自考英语二重点语法知识讲解

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全国英语二自考知识点总结

全国英语二自考知识点总结

全国英语二自考知识点总结一、单元一:Unit 11.词汇知识首先学习了有关家庭和亲属关系的词汇。

根据不同的年龄和性别,家庭成员有爷爷、奶奶、爸爸、妈妈、姐姐、弟弟、儿子、女儿等。

亲属关系包括父母、子女、兄弟姐妹等。

2. 语法知识The use of the verb "to be"主要通过学习“be动词”的用法及其扩展,掌握了be动词的不同形式——am、is、are,以及其用法和基本句型。

英语中的复数形式了解了英语中名词的复数形式的构成规则,掌握了常见名词复数形式的变化规则。

3. 阅读技能通过描述和介绍家庭生活等内容的基础英语对话,学会了正确地理解阅读中的词语和句子,提高了阅读理解能力。

4. 写作技能掌握日常生活中描述家庭成员、自己爱好以及介绍自己的能力。

同时,学习了一般现在时的句子结构及常见问句的构成和用法,提高了日常生活中口语交际的能力。

5. 听力技能掌握了通过听力材料听懂日常生活中的一些简单对话,提高了日常生活中的交际能力。

二、单元二:Unit 21. 词汇知识学习了身体部位的名称,如head,shoulder,arm,hand,finger,leg,foot等。

2. 语法知识The use of the Simple Present Tense学习了一般现在时的基本构成和常见句型,提高了一般现在时的使用能力。

动词的否定句和疑问句掌握了动词的否定形式和疑问形式的基本构成和用法,提高了相关问句句型的灵活运用。

3. 阅读技能阅读理解内容主要涉及描述人体部位的基础知识,通过阅读加深了对这些知识的掌握和理解。

4. 写作技能学习了用英语如何正确描述自己的身体部位和健康状况,提高了描述自己和他人的能力,了解了一般现在时句型的使用。

5. 听力技能掌握了通过听力材料了解日常对话中关于身体部位和健康状况的内容,提高了日常交际和应对紧急情况的能力。

三、单元三:Unit 31. 词汇知识学习了有关学校生活的词汇,包括学校设施、课程安排、学习用品等。

自考英语(二)考试重点语法,课文重点讲义

自考英语(二)考试重点语法,课文重点讲义

虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD. howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.地点状语从句He live where he liked.原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward posit ion, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken. 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany. Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further进(8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语) This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in. 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higherfee.His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.重点语法——动词的时态和语态时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment. Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned. No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began. Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.表语 To know everything is to know nothing.定语 This is a book to be written.宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)状语 Yesterday he came to see me.独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable. 不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.) be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2.A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year,I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then.Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed. Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B. The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气第一类型: 见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet. 同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been 特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances) Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever 连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor, 从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as.When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词Any,one,none,nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文. 注意顾全大局.选的是最佳答案.词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题—阅读的难点不是考试的重点,不要死扣一句,第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句,多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题评分原则为:(1) 主要语法错误(如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误)或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。

专升本自考英语(二)重点知识点讲义汇总

专升本自考英语(二)重点知识点讲义汇总

专升本自考英语(二)重点知识点讲义汇总第一单元知识点的回顾Text Achoose----choice:词型转换经常考,同时注意该词的过去式和过去完成式。

[ 过去式chose 过去分词chosen 现在分词choosing ]choose from 挑选,从…中选择choose to do 选择去做某事★available:(可利用的,有效的)这个词考的频率很高。

换句话说,如果在答案中出现了该词,从词义上应该给予其优先考虑。

这个词出现的句子中经常会同时出现ticket, food, book等。

decide----decision,注意词性上的变化。

purpose:这个词一旦出现,它既可以考本词的意思,也可以考后面的谓语动词的形式,记住:凡是出现purpose, aim, objective, plan,dream, goal等有含有目的性的词,后面的谓语动词一定是to do的形式,同时关注这些词是否为复数形式,如果是,谓语动词一定是复数的。

()过去式purposed 过去分词purposed 现在分词purposing。

for the purpose 为某目的for the purpose of 为了…目的on purpose 有目的地,故意地main purpose 主要目的with the purpose of 目的是;为了…achieve----achievement,注意词型上转换。

同义词都是Vt 达到;完成accomplish, carry out, perform, complete, fulfil★in the way:妨碍,挡路,阻碍。

区别in a way:从某种程度上。

★on the way (to)在去…路上(★on the way home)和by the way:顺便说一句。

★★involve----involvement(in):注意词型转换,词义及介词搭配。

[ 过去式involved 过去分词involved 现在分词involving ]involve in 参与;涉及;卷入,陷入★consider----consideration。

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二形容词和副词以下情况形容词常用于后置定语:1) 一些表语性形容词要后置,如:present (到场的,出席的) ,available ,involved ,concerned ,etc 。

2) 形容词修饰不定代词something ,anything ,everything 时要后置。

例如:There was something wrong with her.I came across a tricky question hard to answer.I wondered if there was a room available.注意enough的位置:enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可,修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。

如:enough water /water enoughcareful enough/ well enough形容词和副词的原级比力由“as + 形容词或副词原级( 或后跟名词或短语)+as” 构成,“as…as” 前可加not ,just ,almost ,nearly ,quite ,twice ,several times 等词修饰。

否定式中not 后面的as 可改为so 。

如:He is as tall as I.He is not as/as careful as his brother.形容词与副词的比力级形式为:“ 形容词( 副词) 比力级+than+…” ,应注意than 前后比拟较的人或物要一致(不然没有可比性)。

比力级前可以跟even ,much ,stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比力级,表示强调。

You voice is more beautiful than your classmates’/that of your classmates.The population in China is much larger than that in America.The values of the young differ from those of their elders. 不成数名词或名词单数,后面用that代替,可数名词复数后面用those代替。

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)十五

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)十五

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)十五附加疑问句/反疑疑问句1.当主语部分是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody 等词,附加疑问句的主语在非正式文体中用they,正式文体用he or she或者用he.Nobody phoned while I was out, did they?2.陈述部分是there 存在句,附加疑问句的主语也用there.There is no help for it, is there?3.如果陈述部分是Iam 结构,附加疑问部分用aren’t I.I am late, aren’t I?4.如果陈述部分用不定代词作主语,附加疑问部分在正式场合用one,非正式场合用you.One can’t be too careful, can one/ can you?5.陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing 等否定词或半否定词时,附加疑问句的动词用必定形式.Bob rarely got drunk, did he?如果陈述部分含带有否定前缀的词,附加疑问句用否定形式.He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he?6. 当陈述部分的主语是I suppose, I think, I believe时,附加疑问部分与that从句中的主语和谓语动词保持一致,但要注意否定的转移.主语为第二、三人称时按照主句来定。

Isuppose he is serious, isn’t he?I don’t think she cares, does she?You think she is wrong, don’t you?He thinks that Mary won’t come, doesn’t he?7.带有情态动词ought to,附加疑问句在英国英语中用ought to 表示,美国英语中用should表示.The child ought to be punished, oughtn’t/shouldn’t he?8.陈述部分带有情态动词needn’t时,附加疑问句常用need, 有时也可用must.You needn’t go yet, need you?陈述部分有must表示必需时,附加疑问句用mustn’t; mustn‘t 表示”禁止”时,附加疑问句用must.表示推测时,按照具体时间而定。

自考英语二(课堂笔记_语法部分)

自考英语二(课堂笔记_语法部分)

综合英语二(课堂笔记_语法部分)一、谓语动词It is + adj. + to do /for to do主语+ 系动词+ to doabout to dogoing to doI have nothing to do but read the novel.but——但是,可以+不定式,前有“do”后无“to”抽象名词/chance/way/power/ability/opportunity/promise/capacity/occasionTo match up with others, we must study harder.We should study harder to catch up with others.句首有逗号,译为“为了”,句末无逗号,译为“以便”The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.Only 25 percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for cutting into gems.Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home.First, we find that the number depends, of course, on the items involved.1、动词不定式、现在分词、动名词、过去分词作表语的区别。

We are to study current science.He is to do the experiment in physics.不定式作表语表示将来的行为。

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二十四

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二十四

自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二十四动名词重要句型:It’s/There’s no use/no good doing …It is worthwhile doing …There is no point in doing …做…… 是没有意义的。

接动名词作宾语的动词admit, avoid, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, appreciate, consider, mind, risk, practise, dislike, resent(怨恨), advise, pardon, require, quit (戒除), suggest有些动词后既可以跟动名词,也可以跟不定式like, love, start, continue, attempt, propose, forget, recall, endure, permit, deserve, regret, omit (疏忽,省略)etc.to作为介词的短语be used to,be accustomed to,be opposed to 反对,be addicted to沉溺于,be devoted to专心于,look forward toobject tosee to 负责,留意动词need, require, want, deserve后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

All the cars in the yard need repairing.I think that a man like him deserves looking up to.动名词作宾语与不定式作宾语的区别1)plan, like, love, hate后动名词表示抽象行为和一般动作,不定式表示具体的、特定的动作。

He likes dancing but he doesn’t like to dance with strangers.2)意义不同大的动词:rememberdoingto do记得做过某事记得要做某事forgetdoingto do做过某事但忘记了忘记去做某事regretdoingto do对做过的事遗憾对将要做的事遗憾meandoingto do意味着,意思是想要trydoingto do试着做努力做go ondoingto do继续做本来没做完的事继而做另一件事。

(完整版)自考英语二重点讲解复习资料

(完整版)自考英语二重点讲解复习资料

自考英语二重点讲解复习资料自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解:1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到:organize: v 组织; organization: n 组织; organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题,选择该组词里恰当的词填空:1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the high est _________ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade __________. 4). He is the _ _________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标; a 客观的,反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示;由此我们可以联想到:prediction: n 预言; predictable: a 可预测的; predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到:simple: a 简单的; simply: ad 简单地,仅仅地; simplification: n 简化; simplified: a 被简化的。

Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ___ _ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of proced ure. 4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answer s: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向;tend : v 倾向于…, tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old peop le tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的;由此我们可以联想到:manage: v管理、经营; management: n; manager: n 经营者,管理者; manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。

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重点语法知识讲解1.动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态一览表时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done现在完成进行时主动被动 have been doing1.1 现在完成时发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在,或对现在仍有影响。

现在完成时的标志: so far, by now/ up to now,for three years, since 1995, in the past two decades1.2 过去完成时过去的过去。

1)said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。

He missed the train.He said he had missed the train.2)hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作No sooner had he got up than he received the call.3)与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中If I had tried harder, I would have won.I wish I had done better in the exam.1.3 完成进行时从过去一直持续到现在,没有间断。

汉语提示语:一直The water has been running the whole night.1.4 过去时过去某一具体时间发生的事,不考虑与现在的关系。

过去时的标志:yesterday, in 1995, last week,in the nineteenth century,five years ago 等等。

2.非谓语动词2.1 非谓语动词一览表非谓语动词形式意义现在分词一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成动词不定式一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行2.2. 非谓语动词作状语动词不定式:1)目的状语;2)结果状语I came here to meet you. (目的)He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. (结果)分词:1) 伴随状语;2)原因状语;3)条件状语 4)让步状语;5)时间状语Walking along the street, he met his old friend. (时间)Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. (原因)Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive. (原因)Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. (条件)2.3 非谓语动词,状语从句和独立结构1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. (连词+分词)3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. (状语从句)4) With homework done, the children began to play. (独立结构)2.4 非谓语动词作定语1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed)4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built)2.5 动名词和动词不定式作主语和表语动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况;动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。

Rising early is good for health.To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.My biggest wish is to go abroad.Seeing is believing.作宾语接动名词作宾语的动词:admit, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, forgive, finish, include, involve, mind, put off, postpone, suggest, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be accustomed to, etc.接动词不定式作宾语的动词:want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to, seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin 接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词:1) forget, remember, regret2) stop, continue3) need/ want4) allow doing/ allow sb to do(1) How can I forget meeting you for the first time?Sorry, I forgot to lock the door.(2) I can’t stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand?(3) The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.(4) We don’t allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3.虚拟语气第一大类:非真实条件下的虚拟语气时间从句主句与现在事实相反 did/ were should/could/would + do与过去事实相反 had done should/could/would + have done与将来事实相反 were to do should do should/could/would + doIf I were you, I would be happy to do it.If we had got the news, we could have prepared earlier.If the job were to succeed, you should work harder.第二大类:从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语?/1) would rather + 从句2) wish + 从句3) if only + 从句4) as if/ as though + 从句5) It’s time + 从句I would rather you didn’t tell me the story now.I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.第三大类:从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气,其中should可省略。

1) suggest, propose, advise, move(动议), ask, order, require, request, desire, insist, prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句;2) suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, preference等名词后的同位语从句;3) important, necessary, essential, imperative, desirable, advisable,preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中;4) lest, in case, for fear that 等引导的从句中。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.It is my suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.It is necessary that the meeting (should) be put off.He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. 4.定语从句和名词性从句4.1 定语从句:限制性和非限制性定语从句引导定语从句1)关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语):which, that, who, whom, whose2)关系副词(在定语从句中作状语):when, where, why, how名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句引导名词性从句:1)主从连词(不在从句中作任何成分):that, whether, if2)连接代词(在从句中作主语、宾语、表语):what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever…3)连接副词(在从句中作状语):when, where, why, how4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句对名词进行修饰限制,而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。

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