英语句子成分主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语同位语讲解

英语主谓宾表定状补成分精简讲解

一．主语：

主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1．名词作主语。

A tree has fallen across the road. (倒下横在)

Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。)

2．代词用作主语。

You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。

He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑)

3．数词用作主语。

Three is enough. 三个就够了。

Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。

4．名词化的形容词用作主语。

The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。

Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。

5．副词用作主语。

Now is the time. 现在是时候了。Carefully does it. 小心就行。

6．名词化的介词作主语。

The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.

7．不定式用作主语。

To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。

It would be nice to see him again.

8．动名词用作主语。

Smoking is bad for you. Watching a film is pleasure,but making one is hard work.

9．名词化的过去分词用作主语。

The disabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old age.

10.介词短语用作主语。

To Beijing is not very far. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 11.从句用作主语。

Whenever you are ready will be fine.

Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to.

12.句子用作主语。

"How do you do ?" is a greeting. “你好”是一句问候语。

二．谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。

谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。

1．由简单的动词构成。

(1). What happened? 发生了什么事？

(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。

(3). The plane took off 飞机是十点起飞的。

2．由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). I am reading. 我在看书。

(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？

(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。

3．英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。

这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：

(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水

(2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（

(3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。

(4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。

三．表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，真正起谓语作用的则是表语。

可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1．The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词）

2．So that’s that. 就是这样。（代词）

3．We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词）

4．Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词）

5．Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词）

Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？（副词）

6．All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式）

My answer to his threat（威胁）was to hit him on the nose. （不定式）7．Complimenting（赞美，祝贺）is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词）

Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词）

8．I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分）

I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分）

9．She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语）

The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语）

10．Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句）

11．This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句）

补充：

能做系动词的实义动词：

come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)

fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词）seem, appear (似乎，好像)

1．Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加easy ,loose natural 等）

2. He fell sick. 他病了。Keep fit.保重。

keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool，well，warm ，silent，clean，dry 3．The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等）

4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.

四．宾语

宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如：Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。

可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1．Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词）