液晶板12232F
12232模块指令
12232模块指令【全屏显示】1.SED1520F0A的接口信号SED1520F0A属行列驱动及控制合一的小规模液晶显示驱动芯片，电路简单，经济实用，内含振荡器，只须外接振荡电阻即可工作。
模块工作的稳定性好。
SED1520F0A与微处理器的接口信号如下。
DB0～DB7：数据总线。
A0：数据/指令选择信号。
A0=1表示出现在数据总线上的是数据；A0=0，表示出现在数据总线上的是指令或读出的状态。
RES：接口时序类型选择。
RES=1为M6800时序，其操作信号是E和R/W；RES=0为Intel8080时序，操作信号是RD和WR。
RD（E）：在Intel 8080时序时为读，低电平有效；在M6800时序时为使能信号，是个正脉冲，在下降沿处为写操作，在高电平时为读操作。
WR（R/W）：在Intel 8080时序时为写，低电平有效；在M6800时序时为读、写选择信号，R/W=1为读，R/W=0为写。
SED1520F0A与两种总线的接口信号和时序的详细资料见液晶显示模块使用手册。
2.MG-12232模块的引脚说明MG-12232模块共有18个引脚，各引脚定义如表1所列。
表1 MG-12232模块的引脚定义3.PIC16F877与MG-12232模块的接口电路现以功能强、价格低的PIC16F877为例说明PIC与MG-12232模块的硬件接口电路。
其接口控制时序采用M6800操作时序，这样SED1520F0A引出的控制信号R/W，A0，E1和E2由PIC16F877的I/O端口portb 的4个脚控制。
接口电路如图1所示。
图中利用可调电阻R3实现液晶的背光亮度调节，直接用电阻R2驱动液晶的背光灯。
由于PIC16F877的位操作指令丰富，所以用软件不难模拟出M6800操作时序。
二、接口软件编程1.SED1520F0A指令集SED1520F0A液晶显示驱动器有13条指令。
表2所列的以与M6800系列MPU接口为例（RES=1）而总结出的指令。
多煎煮模式的智能中药煲
多煎煮模式的智能中药煲刘莉;徐金增【摘要】很多人有这样的经历,在煎中药的时候,一不小心就会发生煎糊的现象。
那么这种煎糊的中药还能喝吗？中医专家认为,糊了的中药成分会发生变化,起不到治疗作用不要紧,可能会产生有害物质,危害人体健康,禁止服用。
为了方便病人服用中药药剂,目前已经有一些生产厂家推出了自动中药煲,并在市场上进行销售。
经过调查及实物分析,这些所谓自动中药煲也就只是利用了类似传统电饭锅的原理,将待煎煮中药材的水份煎煮至某一固定程度而已。
它们原理简单,对煎煮对象采用固定的煎煮模式,虽然解决了煎糊的问题,可却不能解决不同类型中药药剂采用不同的煎煮模式,这极大影响了中药的药效。
人们急切需要一种能较好实现中药煎煮自动化、智能化的家用电器。
我们特意设计了一款功能全面的中药煲。
它以能按不同类型的中药药剂采用不同的煎煮模式为特色,兼具防干烧、沸锅,自动保温,药渣分离,蜂鸣提示的功能,是初次煎药用户得心应手的工具。
【期刊名称】《电子制作》【年(卷),期】2011(000)012【总页数】3页(P41-43)【关键词】中药成分;智能化;煎煮;发生变化;治疗作用;有害物质;人体健康;生产厂家【作者】刘莉;徐金增【作者单位】不详;不详【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM925很多人有这样的经历，在煎中药的时候，一不小心就会发生煎糊的现象。
那么这种煎糊的中药还能喝吗？中医专家认为，糊了的中药成分会发生变化，起不到治疗作用不要紧，可能会产生有害物质，危害人体健康，禁止服用。
为了方便病人服用中药药剂，目前已经有一些生产厂家推出了自动中药煲，并在市场上进行销售。
经过调查及实物分析，这些所谓自动中药煲也就只是利用了类似传统电饭锅的原理，将待煎煮中药材的水份煎煮至某一固定程度而已。
它们原理简单，对煎煮对象采用固定的煎煮模式，虽然解决了煎糊的问题，可却不能解决不同类型中药药剂采用不同的煎煮模式，这极大影响了中药的药效。
人们急切需要一种能较好实现中药煎煮自动化、智能化的家用电器。
lcd液晶12232F的串口C51程序(ST7920)
}
CS=0;
}
void lcd_init()
{
uchar command_data;
delay_1ms(100);
command_data=0x30;
send_command(command_data); /*功能设置:一次送8位数据,基本指令集*/
command_data=0x63;
send_data(command_data); /*“c”字的编码*/
command_data=0x70;
send_data(command_data); /*“p”字的编码*/
command_data=0x75;
send_data(command_data); /*“u”字的编码*/
delay_1ms(3000);
command_data=0x01;
send_command(command_data); /*清DDRAM*/
command_data=0x80;
send_command(command_data); /*把显示地址设为0X80，即为第一行的首位*/
#define uint unsigned int
#define uchar unsigned char
/*12232f pins define*/
sbit CS=P1^5; Leabharlann sbit SID=P1^6;
sbit SCLK=P1^7;
void delay_1ms(uint x)
command_data=0x01;
send_command(command_data); /*清DDRAM*/
RT12232F(带中文)液晶显示器
一、概述12232F是一种内置8192个16*16点汉字库和128个16*8点ASCII字符集图形点阵液晶显示器,它主要由行驱动器/ 列驱动器及128×32全点阵液晶显示器组成。
可完成图形显示,也可以显示7.5×2个(16×16点阵)汉字.与外部CPU接口采用并行或串行方式控制。
主要技术参数和性能:1.电源:VDD:+3.0∽+5.5V。
（电源低于4.0伏LED背光需另外供电）2.显示内容:122(列)×32(行)点。
3.全屏幕点阵。
4.2M ROM(CGROM)总共提供8192个汉字(16×16点阵)。
5.16K ROM（HCGROM）总共提供128个字符（16×8点阵）。
6.2MHZ频率。
7.工作温度: 0℃∽ +55℃ ,存储温度: -20℃∽ +60℃8．在线路板上，有一焊接处，标有J2，共3个焊点。
使用并行方式，连接上2个焊点。
使用串行方式，连接下2个焊点。
二、外形尺寸图图 12. 外形尺寸图三、模块主要硬件构成说明●忙标志:BFBF标志提供内部工作情况.BF=1表示模块在进行内部操作,此时模块不接受外部指令和数据.BF=0时,模块为准备状态,随时可接受外部指令和数据.利用STATUS RD 指令,可以将BF读到DB7总线,从而检验模块之工作状态.●字型产生ROM（CGROM）字型产生ROM（CGROM）提供8192个此触发器是用于模块屏幕显示开和关的控制。
DFF=1为开显示（DISPLAY ON),DDRAM 的内容就显示在屏幕上，DFF=0为关显示（DISPLAY OFF)。
DFF 的状态是指令DISPLAY ON/OFF和RST信号控制的。
●显示数据RAM（DDRAM）模块内部显示数据RAM提供64×2个位元组的空间，最多可控制4行16字（64个字）的中文字型显示(本模块只用到其中的7.5*2个)，当写入显示数据RAM时，可分别显示CGROM与CGRAM的字型；此模块可显示三种字型，分别是瘦长的英数字型(16*8)、CGRAM 字型及CGROM的中文字型，三种字型的选择，由在DDRAM中写入的编码选择，在00~0F的编码中将选择CGRAM的字定义字型，10~7F的编码中将选择瘦长英数字的字型，至于A0以上的编码将自动的结合下一个位元组，组成两个位元组的编码形成中文字型的编码（A140~D75F）。
CM12232-27资料 ST7565R规格书
CM12232-27使用手册12232说明书LCD12232点阵屏图形点阵ST7565R控制器CM12232-27 BL W AA-3V (蓝底白字) 一．基本特征：(1)电压:3.0-3.3V(2)STN正视透射模式(3)显式模式:蓝底白字(4)显式角度:6点钟直视(5)驱动方式:1/32Dvty;1/6Bias(6)工作温度(Ta):-10℃～+55℃，存储温度:-20℃～+70℃(7)背光特征:LED背光(白色)(8)模块封装方式:COG（9）接口：并口/串口二．产品参数：三．限定参数：四．平面尺寸图：五．接脚定义：六．原理图七．引脚描述：八．应用举例：九．实物图片：十．程序参考：（6800接口）/********************************************************;;* CM12232-27 : st7565R *;;* MCU type : AT89C52(8K ROM) *;;* *;;* 68 mode *;;********************************************************/#include<reg51.h>#define uint unsigned int#define uchar unsigned charsbit CS=P2^1;sbit RES=P2^0;sbit A0=P2^2;sbit RW=P2^3;sbit E=P2^4;void delay(uint t);void busy();void init();void clrram();void font();void displayoff();void frame();void dots_1();void dots_2();void alldisplayon();void write_com(uint para);void write_data(uint para);code col_add[2]={0x10,0x00};code init_com[5]={0xa2,0xa1,0xc8,0x2f,0xaf};/* v0=8.3v 1/6bias reverse com seg */code page_add[4]={0xb0,0xb1,0xb2,0xb3};code da_font1[122]={0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x42,0x61,0x51,0x49,0x46,0x00,/*2*/0x3E,0x51,0x49,0x45,0x3E,0x00,/*0*/0x00,0x42,0x7F,0x40,0x00,0x00,/*1*/0x42,0x61,0x51,0x49,0x46,0x00,/*2*/0x24,0x3B,0x2A,0x7E,0x2A,0x00,/*年*/0x18,0x14,0x12,0x7F,0x10,0x00,/*4*/0x7F,0x15,0x15,0x15,0x7F,0x00,/*月*/0x42,0x61,0x51,0x49,0x46,0x00,/*2*/0x18,0x14,0x12,0x7F,0x10,0x00,/*4*/0x7F,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x7F,0x00,/*日*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,/*0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00 */};code da_font2[122]={0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x3F,0x40,0x7F,0x40,0x3F,0x00,/*W*/0x3F,0x40,0x7F,0x40,0x3F,0x00,/*W*/0x3F,0x40,0x7F,0x40,0x3F,0x00,/*W*/0x00,0x00,0x60,0x60,0x00,0x00,/*.*/0x3E,0x41,0x41,0x41,0x22,0x00,/*C*/0x20,0x41,0x41,0x3F,0x01,0x00,/*J*/0x36,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x36,0x00,/*8*/0x3E,0x49,0x49,0x4B,0x30,0x00,/*6*/0x00,0x00,0x60,0x60,0x00,0x00,/*.*/0x3E,0x41,0x41,0x41,0x22,0x00,/*C*/0x3E,0x41,0x41,0x41,0x3E,0x00,/*O*/0x7E,0x01,0x7E,0x01,0x7E,0x00,/*M*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/* */0x00,0x00,/*0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00/* */};code picdata[488]={ /*纵向取模字节倒序*//*-- 宽度x高度=122x32 --*/0xFF,0x01,0x41,0x89,0xD1,0x01,0xB1,0x51,0x31,0x91,0x31,0x51,0xB1,0x01,0x41,0x41,0xF9,0x41,0x41,0xF9,0x01,0xF1,0x01,0x01,0xF9,0x01,0x11,0x31,0x51,0xB1,0x49,0x39,0x49,0x41,0x21,0x11,0x89,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0xF9,0xA9,0xA9,0xA9,0xA9,0xF9,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x51,0x51,0xF1,0x49,0x49,0x01,0x91,0x21,0x01,0xF9,0x01,0x01,0x21,0x21,0xF9,0x21,0x01,0x21,0x21,0xF9,0x21,0x21,0x21,0x01,0x11,0x11,0x91,0xD1,0x71,0x59,0x51,0x51,0xD1,0x11,0x11,0x01,0xF9,0x09,0xC9,0x39,0x01,0xF9,0x29,0x29,0x29,0xF9,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x81,0x41,0x39,0x01,0x81,0x19,0x61,0x81,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x41,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x69,0x49,0x09,0xF9,0x01,0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x08,0x3F,0x00,0x12,0x0A,0x06,0x02,0x3F,0x06,0x0A,0x12,0x00,0x08,0x08,0x27,0x24,0x10,0x0F,0x00,0x1F,0x00,0x00,0x3F,0x00,0x11,0x09,0x05,0x3F,0x05,0x29,0x21,0x12,0x12,0x09,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x3E,0x2A,0x2A,0x3E,0x00,0x3E,0x2A,0x2A,0x2A,0x3E,0x00,0x0C,0x03,0x3F,0x01,0x02,0x04,0x04,0x05,0x04,0x3F,0x02,0x00,0x22,0x22,0x3F,0x01,0x20,0x23,0x15,0x09,0x15,0x23,0x20,0x00,0x02,0x01,0x00,0x3F,0x0A,0x0A,0x0A,0x2A,0x3F,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x3F,0x04,0x04,0x07,0x00,0x3F,0x21,0x17,0x09,0x15,0x22,0x00,0x01,0x20,0x30,0x28,0x26,0x21,0x14,0x18,0x30,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0F,0x09,0x09,0x09,0x0F,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0x00,0x10,0xE2,0x34,0x80,0xAC,0x94,0x8C,0xE4,0x8C,0x94,0xAC,0x00,0x10,0x10,0xFE,0x10,0x10,0xFE,0x00,0xFC,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x00,0x44,0x4C,0x54,0xEC,0x52,0x4E,0x52,0x90,0x88,0x44,0x22,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0xBE,0xAA,0x2A,0xAA,0xAA,0xBE,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x14,0xD4,0xFC,0x52,0x92,0x00,0x24,0x48,0x00,0xFE,0x80,0x00,0x88,0x88,0xFE,0x48,0x00,0xC8,0x48,0x7E,0x48,0xC8,0x08,0x00,0x84,0x44,0x24,0xF4,0x9C,0x96,0x94,0x94,0xF4,0x04,0x04,0x00,0xFE,0x02,0x32,0xCE,0x00,0xFE, 0x4A,0xCA,0x4A,0x7E,0x80,0x00,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x0E,0x80,0x60,0x06,0x18,0x20,0x40, 0x40,0x00,0x10,0x12,0xD2,0x52,0x52,0x52,0xDA,0x12,0x02,0xFE,0x00,0xFF,0xFF,0x80, 0x82,0x8F,0x80,0x84,0x82,0x81,0x80,0x8F,0x81,0x82,0x84,0x80,0x82,0x82,0x89,0x89,0x84,0x83,0x80,0x87,0x80,0x80,0x8F,0x80,0x84,0x82,0x81,0x8F,0x81,0x8A,0x88,0x84, 0x84,0x82,0x81,0x80,0x80,0x8F,0x8A,0x8A,0x8F,0x80,0x8F,0x8A,0x8A,0x8A,0x8F,0x80, 0x83,0x80,0x8F,0x80,0x80,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x8F,0x80,0x80,0x88,0x88,0x8F,0x80,0x88,0x88,0x85,0x82,0x85,0x88,0x88,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x8F,0x82,0x82,0x82,0x8A, 0x8F,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x8F,0x81,0x81,0x81,0x80,0x8F,0x88,0x85,0x82,0x85,0x88,0x80,0x80,0x88,0x8C,0x8A,0x89,0x88,0x85,0x86,0x8C,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x83,0x82, 0x82,0x82,0x83,0x88,0x88,0x8F,0x80,0xFF,};void init(){uint i;CS=0;RES=0;delay(5);RES=1;delay(5);for(i=0;i<5;i++){write_com(init_com[i]);}}void clrram(){uint i,j;for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<122;j++){}}}void p(){uint i,k=0,j;clrram();for(j=0;j<4;j++){write_com(page_add[j]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(i=0;i<122;i++){write_data(picdata[k]);k++;}}}void font(){uint i;clrram();write_com(0xb1);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(i=0;i<122;i++){write_data(da_font1[i]);}write_com(0xb2);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(i=0;i<122;i++){}}void alldisplayon(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<122;j++){write_data(0xff);}}}void displayoff(){write_com(0xac);write_com(0xae);write_com(0xa5);}void frame(){uint i,j;write_com(0xa4);write_com(0xad);write_com(0x00);write_com(0xaf);clrram();write_com(page_add[0]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);write_data(0xff);for(i=0;i<120;i++){write_data(0x01);}write_data(0xff);for(i=1;i<3;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);write_data(0xff);for(j=0;j<120;j++){write_data(0x00);}write_data(0xff);}write_com(page_add[3]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);write_data(0xff);for(i=0;i<120;i++){write_data(0x80);}write_data(0xff);}void dots_1(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<61;j++){write_data(0x55);write_data(0xaa);}}}void dots_2(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<61;j++){write_data(0xaa);write_data(0x55);}}}void h1(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<122;j++){write_data(0x55);}}}void h2(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<122;j++){write_data(0xaa);}}}void c1(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<61;j++){write_data(0xff);write_data(0x00);}}}void c2(){uint i,j;clrram();for(i=0;i<4;i++){write_com(page_add[i]);write_com(col_add[0]);write_com(col_add[1]);for(j=0;j<61;j++){write_data(0x00);write_data(0xff);}}}void write_com(uint para){busy();A0=0;RW=0;P0=para;E=1;E=0;}void write_data(uint para) {busy();A0=1;RW=0;P0=para;E=1;E=0;}void busy(){uint temp;A0=0;RW=1;do{P0=0xff;E=0;delay(0);E=1;temp=P0;}while((temp&0x80)==1); }void delay(uint t){register int i,j;for(i=0;i<t;i++)for(j=0;j<125;j++);}main(){init();IE=0x81;while(1){p();delay(800);font();delay(500);alldisplayon();delay(500);displayoff();delay(500);frame();delay(500);dots_1();delay(500);dots_2();delay(500);h1();delay(500);h2();delay(500);c1();delay(500);c2();delay(500);}}void innt0() interrupt 0{do{}while(1);}。
LCD12232液晶
LCD12232液晶.txt21春暖花会开！如果你曾经历过冬天，那么你就会有春色！如果你有着信念，那么春天一定会遥远；如果你正在付出，那么总有一天你会拥有花开满圆。
12232液晶程序默认分类 2008-07-15 22:09:59 阅读907 评论0 字号：大中小订阅 ./****************************************************************************** Copyright 2007All rights reserved.文件名：12232-2.c模块名称：SED1520驱动12232液晶驱动功能概要：取代版本：0.0.1修改人：pulan完成日期：2007.07.08升级说明：createCPU: stc89c58 主频：11.0592M液晶型号：生产厂家：驱动芯片：硬件连接：12232液晶---------------------------------------------------------------|DB0-----P0.0 | DB4-----P0.4 | RW-------P2.2 | A0--------P2.1 ||DB1-----P0.1 | DB5-----P0.5 | E2-------P2.4 | Vo接10k电位器调整对比度 ||DB2-----P0.2 | DB6-----P0.6 | E1-------P2.5 ||DB3-----P0.3 | DB7-----P0.7 | RST-------P2.3|---------------------------------------------------------------******************************************************************************/ #include <reg52.h>#define uchar unsigned char#define DATA P0 //数据口sbit E1 = P2^5;sbit E2 = P2^4;sbit RW = P2^2;sbit A0 = P2^1;sbit led = P1^1;/*-- Arial12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*///普兰工作室//00 01 02 03unsigned char code ZM[]={/*-- 文字: 普 --*//*-- 宋体12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*/0x40,0x44,0x54,0x64,0x45,0x7E,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x7E,0x45,0x64,0x54,0x44,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,/*-- 文字: 兰 --*//*-- 宋体12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*/0x00,0x20,0x20,0x22,0x24,0x28,0x20,0x20,0x30,0x28,0x27,0x22,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x00, 0x20,0x20,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x20,0x20,0x00,/*-- 文字: 工 --*//*-- 宋体12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*/0x00,0x00,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0xFE,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x00,0x00, 0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x00,/*-- 文字: 作 --*//*-- 宋体12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*/0x80,0x40,0x20,0xF8,0x07,0x22,0x18,0x0C,0xFB,0x48,0x48,0x48,0x68,0x48,0x08,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x06,0x04,0x00,/*-- 文字: 室 --*//*-- 宋体12; 此字体下对应的点阵为：宽x高=16x16 --*/0x00,0x10,0x2C,0x24,0xA4,0x64,0x25,0x26,0x24,0x24,0xA4,0x24,0x34,0x2C,0x04,0x00, 0x40,0x40,0x48,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x7F,0x49,0x49,0x49,0x4B,0x48,0x40,0x40,0x00,};static uchar code * data pzm;//静态的，指向位于code区域unchar类型的，存储于data区域的指针#define LCD_DISPLAYON 0xaf //af 开显示,#define LCD_DISPLAYOFF 0xae //ae 关显示,#define LCD_DRIVERON 0xa5 //a5 静态显示驱动#define LCD_DRIVEROFF 0xa4 //a4正常驱动#define LCD_DUTY16 0xa8 //占空比1/16#define LCD_DUTY32 0xa9 //占空比1/32//#define LCD_END 0xee /*关闭“读-修改-写”模式,并把列地址指针恢复到打开“读-修改-写”模式前的位置。
数字指南针
数字指南针1 功能要求数字指南针要求使用固态磁阻传感器将地磁场的方位角转换成数字量的角度信号，利用单片机处理并显示或通过串行口传送到雷达或电子海图仪等航海设备上，从而实现运动方位角信息的显示。
数字指南针要求分辨率小于1O。
2 方案论证数字指南针又叫电子罗盘，是基于地磁场来定北极的一种仪器。
其测量误差不随时间积累，且体积小，可靠性高，响应速度快，相比传统机械罗盘具有较多的优点。
数字指南针的电路系统主要由地磁检测电路、地磁信号放大电路、磁阻传感器消磁电路、微处理器控制电路、液晶显示电路和接口电路组成。
控制器采用单片机STC12C5410AD，地磁检测采用磁阻传感器HMC1022。
STC12C5410AD单片机是宏晶公司产品，其运算速度为标准单片机的12倍，内带A/D转换器，具有强抗干扰性，低功耗，可在线编程等优点。
HMC1022是二维磁阻传感器电路芯片，其原理是利用电阻桥将磁场强度转换成差动输出电压，该信号电压通过运放放大后，输入到单片机进行A/D转换，最后由单片机进行数据处理并将测量方位角的结果显示在LCD液晶显示器上。
数字指南针设计原理框图如图1所示。
磁阻传感器HMC1022置位/复位电路液晶显示器单片机运放MAX232上位机X轴Y轴串口TXDRXD图1 数字指南针设计原理框图3 系统硬件电路的设计图2所示是数字指南针电路设计原理图。
电路由地磁检测电路、地磁信号放大电路、磁阻传感器消磁电路、微处理器控制电路、液晶显示电路和串行接口电路组成。
3.1 地磁检测电路地磁检测电路采用Honeywell公司生产的智能弱磁二轴传感器HMC1022。
其分辨率为85μGs，工作温度为-40～300℃，器件可在5～12V电源范围内工作。
芯片使用16引脚小型SOP封装，最低可检测30μGs的磁场，是一款高可靠性、高灵敏度的磁阻芯片。
双轴磁阻传感器内部具有2个相互垂直安放的磁传感器，当磁阻传感器与航船相对固定并保持水平状态时，利用从2个传感器输出的水平与垂直磁分量大小就可以算出方位角θ（见图3）。
ZX12232G-1 液晶显示器用户手册说明书
中文液晶显示器使用说明书ZX12232G-1ZX12232G (ST7920) 并口演示程序Keil C51// DV12232G 测试程序(并口)//*************************************************************************** //连线表: CPU=89C52 *//RS=P2.0 RW=P2.1 E=/(WR*RD) *//FOSC=12MHz D0-D7=P0.0-P0.7 /RSET=/(CPU RSET) *//*************************************************************************** #include <reg52.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <intrins.h>#include <stdio.h>char xdata LcmWriteCom _at_ 0x0000; //写指令char xdata LcmWriteData _at_ 0x0100; //写数据char xdata LcmReadBF _at_ 0x0200; //读BF&ACchar xdata LcmReadData _at_ 0x0300; //读数据sbit Key=P3^4;unsigned char code AC_TABLE[]={0x80,0x81,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,0x86,0x87, //第一行汉字位置0x90,0x91,0x92,0x93,0x94,0x95,0x96,0x97, //第二行汉字位置};unsigned char code str2[]="欢迎光临dvlcd!!";unsigned char code str1[]="迪威液晶显示技术欢迎您！内含八千汉字库。
温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献温度控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:温度控制系统的设计摘要：研究了基于AT89S 51单片机温度控制系统的原理和功能，温度测量单元由单总线数字温度传感器DS18B 20构成。
该系统可进行温度设定，时间显示和保存监测数据。
如果温度超过任意设置的上限和下限值，系统将报警并可以和自动控制的实现，从而达到温度监测智能一定范围内。
基于系统的原理，很容易使其他各种非线性控制系统，只要软件设计合理的改变。
该系统已被证明是准确的，可靠和满意通过现场实践。
践。
关键词：单片机；温度；温度关键词：单片机；温度；温度I. 导言温度是在人类生活中非常重要的参数。
在现代社会中，温度控制（TC TC）不仅用于工业生产，还广泛应用于其它领域。
随着生活质量的提）不仅用于工业生产，还广泛应用于其它领域。
随着生活质量的提高，我们可以发现在酒店，工厂和家庭，以及比赛设备。
而比赛的趋势将更好地服务于整个社会，因此它具有十分重要的意义测量和控制温度。
度。
在AT89S51AT89S51单片机和温度传感器单片机和温度传感器DS18B20DS18B20的基础上，系统环境的基础上，系统环境温度智能控制。
温度可设定在一定范围内动任意。
该系统可以显示在液晶显示屏的时间，并保存监测数据，并自动地控制温度，当环境温度超过上限和下限的值。
这样做是为了保持温度不变。
该系统具有很高的抗干扰能力，控制精度高，灵活的设计，它也非常适合这个恶劣的环境。
它主要应用于人们的生活，改善工作和生活质量。
这也是通用的，因此它可以方便地扩大使用该系统。
因此，设计具有深刻的重要性。
一般的设计，硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。
设计，硬件设计和软件系统的设计都包括在内。
II. 系统总体设计该系统硬件包括微控制器，温度检测电路，键盘控制电路，时钟电路，显示，报警，驱动电路和外部RAM RAM。
12232液晶模块12232液晶显示驱动程序
12232液晶显示驱动程序【全屏显示】#include#include#include#include#define uchar unsigned char#define data 1#define comm 0#define f_page 0xb8#d#define f_line 0x00 efine f_row 0xc0sbit rst=P3^0;sbit e1 =P2^0;sbit e2 =P2^1;sbit rw =P3^3;sbit a0 =P3^4;sbit bf =P1^7;void wr_lcd (uchar choe1,uchar choe2,uchar data_comm,uchar content);/*choe1为1,控制左半屏,choe2为1,控制右半屏*/void chk_busy (uchar choe1,uchar choe2);void delay (unsigned int us);void delay1 (unsigned int ms);//void init_lcd (void);void disphz (uchar code *chn);void dispzf (uchar code *chn);void disptu (uchar code *img);void wrlattice (uchar data1,uchar data2);uchar code tab1[]={/*-- 文字: 中 --*/0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0xFF,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0xFC,0x08,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x07,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0xFF,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x07,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 科 --*/0x10,0x12,0x92,0x72,0xFE,0x51,0x91,0x00,0x22,0xCC,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x04,0x02,0x01,0x00,0xFF,0x00,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x02,0x02,0x02,0xFF,0x01,0x01,0x00, /*-- 文字: 国 --*/0x00,0xFE,0x02,0x0A,0x8A,0x8A,0x8A,0xFA,0x8A,0x8A,0x8A,0x0A,0x02,0xFE,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xFF,0x40,0x48,0x48,0x48,0x48,0x4F,0x48,0x49,0x4E,0x48,0x40,0xFF,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 技 --*/0x08,0x08,0x88,0xFF,0x48,0x28,0x00,0xC8,0x48,0x48,0x7F,0x48,0xC8,0x48,0x08,0x00, 0x01,0x41,0x80,0x7F,0x00,0x40,0x40,0x20,0x13,0x0C,0x0C,0x12,0x21,0x60,0x20,0x00, /*-- 文字: 肇 --*/0x80,0x60,0x1C,0x95,0x96,0x94,0x9C,0xC8,0xA4,0xAF,0x94,0x94,0x2C,0x44,0x44,0x00, 0x20,0x22,0x2A,0x2A,0x2A,0x2A,0x2A,0xFF,0x2A,0x2A,0x2A,0x2F,0x22,0x22,0x20,0x00, /*-- 文字: 有 --*/0x00,0x04,0x84,0x44,0xE4,0x34,0x2C,0x27,0x24,0x24,0x24,0xE4,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x00, 0x02,0x01,0x00,0x00,0xFF,0x09,0x09,0x09,0x29,0x49,0xC9,0x7F,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 庆 --*/0x00,0x00,0xFC,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x44,0xC5,0x7E,0xC4,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x44,0x00, 0x40,0x30,0x0F,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x0C,0x03,0x00,0x01,0x06,0x18,0x30,0x60,0x20,0x00, /*-- 文字: 限 --*/0xFE,0x02,0x32,0x4E,0x82,0x00,0xFE,0x4A,0xCA,0x4A,0x4A,0x4A,0x7E,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0xFF,0x00,0x02,0x04,0x03,0x00,0xFF,0x40,0x20,0x03,0x0C,0x12,0x21,0x60,0x20,0x00, /*-- 文字: 金 --*/0x40,0x40,0x20,0x20,0x50,0x48,0x44,0xC3,0x44,0x48,0x50,0x50,0x20,0x60,0x20,0x00, 0x40,0x40,0x42,0x42,0x4A,0x72,0x42,0x7F,0x42,0x62,0x5A,0x42,0x42,0x40,0x40,0x00, /*-- 文字: 公 --*/0x00,0x00,0x80,0x40,0x30,0x0E,0x84,0x00,0x00,0x0E,0x10,0x60,0xC0,0x80,0x80,0x00, 0x00,0x01,0x20,0x70,0x28,0x24,0x23,0x31,0x10,0x10,0x14,0x78,0x30,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 鹏 --*/0x00,0xFE,0x12,0xFE,0x00,0xFE,0x12,0xFE,0x00,0xFC,0x0E,0x35,0x44,0x7C,0x00,0x00, 0x20,0x1F,0x21,0x7F,0x20,0x1F,0x41,0x7F,0x08,0x09,0x09,0x29,0x49,0x21,0x1F,0x00, /*-- 文字: 司 --*/0x00,0x10,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x92,0x12,0x02,0x02,0xFE,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x1F,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x04,0x0F,0x00,0x20,0x40,0x3F,0x00,0x00 };uchar code tab2[]={/*-- 文字: 8 --*/0x00,0x70,0x88,0x08,0x08,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x1C,0x22,0x21,0x21,0x22,0x1C,0x00, /*-- 文字: G --*/0xC0,0x30,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x38,0x00,0x00,0x07,0x18,0x20,0x20,0x22,0x1E,0x02,0x00, /*-- 文字: 6 --*/0x00,0xE0,0x10,0x88,0x88,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0F,0x11,0x20,0x20,0x11,0x0E,0x00, /*-- 文字: o --*/0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x1F,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x1F,0x00, /*-- 文字: - --*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01, /*-- 文字: l --*/0x00,0x08,0x08,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 7 --*/0x00,0x38,0x08,0x08,0xC8,0x38,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x3F,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: d --*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x88,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x0E,0x11,0x20,0x20,0x10,0x3F,0x20,/*-- 文字: 5 --*/0x00,0xF8,0x08,0x88,0x88,0x08,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x19,0x21,0x20,0x20,0x11,0x0E,0x00, /*-- 文字: e --*/0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x1F,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x13,0x00, /*-- 文字: 8 --*/0x00,0x70,0x88,0x08,0x08,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x1C,0x22,0x21,0x21,0x22,0x1C,0x00, /*-- 文字: n --*/0x80,0x80,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x21,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x20, /*-- 文字: - --*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x01, /*-- 文字: P --*/0x08,0xF8,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0xF0,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x21,0x01,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 2 --*/0x00,0x70,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x30,0x28,0x24,0x22,0x21,0x30,0x00, /*-- 文字: a --*/0x00,0x00,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x19,0x24,0x22,0x22,0x22,0x3F,0x20, /*-- 文字: 2 --*/0x00,0x70,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x30,0x28,0x24,0x22,0x21,0x30,0x00, /*-- 文字: l --*/0x00,0x08,0x08,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 2 --*/0x00,0x70,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,0x30,0x28,0x24,0x22,0x21,0x30,0x00, /*-- 文字: m --*/0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x80,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x00,0x3F,0x20,0x00,0x3F, /*-- 文字: 3 --*/0x00,0x30,0x08,0x88,0x88,0x48,0x30,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x11,0x0E,0x00, /*-- 文字: --*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: 1 --*/0x00,0x10,0x10,0xF8,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x00, /*-- 文字: L --*/0x08,0xF8,0x08,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x30,0x00, /*-- 文字: 9 --*/0x00,0xE0,0x10,0x08,0x08,0x10,0xE0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x31,0x22,0x22,0x11,0x0F,0x00, /*-- 文字: C --*/0xC0,0x30,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x08,0x38,0x00,0x07,0x18,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x10,0x08,0x00, /*-- 文字: 6 --*/0x00,0xE0,0x10,0x88,0x88,0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0F,0x11,0x20,0x20,0x11,0x0E,0x00, /*-- 文字: M --*/0x08,0xF8,0xF8,0x00,0xF8,0xF8,0x08,0x00,0x20,0x3F,0x00,0x3F,0x00,0x3F,0x20,0x00 };uchar code tab3[]={/*-- 调入了一幅图像：F:\梁\其它\HOCO12232.bmp --*//*-- 宽度x高度=122x32 --*/0x00,0x00,0x00,0x70,0xF8,0xF8,0xFC,0xFC,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFE,0xFC,0xFC,0xF0,0xE0, 0xC0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x48,0xD4,0xB4,0x62,0xC2,0x82,0x03,0x02,0x02, 0x02,0x84,0xC4,0xE0,0xA0,0xE0,0x60,0x20,0x20,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xE0,0xB0,0xF8,0xF0,0xF0,0xF8,0xFC,0x60,0x60,0x30, 0x18,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xC0,0xE0,0xE0,0xF0,0xF0,0xF0,0xD8,0x58,0x58,0x58,0x58, 0x58,0xD8,0xD8,0x98,0xB0,0x30,0x70,0xE0,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x07, 0x07,0x07,0x02,0x7F,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC, 0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xFC,0xF8,0xF0,0xC0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xFE,0x01,0x00,0x04, 0x0D,0x1B,0x36,0x6D,0xDB,0xF6,0xED,0xFB,0xFE,0xFE,0xFF,0x7F,0x1F,0x07,0x01,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0xF0,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xF8,0xFC,0xFE,0xFE, 0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0xFC,0xE0,0xC0,0xC0,0xF8,0xFE,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF, 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFE,0x3E,0xF8,0x01,0x37, 0x0C,0x00,0x1F,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,0xFF,0xC7,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0xE1, 0xFF,0x3F,0x0F,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x03,0x0F,0x3F,0x7F,0xFF,0xEF, 0xBF,0x7F,0xFF,0xC7,0x07,0x1F,0xFE,0xF8,0xB0,0x60,0x80,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x03,0x04,0x08,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x40,0x80,0x83, 0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x83,0x40,0x40,0x20,0x10,0x08,0x04,0x03,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01,0x03,0x03,0x07,0x0F,0x1F,0x3F,0x3F,0x7F,0xFF, 0xFF,0x7F,0x7F,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xDF,0x3F,0x3F,0x0F,0x61,0x3F,0x1F,0x2F,0x3F, 0x1F,0x0F,0x00,0x0F,0x07,0x03,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18,0x1E,0x07,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x60,0x70,0x3C,0x1F,0x07,0x03,0x01,0x01,0x00,0x00, 0x01,0x07,0x07,0x01,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7C,0x44,0xEC,0x00, 0x7C,0x44,0x7C,0x00,0x7C,0x40,0x40,0x00,0x7C,0x44,0x38,0x00,0x7C,0x14,0x1C,0x00, 0x7C,0x40,0x40,0x00,0x78,0x24,0x78,0x00,0x7C,0x18,0x18,0x7C,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x20,0x10,0x04,0x07,0x00,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x01, 0x05,0x03,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00};/*------------------------------------------*/void wr_lcd (uchar choe1,uchar choe2,uchar data_comm,uchar content){chk_busy (choe1,choe2);if(data_comm){a0=1; //datarw=0; //write}else{a0=0; //commandrw=0; //write}if(choe1==1){P1=content; //output data or comme1=1;;e1=0;}if(choe2==1){P1=content; //output data or comme2=1;;e2=0;}}void chk_busy (uchar choe1,uchar choe2) {if(choe1==1){a0=0;rw=1;e1=1;while(bf==1)delay(2);e1=0;}if(choe2==1){a0=0;rw=1;e2=1;while(bf==1)delay(2);e2=0;}}void delay (unsigned int us) //delay time {while(us--);}void delay1 (unsigned int ms) {unsigned int i,j;for(i=0;i。
机动车尾号限行提示器
机动车尾号限行提示器(一)2010-07-07 15:57:25 来源:《无线电》杂志作者:刘世泉【大中小】浏览:570次评论:0条机动车“尾号限行”的轮号使不少记性不佳的有车族被限行日期搞得有点晕。
特别是那些家里有不止一辆车的人，要分别记住两辆车两天限行且对号入座，说起来容易，但做起来真的有一点点难度。
本文介绍一种机动车尾号限行控制器，可以解决司机们的上述烦恼。
一、电路组成及原理该控制器电路见图1，它由输入电路、日期产生电路、LCD显示电路、输出控制电路、单片机和电源组成。
自己的车牌尾号由DIP 开关S1输入到DS1302芯片中保存，当司机发动汽车时，控制器将自动与限行的车牌号对比，若当天是限行日，则在液晶屏幕上显示提示信息，同时切断启动电机开关线，使汽车不能启动；若当天不是限行日，则汽车即可正常使用。
1. 输入电路由于车牌尾号和日期、时间不需要经常输入，所以输入电路采用了DIP开关S1 和4个10kΩ电阻组成键盘电路，DIP开关如图2所示，其优点是体积小，可靠性高。
S1中的开关1是限行选择开关，当它处于OFF位置时，取消限行管制，该控制器不起作用。
只有当它处于ON位置时，机动车尾号限行控制器才起作用。
开关2是功能选择开关，可以选择不同的输入功能。
开关3是数字“加”键，开关4是数字“减”键。
通过2、3、4开关的配合使用可设置控制器的初始年、月、日、时、分、秒和自己的车牌尾号。
图1 机动车尾号限行控制器电路图2 DIP开关2. 日期产生电路日期产生电路的芯片型号是DS1302，其引脚图见图3 。
它是一种高性能低功耗时钟芯片,包括实时时钟/日历和31 字节的静态RAM，可实时地对秒、分、时、日、周、月以及闰年进行计数处理。
31字节的高速RAM通过外接充电电池可长期保存数据。
正常工作时DS1302芯片还能慢速为电池充电。
它能在2.5～5.5V 电源下可靠工作，在2.5V时耗电小于300nA。
在主电源关闭的情况下，能保持时钟的连续运行。
单片机实践教学改革与应用型人才培养
单片机实践教学改革与应用型人才培养摘要：从培养应用型人才的教学目的出发，结合“单片机原理与应用”课程教学实验及课程设计环节中的实际情况，讨论了如何开展教学内容、配套实验和课程设计环节的改革，激发学生的学习兴趣，培养实际设计动手能力，从而促进理论与实践的贯通，为学生较好掌握单片机设计应用方法提供教学改革经验。
关键词：单片机：实践教学；改革；应用型人才；培养“单片机原理与应用”是一门工科电类大学生重要的专业基础必修课，其特点是应用性强。
在日常生活中我们到处可以接触到采用单片机进行自动化控制的家用电器，如空调、冰箱、电饭煲、洗衣机等。
在每年举行的国家或省大学生电子设计竞赛中，几乎所有的作品都要使用单片机才能完成系统设计。
单片机实际上已成为小电子产品自动化功能实现的首选设计，因此，对电类学生来说，掌握了单片机的应用技术，就相当于踏进了就业的大门。
我校曾获电子竞赛奖的同学在企业招聘中供不应求就说明了这点。
因此在大学里，怎样上好单片机这门课程，使学生产生学习单片机设计的兴趣，学会单片机设计应用技术，是非常值得研究的教学课题。
一、教材建设与实践研究密切结合教学与科研有机结合是高校教学的特点之一，今天的课本知识是昨天的研究成果，现在的研究是明天的课本教材。
只有不断地掌握新知识，实践新技术，才能及时更新教学内容，将当前最新的应用器件介绍给学生，将自己最新的技术知识传授给学生。
一个连自己都不会进行单片机设计的老师来从事单片机的课堂教学，其效果是可想而知的。
因此，一方面教师要注重单片机的实际应用研究实践；另一方面要将最新知识融入教材，及时更新教材内容，最好是自行出版教材。
二、课堂教学与考试方式的改革1课堂教学方法课堂教学要注重以下几个要点：(1)理论教学和实践教学要交叉进行。
在课堂教学中，利用单片机实际应用系统的实物来直观演示单片机的功能，并进行程序及硬件设计原理分析；或利用MEDWIN或WA VE等集成单片机调试环境进行编程及程序调试的课堂教学。
TcL液晶电视维修2
TCL L32F3320电视机故障维修一例（含电路图）
一台TcL液晶电视,故障为：有声音无图像，开机仔细观察屏幕闪亮一下，检查背光灯，发现开机启动时屏背光灯一闪亮即灭。
该机背光灯与电源部分一体，线路板板号SHG3203A一101H,背光电源管理芯片Mp3394,测量去灯管CN2电压为62V，逐步下降到电源电压24V,在电压下降过程中可以观察到背光灯闪亮一下。
电源、背光灯线路图：
为了清楚起见背光灯局部电路：
上网查询，有人说把R212由原有160K改为75K故障排除，并且确实有些人跟着这个思路也能修好。
但也有人说改R212不一定能根治，并且说改后确实也能显示，只是稍暗，但拆屏灯条发现一条不亮，另外两条上都有一个灯珠不亮，换灯条才能根治此故障。
根据此机芯灯条资料，一条灯条为9只LED灯组成，每只灯工作电压6V，那么灯条是工作是54V，即CN2的1、2、9、10脚电压应该为54V。
该电压的稳压过程是由R212、R229、R228组成的分压电路，检测该分压器两端的电压变化，通过R230送到IC201⑿脚，检测、调整得到一稳定的电压。
通过电路分析，减小R212只会使分压器两端的电压升高，故减小R212不一定是跟除故障的办法，我赞同一定要检查灯的工作状态是否正常。
12232系列说明书
LCD12232系列点阵型液晶显示模块使用说明书一、液晶驱动IC基本特性1、具有低功耗、供应电压范围宽等特点。
2、具有16common和61segment输出，并可外接驱动IC扩展驱动。
3、具有2560位显示RAM（DD RAM），即80×8×4位4、具有与68系列或80系列相适配的MPU接口功能，并有专用的指令集，可完成文本显示或 图形显示的功能设置二、模块基本特性视域尺寸：60.5×18.0mm（12232-1/-2）,54.8×18.3mm（12232-3）显示类型：黄底黑字LCD显示角度：6点钟直观驱动方式：1/32 duty，1/6 bias连接方式：导电胶条，铁框●补充说明：模块外观尺寸可根据用户的要求进行适度调整。
三、外形尺寸图图1 12232-1尺寸图图2 12232-2尺寸图图3 12232-3尺寸图四、工作参数1、逻辑工作电压（VDD-VSS）：2.4～6.0V2、LCD驱动电压(Vdd-Vlcd)：3.0～13.5V3、工作温度(Ta)：0～55℃（常温） / -20～70℃（宽温）4、保存温度(Tstg)：-10～70℃五、电气特性(测试条件 Ta=25,Vdd=5.0±0.25V)1、输入高电平(Vih)：3.5Vmin2、输入低电平(Vil)：0.55Vmax3、输出高电平(Voh)：3.75Vmin4、输出低电平(Vol)：1.0Vmax5、工作电流：2.0mAmax管脚说明:VDD：逻辑电源正GND(VSS)： 逻辑电源地VO(VEE)：LCD驱动电源RESET：复位端,对于68系列MPU:上升沿(L-H)复位，且复位后电平须保持为高电（H）；对于80系列MPU:下降沿(H-L)复位，且复位后电平须保持为低电平（L）。
E1：读写使能。
对于68系列MPU，连接使能信号引脚，高电平有效；对于80系列MPU，连接/RD引脚，低电平有效。
12232LCD
//WriteCommand(0x02,0x00);
//WriteCommand(0x01,0xc0); //显示起始行设置。指定显示器从显示RAM中的那一行开始显示
//数据，（起始行=0）
//WriteCommand(0x02,0xc0);
//WriteCommand(0x01,0xa0); //clockwise output ADC选择，顺时针还是逆时针读取RAM数据
//WriteCommand(0x02,0xa0);
//WriteCommand(0x01,0xee); //end关闭读修改写，无论读或写操作后，列地址都加1
//WriteCommand(0x02,0xee);
4、程序代码
由于本程序代码比较长，所以在此只列出与控制液晶件中
//端口初始化
void LCDPort_Init()
{
//LCD数据端口设置
PORTB = 0xff; //
DDRB = 0xFF; //配置端口PB全部为输出口,LCD数据端口
//LCD控制端口设置
许多LCD模块的引脚数都不一致，常见有16～20个不等。不过它们的功能是大同小异。我们所用的DM12232B型液晶是18引脚：VDD，VSS，VLCD，RET，E1，E2，R/W，A0，DB0，DB1，DB2，DB3，DB4，DB5，DB6，DB7，LED+，LED-。
17.2.1、DM12232B型液晶的管脚排列
}
WriteCommand(0x02,0xb9); //
WriteCommand(0x02,Add1); //
12232中文字库
目录(一)概述(二) 外形尺寸(三) 模块主要硬件构成说明(四) 模块的外部接口(五) 指令说明(六) 读写操作时序(七)应用举例(八)附录一、概述12232F是一种内置8192个16*16点汉字库和128个16*8点ASCII字符集图形点阵液晶显示器,它主要由行驱动器/ 列驱动器及122×32全点阵液晶显示器组成。
可完成图形显示,也可以显示7.5×2个(16×16点阵)汉字.与外部CPU接口采用并行或串行方式控制。
主要技术参数和性能:1.电源:VDD:+3.0∽+5.5V。
（电源低于4.0伏LED背光需另外供电）2.显示内容:122(列)×32(行)点。
3.全屏幕点阵。
4.2M ROM(CGROM)总共提供8192个汉字(16×16点阵)。
5.16K ROM（HCGROM）总共提供128个字符（16×8点阵）。
6.2MHZ频率。
7.工作温度:-20℃∽ +60℃ ,存储温度: -30℃∽ +70℃二、外形尺寸图图 12. 外形尺寸图项目正常尺寸单位模块体积84×44×13 mm视域60.5×18.0 mm行列点阵数122×32 DOTS点距离0.36×0.41 mm点大小0.40×0.45 mm三.模块主要硬件构成说明控制器接口信号说明：RS R/W 功能说明L L MPU写指令到指令暂存器（IR）L H 读出忙标志（BF）及地址记数器（AC）的状态H L MPU写入数据到数据暂存器（DR）H H MPU从数据暂存器（DR）中读出数据E状态执行动作结果高——>低I/O缓冲——>DR 配合/W进行写数据或指令●忙标志:BFBF标志提供内部工作情况.BF=1表示模块在进行内部操作,此时模块不接受外部指令和数据.BF=0时,模块为准备状态,随时可接受外部指令和数据.利用STATUS RD 指令,可以将BF读到DB7总线,从而检验模块之工作状态.●字型产生ROM（CGROM）字型产生ROM（CGROM）提供8192个此触发器是用于模块屏幕显示开和关的控制。
12232液晶的详细技术资料
12232液晶的详细技术资料一、液晶驱动IC基本特性1、具有低功耗、供应电压范围宽等特点。
2、具有16common和61segment输出，并可外接驱动IC扩展驱动。
3、具有2560位显示RAM（DD RAM），即80×8×4位4、具有与68系列或80系列相适配的MPU接口功能，并有专用的指令集，可完成文本显示或图形显示的功能设置二、模块基本特性视域尺寸：，60.5×18.0mm（12232-1/-2）,54.8×18.3mm（12232-3）显示类型：黄底黑字LCD显示角度：6点钟直观驱动方式：1/32 duty，1/6 bias连接方式：导电胶条，铁框● 补充说明：模块外观尺寸可根据用户的要求进行适度调整。
三、工作参数1、逻辑工作电压（VDD-VSS）：2.4～6.0V2、LCD驱动电压(Vdd-Vlcd)：3.0～13.5V3、工作温度(Ta)：0～55℃（常温） / -20～70℃（宽温）4、保存温度(Tstg)：-10～70℃四、电气特性(测试条件 Ta=25,Vdd=5.0±0.25V)1、输入高电平(Vih)：3.5Vmin2、输入低电平(Vil)：0.55Vmax3、输出高电平(Voh)：3.75Vmin4、输出低电平(Vol)：1.0Vmax5、工作电流：2.0mAmax五、接口说明PCB板引脚号 12232/1 12232/2 12232/31 VDD VSS2 GND VDD3 VLCD V04 RET A05 CS1 CS1同12232-1引脚6 CS2 CS27 R/W CL(外振时钟)8 A0 /RD9 D0 /WR10 D1 D011 D2 D112 D3 D2同12232-1引脚13 D4 D314 D5 D415 D6 D516 D7 D617 背光 D718 背光 RES19 背光20 背光管脚说明:VDD：逻辑电源正GND(VSS)： 逻辑电源地VLCD(VEE,V0)：LCD驱动电源RET：复位端,对于68系列MPU:上升沿(L-H)复位，且复位后电平须保持为高电平（H）；对于80系列MPU:下降沿(H-L)复位，且复位后电平须保持为低电平（L）。
北京青云创新公司 图形点阵液晶显示模块 LCM122323 说明书
图形点阵液晶显示模块LCM122323使用说明书本说明书的内容如有修正，恕不另行通知。
未得青云创新的允许，不得以任何理由将本说明书的内容以电子或机械的方式，将档案转换成其它格式并予以重制、传输。
版权©2005-01 BEIJING QINGYUN HI-TECH DEVELOPMENT CO.,LTD版权所有,翻印必究。
2005/04/14 Version: 1.0PHYSICAL DATAUnit Item ContentsLCD type STN（黄绿）---LCD duty 1/32 ---LCD bias 1/5 ---Viewing direction 6 O’C lock× 29.0 × 13.0MAX (3.66″× 1.14″× 0.51″MAX) mmModule size (W×H×T) 93.0× 18.0 (2.362″× 0.709″) mmViewing area (W×H) 60.0Number of dots 122 × 32 dots× 0.41 (0.014″× 0.016″) mmDot size (W×H) 0.36Dot pitch (W×H) 0.40× 0.45 (0.016″× 0.018″) mmEXTERNAL DIMENSIONSABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS ( Ta = 25℃ )Parameter Symbol Min Max UnitSupply voltage for logic VDD 0 6.7 V Supply voltage for LCD V LCD 0 10 V Input voltage VI 0 VDD V Operating temperature TOP -20 70 °C Storage temperature TST -30 80 °CELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( VDD = +3V ±10% , VSS = 0V, Ta = 25°C )u DC CharacteristicsParameter Symbol Condition Min Typ Max UnitSupply voltage for logic VDD --- 4.5 5.0 5.5 V Supply current for logic IDD --- 0.6 1.2 --- mA-10℃4.85.0 5.2 V Operating voltage for LCD 25℃4.85.0 5.2 V V LCD=VDD-V050℃ 4.8 5.0 5.2 V Supply voltage for side light VF --- --- 4.2 4.5 V Supply current for side light IF VF=4.2V --- 100 --- mA Input voltage ' H ' level VIH --- 0.8VDD --- VDD V Input voltage ' L ' level VIL --- 0 --- 0.2VDD Vu AC CharacteristicsOPERATING PRINCIPLES & METHODSu Control and Display CommandCommand R/W A0 DB7 DB6 DB5DB4DB3DB2DB1DB0FunctionDisplay ON/OFF 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0/1Switches the entire display ON or OFF,regardless of the display RAM’s dataor the internal status.1 : ON , 0 : OFF *1 Display Start Line 0 0 1 1 0 Display Start Address( 0 ~ 31 )Determines the line of RAM data to bedisplayed at the display top line( COM0 ).Page Address Set 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0Page ( 0 ~ 3 ) Sets the page of the Display RAM inthe Page Address register. Column Address Set 0 0 0Column Address ( 0 ~ 79 ) Sets the column of the Display RAM inthe Column Address register.Status Read 1 0 B U S Y A D C ON/OFFR E S E T 0 0 0 0 Reads status. BUSY ADC ON/OFF RESET 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : Ready: Busy: Leftward output : Rightward output: Display ON : Display OFF : Normal: ResetWrite DisplayData0 1 Display Data Writes the data on the data bus toDisplay RAM. These commands accessa previously-specified address of thedisplay RAM, after which the column address is incremented by one.Read DisplayData1 1 Display Data Reads the data from the Display RAM onto the data bus. These commandsaccess a previously-specified addressof the display RAM, after which the column address is incremented by one.ADC Select 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0/1Used to reverse the correspondence between the Display RAM 抯 column address and segment driver outputports.0 : Rightward output 1 : Leftward outputStatic Drive ON/OFF 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0/1Selects normal display operation orstatic all-lit drive display operation.0 : Normal display operation1 : Static drive ( Power save ) *1 Duty Select 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0/1Select LCD duty cycle.1: 1/32 , 0: 1/16Read ModifyWrite0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Increments the column address counterby one only when display data iswritten but not when it is read. End 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0Cancels the Ready Modify Writemode.Reset 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0Resets the Display Start Line to the 1st line in the register. Resets the columnaddress counter to 0 and page address register to 3.*1. Power Save Mode is entered by selecting static drive in the Display OFF status.u InitializationDISPLAY DATA RAM ADDRESS MAPELECTRO-OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS ( V OP = 5.2V, Ta = 25癈 )NoteTypMax Unit RemarksConditionItem SymbolMinResponse time Tr --- --- 162 --- ms --- 1ms---1------Tf126---Contrast ratio Cr --- --- 23.6 --- --- --- 2deg---36---∅ = 90° 3Viewing angle range θ Cr≥ 2 37 --- --- deg ∅ = 270° 3---deg58---∅ = 0° 3---deg---40∅ = 180° 3INTERFACE PIN CONNECTIONSPin NO. Symbol Level Description1 VDD 5.0V Supply voltage for logic2 VSS 0V Ground3 V0 --- Operating voltage for LCD4 RST L→H Reset the system5 E1 H Read/Write enable signal(Master)6 E2 H Read/Write enable signal(Slave)7 R/W H/L H : read singal, L : write singal8 A0 H/L H : Data singal, L : Instruction singal9 DB0 H/L Data bit 010 DB1 H/L Data bit 111 DB2 H/L Data bit 212 DB3 H/L Data bit 313 DB4 H/L Data bit 414 DB5 H/L Data bit 515 DB6 H/L Data bit 616 DB7 H/L Data bit 717 LED+ 4.2~4.5V LED light anode18 LED- 0V LED light cathodePART LISTPart Name Description Quantity IC SED1520.DOA 2 LCD QYS12232-12AA 1 PCB LCM122323 1 Frame 12232B 1 Rubber connector 64X8X2.4mm YS 2Resistor 10KΩ 5Resistor 1MΩ 1Capacitor 0.1uF 7LED Light KD-6321-2G 1RELIABILITYu Failure Judgement CriterionCriterion Item Test Item No.Failure Judgment Criterion1 2 3 4 5 67891011Basic specification Out of the Basic Specification characteristic Out of the DC and AC Characterstic Electricalcharacterstic Out of the Mechanical Specification Color Mechanicalchange : Out of Limit Apperance Specification characterstic Out of the Apperance StandardOpticalu Screen Cosmetic Criteria (Non-Operating)No. Defect Judgement Criterion Partition1 Spots In accordance with Screen Cosmetic Criteria (Operating) No.1. Minor2 Lines In accordance with Screen Cosmetic Criteria (Operating) No.2. Minor3 Bubbles in polarizerMinor 4 Scratch In accordance with spots and lines operating cosmetic criteria. When the light reflects on the panel surface, the scratches are not to be remarkable.Minor5 Allowable density Above defects should be separated more than 30mm each other. Minor6 Coloration Not to be noticeable coloration in the viewing area of the LCD panels. Back-lit type should be judged with back-lit on state only.Minor7 Contamination Not to be noticeable. MinorO 慤nclear’ = The shade and size are changed by V O .Size : d mm Acceptable Qty in active area d ≤ 0.3 Disregard 0.3 < d ≤ 1.0 3 1.0 < d ≤ 1.5 1 1.5 < d 0u Screen Cosmetic Criteria (Operating) (Continued)No. Defect Judgement Criterion Partition 3 Rubbing line Not to be noticeable. 4 Allowable density Above defects should be separated more than 10mm each other. Minor 5 Rainbow Not to be noticeable. Minor 6 Dot size To be 95% ∼ 105% of the dot size (Typ.) in drawing.Partial defects of each dot (ex. pin-hole) should be treated as ‘s pot’.(see Screen Cosmetic Criteria (Operating) No.1)Minor 7 Uneven brightness (only back-lit type module)Uneven brightness must be BMAX / BMIN ≤ 2 - BMAX : Max. value by measure in 5 points- BMIN : Min. value by measure in 5 pointsDivide active area into 4 vertically and horizontally.Measure 5 points shown in the following figure.MinorNote :(1) Size : d = (long length + short length) / 2(2) The limit samples for each item have priority.(3) Complexed defects are defined item by item, but if the number of defects are defined in above table, the total number should not exceed 10.(4) In case of ‘c oncentration’, even the spots or the lines of ‘d isregarded’ size should not allowed. Following three situations should be treated as ‘c oncentration’.- 7 or over defects in circle of ∅5mm.- 10 or over defects in circle of ∅10mm.- 20 or over defects in circle of ∅20mm.PRECAUTIONS FOR USING LCD MODULESu Handing Precautions(1) The display panel is made of glass. Do not subject it to a mechanical shock by dropping it or impact.(2) If the display panel is damaged and the liquid crystal substance leaks out, be sure not to get any in your mouth. If the substance contacts your skin or clothes, wash it off using soap and water.(3) Do not apply excessive force to the display surface or the adjoining areas since this may cause the color tone to vary.(4) The polarizer covering the display surface of the LCD module is soft and easily scratched. Handle this polarizer carefully.(5) If the display surface becomes contaminated, breathe on the surface and gently wipe it with a soft dry cloth. If it is heavily contaminated, moisten cloth with one of the following solvents :- Isopropyl alcohol- Ethyl alcohol(6) Solvents other than those above-mentioned may damage the polarizer. Especially, do not use the following.- Water- Ketone- Aromatic solvents(7) Exercise care to minimize corrosion of the electrode. Corrosion of the electrodes is accelerated by water droplets, moisture condensation or a current flow in a high-humidity environment.: Measuring points(8) Install the LCD Module by using the mounting holes. When mounting the LCD module make sure it is free of twisting, warping and distortion. In particular, do not forcibly pull or bend the I/O cable or the backlight cable.(9) Do not attempt to disassemble or process the LCD module.(10) NC terminal should be open. Do not connect anything.(11) If the logic circuit power is off, do not apply the input signals.(12) To prevent destruction of the elements by static electricity, be careful to maintain an optimum work environment.- Be sure to ground the body when handling the LCD modules.- Tools required for assembling, such as soldering irons, must be properly grounded.- To reduce the amount of static electricity generated, do not conduct assembling and other work under dry conditions.- The LCD module is coated with a film to protect the display surface. Exercise care when peeling off this protective film since static electricity may be generated.u Storage PrecautionsWhen storing the LCD modules, avoid exposure to direct sunlight or to the light of fluorescent lamps. Keep the modules in bags (avoid high temperature / high humidity and low temperatures below 0°C). Whenever possible, the LCD modules should be stored in the same conditions in which they were shipped from our company.u OthersLiquid crystals solidify under low temperature (below the storage temperature range) leading to defective orientation or the generation of air bubbles (black or white). Air bubbles may also be generated if the module is subject to a low temperature.If the LCD modules have been operating for a long time showing the same display patterns, the display patterns may remain on the screen as ghost images and a slight contrast irregularity may also appear. A normal operating status can be regained by suspending use for some time. It should be noted that this phenomenon does not adversely affect performance reliability.To minimize the performance degradation of the LCD modules resulting from destruction caused by static electricity etc., exercise care to avoid holding the following sections when handling the modules.- Exposed area of the printed circuit board.- Terminal electrode sections.USING LCD MODULESu Liquid Crystal Display ModulesLCD is composed of glass and polarizer. Pay attention to the following items when handling.(1) Please keep the temperature within specified range for use and storage. Polarization degradation, bubble generation or polarizer peel-off may occur with high temperature and high humidity.(2) Do not touch, push or rub the exposed polarizers with anything harder than an HB pencil lead (glass, tweezers, etc.).(3) N-hexane is recommended for cleaning the adhesives used to attach front/rear polarizers and reflectors made of organic substances which will be damaged by chemicals such as acetone, toluene, ethanol and isopropylalcohol.(4) When the display surface becomes dusty, wipe gently with absorbent cotton or other soft material like chamois soaked in petroleum benzin. Do not scrub hard to avoid damaging the display surface.(5) Wipe off saliva or water drops immediately, contact with water over a long period of time may cause deformation or color fading.(6) Avoid contacting oil and fats.(7) Condensation on the surface and contact with terminals due to cold will damage, stain or dirty the polarizers. After products are tested at low temperature they must be warmed up in a container before coming is contacting with room temperature air.(8) Do not put or attach anything on the display area to avoid leaving marks on.(9) Do not touch the display with bare hands. This will stain the display area and degradate insulation between terminals (some cosmetics are determinated to the polarizers).(10) As glass is fragile. It tends to become or chipped during handling especially on the edges. Please avoid dropping or jarring.u Installing LCD ModulesThe hole in the printed circuit board is used to fix LCM as shown in the picture below. Attend to the following items when installing the LCM.(1) Cover the surface with a transparent protective plate to protect the polarizer and LC cell.(2) When assembling the LCM into other equipment, the spacer to the bit between the LCM and the fitting plate should have enough height to avoid causing stress to the module surface, refer to the individual specifications for measurements. The measurement tolerance should be ±0.1mm.u Precaution for Handing LCD ModulesSince LCM has been assembled and adjusted with a high degree of precision, avoid applying excessive shocks to the module or making any alterations or modifications to it.(1) Do not alter, modify or change the the shape of the tab on the metal frame.(2) Do not make extra holes on the printed circuit board, modify its shape or change the positions of components to be attached.(3) Do not damage or modify the pattern writing on the printed circuit board.(4) Absolutely do not modify the zebra rubber strip (conductive rubber) or heat seal connector.(5) Except for soldering the interface, do not make any alterations or modifications with a soldering iron.(6) Do not drop, bend or twist LCM.u Electro-Static Discharge ControlSince this module uses a CMOS LSI, the same careful attention should be paid to electrostatic discharge as for an ordinary CMOS IC.(1) Make certain that you are grounded when handing LCM.(2) Before remove LCM from its packing case or incorporating it into a set, be sure the module and your body have the same electric potential.(3) When soldering the terminal of LCM, make certain the AC power source for the soldering iron does not leak.(4) When using an electric screwdriver to attach LCM, the screwdriver should be of ground potentiality to minimize as much as possible any transmission of electromagnetic waves produced sparks coming from the commutator of the motor.(5) As far as possible make the electric potential of your work clothes and that of the work bench the ground potential.(6) To reduce the generation of static electricity be careful that the air in the work is not too dried. A relative humidity of 50%-60% is recommended.u Precaution for soldering to the LCM(1) Observe the following when soldering lead wire, connector cable and etc. to the LCM.- Soldering iron temperature : 280°C ± 10°C.- Soldering time : 3-4 sec.- Solder : eutectic solder.If soldering flux is used, be sure to remove any remaining flux after finishing to soldering operation. (This does not apply in the case of a non-halogen type of flux.) It is recommended that you protect the LCD surface with a cover during soldering to prevent any damage dur to flux spatters.(2) When soldering the electroluminescent panel and PC board, the panel and board should not be detached more than three times. This maximum number is determined by the temperature and time conditions mentioned above, though there may be some variance depending on the temperature of the soldering iron.(3) When remove the electoluminescent panel from the PC board, be sure the solder has completely melted, the soldered pad on the PC board could be damaged.u Precautions for Operation(1) Viewing angle varies with the change of liquid crystal driving voltage (V O). Adjust V O to show the best contrast.(2) Driving the LCD in the voltage above the limit shortens its life.(3) Response time is greatly delayed at temperature below the operating temperature range. However, this does not mean the LCD will be out of the order. It will recover when it returns to the specified temperature range.(4) If the display area is pushed hard during operation, the display will become abnormal. However, it will return to normal if it is turned off and then back on.(5) Condensation on terminals can cause an electrochemical reaction disrupting the terminal circuit. Therefore, it must be used under the relative condition of 40°C , 50% RH.(6) When turning the power on, input each signal after the positive/negative voltage becomes stable.u StorageWhen storing LCDs as spares for some years, the following precaution are necessary.(1) Store them in a sealed polyethylene bag. If properly sealed, there is no need for dessicant.(2) Store them in a dark place. Do not expose to sunlight or fluorescent light, keep the temperature between 0°C and 35°C.(3) The polarizer surface should not come in contact with any other objects. (We advise you to store them in the container in which they were shipped.)(4) Environmental conditions :- Do not leave them for more than 168hrs. at 60°C.- Should not be left for more than 48hrs. at -20°C.u Safety(1) It is recommended to crush damaged or unnecessary LCDs into pieces and wash them off with solvents such as acetone and ethanol, which should later be burned.(2) If any liquid leakes out of a damaged glass cell and comes in contact with the hands, wash off thoroughly with soap and water.u Limited WarrantyUnless agreed between SCH and customer, SCH will replace or repair any of its LCD modules which are found to be functionally defective when inspected in accordance with SCH LCD acceptance standards (copies available upon request) for a period of one year from date of shipments. Cosmetic/visual defects must be returned to SCH within 90 days of shipment. Confirmation of such date shall be based on freight documents. The warranty liability of SCH limited to repair and/or replacement on the terms set forth above. SCH will not be responsible for any subsequent or consequential events.u Return LCM under warrantyNo warranty can be granted if the precautions stated above have been disregarded. The typical examples of violations are : - Broken LCD glass.eyelet’s damaged or modified.PCB-- PCB conductors damaged.- Circuit modified in any way, including addition of components.- PCB tampered with by grinding, engraving or painting varnish.- soldering to or modifying the bezel in any manner.Module repairs will be invoiced to the customer upon mutual agreement. Modules must be returned with sufficient description of the failures or defects. Any connectors or cable installed by the customer must be removed completely without damaging the PCB eyelet’s, conductors and terminals.。
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液晶显示模块技术手册图形点阵MS12232F目录(一)概述 (3)(二) 外形尺寸 (3)(三) 模块主要硬件构成说明 (4)(四) 模块的外部接口 (5)(五) 指令说明 (6)(六) 读写操作时序 (7)(七)应用举例 (9)一、概述MS12232F是一种图形点阵液晶显示器,它主要由行驱动器/ 列驱动器及128×32全点阵液晶显示器组成。
可完成16×2个(16×8点阵)ASCII码显示,也可以显示8×2个(16×16点阵)汉字。
与外部CPU接口可采用并行方式控制。
主要技术参数和性能:1.电源:VDD:+2.7∽+5V。
2.显示内容:122(列)×32(行)点。
3.全屏幕点阵。
4.2M ROM(CGROM)总共提供8192个汉字(16×16点阵)。
5.16K ROM（HCGROM）总共提供128个字符（16×8点阵）。
6.2MHZ频率。
7.工作温度: -10℃∽ +55℃ ,存储温度: -20℃∽ +60℃二、外形尺寸图图 12. 外形尺寸图三、模块主要硬件构成说明RS，R/W的配合选择决定控制界面的4种模式：●忙标志:BFBF标志提供内部工作情况.BF=1表示模块在进行内部操作,此时模块不接受外部指令和数据.BF=0时,模块为随时准备状态可接受外部指令和数据.利用STATUS R D 指令,可以将BF读到DB7总线,从而检验模块之工作状态.●字型产生ROM（CGROM）字型产生ROM（CGROM）提供8192个此触发器是用于模块屏幕显示开和关的控制。
DFF=1为开显示（DISPLAY ON),DDRAM 的内容就显示在屏幕上，DFF=0为关显示（DISPLAY OFF)。
DFF 的状态是指令DISPLAY ON/OFF和RST信号控制的。
●显示数据RAM（DDRAM）显示数据RAM提供64×2个位元组的空间，最多可控制4行16字（64个字）的中文字型显示，当写入显示数据RAM时，可分别显示CGROM与CGRAM的字型；此模块可显示三种字型，分别是瘦长的英数字型、CGRAM字型及CGROM的中文字型，三种字型的选择，由在DDRAM中写入的编码选择，在00~0F的编码中将选择CGRAM的字定义字型，10~7F的编码中将选择瘦长英数字的字型，至于A0以上的编码将自动的结合下一个位元组，组成两个位元组的编码形成中文字型的编码（A140~D75F）。
●字型产生RAM(CGRAM)字型产生RAM提供图象定义(造字)功能, 可以提供四组16×16点的自定义图象空间，使用者可以将内部字型没有提供的图象字型自行定义到CGRAM中，便可和CGRAM中的定义一般的通过DDRAM 显示在荧屏中。
●地址计数器AC地址计数器是用来贮存DDRAM/CGRAM之一的地址,它可由设定指令暂存器来改变，之后只要读取或是写入DDRAM/CGRAM的值时，地址计数器的值就会自动加一，当RS为“0”时而R/W为“1”时，地址计数器的值会被读取到DB6~DB0中。
●ICON RAM（IRAM）IC1提供256点的ICON 显示，它分别由16组的IRAM地址来组成，每一组IRAM 地址由16个位元构成，每次写入一组IRAM时，必须通过连续写入两个位元组的资料来完成，先写入高位元组再写入低位元组。
●LCD 驱动电路LCD 驱动电路提供33 COMMON 以及64 SEGMENT 信号来驱动LCD 棉板，SEGMENT数据从CGRAM/CGROM转换储存到64位元的SEGMENT串列锁存，当33个COMMON 中的一个COMMON 输出时，相对应的SEGMENT 数据将从64位元的串列锁存输出到SEGMENT 驱动电路。
●游标/闪烁控制电路此模块提供硬体游标及闪烁控制电路，由地址计数器的值来指定DDRAM中的游标或闪烁位置。
四·模块的外部接口外部接口信号如下表2所示（并行接口）：五、指令说明IC1提供两套控制命令，基本指令和扩充指令如下：零,方可接受新的指令;如果在送出一个指令前并不检查BF标志,那么在前一个指令和这个指令中间必须延长一段较长的时间,即是等待前一个指令确实执行完成。
具体指令介绍：1、清除显示CODE：功能：清除显示屏幕，把DDRAM位址计数器调整为“00H”2、位址归位CODE：功能：把DDRAM位址计数器调整为“00H”，游标回原点，该功能不影响显示DDRAM3、位址归位CODE：功能：把DDRAM位址计数器调整为“00H”，游标回原点，该功能不影响显示DDRAM功能：执行该命令后，所设置的行将显示在屏幕的第一行。
显示起始行是由Z地址计数器控制的，该命令自动将A0-A5位地址送入Z地址计数器，起始地址可以是0-63范围内任意一行。
Z地址计数器具有循环计数功能，用于显示行扫描同步，当扫描完一行后自动加一。
4、显示状态开/关CODE：功能：D=1；整体显示ON C=1；游标ON B=1；游标位置ON5、游标或显示移位控制CODE：功能：设定游标的移动与显示的移位控制位：这个指令并不改变DDRAM的内容6、功能设定CODE：功能：DL=1（必须设为1）RE=1；扩充指令集动作RE=0：基本指令集动作7、设定CGRAM位址CODE：功能：设定CGRAM位址到位址计数器（AC）8、设定DDRAM位址CODE：功能：设定DDRAM位址到位址计数器（AC）9、读取忙碌状态（BF）和位址CODE：功能：读取忙碌状态（BF）可以确认内部动作是否完成，同时可以读出位址计数器（AC）的值10、写资料到RAMCODE：功能：写入资料到内部的RAM（DDRAM/CGRAM/TRAM/GDRAM）11、读出RAM的值CODE：功能：从内部RAM读取资料（DDRAM/CGRAM/TRAM/GDRAM）12、待命模式（12H）CODE：功能：进入待命模式，执行其他命令都可终止待命模式13、卷动位址或IRAM位址选择（13H）CODE：功能：SR=1；允许输入卷动位址SR=0；允许输入IRAM位址14、反白选择（14H）CODE：功能：选择4行中的任一行作反白显示，并可决定反白的与否15、睡眠模式（015H）CODE：功能：SL=1；脱离睡眠模式SL=0；进入睡眠模式16、扩充功能设定（016H）CODE：功能：RE=1；扩充指令集动作RE=0；基本指令集动作G=1；绘图显示ON G=0；绘图显示OFF17、设定IRAM位址或卷动位址（017H）CODE：功能：18、设定绘图RAM位址（018H）CODE：功能：设定GDRAM位址到位址计数器（AC）六、显示坐标关系1、图形显示坐标水平方向X—以字节单位垂直方向Y—以位为单位X坐标Line1 80H 81H 82H 83H 84H 85H 86H 87H Line2 90H 91H 92H 93H 94H 95H 96H 97H八、软件初始化:(8位并行接口)RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 …….在此指令前,不能检查BF 标志0 0 0 0 1 1 X X X X0 0 0 0 1 1 X X X X…….在此指令前,不能检查BF 标志电源开启延迟时间超过15ms延迟时间超过4.1ms…….在此指令前,不能检查BF标志……在此指令前,不能检查BF标志….. 设为基本指令….. 荧屏显示清除….. 进入点设定八．应用举例：12232G与单片机8031的应用;This program is for 12232GRS EQU P3.3RW EQU P3.1E EQU P3.0ORG 0000HAJMP STARTORG 0100HSTART:mov SP, #67hLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL SETUPMOV A,#80HLCALL WRITE_COMLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYMOV A#80H ;WORD TESTLCALL WRITE_COMMOV DPTR,#CHINESELCALL WRITE_HZMOV A,#90HLCALL WRITE_COMMOV DPTR,#TABLE1LCALL WRITE_ASCIILCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYMOV A#80HLCALL WRITE_COMMOV DPTR,#table1LCALL WRITE_asciiMOV A,#90HLCALL WRITE_COMMOV DPTR,#chineseLCALL WRITE_hzLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYAAA: LJMP STARTSETUP:LCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYLCALL DELAYMOV A,#01H ;CLEAR DISPLAYLCALL WRITE_COMMOV A,#00110000B ;FUNCTION SETTINGLCALL WRITE_COMMOV A,#00000010B ;DDRAM SET TO '00H' LCALL WRITE_COMMOV A,#00000100B ;LCALL WRITE_COMMOV A,#00001100B ;DISPLAY ONLCALL WRITE_COMMOV A,#00000001B ;CLEARING SCREENLCALL WRITE_COMLCALL WRITE_COMRETWRITE_COM:LCALL DELAY1CLR RSCLR RSCLR RWCLR RWMOV P1,AMOV P1,ASETB ESETB ENOPNOPCLR ECLR E;LCALL DELAY1RETWRITE_DAT: ;WRITE DISPLAY DATAS TO ST79220 LCALL DELAY1SETB RSSETB RSCLR RWCLR RWMOV P1,AMOV P1,ASETB ESETB ENOPNOPCLR ECLR ERETDELAY1:MOV R7,#010HD11: MOV R6,#010HDJNZ R6,$DJNZ R7,D11RETDELAY:MOV R1,#00HD2: MOV R2,#00HDJNZ R2,$DJNZ R1,D2RETWRITE_ASCII:MOV R4,#16MOVC A,@A+DPTRLCALL WRITE_DATINC DPTRDJNZ R4,DDDDRETWRITE_HZ:MOV R4,#8DD: CLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRINC DPTRLCALL WRITE_DATCLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRINC DPTRLCALL WRITE_DATDJNZ R4,DDRETWRITE_CGRAM: ;CGRAM TESTINGCLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRLCALL WRITE_DATINC DPTRCLR AMOVC A,@A+DPTRLCALL WRITE_DATRETTABLE1:;Here is ASCII codesCGRAM1: DB 000H,000HCGRAM2: DB 000H,002HCGRAM3: DB 000H,004HCGRAM4: DB 000H,006HCHINESE:;Here is Chinese codesDB 0D2H,0BAH,0BEH,0A7H,0C4H,0A3H,0BFH,0E9H ;液晶模块DB 0CFH,0D4H,0CAH,0BEH ;显示END八、附录部分附录1：ASCII码表附录2：汉字码址表第21 页。