UL -battery market电动车市场及电池市场分析
湖北各区简介 中英对照
湖北位于中国中部、长江中游，洞庭湖以北，故称湖北，简称鄂。
东与安徽相邻，南与江西、湖南接壤，西与重庆、陕西相连，北与河南交界。
地形三面环山，向南敞开，中间低平。
既有连绵起伏的丘陵岗地、层峦叠嶂的广大山区，又有沃野千里的江汉平原。
湖北地处亚热带，除高山地区外，大部分属亚热带季风性温润气候，冬冷夏热，光照充足，降水丰沛，雨热同季，四季分明，面积18.59万平方公里，人口6100万。
湖北自古就有“湖广熟，天下足”的美称，是全国重要的粮食、棉花、油料、水产品、畜产品生产养殖基地。
农业资源优势明显，规模大，质量优，是江南富庶之地，“鱼米之乡”。
湖北可资利用的野生植物1300多种，野生动物200多种。
茶叶、蔬菜、水果、红麻、黄麻、苎麻、烟草等经济作物种类多、分布广均位居全国前列，为发展食品加工、纺织服装、生物医药提供了充足的原料来源。
湖北矿产资源丰富。
磷矿石储量居全国首位，铁矿石，铜矿石，岩盐，石膏矿，石油，大理石，多晶硅等储量在全国排名前7位之列，是发展钢铁、机械、化工、建材、新能源、新材料工业的重要基础。
湖北水资源唯我独有。
拥有“黄金水道”之称的长江，自西向东，由重庆进入湖北，绵延1600公里，横贯全省。
汉江经鄂西山区，穿过群山高耸的巫山，一泻千里进入江汉平原至武汉与长江交汇。
号称“千湖之省”的湖北，除长江、汉江外，共有大小河流1193条，湖泊纵横交错，星罗棋布。
葛洲坝电站、隔河岩电站、丹江口电站，特别是举世瞩目的长江三峡水利枢纽工程的运营和南水北调中线工程的建设以及咸宁大畈核电项目的兴建，使湖北成为内陆地区第一个拥有核电站的省份，为湖北经济的腾飞提供了强大的动力。
湖北地理位置得天独厚，交通网络四通发达。
以武汉为圆心，以1000公里为半径，列车4小时、飞机两小时行使范围内，覆盖全国70%大中城市和富裕地区。
湖北武汉有“九省通衢”之称，是中部地区最大的综合交通枢纽。
京广、京九、焦柳铁路纵贯南北，襄渝、汉丹铁路横穿东西，武合，武广高速客运专线的开通和武汉至北京、成都、重庆等高速铁路即将建成以及武昌站、汉口站、武汉站改造和新建，铁路枢纽地位更加突出；京珠、沪蓉、大广高速公路和国道106、107、207、209、316、318在湖北境内相连，与汉黄、汉英、汉宜、宜黄、黄黄、襄宜、宜恩等高速公路纵横交错。
光伏发电逆变器 毕业设计 论文
摘要随着太阳能光伏发电产业在我国的推广和普及，国内对并网逆变器的需求必将越来越大，仅仅依靠进口已很难解决日益增长的巨大需要。
因此，研制完全实用化、工程化的太阳能光伏并网逆变器成为该领域急需解决的问题，存在着广阔的市场前景。
在此背景下，本文对正弦波并网逆变器的软硬件系统设计、控制算法研究和系统仿真等方面进行了深入探索。
首先介绍了国内外光伏发电产业的现状和广阔的前景，详细分析了并网逆变电路的拓扑结构和工作原理，讨论了全桥逆变电路直流侧和交流侧滤波器的设计思路，并推导出逆变电路关键参数的计算公式。
其次分析了单相电压控制和单相电流控制的不足，采用了基于DSP软件算法的电流电压双闭环控制技术。
比较几种常用的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪方法，采用能够快速、准确跟踪光伏电池最大输出功率点的电导增量法来实现最大功率点的跟踪。
为了使并网电流和电网电压同频、同相，需要使用锁相环技术。
本文详细分析了软件锁相环的原理，并结合实际系统设计方案和绘制软件流程图。
本文对孤岛效应的含义及相关标准进行了说明，分析了产生孤岛效应的原因和危害，证明了添加反孤岛保护的必要性，并分别对孤岛效应的主动和被动检测法进行了比较，用MATLAB仿真工具对本文所采用的主动频率偏移法进行了仿真验证。
最后，根据系统总体设计要求，对并网逆变器控制电路、驱动电路和保护电路进行了详细的设计，并制作了基于DSP控制的3kW光伏并网逆变器样机。
通过实验表明，所采用的控制策略和设计的硬件电路能够满足设计要求，统可安全、稳定运行。
关键词光伏逆变器:DSP 最大功率点跟踪软件锁相环孤岛效应AbstractWith the promotion and popularization of solar photovoltaic，there will be a greater demand for grid-connected inverters in our country．The increasing demand for grid-connected inverters has become a problem which can not be solved only by means ofimport．An urgent problem to be solved is that the study and design of the photovoltaic grid-connectedinverters must be fully practical in use and in manufacture，and therefore there are desirable market prospects of the above-mentioned products．In this paper,the grid-connected inverter is explored in the hardware design，control algorithm research，simulation and so on．First of all，the present situation and broad prospect of photovoltaic industry at homeand abroad are introduced．The topology and working principle of grid-connected inverter circuit are analyzed in detail．And the design ideas and processes of the filters on both DC and AC sides are discussed；moreover,the formulas of the key parameters of the maincircuit are derived．Next，the current and voltage dual closed-loop control based on software algorithms of DSP is chosen by analyzing the deficiencies of voltage control and current contro1．The arithmetic of incremental conductance of MPPT of grid-connected system realizes the tracking of MPPT by comparing with several methods of MPPT of grid-connected system．APLL(Phase Locked Loop)is needed in order to keep the same frequency and phasesynchronous to the grid．In this paper, the SPLL(soft PLL)principle is analyzed in detail，the design scheme and software flow charts are given based on practical system．Then，the meanings and the criteria of the anti-islanding are explained and the causes and disadvantages of anti-islanding are analyzed．And it tries to prove the necessity to add protection of anti—islanding in this paper．The active and passive detecting methods of anti—islanding are analyzed；moreover, the anti-islanding of active frequency drift method is simulated and confirmed by MATLAB．Finally, according to the requirement of system design，the grid-connected invertercontrol circuit，drive circuit and protection circuit are designed in great detail and a sample of 3kW grid-connected photovoltaic generator based on DSP is designed and made．Test results show that the control strategy and the designed circuit can satisfy the design requests and the system can work safely and stably．Key words photovoltaic inverter；DSP maximum power point tracking soft PLL anti—islanding目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)绪论 (1)1 光伏发电系统简介 ................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
巴西铁路轨道交通市场调研
巴西铁路轨道交通市场调研巴西铁路轨道交通市场调研一、巴西铁路市场概况巴西农业和矿业资源丰富，出口潜力巨大，承担巴西运力60%以上的公路网，目前路面不好或极坏的占80%左右，运输环节已严重制约着巴西的经济发展。
巴西铁路总长度为29474公里，其中1122公里是电气化铁路，拥有机车2152台，铁路运输占全国货运吨公里总量的20.7％。
目前，巴西已将全国铁路运输纳入了私营化计划，部分铁路已经私营化。
为改善现有交通状况，巴西政府把发展铁路运输放在加对大基础设施投资项目的优先位置，制订了铁路网中期规划。
规划的主要内容是完善铁路网结构，其中包括铁路安全系统、铁路提速、城郊运输、公、铁交叉立交桥、铁路沿线的住房拆迁和居民安置等，预计在五年内投资120亿雷亚尔。
2008年巴西国家社会开发银行加大对铁路项目的投入，融投资30.9亿雷亚尔。
另外，在“国家和私企联合投资计划（PPP）”项下计划投资50亿雷亚尔扩建铁路，目前此计划正处于参议院审议之中。
由铁路承运企业组成的铁路运输协会（ANFT）也计划在今后五年内投资50亿雷亚尔购置机车和车厢，以及修建货场和铁路专用线。
目前，巴西铁路运输占全国运输总量的24%。
业内始终呼吁政府加大对铁路线路、机车和车厢的投入，争取尽快实现使巴西铁路运输占巴西运输总量的44%左右。
目前，巴西自己不能生产机车，仅有的一家车厢厂年产车厢不足8000节。
巴西交通部长纳西门托2008年4月1日表示，连接圣保罗和里约热内卢两个城市的高速铁路项目将于2009年上半年启动国际工程招标。
二、高速铁路建设：2008年9月，为了世界杯做准备，巴西交通部宣布将投入110亿雷亚尔（1美元合1.75雷亚尔）建设一条连接圣保罗、里约热内卢和坎皮纳斯的高速铁路。
其中大部分为私人资本。
项目建成后，高速铁路的最低时速为每小时285公里，圣保罗至里约热内卢的全程时间为1小时25分钟。
目前，巴西对韩国、德国和意大利等国公司提出的设计方案表示了爱好。
光伏发电逆变器 毕业设计 论文
摘要随着太阳能光伏发电产业在我国的推广和普及，国内对并网逆变器的需求必将越来越大，仅仅依靠进口已很难解决日益增长的巨大需要。
因此，研制完全实用化、工程化的太阳能光伏并网逆变器成为该领域急需解决的问题，存在着广阔的市场前景。
在此背景下，本文对正弦波并网逆变器的软硬件系统设计、控制算法研究和系统仿真等方面进行了深入探索。
首先介绍了国内外光伏发电产业的现状和广阔的前景，详细分析了并网逆变电路的拓扑结构和工作原理，讨论了全桥逆变电路直流侧和交流侧滤波器的设计思路，并推导出逆变电路关键参数的计算公式。
其次分析了单相电压控制和单相电流控制的不足，采用了基于DSP软件算法的电流电压双闭环控制技术。
比较几种常用的光伏电池最大功率点跟踪方法，采用能够快速、准确跟踪光伏电池最大输出功率点的电导增量法来实现最大功率点的跟踪。
为了使并网电流和电网电压同频、同相，需要使用锁相环技术。
本文详细分析了软件锁相环的原理，并结合实际系统设计方案和绘制软件流程图。
本文对孤岛效应的含义及相关标准进行了说明，分析了产生孤岛效应的原因和危害，证明了添加反孤岛保护的必要性，并分别对孤岛效应的主动和被动检测法进行了比较，用MATLAB仿真工具对本文所采用的主动频率偏移法进行了仿真验证。
最后，根据系统总体设计要求，对并网逆变器控制电路、驱动电路和保护电路进行了详细的设计，并制作了基于DSP控制的3kW光伏并网逆变器样机。
通过实验表明，所采用的控制策略和设计的硬件电路能够满足设计要求，统可安全、稳定运行。
关键词光伏逆变器:DSP 最大功率点跟踪软件锁相环孤岛效应AbstractWith the promotion and popularization of solar photovoltaic，there will be a greater demand for grid-connected inverters in our country．The increasing demand for grid-connected inverters has become a problem which can not be solved only by means ofimport．An urgent problem to be solved is that the study and design of the photovoltaic grid-connectedinverters must be fully practical in use and in manufacture，and therefore there are desirable market prospects of the above-mentioned products．In this paper,the grid-connected inverter is explored in the hardware design，control algorithm research，simulation and so on．First of all，the present situation and broad prospect of photovoltaic industry at homeand abroad are introduced．The topology and working principle of grid-connected inverter circuit are analyzed in detail．And the design ideas and processes of the filters on both DC and AC sides are discussed；moreover,the formulas of the key parameters of the maincircuit are derived．Next，the current and voltage dual closed-loop control based on software algorithms of DSP is chosen by analyzing the deficiencies of voltage control and current contro1．The arithmetic of incremental conductance of MPPT of grid-connected system realizes the tracking of MPPT by comparing with several methods of MPPT of grid-connected system．APLL(Phase Locked Loop)is needed in order to keep the same frequency and phasesynchronous to the grid．In this paper, the SPLL(soft PLL)principle is analyzed in detail，the design scheme and software flow charts are given based on practical system．Then，the meanings and the criteria of the anti-islanding are explained and the causes and disadvantages of anti-islanding are analyzed．And it tries to prove the necessity to add protection of anti—islanding in this paper．The active and passive detecting methods of anti—islanding are analyzed；moreover, the anti-islanding of active frequency drift method is simulated and confirmed by MATLAB．Finally, according to the requirement of system design，the grid-connected invertercontrol circuit，drive circuit and protection circuit are designed in great detail and a sample of 3kW grid-connected photovoltaic generator based on DSP is designed and made．Test results show that the control strategy and the designed circuit can satisfy the design requests and the system can work safely and stably．Key words photovoltaic inverter；DSP maximum power point tracking soft PLL anti—islanding目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)绪论 (1)1 光伏发电系统简介 ................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Large Batteries Scope – A Global Industry
China - expected to be one of the largest EV/HEV/PHEV markets
globally driven by: Increasing awareness about pollution and global warming Government subsidies with support reaching 2billion RMB through 2010 Extensive research and development activity within Chinese auto industry BYD’s new HEV, known as the F3DM, started selling in China in Dec 2008 with new models planned for US in 2010
Social
Energy Storage Electric buses/trucks
Grid Stabilization & Backup Electric rail
Utilities
EV/HEV/PHEV
Advancement in battery technologies driven by Govt. policy
High manufacturing costs, competition from other sources
Market is evolving at a very rapid pace –standardization related to infrastructure, battery design and safety will bet Assessment
Lead acid batteries used and Li-ion technology is in increasing focus. Extended range feasible but battery prices may be prohibitive 20.8 million electric bikes were sold worldwide in 2007, projected to approach 100M units by 20201
1. Source EWBR 2008
p/6
EV industry and Energy Storage -Macroeconomic Drivers
Main technology and demand drivers for large batteries/EVs
Volatile gas prices spur demand and promote market Government policies promote growth Consumers driven by need to reduce carbon footprint/emissions
Dr. Greg Monty
Underwriters Laboratories greg.monty@ +1 847-274-7017
p/1
Agenda
EV Market & Scope Opportunities Challenges Adding Value in the Supply Chain Charging Systems and Standards
p/2
Industry - Market Opportunity
World EV/HEV market projections EV/HEV revenue percent by geography
NA market focus on HEV, EU/AP focus on EV & LEV batteries In NA, EV adoption slower due to limited driving range EU environmental consciousness lead sto higher EV/LEV adoption AP- local subsidies and manufacturing focus increases demand for EV/LEV
U.S.A. - GM to launch the much anticipated Chevy
Volt in Fall 2010
Europe BMW to launch EVs –Rolls Royce, Mini and
BMW models by 2015 Daimler has purchased a 10% stake in Tesla Motors Fiat (in partnership with Chrysler) plans extended range electric vehicles by late 2010
Recent developments
Taiwan Automotive Research Consortium -concept vehicle for future electrically driven urban travel developed Taiwan’s Pihsiang Energy Technology Co. Ltd. (PHET) has license to manufacture, market and distribute C-coated Li-ion Phosphate batteries to LEV market China BAK Battery, Inc. –selected by the PRC's Ministry of Science and Technology to receive a grant of $3.1 for commercialization of high-power lithium-phosphate cells for LEV/EV applications
Source: Frost&Sullivan, World hybrid battery market, 2008
p/3
Market Influencers -Growth of EV and Large Batteries
Drivers:
Environmental and greenhouse gas buildup concerns
Constraints:
Safety concerns, concerns about recyclability of Li
Energy price volatility and recent oil shocks
Performance and maintenance of EVs, lack of infrastructure
Asia –
Reva and Tata Motors developing EV designs targeted for sales locally & in the US Taiwanese government offering subsidies for 160,000 electric scooters through 2010.
Japan - expects to lead the EV industry with new designs
slated for full production by 2012 METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry) created a strategic study group for rechargeable batteries system in may 2009 to enhance competitiveness of Japanese industry Japanese Govt. offering substantial incentives to EV buyers (43% in subsidies and no tax is owed) Nissan: LEAF available in 2010 with mass production in 2012. Nissan collaborating with infrastructure developers to enable proliferation in market. Battery in LEAF to be leased. Mitsubishi: iMEV available in early 2010 can run 160 km on full charge Toyota: Next generation of Prius PHEV to be equipped with solar panels
U.S. eBike sales are projected to hit 220,000 units in 2009, a two-year increase of 83% from 2007
1
eBike sales in Europe expected to hit 750,000 units in 2009 a three-fold increase over 20071
Taiwan and China represent the fastest growing market segment globally for LEVs
China electric bike sales: 12M in 2005 vs. 17M in 20071
eBikes represent the fastest-growing bicycle category within the U.S and Europe