when, if, before, until从句
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when if before until引导的从句
由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分,从句是修饰主句或主句的某个成分的。从句不能单独成句,但具有主语和谓语,须由关联词引导。根据从句在主句中充当不同的成分,可分为不同的从句,例如,主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
由when, if, before, until引导的从句
一、when引导的时间状语从句
(1) when引导时间状语从句时,表示“当……的时候”
① when既可以指时间段也可指时间点
Her brother was very fat when he was a child. 她哥哥小时候很胖。
They were talking when the teacher came in.
老师进来的时候,他们正在讲话。
② when从句中既可用延续性动词又可用非延续性动词
You should keep your room clean and tidy when you live here.
在你住在这里的时候,你应该保持你房间干净、整洁。
When he arrives, he’ll tell us about the match.
他回来的时候就会告诉我们比赛的情况。
③ when从句动作既可和主句的动作同时发生又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生Mary was doing her homework when her father was reading newspapers.
玛丽的爸爸在看报纸的时候她正在做作业。
I’ll call you when I get to the airport. 我一到机场就给你打电话。
二、if引导的条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示主句动作发生的条件,条件有真实和非真实两种。if引导条件状语从句时,意为“如果,假如”,表示在某种条件下,某事很可能发生。
if除了引导条件状语从句,还可引导宾语从句。
if引导的条件状语从句和宾语从句的区别:
(1)if 在句中的含义不同
If 在宾语从句中翻译为“是否”,相当于whether
I want to know if he is a teacher.
If 在条件状语从句中翻译为“如果”
I’ll go to see you if I am free next week.
(2)if 在从句中的位置不同:
If 引导的宾语从句放在主句之后,做宾语;而if引导的状语从句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后,If 引导的条件状语从句放于句首时多用逗号隔开
I don’t know if the train has arrived.
I will go out tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
= If it doesn’t rain, I will go out tomorrow.
(3)时态要求上有区别
1.I want to know if there will be a sports meeting next month.
If 引导的宾语从句的时态由主句及本身时态决定;
2.If it rains , we’ll hold it.
If 引导条件状语从句的时态为一般现在时,记住“主将从现”
三、before和until引导的状语从句
(1)before表示“在… 之前”,而until表示“直到…才…”,一般情况下,两者可以互用。主句肯定表示主句动作的终止时间,主句否定强调动作的起始时间。1. 主句为否定时,谓语动词为非延续性动词。常见的动词有open, start, leave, go, arrive, finish, begin, stop, etc.
1) The noise of the street didn’t stop before/until it was midnight.
2) The children won’t come back until/before it is dark.
3) I didn’t leave the lonely boy befor e/until his mother came home.
2. 主句为肯定式,谓语为延续性动词。这类动词有:stand, live, stay, talk, be, wait, etc.
1). He lived with his parents until/before he graduated from school.
2). I will wait before/until he comes to my help.
3). I shall stay here until/before you come back.
(2)下列情况下宜用before不用until.
1、主句为肯定式,谓语为非延续性动词时只用before.
1) He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.
2) We arrived there before it started to rain.
3) The holiday came to an end before I knew it.
2、主句谓语动词强调动作的迟缓性,只用before,这时常伴有时间段状语或时间段暗示。
It was quite a long time before he found the elephant.过了很长时间,他才找到大象。We had walked a long way before we found some water.走了很长的路我们才找到