greater efforts to publish their findings.42.With technological advancement in recent years,salvors now can detect the invaluable man-made objectslying buried under the sea.43.According to a lawyer,many treasure hunters are susceptible to loss because they are unaware they face afinancially stronger opponent in court.44.Salvors of treasures in sunken ships and marine archaeologists are now hostile to each other.45.Archacologists want to see artifacts help humans understand their past instead of being sold to privatecollectors at an outrageous price.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.15 ·2023年12月六级真题(第二套) ·Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Could you get by without using the internet for four and a half years?That's exactly what singer and actress Selena Gomez has done in a bid to improve her mental health.She has spoken extensively about the relationship between her social media usage and her mental wellbeing, recalling feeling like “an addict”when she became Instagram's most followed user in 2016.“Taking a break from social media was the best decision that I ve ever made for my mental health”,says she.“The unnecessary hate and comparisons went away once I put my phone down.”Ditching the web at large,however,is a far more subtle and complicated prospect.The increasing digitisation of our society means that everything from paying a gas bill to ploting a route to a friend's house and even making a phone call is at the merey of your internet connection.Actively opting out of using the internet becomes a matter of privilege.Ms Gomez's multi-millionaire status has allowed her to take the “social"out of social media,so she can continue to leverage her enormous fame while keeping the trolls(恶意挑衅的帖子)at bay.The fact that she's still the second most-followed woman on Instagram suggests it's entirely possible to maintain a significant web profile to promote various projects-by way of a dedicated team—without being exposed to the cruel comments, hate mail and rape or death threats.It goes without saying that this is fundamentally different from how the rest of us without beauty deals and films to publicise use the likes of Instagram,TikTok and Twiter,but even the concept of a digital detox( 戒瘾 ) requires having a device and connectivity to choose to disconnect from.The UK's digital divide has worsened over the past two years,leaving poorer families without broadband connections in their homes.Digital exclusion is a major threat to wider societal equality in the UK,so witnessing companies like Faccbook championing the metaverse(元宇宙)as the next great frontier when school children are struggling to complete their homework feels particularly irritating.Consequently,it's worth bearing in mind that while deleting all social media accounts will undoubtedly make some feel infinitely better,many other people benefit from the strong sense of community that sharing platforms can breed.Intemet access will continue to grow in importance as we edge further towards web 3.0,and greater resources and initiatives are needed to provide the underprivileged with the connectivity they desperately need to learn,work and ive.It's crucial that people who feel that social media is having a detrimental effect on their mental health are allowed to switch off and for those living in digital exclusion to be able to switch on in the first place.46.What do we learn about singer and actress Selena Gomez in the past four and a half years?A)She has had worsening mental problems. C)She has refrained from using social media.B)She has won Instagram's most followers. D)She has succeeded in a bid on the internet.47.Why does actively opting out of using the internet become a matter of privilege?A)Most people find it subtle and complicated to give up using the internet.B)Most people can hardly ditch the web while avoiding hate and comparisons.C)Most people can hardly get by without the internet due to growing digitisation.D)Most people have been seriously addicted to the web without being aware of it.48.Why does the author say “witnes ing companies…feels particularly irritating”(Lines2-4,Para.6)?A)The UK digital divide would further worsen due to the metaverse.B)The concept of the metaverse is believed to be still quite illusory.·2023年12月六级真题(第二套) ·16C)School children would be drawn farther away from the real world.D)Most families in the UK do not have stable broadband connections.49.What is worth bearing in mind concerming social media platforms?A)They are conducive to promoting societal equality.B)They help many people feel connected with others.C)They provide a necessary device for a digital detox.D)They create a virtual community on the internet.50.What does the author think is really important for those living in digital exclusion?A)Having access to the internet. C)Getting more educational resources.B)Edging further towards web 3.0. D)Opening more social media accounts.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior.Whatever it is,you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting in academics and many other areas of contemporary life.Psychologically speaking,competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives. According to Sigmund Freud,humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas.Initially,we compete for the attention of our parents.Thereafter,we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.Curent work in anthropology(人类学)has suggested,however,that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect.Thomas Hobbes,one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century,is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world,"that is,the world before the imposition of the will of humanity,as being“nasty,brutish,and short.”This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held,reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work,The Origin of Species,which established the doctrine of natural selection.This doctrine,which takes for granted that those species best able to adapt to and master the natural environment in which they live will survive,has suggested that the struggle for survival is an inherent human trait which determines a person's success.Darwin's theory has even been summarized as “survival of the fittest”—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further highlighting competition's role in success. As it has often been pointed out,however,there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for “survival of the fittest.”Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperationMany studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed to other values, such as cooperation—by various cultures,and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural,inevitable,and desirable.In 1937,the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples,based on her studies of several societies that did notprize competition,and,in fact,seemed at times to place a negative value on it.One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona,and they,Mead found,valued cooperation far more than competition.After studying dozens of such cultures,Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior,and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.17 ·2023年12月六级真题(第二套) ·51.What does the author think is easy to see in many areas of contemporary life?A)The disagreement on the inevitability of competition.B)The consequence of psychological investigation.C)The effect of human drives.D)The impact of competition.52.According to psychology,what do people strive to do following the initial stage of their life?A)Fulfill individual needs without incurring adverse effects of human drives.B)Indulge in cultural pursuits while keeping their base impulses at bay.C)Gain extensive recognition without exposing pure indulgence.D)Satisfy their own desires while observing social conventions.53.What do we learn about the “natural world”characterized by Thomas Hobbes?A)It gets misrepresented by philosophers and anthropologists.B)It gets distorted in Darwin's The Origin of Species.C)It is free from the rational intervention of humans.D)It is the pre-rational world rarely appreciated nowadays.54.What can we conclude from Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species?A)All species inherently depend on others for survival.B)Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support.C)Competition weighs as much as cooperation as a survival strategy.D)The strongest species proves to be the fittest in natural selection.55.What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach after studying dozens of different cultures?A)It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.B)Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.C)Competition is relatively more prevalent in Western societies.D)People's attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.随着经济与社会的发展，中国人口结构发生了显著变化，逐渐步入老龄化社会。
视觉和味觉的双重享乐_美食可以带来视觉和味觉双重享受
视觉和味觉的双重享乐_美食可以带来视觉和味觉双重享受一部好电影就像一瓶好酒，风格鲜明，回味悠长；一瓶饱受赞誉的葡萄酒，也正如一部经典电影，能直击你的心灵。
在这个悠长的假期里，何不为你喜欢的电影配一款钟爱的好酒，慢慢看，细细品……《色・戒》（Lust, Caution）导演：李安主演：梁朝伟汤唯王力宏陈冲剧情简介：《色・戒》是根据张爱玲的同名小说改编。
这万余字的短篇小说中，描述的是抗战时期，女大学生王佳芝欲施美人计，刺杀汪精卫身边的大红人易先生。
当佳芝成功勾引易先生准备下手时，却发现自己对他动了真情，佳芝通风报信让易先生逃过一劫后，易先生却决定要赶尽杀绝。
点评：媒体大都在渲染着《色・戒》的情欲和裸体，却忽略了“色”与“戒”内敛的矛盾冲突。
张爱玲用细腻的文字描述着乱世中的人性和革命，小心翼翼地在两者后画上了一个问号；李安则以唯美的影像复原了那个乱世，可是他却将张爱玲的问号画上了句点，在长达两个半小时的影片中，试图给出张爱玲追问着的疑惑。
张爱玲以一贯的傲慢刻意将答案隐藏在小说的字里行间，这样刻意的隐晦本就是值得深思的。
一个隐晦的解答并非问题的终结，给未来、给思想都留下了无数的可能性，然而答案一旦确定，一切的回味都变得寡淡了。
很难说《色・戒》是不是李安目前为止最好的电影，但是绝对会带给你不一般的情感体验。
李安以他的热情重新绘画了张爱玲的傲慢和冷漠。
Chteau Gassier 2003普罗旺斯桃红桃红葡萄酒一直被人们认为是葡萄酒中最能表现浪漫与甜密的酒，尤其是在很多时候，一款好的桃红葡萄酒能为爱情注入欢乐的元素：温馨的颜色，芬芳的香气，甜美的口感，就像是为爱情蒙上了幸福的婚纱。
如果与心爱的人一起看《色・戒》时，被影片中忧伤的气氛所感染，那么这款Chteau Gassier 2003普罗旺斯桃红则能恰到好处让你感受到眼前的爱是多么宝贵、多么甜蜜。
酒色粉红，充满娇艳浪漫的感觉，香气很讨人喜爱，以香甜的红果香为主，桃子、樱桃，还有香蕉、草莓、覆盆子，点缀以花香和英国糖的气息，让人十分快乐，讨你喜爱。
译文_p62-86
(p75图解“天空中颤动的各种颜色倒映在海面上…耀眼的光芒，哧哧作响的火声，飞溅的火星，在后面是剧烈燃烧的大火”：OS.34受到舒仑（Suhren）鱼雷的攻击，正遭受着人员的巨大伤亡。
然而，U564也并不能毫发无损的全身而退。
)（p75）没有时间可以浪费了，泰迪（Teddy）急切地喊叫着，因为护航舰很难靠近港口，所以他可以逃出护航舰的包围圈，同时用五号管的鱼雷来袭击商船。
但是U564刚完成一半的回航——在开火后不到两分钟的时间——这次护航就变得一团糟了：“两团耀眼的光芒，巨浪般的黑云。
之后第三次响起了震耳欲聋的爆炸声，巨大的火焰腾起，整艘轮船飞向了空中。
是那艘有着两个烟囱的轮船；它装载着大量的弹药。
”10第四颗鱼雷的爆炸声传来的时候，一片混乱包围了那片海域。
巨大的火球在这艘5724吨重的SS帝国海龟上燃起，德国的攻击者站在他们制造的巨大的毁灭前，心中充满了惊奇，这样的情景更使他们心情放松了下来。
加利福尼亚（California）,圣彼得（San Pedro）的南方西部造船公司（South Western Shipbuilding Company）在1920的时候为美国航运局制造了这艘名为SS West Nivaria的资深的轮船。
1940年当时她正处在一片批评声中，被卖给了英国，在这之前她已经经历了两次改名。
她新的湾头定在了伦敦，而此时她已经被改装成了一艘DEMS（具有攻击防御武器的商船），船上装备着一台4-英寸的火炮，一些分散的重机枪，并且被重命名为帝国海龟（Empire Hawksbill）。
11然而，为英国服务两年后，不论是她还是她的掌控者，舰长哈罗德.西奥多.兰姆（Harold Theodore Lamb），还是他的37名船员，这船上操作唯一一门火炮的9名炮手，都对她保持着希望。
SS帝国海龟是护航中携带弹药的八艘船的其中之一，当鱼雷的弹头撞击到她的甲板上，存储的弹药发出了相应的爆炸声，回荡在南非的塔布尔湾（Table Bay）上空，这艘帝国海龟被炸裂，她和她的船员都变成了一片片的碎片，连同他们的货物一起化成了灰烬。
文献检索试题（含答案）
文献检索试题（含答案）一、填空题：1. 文献按其加工深度不同可以划分为一次文献、二次文献和三次文献。
2. 信息素质的内涵包括信息需求、信息意识、信息知识、信息道德和信息能力。
3. 构成文献的三要素是内核、物质载体和符号系统。
4. CNKI的中文全称是中国知识基础设施工程。
5. 标准文献的主体是技术标准。
6. 期刊论文的文献出处包括期刊名称、年卷期和起止页码。
7. 在计算机信息检索中，用于组配检索词和限定检索范围的布尔逻辑运算符包括and 、or和not三种。
8. 文件ABC.001.TXT的后缀名是TXT，文件类型是文本文档。
9. 多数网页采用HTML编写，这里的HTML指的是超文本标识语言。
10. 在使用搜索引擎检索时，URL:ustc可以查到网址中带有ustc 的网页。
11. 根据索引编制方式的不同，可以将搜索引擎分为索引型搜索引擎和网络目录型搜索引擎。
12. 按文献的相关度来划分，可以把文献分为核心文献、相关文献、边缘文献。
13. 检索工具具有两个方面的职能：存储职能、检索职能。
14. 利用原始文献所附的参考文献，追踪查找参考文献的原文的检索方法称为追溯法，又称为引文法。
15. 已知一篇参考文献的著录为"Levitan, K. B. Information resource management. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986"，该作者的姓是Levitan。
16. 检索语言可分为两大类：分类语言、主题词语言。
17. 在大多数情况下，检索的目的是为了找到相关文献，而不是"答案"。
18. 二八定律在期刊文献检索中的体现是：20％的期刊登载了80％的重要文献，体现这种特性的期刊是核心期刊。
19. 当计算机访问范围受到限制时，可以通过代理服务器访问外部网络。
20. PDF、VIP文件对应的打开程序分别为Adobe Reader，VipBrowser 。
waterresearch编辑联系
WATER RESEARCH A Journal of the International Water AssociationEditor-in-ChiefMogens HenzeInstitute of Environment & Resources Technical University of Denmark BygningstorvetDK-2800 KGS LyngbyDenmarkTel: 45 4525 1477Fax: 45 4593 2850E-mail:**********.dkEditorsJ. BlockUniversité H. Poincaré, Nancy IFranceDavid DixonUniversity of MelbourneAustraliaHiroaki FurumaiThe University of TokyoJapanEberhard MorgenrothUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign USAW. RauchUniversity InnsbruckAustriaMaria ReisUniversidade Nova de Lisboa/FCTPortugalHang-Shik ShinKorea Advanced Institute of Scienceand TechnologyKoreaMark van LoosdrechtDelft University of TechnologyThe NetherlandsThomas TernesBundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde GermanyStefan WuertzUniv. of California, DavisUSAHanqing YuUniversity of Science & Technology of China ChinaAssociate EditorsAndrew BakerThe University of BirminghamUK Damien BatstoneThe University of QueenslandAustraliaG-H. ChenThe Hong Kong University of Science& TechnologyHong KongChinaTom CurtisUniv. of Newcastle upon TyneUKAna DeleticMonash UniversityUSAFrancis de los Reyes IIINorth Carolina State UniversityUSARob EldridgeThe University of MelbourneAustraliaRosina GironesUniversity of BarcelonaSpainStephen GrayVictoria UniversityAustraliaKate GrudpanChiang Mai UniversityThailandXiaodi HaoBeijing University of Civil Engineeringand ArchitectureChinaE.E. HerricksUniversity of Illinois - UrbanaUSAH-Y. HuTsinghua UniversityChinaP.M. HuckUniversity of WaterlooCanadaBruce JeffersonCranfi eld UniversityUKSergey KalyuzhnyiMoscow State UniversityRussian FederationJaehong KimGeorgia Institute of TechnologyUSAGregory KorshinUniversity of WashingtonUSAJes La Cour JansenLund Institute of TechnologySwedenG. LangergraberBOKU/Univ. of Natural Res. andApplied Life Scs.AustriaAnna LedinTechnical University of DenmarkDenmarkS-L. LoNational Taiwan UniversityTaiwanY. MatsuiHokkaido UniversityJapanMax MaurerEAWAGSwitzerlandHow Yong NgNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSatoshi OkabeHokkaido UniversityJapanS.L. OngNational University of SingaporeSingaporeJong M. ParkPohang University of Science & TechnologyKoreaMiguel SalgotUniversity of BarcelonaSpainDavid SedlakUniversity of California, BerkeleyUSAJean-Philippe SteyerLBE-INRAFranceM. TakahashiHokkaido UniversityJapanKai UdertEAWAGSwitzerlandV.P. VenugopalanBARC FacilitiesIndiaE. von SperlingFederal University of Minas GeraisBrazilA.I. ZouboulisAristotle UniversityGreeceEditorial Offi ceMailing addressWater ResearchRadarweg 291043 NX AmsterdamThe NetherlandsTel: 31 20 485 2701Fax: 31 20 485 2521; 31 20 485 3264E-mail:******************Publication information: Water Research (ISSN 0043-1354). For 2010, volume 44 is scheduled for publication. Subscription prices are available upon r equest from the publisher or from the Elsevier Customer Service Department nearest you or from this journal’s website (/locate/watres). Further informa-tion is available on this journal and other Elsevier products through Elsevier’s website (). Subscriptions are accepted on a prepaid basis only and are entered on a calendar year basis. Issues are sent by standard mail (surface within Europe, air delivery outside Europe). Priority rates are available upon request. Claims for missing issues should be made within six months of the date of dispatch.Author Enquiries: Please visit this journal’s homepage at /locate/watres. You can track accepted articles at / trackarticle and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when an article’s status has changed. Also accessible from here is information on copyright, frequently asked questions and more. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, will be provided by the publisher. Orders, claims, and journal enquiries: Please contact the Elsevier Customer Service Department nearest you:St. Louis: Elsevier Customer Service Department, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146, USA; phone: (877) 8397126 [toll free within the USA]; (+1)(314)4537076[outsidetheUSA];fax:(+1)(314)5235153;e-mail:***************************************Oxford: Elsevier Customer Service Department, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington OX5 1GB, UK; phone: (+44) (1865) 843434; fax: (+44) (1865) 843970;e-mail:****************************************Tokyo: Elsevier Customer Service Department, 4F Higashi-Azabu, 1-Chome Bldg, 1-9-15 Higashi-Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044, Japan; phone: (+81) (3) 55615037;fax:(+81)(3)55615047;e-mail:*****************************************Singapore: Elsevier Customer Service Department, 3 Killiney Road, #08-01 Winsland House I, Singapore 239519; phone: (+65) 63490222; fax: (+65) 67331510; e-mail:****************************************Application for membership of Internatio nal Water Asso ciatio n should be made to: Executive Director, IWA, Alliance H ouse, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, U.K. (Tel.: +44 207 654 5500; Fax: +44 207 654 5555; e-mail:*****************.uk;website: ). Registered Charity (England) No. 289269. Individual membership is available from £30 upwards.For details contact IWA.。
PALLET OF LAP SPRING CLUTCH TYPE
专利名称：PALLET OF LAP SPRING CLUTCH TYPE 发明人：FUJITA HIROTAKA申请号：JP16298480申请日：19801118公开号：JPS5785716A公开日：19820528专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To improve the durability of a pallet and smoothly stop a rest, by providing a rotary drum with a coiled spring of a slightly larger diameter than the drum, to restrict the rotation of the drum. CONSTITUTION:Rollers 24 mounted on shafts 22, 23 provided in a frame 21 for a rest 20, on which parts or jigs are put, are guided by frames 25. A chain 30 is guided on the frame 25. A sprocket 29 is engaged with the chain 30 so that the sprocket is driven by the chain. A rotary drum 28 is provided on the sprocket 29. The drum 28 is locked up by a spring 31 of slightly larger diameter than the drum, to fix the sprocket 29. When a striker protruded forward from the rest 20 has collided against an obstable and loosened the spring 31, the reset is stopped. At that time, the rest 20 is slowly stopped by an engaging drum 32.申请人：SANYOU KIKOU KK更多信息请下载全文后查看。
LOCAL CALL LOCAL SWITCHING AT HANDOVER
专利名称：LOCAL CALL LOCAL SWITCHING ATHANDOVER发明人：PERSSON, Claes-Göran,SCHLIWA-BERTLING, Paul,ANTONSSON, Dan,HODGES, Philip申请号：EP12714412.9申请日：20120227公开号：EP2681964A1公开日：20140108专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Described is a method for managing locally switched call connections in a wireless communication network comprising receiving, at a core network node, a first message indicating that a first user equipment connected via the locally switched call connection has been detected in a target radio access node and transmitting, triggered by the first message, a second message requesting a status change of the locally switched call connection to a second user equipment, such that a user plane data path from the first user equipment to the second user equipment is switched to a core network path. Moreover, the method is implemented in a network node, while the method steps can be executed by means of a computer program product comprising instruction sets performing each method step.申请人：Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (PUBL)地址：164 83 Stockholm SE国籍：SE代理机构：Kühn, Friedrich Heinrich更多信息请下载全文后查看。
河北省地矿局第八地质大队全力推进渤海综合治理攻坚战生态修复项目
36河北地质2020年第3期产生指向裂流槽的波面压力梯度，这将驱使补偿流向裂流槽汇集，从而在裂流槽产生离岸方向的裂流。
裂流会随着入射波高的增大而增大，但当入射波高很大形成很强的离岸裂流时，由于波流相互作用，使得裂流速度有所减小;对于交叉波浪开槽沙坝地形，交叉波浪的节腹点位置和裂流槽是影响裂流场的两个重要因素，裂流槽决定裂流的产生，节点则影响裂流槽中裂流峰值位置偏向节点位置。
5结论与展望众多的研究成果可以得出以下结论：裂流强度随着入射波波能的增大和水深的减小而增大。
裂流的最大值出现在破波带内波能耗散最大位置，海岸地形对于裂流的产生和强度起到决定性作用+众多养滩实践证明：海滩养护中的水下沙坝地形塑造，在很大意义上能够减缓海滩侵蚀，塑造新的稳定海滩系统。
但是，沙坝的存在一定程度上也容易产生裂流槽，从而引发裂流+而沙坝的设计参数（如规模、分布、高程、坡度等）与裂流形成的对应关系仍需更严谨、更系统的模型来进行模拟确定+对于无辅助措施的海滩养护，很多研究人员研发了不同的模型对海岸裂流进行预测研究，其关注的参数更多的是破波参数、泥沙启动流速和潮位数据，而对于近岸地形的关注则少之又少,笔者下一步研究中将对地形条件对于裂流的形成关系进行深入研究+参考文献[1]LI Zhiqiang.Rip current hazards in South China headland beaches[J0.Ocean&Coastal Management,2016,121,23―32.[2]Shepard F P,Emery K O,Fond E C.Rip currents：A Process ofgeological inportance[J0.The Journal of Geology,1941:337—3693王彦，邹志利.平直沙坝海岸叠加波浪的裂流试验:J0.水科学进展，2015,26(1)：1123—129.王彦，邹志利.叠加波浪有槽缓坡沙坝地形裂流试验[J0.应用基础与工程科学学报，2015,23():1166—1173.[5]李志强.基于地形动力学的华南海滩裂流风险研究.海洋水文学，2015,34(1):8—14.王彦，邹志利，2015.叠加波浪有槽缓坡沙坝地形裂流试验，应用基础与工程科学学报，第23卷6期.[7]Dalrymple R A,MacMaham J H,Reniers A J H,et al.Rip currents E J]•Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics,2011.43:551—581.[8]I NMAN D L, BRUSH B M,Coastal challenged J].Science,1973,181：20—303[9]Mei C C,Liu P L.Effect of topography on the circulation in andnear the surf zone—Linearized theoty[J].Estuarine and Coastal MarineScience.[10]Dalrymple R A.Birkemeier W A.Eubanks R A.Wave—inducedcirculation in shallow basinsHJ]•Journal of the Waterway.Port, CoastalandOceanDivision1977103(1)：117—135.[11]BowenAj.Rip currents:1.Theoretical investigations]〕].JournalofGeophysicalReaearch196974(23)：5467—54783[12]MacMahan J H,Thornton E B,Reniers A J H M.Rip currentreviewHJ].Coastal Engineering,2006,53(2):191—208.[13]Sm让M W J,Reniers A,Symonds G,et al.Morphodynamicmode l ingofup—statetransitionsatPalm beach*NSW*Aus-tralia[J].Coastal Engineering,2008：2437—2445.[14]王彦，邹志利2014.海岸裂流的研究进展及其展望.海洋学报,36(5):170—1763河北省地矿局第八地质大队全力推进渤海综合治理攻坚战生态修复项目自《渤海综合治理攻坚战行动计划》发布以来，地质八队作为技术支撑单位,积极参与渤海治理生态修复项目，为秦皇岛市争取中央资金2.86亿元，其中八队承担项目资金2.2亿元。
4626_Guidelines_vol_7_Safety
STANAG No. 4626Part VIDraft 1NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION(NATO)MILITARY AGENCY FOR STANDARDIZATION(MAS)STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT(STANAG)SUBJECT: MODULAR AND OPEN AVIONICS ARCHITECTURESPART VI – GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEM ISSUESVol. 1: System ManagementVol. 2: Fault ManagementVol. 3: System Initialisation and ShutdownVol. 4: System Configuration/ReconfigurationVol. 5: Time ManagementVol. 6: Security AspectsVol. 7: SafetyPromulgated onNORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATIONORGANISATION DU TRAITE DE L’ATLANTIQUE NORDMILITARY AGENCY FOR STANDARDIZATION (MAS)BUREAU MILITAIRE DE STANDARDISATION (BMS)1110 BRUSSELSTel: 707.43.09….. ….. MAS STANAG 4626 (DRAFT 1) – MODULAR AND OPEN AVIONICS ARCHITECTURESPART VI – GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEM ISSUESVol. 1: System ManagementVol. 2: Fault ManagementVol. 3: System Initialisation and ShutdownVol. 4: System Configuration/ReconfigurationVol. 5: Time ManagementVol. 6: Security AspectsVol. 7: Safety1. The enclosed NATO Standardization Agreement is herewith promulgated for ratification.ACTION BY NATIONAL STAFFS2 National staffs are requested to examine page iii of the STANAG and, if they have notalready done so, advise the …… Division of their intention regarding its ratification andimplementation.Enclosure:STANAG 4626 Part VI (Draft 1)RECORD OF AMENDMENTSNo. Reference/dateofamendmentDateenteredSignatureEXPLANATORY NOTESAGREEMENT1. This NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) is promulgated by the Chairman MAS under the authority vested in him by the NATO Military Committee.2. No departure may be made from the agreement without consultation with the tasking authority. Nations may propose changes at any time to the tasking authority where they will be processed in the same manner as the original agreement.3. Ratifying nations have agreed the national orders, manuals and instructions implementing this STANAG will include a reference to the STANAG number for purposes of identification. DEFINITIONS4. Ratification is “In NATO Standardization, the fulfillment by which a member nation formally accepts, with or without reservation, the content of a Standardization Agreement” (AAP-6).5. Implementation is “In NATO Standardization, the fulfillment by a member nation of its obligations as specified in a Standardization Agreement (AAP-6).6. Reservation is “In NATO Standardization, the stated qualification by a member nation that describes the part of a Standardization Agreement that it will not implement or will implement only with limitations (AAP-6).RATIFICATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND RESERVATIONS7. Page iii gives the details of ratification and implementation of this agreement. If no details are shown it signifies that the nation has not yet notified the tasking authority of it intentions. Page iv (and subsequent) gives details of reservations and proprietary rights that have been stated.FEEDBACK8. Any comments concerning this publication should be directed to NATO/MAS – Bvd Leopold III – 1110 Brussels - BERATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION DETAILSSTADE DE RATIFICATION ET DE MISE EN APPLICATIONIMPLEMENTATION / MISE EN APPLICATIONINTENDED DATE OFIMPLEMENTATION / DATE PREVUE POUR MISE EN APPLICATIONDATE IMPLEMENTATION WAS ACHIEVED / DATE REELLE DE MISE EN APPLICATIONNA T I O NNATIONAL RATIFICATIONREFERENCE DE LARATIFICATION NATIONALENATIONALIMPLEMENTINGDOCUMENT /DOCUMENTNATIONAL DE MISEEN APPLICIATION NAVYMERARMYTERREAIR NAVYMERARMYTERREAIRBE CACZDAFRGEHU ITLUNLNOPOSP TUUKUSRESERVATIONS RESERVESNAVY / ARMY / AIRNATO STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENT(STANAG)MODULAR AND OPEN AVIONICS ARCHITECTUREPART VI – GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEM ISSUESVol. 1: System ManagementVol. 2: Fault ManagementVol. 3: System Initialisation and ShutdownVol. 4: System Configuration/ReconfigurationVol. 5: Time ManagementVol. 6: Security AspectsVol. 7: SafetyRelated Documents:(a) STANAG 4626 Part I – Architecture(b) STANAG 4626 Part II – Software(c) STANAG 4626 Part III – Common Functional Modules(d) STANAG 4626 Part IV – Packaging(e) STANAG 4626 Part V – Networks and CommunicationAIM1. The aim of this agreement is to define and standardize essential technical characteristics which shall be incorporated in the design of avionics architectures.AGREEMENT2. Participating nations agree to adopt the avionic architectures of future aircraft developments and upgrades to the Standards and Guidelines of open avionics architectures as described in this STANAG.DEFINITIONS3. The definition of terms and abbreviations used in this Agreement are given in each Part of the Standard.GENERAL4. t.b.d.DETAILS OF AGREEMENT5. The details of the agreement are given as follows:• in Part I: Architecture Standard and Annex “Rationale Report for ArchitectureStandards”• in Part II: Software and Annex “Rationale Report for Architecture Software Standards”• in Part III: Common Functional Modules and Annex “Rationale Report for CommonFunctional Modules Standards”• in Part IV: Packaging and Annex “Rationale Report for Packaging Standards”• in Part V: Networks and Communication and Annex “Rationale Report forCommunications / Network Standards”• in Part VI: Guidelines for System Issues consisting of:• Vol. 1: System Management• Vol. 2: Fault Management• Vol. 3: System Initialisation and Shutdown• Vol. 4: System Configuration/Reconfiguration• Vol. 5: Time Management• Vol. 6: Security Aspects• Vol. 7: Safetyeach Part being published separately as STANAG 4626 (Part I), STANAG 4626 (Part II), STANAG 4626 (Part III), STANAG 4626 (Part IV), STANAG 4626 (Part V) and STANAG 4626 (Part VI).Study n°: Draft n°: I02 Date: 06/04/04Step n°:ENGLISH VERSIONASAAC Phase IIFinal Draft of Proposed Guidelines for System Issues – Volume 7:SafetyProposition finale des directives pour les aspects système – Volume 7: Mesures de sûreté Endgültiger Entwurf der Richtlinien für Systemaspekte – Band 7: SicherheitContents0Introduction (1)0.1Purpose (1)0.2Document Structure (2)1Scope (4)2Normative References (5)3Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations (6)3.1Terms and Definitions (6)3.2Abbreviations (7)4Safety requirements (10)5Concept architectural characteristics (11)5.1Federated/IMA differences (11)5.1.1Existing Federated Systems (11)5.1.2IMA systems (11)5.2Differences between Military and Civil Aviation (11)5.3IMA Safety aspects (13)5.3.1Federated / IMA differences (13)5.3.2Justification of conclusions (14)5.3.3The complexity problem (23)6Guidelines for safety and qualification (25)6.1Advisory Circular 23.1309 and IMA (25)6.1.1Step-by-Step approach (25)6.1.2Probability values and failure conditions (26)6.2Software and hardware development standards (27)6.2.1RTCA/DO-254 (27)6.2.2Commercial-Off-The-Shelf versus DO-254 (27)6.2.3Commercial-Off-The-Shelf versus DO-178B (28)6.3System architecture (28)6.4IMA system design aspects (30)6.4.1Partitioning and isolation (30)6.4.2Isolation of resources (30)6.4.3Non core items (32)6.4.4Core hardware resources (33)6.4.5Core software resources (33)6.5Systems design (38)6.5.1Hardware design (39)6.5.2Software design (40)6.6Safety critical functions on IMA architecture (40)6.6.1Baseline architecture selection (42)6.6.2Mapping of safety critical applications on CFMs (46)6.6.3Power Supply considerations (49)6.7Summary (51)Annex A(Informative) Evolution rather than revolution (56)Annex B(Informative) Certification overview (63)Annex C(Informative) Incremental Qualification/Certification (66)Annex D(Informative) Safety Assessment definitions (73)List of FiguresFigure 1 - ASAAC Standard Documentation Hierarchy (1)Figure 2 - Document Structure (3)Figure 3 - Method to compliance diagram of §23.1309(a) (Ref. [11.]) (26)Figure 5 - When safety critical CFMs are introduced, then the modules managing and supplying power also become safety critical (50)Figure A.1 - Federated system including an ASAAC rack (57)Figure A.2 - Federated system implemented with IMA racks (58)Figure A.3 - Restricting a CFM to a single criticality (59)Figure A.4 - Restricting a Processing Element to a single criticality level (60)Figure A.5 - Full IMA structure (61)Figure A.6 - The generations towards an IMA system (62)Figure B.1 - Safety Assessment versus system development process (65)Figure C.1 - Modification cycle for a component-based system (68)Figure C.2 - Example of diagraphs (69)Figure C.3 - The ASAAC Software Architecture Model (70)Figure C.4 - Interconnected components (71)List of TablesTable 1 - General differences military/civil aviation (11)Table 2 - Differences between federated and IMA certification (12)Table 3 - Differences between federated and ASAAC Systems (14)Table 4 - Relationship among airplane classes, probabilities, severity of failureconditions and software development assurance levels (27)0 Introduction0.1 PurposeThis document is produced under contract ASAAC Phase II Contract n°97/86.028.The purpose of the ASAAC Programme is to define and validate a set of open architecture standards, concepts and guidelines for Advanced Avionics Architectures in order to meet the three main ASAAC drivers. The standards, concepts and guidelines produced by the Programme are to be applicable to both new aircraft and update programmes from 2005.The three main drivers for the ASAAC Programme are:1. Reduced life cycle costs,2. Improved mission performance,3. Improved operational performance.The ASAAC standards are organised as a set of documents including:- A set of standards that describe, using a top down approach, the architecture overview to all interfaces required to implement an ASAAC compliant core within avionics system,- The guidelines for system implementation through application of the standards.The document hierarchy is given hereafter: (in this figure the document is highlighted)Figure 1 - ASAAC Standard Documentation HierarchyStructure0.2 DocumentThe document contains the following sections: Section 1, Scope,Section 2, Normative References,Section 3, Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations, Section 4, Safety requirements,Section 5, Concept architectural characteristics, Section 6, Guidelines for safety and qualification. In addition, the following annexes are provided: Annex A, Evolution rather than revolution, Annex B, Certification overview,Annex C, Incremental Qualification/Certification, Annex D, Safety Assessment definitions.Figure 2 - Document Structure1 ScopeThe ASAAC concepts and ASAAC standards mandate the functionality, and in some cases the implementation of that functionality that a system must adopt in order for it to be considered 'ASAAC compliant'. However, in addition to these standards and concepts, the ASAAC Programme has also defined a series of guidelines which although not mandated are offered in order to support the IMA system integrator in defining and building a system. These guidelines represent the findings of the ASAAC Team during the validation phase of the Programme during which representative systems were designed and implemented in order to validate the standards and concepts.This document (7 volumes) provides System Issues guidelines supplementary to the Architecture Standard.The safety related content of volume 7 of the proposed guidelines for system issues is based on paper analysis as well as on system level experience gained by the demonstrations performed during the ASAAC Phase II Stage 2. Therefore volume 7 is referring to a higher technical level than volume 1 to 6, which in addition also take into account information derived form implementation details.This volume is the seventh of the seven volumes of Final Draft of Guidelines for System Issues, which have been introduced within the Architecture Standard:- It gives a summary of the certification process for avionic systems (Annex B) and the impact of ASAAC architectural characteristics on the process (section 5),- It gives an overview of the possibilities for IMA and re-qualification (Annex C) and finally states guidelines for safety and qualification with regards to IMA (section 6).2 NormativeReferencesA) References to published standardsNone.B) References to standards in preparation1. Final Draft of Proposed Standards for ArchitectureDocument ref.: ASAAC2-STA-32460-001-CPG.2. Final Draft of Proposed Standards for SoftwareDocument ref.: ASAAC2-STA-32410-001-SWG.3. Final Draft of Proposed Standards for NetworkDocument ref.: ASAAC2-STA-32420-001-HWG.4. Final Draft of proposed standards for Common Functional ModuleDocument ref.: ASAAC2-STA-32430-001-HWG.5. Final Draft of Proposed Standards for PackagingDocument ref.: ASAAC2-STA-32440-001-HWG.1. Final Guidelines for System and Fault Management – Volumes 1 to 7Document ref.: ASAAC2-GUI-32450-001-CPG.C) References to other documentsNone.D) References to documents from other organisations (selected US standards as stated above)6. Review of Pending Guidance and Industry findings on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)Electronics in Airborne Systems. DOT/FAA/AR-01/41, Final Report, August 2001.7. System Safety Program RequirementsMilitary Standard MIL-STD 882C, 19 January 1993.8. Certification consideration for highly integrated or complex aircraft systemsARP 4754, SAE (Systems Integration Requirements Task Group), 15 December 1994.9. Guidelines and methods for conducting the safety assessment process on civil airborne systemsand equipment ARP 4761, SAE. December 1996.10. Software Considerations in Airborne System & Equipment CertificationRTCA Inc. / EUROCAE, DO178B / ED-12B, December 1992.11. Equipment, Systems and Installations in Part 23 AirplanesAdvisory Circular 23.1309-1C, 3/12/99.12. Design Assurance for Airborne Electronics Hardware, RTCA-DO-254/EUROCAE ED-80, April 19,2000.13. Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Avionics Software Study, DOT/FAA/AR-01/26, Final ReportMay 2001.3 Terms, Definitions and Abbreviations3.1 Terms and DefinitionsUse of “shall”, “should” and “may” within the standards observe the following rules:- The word SHALL in the text expresses a mandatory requirement of the standard.- The word SHOULD in the text expresses a recommendation or advice on implementing such a requirement of the standard. It is excepted that such recommendations or advice are followed unless good reasons are stated for not doing so.- The word MAY in the text expresses a permissible practice or action. It does not express a requirement of the standard.The following definitions are provided in order to aid understanding of safety related terminology. [x.] is a link to the Normative References section.AIRWORTHINESS:[8.]: The condition of an item (aircraft, aircraft system, or part) in which that item operates in a safe manner to accomplish its intended function.CRITICALITY:[8.]: Indication of the hazard level associated with a function, hardware or software etc, considering abnormal behaviour (of this function, hardware, software etc) alone, or in combination with external events.CERTIFICATION:[8.]: “Certification” means the legal recognition that a product, service, organization or person complies with the applicable requirements. Such certification comprises the activity of technically checking the product, service, organization or person, and the formal recognition of compliance with the applicable requirements by issue of a certificate, license approval or other document as required by national laws and procedures.In particular, certification of a product involves:• The process of assessing the design of a product to ensure that it complies with a set of standards applicable to that type of product so as to demonstrate an acceptable level of safety.• The process of assessing an individual product to ensure that it conforms with the certified type design.• The issue of any certificate required by national laws to declare that compliance or conformity has been found with applicable standards in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) above. COMMERCIAL-OFF-THE-SHELF (COTS) COMPONENT:[12.]: Component, integrated circuit, or sub-system developed by a supplier for multiple customers, whose design and configuration is controlled by the supplier’s or an industry specification.Note: Examples of COTS components may include resistors, capacitors, microprocessors, un-programmed Field Programmable Gate Array and Erasable Programmable Logic Devices, other integrated circuit types and their implementable models, printed wiring assemblies and complete LRUs that are typically available from a supplier as a catalogue item.”COMMON MODE FAULTS:[9.]: An event that affects a number of elements otherwise considered to be independent. FUNCTIONAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT:[8.]: A systematic, comprehensive examination of aircraft functions to identify and classify Failure Conditions of those functions according to their severity.HAZARD:[7.]: A condition that is prerequisite to a mishap.[8.]: A potentially usage condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or combinations thereof.PRELIMINARY SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT:[8.]: A systematic evaluation of a proposed system architecture and its implementation, based on the Functional Hazard Assessment and failure condition classification, to determine safety requirements for all items in the architecture.SAFETY:[7.]: Freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.[8.]: The state in which risk is lower than the boundary risk. The boundary risk is the upper limit of the acceptable risk. It is specific for a technical process or state.SYSTEM SAFETY ASSESSMENT:[8.]: A systematic, comprehensive evaluation of the implemented system to show that relevant safety requirements are met.3.2 AbbreviationsAC AircraftAD Advisory DocumentsAM Application ManagerAPOS Application Layer to Operating System InterfaceASAAC Allied Standard Avionics Architecture CouncilBIT Built In TestCCA Common Cause AnalysisCFM Common Functional ModuleCM Configuration ManagerCOTS Commercial-off-the-ShelfCPU Central Processing UnitCSCI Computer Software Configuration ItemsDAL Design Assurance LevelEDF Earlier Deadlines FirstFAA Federated Aviation AuthorisationFCS Flight Control SystemFHA Functional Hazard AssessmentFM Fault ManagerFMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FPS Fixed Priority SchedulingFTA Fault Tree AnalysisGLI Generic Logical InterfaceGSM Generic System ManagerHM Health MonitorHW HardwareIA Integration AreaIBIT Interruptive Built-in TestI/O Input/OutputIMA Integrated Modular AvionicsITM Integrated Test and Maintenance LAN Local Area NetworkLRI Line Replaceable ItemLRU Line Replaceable UnitMFOP Maintenance Free Operating Period MLI Module Logical InterfaceMMM Mass Memory ModuleMMU Memory Management UnitMPI Module Physical InterfaceMOS Module to Operating System interface MSL Module Support LayerMSU Module Support UnitMTBF Mean Time Between FailuresNII Network Independent InterfaceNSM Network Support ModuleNV Non VolatileOFP Operational Flight ProgramOLI Operating system Logical Interface OS Operating SystemOSL Operating System LayerPBIT Power Up Built In TestPCC Power Conversion ControllerPCM Power Conversion ModulePCS Propulsion Control SystemPE Processing ElementPSE Power Supply ElementPSSA Preliminary System Safety AssessmentRAM Random Access MemoryRTBP Run-Time BlueprintsRTCA Radio Technical Commission for AeronauticsRMS Rate Monotonic SchedulingSMOS System Management to Operating System Interface SMBP System Management to Blueprint interfaceSMLI System Management Logical InterfaceSMS Stores Management SystemSSA System Safety AssessmentSW SoftwareTC Transfer ConnectionTLS Three-Layer StackTMR Triple Modular RedundancyTSO Technical Standard OrderUCS Utilities Control SystemVC Virtual Channelrequirements4 SafetyThe failure of certain functions may impact upon system safety, the survivability of the aircraft, or the ability of the aircraft to complete a given mission. For a system designed according to ASAAC principles only one safety requirement stands:The system shall be expected to support computing processes of all levels of criticality.5 Concept architectural characteristicsThis section describes the differences between concept characteristics of federated systems and the ASAAC architecture for IMA systems as described in the suite of standards with respect to the safety assessment process.5.1 Federated/IMAdifferences5.1.1 Existing Federated SystemsIn general, safety critical system architectures in federated systems use the simplest and minimum of all resources in order to meet the performance and safety requirements.This generally results in dedicated embedded hardware/software solutions as part of a stand-alone LRU that is integrated with aircraft sensors and in particular the aircraft actuation systems. Usually for a safety critical application, the entire software is developed according to the same Design Assurance Level (DAL, also called SW Level). In case different SW Levels are used – so called partitioning - very stringent partitioning requirements apply.This approach reduces the risk for Common Mode Faults (e.g. hardware error, software error, hardware failure, installations error, requirements error, …) across different applications.5.1.2 IMAsystemsIMA systems, depending on the specific airframe application, can combine many functions that historically have been contained in functionally and physically separate systems. In such system architecture, the electrical power, computing hardware, memory, data buses, physical location etc may all be shared by multiple functions, some of which have little commonality with each other. For instance, time and space software partitioning may rely on a common operating system that allows functions of mixed hazard categories, design assurance levels, and software levels to co-exist and execute on the same processing platform.For safety critical systems, some safety issues exist in case the IMA concept is applied in the full range. However, it is worthwhile mentioning that similar issues exists in federated systems also. With IMA these issues are more emphasized and need to be considered when developing a new system. Several guidelines already exist, see section 2, which can lead to a reduction of the safety concerns.These features raise several design concerns that in turn affects the safety assessment and vice versa. The safety assessment should therefore concentrate on the Common Cause Analysis (Annex D), which can reduce most of the concerns.5.2 Differences between Military and Civil AviationThe following tables show safety related issues that require special attentions for certification.Table 1 - General differences military/civil aviationCivil Aviation MilitarySafety requirements have the highest priority. Note: Often reliability and safety stay in contradiction. Reliability requirements have a high priority, also called Mission Criticality.Certification authorities define regulations and recognise that a aircraft, system or product is certified (accepted generally all over the world). No similar approach in the military environment. No certification authorities available.Civil aviation uses many TSO equipment. Meansthere are minimum performance standards defined.No similar approach in the military environment.Safety assessment procedure is established with strong requirements regarding Common Cause Analysis to be followed (see ARP 4754). No similar safety assessment procedure is available. Common Cause Analysis is not emphasized. (seeMIL-STD 882D)International safety classifications (criticality) are defined. No similar classification system, however some standards are available.Some global standards are established already and will be recognized worldwide. Further work is ongoing. Several working groups are active in order to establish standards in several countries.The amount of equipment required is high due to only few significant aircraft manufacturer produce families of aircraft. Different aircrafts with different electronics are used depending on the country.Table 2 - Differences between federated and IMA certification Activity Federate approach IMA approach Certification Procedure Established procedures areapplicable.New set of regulations in progress.Safety strategy Safety classifications are available(criticality). Standards under change, no unique safety classifications (criticality).Common Mode Faults Common Mode Faults should bereduced by a clear separatedarchitecture in order to reduce therisk for such failures. The risk of Common Mode Faults is much higher due to the usage of many common parts.The effort spent into analysis of possible Common Mode Faults will be much higher.Incremental qualification/ certification Possible on a very restricted basis. Incremental qualification/certification isone of the most important advantages(for both worlds).Blueprint functionalities (Configuration tables) Not used. Boundaries of responsibility are difficult todefine.Contractual and organizational issuesneed more care.Aircraft network management Traditional requirements defined bystandards as ARINC 429/629.New and more efficient networkprotocols; no unique standards so far.Some safety concern still exists.Partitioning Partitioning is defined as the usageof different development level withina single application. Partitioning requirements are different to traditional approaches. Several applications are running with different level each.Isolation can no longer purely be provided by physically separating the system functions.Hardware Development HW development requirements aredefined by the safety requirementsof individual equipment. HW development requirements are defined by the safety requirements of individual equipment. However, due to common modules and software interfaces the use of partitioning opens more possibilities.Operating System No specific requirements, severalindividual solutions are available. With regard to safety most critical issue, In contrast to the traditional approach the operating system is dealing with the partitioning handling and must prevent (or detect) all attempts of partitioning violations.Activity Federate approach IMA approachScheduling Cyclic scheduling, such as prioritybased scheduling is used (which isdeterministic and predictable) andallows the worst case timingcharacteristics of the system to bedetermined Non-cyclic scheduling, such as priority based scheduling, will be available. High risk regarding common mode faults.5.3 IMASafetyaspectsThis describes the implications on the procedures for developing a safety case due to the differences of IMA and federated systems. For example, the hazard identification process will be the same, and the majority of hazards identified will be the same.Steps to include safety aspects are as follows:• Ensure that, at all levels, safety is designed into the system from the beginning, and not added on afterwards,• Tailor a system safety activity to meet specific program needs,• Manage residual hazards.Clearly the first two are general and apply equally to federated, and IMA based systems. Residual hazards depend on all the activities that have gone into the production of a system. This includes design decisions such as the use of federated or IMA principles. The changes, required to resolve these hazards, will be dependent on the earlier design decisions but must be undertaken regardless of the design principles used.One issue that will have considerable more impact on the safety assessment is the Common Cause Analysis. Due to the characteristic of IMA, Common Mode Failures can have a greater effect on a number of elements, otherwise considered to be independent.To understand federated/IMA differences, this document will firstly identify these differences, section 5.3.1, and then give a reasoned argument as to why the currently used safety procedures can still be used to manage them.Section 5.3.2 gives a justification of why an architecture element is considered adequate, drawing on experience gained from IMA, like elements that are already being used.The safety case procedures for safety critical functions and other levels of criticality are the same. It is the failure probabilities (i.e. 10-n per flight hour) and the associated risks that the procedures work with that are different. How the functions are assigned a criticality level is part of the design process, and outside the scope of the safety case.5.3.1 Federated / IMA differencesThe following table identifies the different architectural elements between a federated system and the ASAAC architecture including an indication of whether the current procedures used in the generation of a safety case are adequate for an IMA system. It also contains an estimate of how complex the qualification process of each technical measure will be relative to a current federated system. This estimate is restricted to one of four levels, i.e. less than a federated system, approximately the same as a federated system, more than a federated system, and very much more than a federated system (less, same, more, much more).Note: The rating has been gained by best current engineering practice.。
以春天随想曲为题目的英语作文
以春天随想曲为题目的英语作文Spring Rhapsody.The symphony of spring unfolds with each passing day, a captivating melody that enchants the world. As the icy grip of winter recedes, nature awakens from its slumber, heralding the arrival of a season of vibrancy and renewal.The first notes of spring's symphony are the vibrant hues that ignite the landscape. Flowers, nature's vibrant paintbrushes, dance with colors that range from delicate pastels to bold primaries. Tulips flaunt their ruffled skirts in shades of rose, yellow, and purple. Daffodils, with their sun-kissed trumpets, sway gently in the breeze, casting a golden glow across the field. Hyacinths, with their sweet fragrance and clusters of bell-shaped blooms, paint the garden in vibrant shades of blue and lavender.As the symphony progresses, the chorus of nature joins in. Birds, the winged musicians of the season, soar throughthe sky, their melodious songs filling the air with a symphony of trills and whistles. Robins, with their cheery "cheerily, cheerily" calls, herald the arrival of warmer days. Blue jays, their raucous cries echoing through the trees, add a rhythmic beat to the avian orchestra.The rhythm of spring is also evident in the renewed energy of the animal kingdom. Squirrels scamper nimbly through tree branches, their playful antics bringing a sense of joy to the forest. Rabbits, with their twitching noses and soft hops, chase each other through the meadow, their playful antics adding a touch of whimsy to the landscape.The rising tempo of spring's symphony is accompanied by the awakening of the earth itself. As the soil thaws, tiny shoots of new life emerge, piercing through the ground with unbridled optimism. Grass blades uncoil, their emerald hue carpeting the land. Trees, once bare and dormant, don their finest attire, their leaves unfurling like tiny green flags signaling the season's arrival.The grand finale of spring's symphony occurs with the arrival of rain showers. Gentle raindrops fall from the heavens, their rhythmic beat providing nature's percussive accompaniment. The rain nourishes the earth, quenching its thirst and fostering the growth of new life. The scent of petrichor, that earthy fragrance released by the rain,fills the air, adding a touch of magic to the symphony.Spring is a season of boundless possibilities, a time when the world is reborn and the air crackles with a sense of promise. It is a time to embrace the beauty of nature, to listen to its captivating symphony, and to celebrate the arrival of a season that brings with it hope, renewal, and joy.As the symphony of spring reaches its crescendo, the world is transformed into a living masterpiece, a canvas painted with vibrant colors, vibrant life, and endless possibilities. It is a season that inspires us to dream, to create, and to live life to the fullest. Let us embrace the rhapsodic symphony of spring, its beauty, its music, andits promise of a bright future.。
体育老师英语试题及答案
体育老师英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which sport is played with a racket and a ball?A. FootballB. BasketballC. TennisD. Volleyball答案：C2. How many players are there in a soccer team?A. 5B. 10C. 11D. 15答案：C3. What does the acronym "NBA" stand for?A. National Basketball AssociationB. National Baseball AssociationC. National Football AssociationD. None of the above答案：A4. Who is the most famous swimmer in the world?A. Michael PhelpsB. Usain BoltC. Serena WilliamsD. Lionel Messi答案：A5. What is the name of the international tennis tournament held in Australia?A. WimbledonB. Roland GarrosC. Australian OpenD. US Open答案：C6. Which of the following is a winter sport?A. GolfB. BaseballC. SkiingD. Rugby答案：C7. What is the maximum number of players allowed on the bench in a basketball game?A. 5B. 7C. 12D. Unlimited答案：C8. Who is considered the father of modern Olympic Games?A. Pierre de CoubertinB. Adolf HitlerC. Thomas EdisonD. Albert Einstein答案：A9. In which Olympic Games did China win its first gold medal?A. 1980 MoscowB. 1984 Los AngelesC. 1992 BarcelonaD. 2008 Beijing答案：B10. What is the term used for the act of scoring a goal in soccer?A. TouchdownB. Home runC. PenaltyD. Goal答案：D二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The FIFA World Cup is held every ______ years.答案：42. The Olympic Games are divided into two categories: ______ and ______.答案：Summer, Winter3. The marathon race is a long-distance running event with a distance of ______ kilometers.答案：42.1954. In the sport of gymnastics, the ______ apparatus is used for both men and women.答案：Balance Beam5. The first modern Olympic Games took place in ______.答案：Athens6. The sport of badminton originated in the ______ century.答案：19th7. The highest individual honor in the NBA is the ______.答案：MVP (Most Valuable Player)8. A ______ is a person who judges the performance ofathletes in a competition.答案：Referee9. The first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics was ______.答案：Marie Curie10. The term "Hat-trick" is commonly used in the sport of______.答案：Ice Hockey三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What are the five basic swimming strokes?答案：Breaststroke, Butterfly, Backstroke, Freestyle, and Individual Medley.2. Explain the concept of a "hat-trick" in soccer.答案：A "hat-trick" in soccer is when a player scoresthree goals in a single match.3. What are the four values of the Olympic Games?答案：Excellence, Friendship, Respect, and Unity.4. Describe the rules for scoring in basketball.答案：In basketball, a field goal is worth 2 points, a 3-point field goal is worth 3 points, and a free throw is worth 1 point.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of physical education in schools.答案：Physical education is crucial in schools as it promotes physical fitness, teaches teamwork, and instills discipline among students. It also helps in the development of motor skills and can contribute to the overall well-being of a student.2. Analyze the impact of technology on modern sports.答案：Technology has significantly impacted modern sports by enhancing training methods, improving equipment, and providing real-time data analysis. It has also changed the way fans experience sports through live streaming and virtual reality.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：体育老师经常鼓励学生们参加各种体育活动。
赛事简介
Sat, March 18Third round of TCL Classic – Sanya 2006
3月19日，星期日TCL精英赛-三亚2006，决赛
Sun, March 19Final round of TCL Classic – Sanya 2006
10.
上届冠军
Reigning Champion
2002科林.蒙哥马利
Colin Montgomerie
2005保罗.凯西
Paul Casey
颁奖典礼将在3月19日决赛结束后在18洞果岭上举行
The Prize Presentation Ceremony will take place on the 18th green immediately following the completion of the final round.
3.
总奖金
8.
球员阵容
Player field make up
150名来自中国、亚洲和欧洲巡回赛组织的职业高尔夫球员将参加本次比赛。Professional members from the Asian Tour, PGA European Tour, accompanied by players fromChinaand nominated invitations. Starting field is 150
Pro-Am Tournament
Gala Dinner
3月16日，星期四TCL精英赛-三亚2006，第一轮
Thurs, March 16First round ofTCLClassic- Sanya 2006
3月17日，星期Hale Waihona Puke TCL精英赛–三亚2006，第二轮
GEA Farm Technologies自动挤奶系统说明书
that identifies and locates the teat posi-tions on the cow’s udder as it steps into the milking box. The information derived from the sensor is used to guide a robot arm to attach the milking cups to the teats. The entire process of locating teats and attaching cups must be robust, fast, accurate and safe, without disturbing or stressing the cow.Sensor Challenge in the barnGEA Farm Technologies, formerly GEA Westfalia-Surge, offers worldwide lead-ing innovations and whole product solu-tions for dairy farming. When GEA decided to develop a new generation of automated milking systems, theyTo survive in the harsh uncontrolled milking machine environment, the Tracker 4000 is housed in a sealed packageThe output of worldwide agricultural milk production in 2007 has been 560.5 million tons with an 83.5% share of cow’s milk. The biggest milk producers have been uSA, India and China. In the european Community 150 million tons are produced annually, the e-15 is the biggest market for milk-based products. The production of milk is an industry, so it comes as no surprise that here as well automation technologies, especially in the area of auto-mated milking, are in high demand.Automated milking in dairy farms is rap-idly expanding. The automated process not only frees up valuable time for the farmer, but also makes happier cows that produce higher yields of better quality milk. There are only a select few compa-nies in the world who specialize in these technologies as this is a very difficult and demanding application of machine vision and robots.A key enabling component in auto-mated milking systems is the 3D sensorapproached LMI Technologies to create the vision guidance sensor. GEA recog-nized LMI as a leading edge 3D sensing technology solutions provider, with par-ticular expertise in implementing sen-sors in challenging applications in ex-tremely harsh environments.One of the challenges in automating the milking process is reliably guiding the milking robot to attach the milking cups to the cow’s teats. Cows are highly individual animals in both behavior and appearance. The sensor must cope with significant variations in target shape and colour, moving animals, in a naturally dirty environment cluttered with mud, straw, water and other uncontrolled ob-jects that interfere with reliable opera-tion of vision sensors. The sensor must also ignore sections of the 3D images caused by other components within the field of view, such as the cow’s legs or swinging tails.Ultrasonic ranging and laser triangu-lation techniques had previously been applied to provide robot guidance for au-tomated milking applications, but had drawbacks, including the need for mov-ing parts and/or laser safety concerns.unique Time of Flight Imaging SolutionLMI is one of only a few companies in the world that have expertise in successfully implementing machine vision technolo-Good milk from Happy CowsTime of Flight Imaging enables Automated milking© a d a m G r y k o /f o t o l i a .c o m8 I nspect 11/2009 C o V e R S T o R ygies for applications such as robot guid-ance in extremely difficult environments. Tasked with finding a better solution for guiding milking robots, LMI determined that implementing innovative time of flight 3D imaging would provide a unique and dramatically improved solution to this guidance application. The sensor based on this technology and developed by LMI in conjunction with GEA, is named the Tracker 4000.TOF imaging cameras have a 2D ar-ray of pixels, with each pixel capable of returning time of flight information as well as intensity. The TOF information produces 3D images of a scene where the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the distance from the sensor to the ob-ject, creating an image similar to a topo-graphical map.TOF imaging provides many unique advantages when applied to guiding milking machine robots. The 3D image field of view includes the entire udder as well as the milking cups. The 3D image information from the sensor is analyzed to determine the position and angular orientation of each individual teat, as well as the milking cups. The location in-formation is transmitted to the robot con-troller through Modbus over Ether-net. Use of industry standard protocols simplifies the integration effort for the machine builder.The sensor currently operates at a frame rate of 8.3 Hz, with faster opera-tion in development. Multiple images are taken as the cups are guided to the teats, which track movement of the cow during the attachment process.Determining the locations of both in-dividual teats and milking cups enable differential guidance, where the offsets to guide the robot to the teat locations are determined as the differences in lo-cation of the teats relative to the location of the milking cups on the robot. The re-sult is improved reliability in guidance, as well as simplification of absolute cali-bration requirements for both the sensor and the robot over the full field of view.3D Images with no moving PartsThe TOF sensor is small in size and low in weight, allowing it to be easily mounted on the robot arm, so its position can bechanged by the robot. This allows the viewing angle to be changed, very useful to obtain an unobstructed view of all teats, particularly if two teats are seen to overlap from one viewing angle. Obtain-ing 3D data from a single TOF camera provides a much smaller sensor package than would be required for two camera stereo imaging, which also requires ex-tensive image analysis software to create a 3D image.The TOF principle provides complete 3D images with no moving parts and no laser lines or spots. Traditional laser scanners require use of a mechanical scanning device to capture a full 3D im-age, which increases time required to capture an image, and adds complexity while reducing reliability.The Tracker 4000 sensor is imple-mented with infrared LED illumination integrated into the sensor housing, which does not distract the cows in the milking station. Also, LED illumination eliminates laser safety concerns and related regula-tory documentation, an issue with laser triangulation based sensing.To survive in the harsh uncontrolled milking machine environment, the Tracker 4000 is housed in a sealed pack-age, with a sealed watertight cable con-nector. The mounting bracket covers the top and sides of the sensor to protect from cow kicks and dirt.Award-winning Teat locationThe Tracker 4000 is implemented with the field proven FireSync platform, de-veloped by LMI to simplify the often com-plex task of integrating and synchroniz-ing the many components of a 3D sensor system. FireSync is a synchronized, scal-able distributed vision processing archi-tecture for building reliable high per-formance systems. Real-time image processing algorithms running in the FireSync processor located inside the sensor use proprietary software to ex-tract teat and milking cup locations in the images, ignoring other objects in the field of view, like a cow’s leg or a swing-ing tail. The final result, coordinate posi-tions for teats and milking cup locations in a predefined coordinate system, is de-livered to the robot controller via an Eth-ernet connection. The FireSync platform is used in all of LMI’s new products.LMI’s Tracker 4000 sensor is a tech-nologically advanced device that will cre-ate significant improvements to yield performance and farm productivity, live-stock well-being, enhance reliability, in-creased speed of farm operations and profitability, and improve product quality in the milking process. A short video demonstrating the Tracker 4000 sensor guiding a robotic milking machine to at-tach suction cups onto a cow’s teats can be viewed at: /en/webcasts/time-flight-imaging- enables-automated-milking.In 2008, GEA Farm Technologies (GEA) was awarded the prestigious silver medal for “New Innovations” presented at the EuroTier 2008 tradeshow in Hanover, Germany for developing the innovative milking robot system with the LMI Tracker 4000 sensor.This implementation of TOF technol-ogy is so unique that in February 2009, LMI Technologies was awarded US Pat-ent 7,490,576 B2 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office for the use of Time of Flight sensors in livestock management.lMi Technologies inc., Delta, BC, Canada The milking robot does not only free up valuable time for the farmer, but also makes happier cows that produce higheryields of better quality milkThe ToF sensor is small in size and low in weight, allowing it to be easily mounted on the robot arm I nspect 11/20099C o V e R S T o R y。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
结束了对“方”的历史追忆，现实却又一次把“方” 拉入我的视野。《天圆地方》是1999世体赛开幕式的舞蹈， 2008 奥运图案再一次选中了上圆下方。一个关于“方”的 神话，叙述着先人童真般的信念，载着现代人对古文化的 神往，继续为我们编织海蓝色的梦想。
二零零六年加州中文教师 学会秋季教学研讨会通知
加州中文教师今年将再次与北加州外语教师学会联袂 举办秋季中文教学研讨会，本次研讨会，将于今年十一月 十一日在加州伯克利大学举行。目前，征集会议论文的 工作正在进行，征稿截止日期为六月三十日，报名事宜请 查看北加州外语教师协会的网页（http://www.fla-nc. org/fall. htm）。本次研讨会后，还将召开一年一度的 会员大会，届时，加州中文教师学会会长将做年度工作的 总结报告，中文教师学会的秘书长也将就今年的财务情况 进行说明。 欢迎中文教师学会的会员积极参加本次研讨会。
方程，从李时珍的方剂到到当代名医开出的药方，从九朝 皇都西安古城到北京旧城里的四合院，从皇帝的王冠到明 朝书生的方巾，从俗世的方舆到神仙御居的方外, “方” 这一全能的句法诠释着华夏文明的话语篇章。
一个关于“方”的神话
►许和平
我把“方”纳入了审视的框架，任思绪逆着时空奔驰， 在久远的过去追寻着它往日的辉煌。因为只有这样，才能 解译为什么祖先在蒙昧时代竖起的这面旗帜，历经科学 法庭的严酷审判，却仍然以活脱的话语形式在我们大脑的 隐密处飘扬。文字学的权威《说文解字》在为“方”立传 之时，疏忽了一个极为关键的细节，笔墨漏过了那本该详 述的一章，但《周髀算经》这类与它同辈的经典却以 “方 属地，圆属天，天圆地方” ，向我们娓娓叙述着“方”是 如何充当了大地的话语印章。从此，大地被赋予了很多新 的 名字，“方局”、“方州”、“方舆”书写着先人神 奇的想象。 ―方”受到了神圣地推崇，以平面和立体的音符在九州 大地演奏着空间的交响乐章。祖先耕种于井字形的方田， 建造起一座座坚实的方城。 “君若以力，楚国方城以为城， 汉水以为池，虽众，无所用之”（见《左传》“楚子使屈 完如師”）仿佛仍在我们的耳畔回响。国家本是夸张的城， 自然也是方的形状。“维此文王，小心翼翼。昭事上帝， 聿懷多福。厥德不回，以受方国”（《诗经》），印证着 我们逻辑的推想。祖先们天真得可爱，用幻觉的刻刀雕塑 着异国他乡的形状，他们用“鬼方”为我们描绘飘离于中 原之外的他国（高宗伐鬼方，三年克之，小人勿用。《易 经》），以“天方”（天方夜谭）记录下对中东诸国地理 轮廓的遥想。房子原来大概也是方的，不然，为什么把 房子的面积称为“见方”？“方宅十余亩, 草屋八九间” （晋· 陶渊明《归园田居》）“周垣之高八尺, 五十步一方” （《墨子· 备城门》），是不是都可算为例证？连魂系来世 的和尚亦居于四边等距的方房（所谓“方丈”即因住持的 居室四方各为一丈,而得名）。两军对垒要摆成“方”阵 （古代军队对垒，要成方阵，按方形编队, 每边有几列 士兵,中间有军官和军旗），不知是不是某种吉祥的福兆， 但“踱方步”描写的确实是人的从容之状。方方正正的脸 型肯定会滑稽得可笑，用来指人却是俗世对长相的褒奖。 方块字缀连成叙事的话语，报纸、杂志充斥着豆腐块文章。 对“方”过度的崇拜象一剂吗啡使先人在理智的域外游荡。 树木本是长形，计算的单位却是“立方”；人与人达成协 议，我们偏偏要称双方。从古代典籍方册到现代数学式
加州国语演讲比赛掠影
2006年4月29日星期六，第三十一届加州国语演讲 比赛在美丽如画的摩尔赛德湖畔的劳维尔高中举行。 参加本届演讲比赛的单位共有小学六所，中学八所， 高中十六所，高中以上的学院大学十一所。参与讲评的 裁判共计73名。 加州国语演讲比赛是每年四月里的一件盛事。随着 中华民族在世界上的影响日益增大，对汉语学习的需求 也日渐增多，所以这项赛事可以说是一年比一年红火。 在美国，汉语教学近年来特别受到了美国教育部准备 把汉语作为中学一项外语考试项目的计划的推动。同时， 台湾海峡两岸的官方机构也十分热心支持美国的对外汉 语教学。 比赛在中午12：30举行开幕式。在半个小时的开幕 式里，先由劳维尔高中的校长 Paul Cheng致欢迎词。 随后，加州中文教师协会会长孙朝奋教授致开幕辞。 在向参赛人员介绍了裁判以后，各级比赛于下午一点钟 准时开始。比赛共进行了一个半小时。2：30分，在 劳维尔中学的大会堂举行了文娱演出和颁奖仪式。
―方”在实体层面留下了充分的印记，便转而向抽象的 层面全力扩张。“盘石方且厚,可以卒千年”（《玉台新 咏· 古诗为焦仲卿妻作》）比喻品行的正直无邪，而方刚、 方切、方心(方正之心)、方质等点睛之笔，更把人性之美 做立体地张扬。不仅对深厚的道德修养和精通的学问要冠 以大方 （吾长见笑于大方之家。《庄子· 秋水》），就连 对人、事的模拟， 也统称为“方”（今为“仿”）（方其 人之习君子之说, 则尊以遍矣,周於世矣。《荀子· 劝 学》）。犹如格林威治一夜间成了时间的代称，曾几何时 小桥流水里的方舟（“方”本义为并船。《说文》云：方， 併船也。）也在汉字大典里灵童转世般地成了“有道”的 商标。方法、方策、方略、方式这类做事的路数哪个没 “方”？也许是 因为“方”的神圣，或许因其声音的悠 扬，先人们乐此不疲地用通感系连着其他现象。纺线的节 奏、放牧的悠闲、访问的庄重、堡垒的设防，甚至连花的 香味也要称之为“芳”。“方”释放着多维的语义， 在语 法平台也尽情地伸张。它在名词方阵里随时待命 （名振一 方），亦在形容词的宅地徜徉（圆椽方柱），它是副词家 族的常客（甲兵方起于天下。——《墨子· 备城门》）， 亦在介词的田野里闲逛（方其盛时必毁。——《素问》）。 “方”是一个 不朽的文字，时间的推移只会增加它的光 芒。
绍了本年度“汉语桥”中文比赛的准备情况和孔子学院概况以及 本年度的项目规化。九点五十分，开幕式正式开始，加州教
师学会会长孙朝奋老师做大会主题发言，他讲的题目是 “官话、 国语、 普通话：现代汉语标准语的形成”。 孙老师的发言史料翔实，
1
CLTAC
SPRING 2006
通訊
Newsletter No 19
2
CLTAC
SPRING 2006
通訊
Newsletter No 19
5/11/2006 网址 ►
书海淘珍
►张英宇
学生笑话
拍马蹄
►马瑞琦
《尔雅》是中国最早按汉语词义编纂的一部字典。古人 说，这部书为周公所作。近人认为，它成书于战国末年 齐鲁儒生之手。另有一说，是秦汉之际经师学者递相增益 而成。 《尔雅》见于《汉书．艺文志》，全书三卷，共二十篇。 但今本《尔雅》无“序”篇，大概已亡佚。《尔雅》以雅 言释方言、释古语。全书收入2000多个词条，共使用了 4300多个汉字，并将词语分为19个义类。 前三篇《释诂》《释言》和《释训》占全书三分之一。 《释诂》《释言》所收，主要为形容词、动词和抽象名词， 是单音词；《释训》讲联绵词，为复音词。随后十六篇， 专门解释名物术语：《释亲》讲解亲属关系；《释宫》 《释器》《释乐》解释常用器物；《释天》《释地》《释 丘》《释山》和《释水》解释天文地理；《释草》与《释 木》解释植物；而《释虫》《释鱼》《释鸟》《释兽》以 及《释畜》解释动物。上述十九篇反映了著者对上古汉语 词义分类的灼见。 作为一部字典，《尔雅》保留了大量的先秦古义，对 后人了解汉语词义的演变、准确理解古文，具有很高的 查阅价值。例如，《礼记．檀弓下》写道：孔子适齐，过 泰山，见路旁一位妇人恸哭。使子路上前问何故，答： “昔吾舅死于虎，吾夫又死焉，今吾子又死焉。”这里， “吾舅”何许人也？《尔雅．释亲》曰：“妇称夫之父曰 舅，称夫之母曰姑。” 可见，“舅”字意即“公公”。 再有，《后汉书．马援传》言：东汉大将军马援， “效季良不得，陷为天下轻薄子，所谓画虎不成反类狗者 也。”这里，“画虎类狗”是什么意思？很多成语字典将 “画虎不成反类狗”诠释成“画虎类犬”。由此，不少人 以为，上古汉语中 “狗”字的意思就是“犬”。查《尔 雅．释兽》可知：“熊，虎丑，其子狗。”这就是说：熊， 属于虎类；而熊之子，即小熊，叫做“狗”。因此，“画 虎类狗”确切的意思是：画虎不成，会画得像小熊。
CLTAC
SPRING 2006
Chinese Language
chers Association of
通訊
Newsletter No 19
California 加州中文 教師協會
►于岚
网址 ►
5/11/2006
会长 ► 孙朝奋 副会长 ► 贾宝才、许和平 总务 ► 郑之懿 秘书 ► 常小林 会讯主编 ► 乔蓁林
一天，一位老师在办公室扫地。一个学生看见了， 急忙跑来帮忙，他本来想说：“老师，我给您扫地。”可 是一着急，说成了：“老师，我给您扫墓。” 必也正乎名
学期伊始，得给新学生起中文名字。那些对中国完全 没概念的学生很好办，给什么叫什么，一个个都满听话的。 头疼的是有几个看过几本中国小说的家伙，自以为精通 中国文化，非要在名字上别出心裁不可。有一人居然自命 “孙权，”可老师们左看右看，没觉得这孩子有什么英雄 之气，配这样的名字，于是集体劝说他改个常见的一点儿 的。没想到这个家伙两眼一翻，大言道：“本来看了《孙 子兵法》，想叫孙子，可我们班长听了很嫉妒，不准我叫。 只好从《三国演义》里挑个名字，我已经很谦虚了，不能 再改。” “什么是上？”
今年的文娱演出据观摩过往年国语比赛文娱演出的 人讲，比以往略胜一筹。演出过程中，穿插了三个汉语 演讲，分别由小学组的迪卓娅，中学组的钱睿隆和大学 组的田雅君表演。其中，迪卓娅的关于家里捉老鼠的爱 猫的故事趣味横生，加上她一脸童稚的可爱表情，把 观众逗得哈哈大笑。钱同学的演讲声情并茂，幽默风趣， 结尾尤其精彩。文艺项目里，旧金山大学许绮娜同学的 葫芦笛和古筝音韵醇厚，绕梁三匝。国防语言学院张云 女士的女高音独唱技压群喉，博得满堂喝彩。今年， 国防语言学院的中文系初出茅庐的小合唱队，给大家带 来了《半个月亮爬上来》、《游击队员之歌》。歌罢之 处，也是掌声雷动。舞蹈方面，旧金山体操俱乐部的姑 娘们给观众带来了极富美感的蓝色的挪威现代舞和扇子 舞。她们的技巧表演也令观众叹为观止，而其中 两位 不足十岁的小姑娘的表演，更在灵巧之外，