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土木工程建筑外文翻译外文文献英文文献欧洲桥梁研究

Bridge research in EuropeA brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together with the research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar.IntroductionThe challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purely economic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency.Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial partners within a number of the states— a Brite Euram bid would normally be led by an industrialist.In terms of dissemination of knowledge, two quite different strands appear to have emerged. The UK and the USA have concentrated primarily upon disseminating basic research in refereed journal publications: ASCE, ICE and other journals. Whereas the continental Europeans have frequently disseminated basic research atconferences where the circulation of the proceedings is restricted.Additionally, language barriers have proved to be very difficult to break down. In countries where English is a strong second language there has been enthusiastic participation in international conferences based within continental Europe —e.g. Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. However, countries where English is not a strong second language have been hesitant participants }—e.g. France.European researchExamples of research relating to bridges in Europe can be divided into three types of structure:Masonry arch bridgesBritain has the largest stock of masonry arch bridges. In certain regions of the UK up to 60% of the road bridges are historic stone masonry arch bridges originally constructed for horse drawn traffic. This is less common in other parts of Europe as many of these bridges were destroyed during World War 2.Concrete bridgesA large stock of concrete bridges was constructed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. At the time, these structures were seen as maintenance free. Europe also has a large number of post-tensioned concrete bridges with steel tendon ducts preventing radar inspection. This is a particular problem in France and the UK.Steel bridgesSteel bridges went out of fashion in the UK due to their need for maintenance as perceived in the 1960s and 1970s. However, they have been used for long span and rail bridges, and they are now returning to fashion for motorway widening schemes in the UK.Research activity in EuropeIt gives an indication certain areas of expertise and work being undertaken in Europe, but is by no means exhaustive.In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio. The example relates to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges, using digital impulse radar.Post-tensioned concrete rail bridge analysisOve Arup and Partners carried out an inspection and assessment of the superstructure of a 160 m long post-tensioned, segmental railway bridge inManchester to determine its load-carrying capacity prior to a transfer of ownership, for use in the Metrolink light rail system..Particular attention was paid to the integrity of its post-tensioned steel elements. Physical inspection, non-destructive radar testing and other exploratory methods were used to investigate for possible weaknesses in the bridge.Since the sudden collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge in Wales, UK in 1985, there has been concern about the long-term integrity of segmental, post-tensioned concrete bridges which may be prone to ‘brittle’ failure without warning. The corrosion protection of the post-tensioned steel cables, where they pass through joints between the segments, has been identified as a major factor affecting the long-term durability and consequent strength of this type of bridge. The identification of voids in grouted tendon ducts at vulnerable positions is recognized as an important step in the detection of such corrosion.Description of bridgeGeneral arrangementBesses o’ th’ Barn Bridge is a 160 m long, three span, segmental, post-tensioned concrete railway bridge built in 1969. The main span of 90 m crosses over both the M62 motorway and A665 Bury to Prestwick Road. Minimum headroom is 5.18 m from the A665 and the M62 is cleared by approx 12.5 m.The superstructure consists of a central hollow trapezoidal concrete box section 6.7 m high and 4 m wide. The majority of the south and central spans are constructed using 1.27 m long pre-cast concrete trapezoidal box units, post-tensioned together. This box section supports the in site concrete transverse cantilever slabs at bottom flange level, which carry the rail tracks and ballast.The center and south span sections are of post-tensioned construction. These post-tensioned sections have five types of pre-stressing:1. Longitudinal tendons in grouted ducts within the top and bottom flanges.2. Longitudinal internal draped tendons located alongside the webs. These are deflected at internal diaphragm positions and are encased in in site concrete.3. Longitudinal macalloy bars in the transverse cantilever slabs in the central span .4. Vertical macalloy bars in the 229 mm wide webs to enhance shear capacity.5. Transverse macalloy bars through the bottom flange to support the transverse cantilever slabs.Segmental constructionThe pre-cast segmental system of construction used for the south and center span sections was an alternative method proposed by the contractor. Current thinking suggests that such a form of construction can lead to ‘brittle’ failure of the entire structure without warning due to corrosion of tendons across a construction joint，The original design concept had been for in site concrete construction.Inspection and assessmentInspectionInspection work was undertaken in a number of phases and was linked with the testing required for the structure. The initial inspections recorded a number of visible problems including:Defective waterproofing on the exposed surface of the top flange.Water trapped in the internal space of the hollow box with depths up to 300 mm.Various drainage problems at joints and abutments.Longitudinal cracking of the exposed soffit of the central span.Longitudinal cracking on sides of the top flange of the pre-stressed sections.Widespread sapling on some in site concrete surfaces with exposed rusting reinforcement.AssessmentThe subject of an earlier paper, the objectives of the assessment were:Estimate the present load-carrying capacity.Identify any structural deficiencies in the original design.Determine reasons for existing problems identified by the inspection.Conclusion to the inspection and assessmentFollowing the inspection and the analytical assessment one major element of doubt still existed. This concerned the condition of the embedded pre-stressing wires, strands, cables or bars. For the purpose of structural analysis these elements、had been assumed to be sound. However, due to the very high forces involved,、a risk to the structure, caused by corrosion to these primary elements, was identified.The initial recommendations which completed the first phase of the assessment were:1. Carry out detailed material testing to determine the condition of hidden structural elements, in particularthe grouted post-tensioned steel cables.2. Conduct concrete durability tests.3. Undertake repairs to defective waterproofing and surface defects in concrete.Testing proceduresNon-destructi v e radar testingDuring the first phase investigation at a joint between pre-cast deck segments the observation of a void in a post-tensioned cable duct gave rise to serious concern about corrosion and the integrity of the pre-stress. However, the extent of this problem was extremely difficult to determine. The bridge contains 93 joints with an average of 24 cables passing through each joint, i.e. there were approx. 2200 positions where investigations could be carried out. A typical section through such a joint is that the 24 draped tendons within the spine did not give rise to concern because these were protected by in site concrete poured without joints after the cables had been stressed.As it was clearly impractical to consider physically exposing all tendon/joint intersections, radar was used to investigate a large numbers of tendons and hence locate duct voids within a modest timescale. It was fortunate that the corrugated steel ducts around the tendons were discontinuous through the joints which allowed the radar to detect the tendons and voids. The problem, however, was still highly complex due to the high density of other steel elements which could interfere with the radar signals and the fact that the area of interest was at most 102 mm wide and embedded between 150 mm and 800 mm deep in thick concrete slabs.Trial radar investigations.Three companies were invited to visit the bridge and conduct a trial investigation. One company decided not to proceed. The remaining two were given 2 weeks to mobilize, test and report. Their results were then compared with physical explorations.To make the comparisons, observation holes were drilled vertically downwards into the ducts at a selection of 10 locations which included several where voids were predicted and several where the ducts were predicted to be fully grouted. A 25-mm diameter hole was required in order to facilitate use of the chosen horoscope. The results from the University of Edinburgh yielded an accuracy of around 60%.Main radar sur v ey, horoscope verification of v oids.Having completed a radar survey of the total structure, a baroscopic was then used to investigate all predicted voids and in more than 60% of cases this gave a clear confirmation of the radar findings. In several other cases some evidence ofhoneycombing in the in site stitch concrete above the duct was found.When viewing voids through the baroscopic, however, it proved impossible to determine their actual size or how far they extended along the tendon ducts although they only appeared to occupy less than the top 25% of the duct diameter. Most of these voids, in fact, were smaller than the diameter of the flexible baroscopic being used (approximately 9 mm) and were seen between the horizontal top surface of the grout and the curved upper limit of the duct. In a very few cases the tops of the pre-stressing strands were visible above the grout but no sign of any trapped water was seen. It was not possible, using the baroscopic, to see whether those cables were corroded.Digital radar testingThe test method involved exciting the joints using radio frequency radar antenna: 1 GHz, 900 MHz and 500 MHz. The highest frequency gives the highest resolution but has shallow depth penetration in the concrete. The lowest frequency gives the greatest depth penetration but yields lower resolution.The data collected on the radar sweeps were recorded on a GSSI SIR System 10. This system involves radar pulsing and recording. The data from the antenna is transformed from an analogue signal to a digital signal using a 16-bit analogue digital converter giving a very high resolution for subsequent data processing. The data is displayed on site on a high-resolution color monitor. Following visual inspection it is then stored digitally on a 2.3-gigabyte tape for subsequent analysis and signal processing. The tape first of all records a ‘header’ noting the digital radar settings together with the trace number prior to recording the actual data. When the data is played back, one is able to clearly identify all the relevant settings —making for accurate and reliable data reproduction.At particular locations along the traces, the trace was marked using a marker switch on the recording unit or the antenna.All the digital records were subsequently downloaded at the University’s NDT laboratory on to a micro-computer.（The raw data prior to processing consumed 35 megabytes of digital data.）Post-processing was undertaken using sophisticated signal processing software. Techniques available for the analysis include changing the color transform and changing the scales from linear to a skewed distribution in order to highlight、突出certain features. Also, the color transforms could be changed to highlight phase changes. In addition to these color transform facilities, sophisticatedhorizontal and vertical filtering procedures are available. Using a large screen monitor it is possible to display in split screens the raw data and the transformed processed data. Thus one is able to get an accurate indication of the processing which has taken place. The computer screen displays the time domain calibrations of the reflected signals on the vertical axis.A further facility of the software was the ability to display the individual radar pulses as time domain wiggle plots. This was a particularly valuable feature when looking at individual records in the vicinity of the tendons.Interpretation of findingsA full analysis of findings is given elsewhere, Essentially the digitized radar plots were transformed to color line scans and where double phase shifts were identified in the joints, then voiding was diagnosed.Conclusions1. An outline of the bridge research platform in Europe is given.2. The use of impulse radar has contributed considerably to the level of confidence in the assessment of the Besses o’ th’ Barn Rail Bridge.3. The radar investigations revealed extensive voiding within the post-tensioned cable ducts. However, no sign of corrosion on the stressing wires had been found except for the very first investigation.欧洲桥梁研究欧洲联盟共同的研究平台诞生于欧洲联盟。

结构化的问题解决方法 ppt课件

Copyright © 2012 Accenture All rights reserved.
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目的
介绍“用结构化的方法解决技术问题”（Technical Structured Problem Solving [简称TSPS]）的方法和工具
模拟复杂的技术性问题，应用TSPS方法进行解决
实操演练TSPS工具：TSPS Board, 5W+1H, Check Sheet，等
可能的原因/ Most Probable
Cause(s)
根本原因/Root Cause
解决/Fix
Copyright © 2012 Accenture All rights reserved.
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Technical Structured Problem Solving 结构化问题解决的思路——七步法
可能的原因/ Most Probable
Cause(s)
根本原因/Root Cause
“是什么地方出了什么情况？” ‘What is wrong with what?’
问题陈述:
描述想要寻找原因和解决的问题是什么（例如，生产线的failure（失效）、生产效率浪费、换型时间过长等）
好的问题陈述应该是：
预期水平实际水平time时间突然降低逐渐降低technicalstructuredproblemsolving结构化的问题解决流程面对纷繁复杂的问题我们遵循以下步骤进行分析利用结构化的思路从问题表象挖掘根本原因由现象看本质并采取差异性的对策问题发生problemoccurrence可能的原因mostprobablecauses问题表现和症状symptom根本原因rootcause预防prevent解决fixtechnicalstructuredproblemsolving结构化问题解决的思路七步法标准化解决方案standardizesolutions描述现状documentcurrentsituation分析原因identifycauses制定解决方案developsolutions实施解决方案implementsolutions下一步determinenextsteps界定问题defineproblem结构化的问题解决思路被概括为这七步对于任何一个问题我们都可以采取这种思路进行思考和分析是一种分析思路是一种方法technicalstructuredproblemsolvingtool结构化问题解决的关键工具介绍tspsreporttitle

_都_的加合性语义功能及其分配性效应

例 ( 74 )搜自北大天网 ,例 ( 75) 搜自网。2005 年第 4 期
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Cheng , L isa L.- S( 郑礼珊 ). 1995 . O n dou quantification. J ournal of East A sian L ingu istics 4, 3: 197- 234. D ow ty , D av id and Be linda B rodie . 1984. The se m antics o f floated quantifiers in a transfo r m ationaless g ramm ar . Proceedings of the W est Coast Conference on For m al L inguistics 3. Stan fo rd L inguistics A ssoc ia tion , Stanford U n iversity , Stanford, Ca lifo rn ia . Pp . 75- 90 . G ao , M obo C. F . 1989. LF representations o f quantifier scope in terpretations . PhD diss. , E ssex U n ive rsity . . 1994. D ou as a w ide scope universa l quantifier . Australian J ournal of L inguistics 14: 39- 62. Huang , Shi- Zhe ( 黄师哲 ). 1995. D ou as an ex isten tia l quantifier . In Jose Cam acho , L ina Choue ir, i eds. , NA CCL - 6 V. I. , GSIL at USC. P p . 85 - 99. T he S ixth N o rth Am er ica Conference on Chinese L inguistics , U SC, L os Ange les, 1994. . 1996 . Q uantifica tion and pred ication in M andarin Chinese : A case study of D ou. PhD diss. , U n iversity o f Pennsy lvan ia , Philadelph ia . Lee , T hom as , H un tak ( 李行德 ) . 1986 . S tudies on quantification in Ch inese . PhD d iss . , U n iversity o f Ca liforn ia , Los A ng eles . Lew is , D av id. 1975 . A dv erbs of quantifica tion. In E. K eenan, ed . , Formal S e m antics of N a tura l L anguage. Ca m bridge : Cambr idg e U niv ers ity P ress. Pp. 3- 15 . L in, Jo w ang ( 林若望 ). 1998. D istr ibutiv ity in Ch inese and its i m p lication. N atural Language S emantics 6: 201- 43. M ay , R. 1977 . T he g ramm ar o f quantification. PhD d iss ., MI T, Ca m bridge , M assachuse tts . . 1985. Logical Form: I ts Structure and D erivation. Ca m bridge , M A: M IT Press. Pa ris , M ar ie- C laude ( 白梅丽 ). 1979. Some aspec ts o f the syntax and sem antics o f the L ian Ye /D ou construction in M anda rin Chinese . Cahiers de L ingu istique A sie O rientale 5: 47- 70. 中译本 : 罗慎仪据法文文本 ( 与英文文本有所不同 ) 节译 , 汉语普通话中的连也 /都。《国外语言学》1981 年第 3 期 , 50- 5 转 11 页。 Sportiche , D. 1988. A theo ry of floating quantifie rs and its coro llaries fo r constituent structure . L inguistic Inquiry 19 , 3 : 425- 49. W u, Jianx in ( 吴建新 ). 1999. Syntax and sem antics o f quantification in Ch inese . PhD diss . , U n iversity o f M a ry land at Co lleg e Park. 蒋严 , 1998, 语用推理与都的句法语义特征。《现代外语》第 1 期 , 10- 24 页。蒋严、潘海华 , 1998, 《形式语义学导论》北京 : 中国社会科学出版社。吕叔湘主编 , 2001[ 1980], 《现代汉语八百词》( 增订本 ) 北京 : 商务印书馆。杨凯荣 , 2000, 也的含义和辖域。《中国语学》 247 号 , 172- 87 页。袁毓林 , 2002a , 多项副词共现的语序规则及其认知解释。《语言学论丛》第 26 辑 , 313 - 39 页。另见袁毓林 , 2004, 42- 81 页。 , 2002b , 语言学中的假设 - 演绎法及其使用限制 , 提交湖南大学岳麓论坛 , 长沙。见袁毓林 , 2004, 525- 68 页。 , 2004, 《汉语语法研究的认知视野》北京 : 商务印书馆。詹卫东 , 2002, 范围副词都的语义指向分析。 T he 2nd K ent R idge International R oundtable Con ference on Chinese L ingu istics ( T he me : Syntax M orpho logy Phono logy Interface ), N ationa l U niversity of Singapo re , N ove m ber 27- 9, 2002 。见《汉语学报》2004 年第 1 期 , 74- 84 页。张谊生 , 2003, 副词都的选择限制和内在联系。《中国语文》第 5 期 , 392- 8 页。中川千枝子 , 1985, 汉语副词都的语境分析和语气分析。中译本 : 荀春生译 , 见大河内康宪、施光亨主编 , 1993, 《日本近、现代汉语研究论文选》北京 : 北京语言学院出版社。 309- 22 页。朱德熙 , 1982, 《语法讲义》北京 : 商务印书馆。 100871 北京北京大学中文系 / 汉语语言学研究中心 E ma i:l yuany@ l pku . edu. cn 当代语言学

管理学英语试题及答案

管理学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "management" refers to the process of:A. Making decisionsB. Organizing resourcesC. Directing and controlling activitiesD. All of the above答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a function of management?A. PlanningB. StaffingC. MotivatingD. Selling答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：C4. Which of the following is an example of a managementprinciple?A. Division of laborB. CentralizationC. DelegationD. All of the above答案：D5. In the context of management, "controlling" refers to:A. The process of ensuring that things are done as plannedB. The process of making plansC. The process of organizing resourcesD. The process of motivating employees答案：A6. The concept of "span of control" is related to:A. The number of employees a manager can effectively superviseB. The range of activities a manager is responsible forC. The level of authority a manager hasD. The type of control systems a manager uses答案：A7. The management function that involves influencing people to work towards organizational goals is:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：B8. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective communication?A. ClarityB. AmbiguityC. DisorganizationD. Lack of feedback答案：A9. The "scientific management" theory was developed by:A. Henri FayolB. Max WeberC. Frederick TaylorD. Abraham Maslow答案：C10. In the context of management, "empowerment" means:A. Giving employees the authority to make decisionsB. Centralizing all decision-making powerC. Reducing the role of employees in decision-makingD. Ignoring employee input in decision-making答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management principle that suggests that there is an optimal span of control for each manager is known as ________.答案：span of control3. The management approach that focuses on the social needsof employees is known as the ________ approach.答案：human relations4. The process of identifying, selecting, orienting, training, and compensating employees is known as ________.答案：staffing5. A management style that involves a high level of task orientation and a low level of relationship orientation is known as ________ leadership.答案：autocratic6. The concept of "management by objectives" was developed by ________.答案：Peter Drucker7. The "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs, starting with physiological needs and ending with ________ needs.答案：self-actualization8. In a ________ structure, there is a clear chain of command and a narrow span of control.答案：hierarchical9. The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance is known as ________.答案：budgeting10. The management function that involves setting goals and determining the sequence of actions needed to achieve them is known as ________.答案：strategic planning三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What are the three key characteristics of an effective organizational structure?答案：An effective organizational structure should havethe following characteristics: clarity of roles and responsibilities, a clear chain of command, and a balance between centralization and decentralization.2. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is the process of influencing, motivating, and directing individuals towards the achievement of organizational goals. Management, on the other hand, is a broader concept that includes planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources to achieve goals.3. What are the main principles of scientific management according to Frederick Taylor?答案：The main principles of scientific management includethe scientific selection and training of workers, the scientific selection of tasks and tools, the scientific determination of work methods, and the scientific scheduling of work and rest periods.4. Describe the four stages of the control process.。

财务管理专业英语

财务管理专业英语fｉnancｉaｌmanagement 财务管理decｉｓion-makiｎg 决策,决策得aｃquirｅ获得,取得pubｌiclｙtｒaded corpoｒａtioｎｓ公开上市公司公众vｉce preｓｉdent of finａｎｃe财务副总裁chｉef finａncial officer 首席财务官chief executｉvｅoffｉcer 首席执行官baｌａnｃe sheeｔ资产负债表capital buｄgeｔiｎg 资本预算worｋinｇｃaｐｉtal ｍaｎaｇeｍｅｎt 营运资本管理huｒｄlｅratｅ最低报酬率ｃaｐitａl ｓtrｕcture资本结构ｍiｘof deｂt aｎｄeｑuｉty负债与股票得组合cash diviｄｅnd现金股利stｏckｈolder股东dividend pｏlicy 股利政策dividend-payｏｕt ratiｏ股利支付率sｔock repuｒｃhasｅ股票回购stock offeｒiｎｇ股票发行ｔradeoff 权衡,折中moｎｓtｏck 普通股ｃurrent liａbility 流动负债cuｒrent aｓseｔ流动资产mａrｋetａble ｓｅcｕｒity流动性资产,有价证券inveｎtｏry 存货tａngible fｉxeｄasｓets 有形固定资产in tａngible ｆiｘed aｓｓets 无形固定资产patenｔ专利ｔｒademark商标crｅdiｔor债权人stocｋhｏlｄs’ equｉｔｙ股东权益financing ｍiｘ融资组合ｒisk averｓｉon 风险规避ｖoｌatility 易变性不稳定性ａlloｃａte 配置capital allocatioｎ资本配置buｓineｓs 企业商业业务fｉnａnｃiaｌrｉｓk财务风险soleｐｒｏprietｏｒｓhip 私人业主制企业parｔｎerｓhｉp合伙制企业lｉｍiteｄｐaｒtner有限责任合伙人ｇｅneral partｎer 一般合伙人seｐaｒatｉon of oｗnership ａｎd ｃontrｏl 所有权与经营权分离clａｉm 要求主张要求权mａｎaｇemenｔbｕyout 管理层收购tendｅr oｆfer要约收购financial ｓtandards 财务准则initial publｉc ofｆering首次公开发行股票ｐｒｉvａtｅcorporation 私募公司未上市公司cloｓeｌy hｅｌｄcoｒpｏｒaｔion 控股公司boaｒｄof dirｅｃtoｒs 董事会ｅxecutove director执行董事ｎｏn－eｘeｃutｏve dｉｒeｃtｏｒ非执行董事chａiｒpersｏｎ主席cｏｎtrｏlｌer 主计长treasｕrer 司库reveｎｕe收入proｆit 利润eaｒnings per shaｒe 每股盈余ｒｅｔurn回报markeｔｓhaｒe 市场份额ｓocｉal gooｄ社会福利finａｎcｉal dｉstrｅss 财务困境stakｅhｏｌdｅr theｏry 利益相关者理论valｕe (wealth) maximｉｚatｉon价值(财富)最大化ｃｏmｍｏｎsｔoｃkhoｌdeｒ普通股股东prefｅrｒed stockｈｏlder 优先股股东dｅbt hｏlｄeｒ债权人welｌ—beｉnｇ福利diversitｙ多样化gｏing cｏｎcern 持续得ａgency prｏｂlem 代理问题ｆｒee—riding pｒoblem 搭便车问题informatioｎasymmｅtry 信息不对称reｔaiｌｉｎvｅstｏr散户投资者ｉnｓtitutioｎal iｎvesｔor 机构投资者agenｃyｒeｌaｔioｎｓhip代理关系ｎet pｒｅsｅnt vaｌuｅ净现值crｅaｔiｖｅaccｏunｔing 创造性会计stoｃk opｔion 股票期权ａｇency cosｔ代理成本bondｉｎg cｏst 契约成本ｍonitoring cosｔs 监督成本tａkeover 接管corporaｔe ａnｎｕalｒeｐortｓ公司年报balanｃｅｓｈeｅt 资产负债表ｉnｃome statemｅｎｔ利润表sｔatemeｎt ofｃash flｏｗs 现金流量表ｓｔaｔｅｍenｔoｆretaiｎed earnｉｎgs 留存收益表faiｒmarket vaｌue 公允市场价值markｅtable securiｔieｓ油价证券cｈｅck 支票ｍoney order 拨款但、汇款单wiｔhdrawａl 提款aｃｃounｔs rｅｃeivablｅ应收账款credｉｔsale赊销ｉnｖｅｎtoｒy 存货proｐerty,planｔ,aｎd eｑuipmｅｎt 土地、厂房与设备dｅｐｒeciａtion折旧aｃcｕmulated ｄeｐreciａtiｏｎ累计折旧liabiliｔy 负债cuｒrｅnｔliabｉlity流动负债lｏng—tｅrm liabilｉｔy 长期负债accouｎts ｐａyout 应付账款note payout 应付票据acｃrｕed espeｎse应计费用ｄeferreｄtａx 递延税款pｒｅferred stｏcｋ优先股coｍｍoｎｓｔｏcｋ普通股ｂｏok value 账面价值capital surpluｓ资本盈余accumuｌaｔed retaineｄearnings 累计留存收益ｈyｂrｉd混合金融工具treａsｕry ｓtoｃk 库藏股ｈistｏｒic ｃoｓt 历史成本current market ｖalｕe 现行市场价值ｒｅal ｅstaｔe 房地产outｓｔaｎding 发行在外得ａpｒｏfｉt aｎｄlｏss statemeｎt 损益表neｔｉnｃomｅ净利润oｐｅrating incｏme 经营收益ｅaｒnings pｅr shaｒe每股收益simｐｌe ｃapｉｔal structure 简单资本结构ｄｉluｔｉve冲减每股收益得basiｃearniｎgs pｅr sｈaｒe 基本每股收益coｍplｅx ｃaｐｉtal sｔrｕctures 复杂得每股收益ｄｉｌuted ｅarｎｉｎgｓper share 稀释得每股收益cｏnvertiblｅｓeｃuｒiｔｉｅｓ可转换证券wａrｒant 认股权证acｃｒual acｃoｕｎｔing 应计制会计amｏrtｉzatｉon 摊销acｃelerated meｔｈods加速折旧法stｒaｉgｈt—line depreciａtiｏn 直线折旧法statｅmｅnt ｏfｃhanges iｎsｈareholderｓ’eｑｕitｙ股东权益变动表source of ｃash 现金来源uｓe oｆｃａsh 现金运用ｏｐｅratｉng ｃash flowｓ经营现金流caｓh ｆlｏw from oｐeratiｏns 经营活动现金流ｄirect methｏｄ直接法indｉｒecｔｍｅtｈoｄ间接法ｂotｔom-up approaｃｈ倒推法invesｔｉng caｓh flows 投资现金流ｃash fｌow frｏｍinvｅsting 投资活动现金流joint venｔｕｒｅ合资企业affｉｌｉate 分支机构finａncing caｓh flows 筹资现金流cash flowｓfrom ｆiｎancing 筹资活动现金流timｅvaｌue of monｅy货币时间价值simpｌe interｅsｔ单利deｂｔinsｔrument债务工具anｎuｉｔy 年金futuｒe value 终至presｅｎt valuｅ现值cｏmpoｕnd ｉｎｔereｓt复利pｏundiｎｇ复利计算pｒicipal 本金mortｇagｅ抵押credit caｒｄ信用卡tｅrminaｌvalue终值dｉscountｉｎg 折现计算dｉscouｎtｒaｔe折现率opｐortuniｔｙcost 机会成本reｑｕired raｔｅofｒeturn要求得报酬率cosｔof capｉtaｌ资本成本ordiｎary annｕity普通年金annuｉｔy due 先付年金ｆinaｎcｉａｌｒatio 财务比率dｅｆerreｄａnnuity 递延年金resｔrictiｖeｃｏｖenants 限制性条款ｐｅrpetuity 永续年金bond iｎdｅnｔure 债券契约facｅvalue 面值ｆｉnａnciａl analｙst 财务分析师ｃｏｕpon ｒate 息票利率liqｕidity rａtiｏ流动性比率nominal interest ｒate名义利率ｃｕrrent ratio 流动比率ﻩefｆective inteｒeｓt ｒatｅ有效利率window dresｓiｎg 账面粉饰goｉnｇ—coｎcｅrｎｖaｌｕe持续经营价值markｅｔabｌe ｓeｃurｉtieｓ短期证券ｌiquｉdatioｎｖalｕｅ清算价值quick ｒatio 速动比率ﻩｂook value账面价值ｃash ratio 现金比率ｍａrｋｅr valｕｅ市场价值dｅbt managemeｎt ratiｏs债务管理比率ﻩｉｎｔrｉｎsiｃvaluｅ内在价值ｄebｔｒatio债务比率ｍispricing 给……错定价格debt-to－equｉty ｒａtio 债务与权益比率vaｌuatｉon apprｏaｃh 估价方法eｑuity multiｐlier权益乘disｃｏunted ｃash flow vａｌuatｉon 折现现金流量模型long－ｔerm rａtio 长期比率uｎdｅrvaluation 低估debt—ｔo—total—capitａｌ债务与全部资本比率ﻩoveｒｖａlｕatｉon 高估lｅveraｇｅｒaｔiｏｓ杠杆比率option－priciｎg mｏdel 期权定价模型ｉnteresｔcoverage ratiｏ利息保障比率conｔinｇent ｃlaim valuatioｎ或有要求权估价earnｉｎgs beforｅinterest and tａxes 息税前利润proｍissoｒy noｔe 本票ｃash flow coverage ｒatio 现金流量保障比率contractuａl provisｉoｎ契约条款asset management ｒaｔios 资产管理比率pａr ｖalue票面价值accｏｕnｔs recｅivable tuｒnｏｖer ratiｏ应收账款周转率matuｒity vaｌｕe 到期价值ｉnveｎtory tuｒｎｏver ratio 存货周转率coupon息票利息inｖｅntory procｅｓｓing perｉoｄ存货周转期coｕpon paymeｎt 息票利息支付acｃounts pａｙabｌe tuｒnovｅr rａtio 应付账款周转率ｃｏuｐon inteｒest rate 息票利率casｈcoｎversion cycｌe现金周转期maturity到期日ａssｅt turnover ratiｏ资产周转率ｔeｒm ｔｏmaturiｔｙ到期时间profｉtabｉlity ratio盈利比率ﻩｃall prｏviｓｉon赎回条款groｓs proｆit mａｒgｉn 毛利润ﻩcaｌｌprice 赎回价格ｏｐeｒaｔinｇprofit margiｎ经营利润sinｋingｆuｎd provｉsion 偿债基金条款ｎｅt ｐrofiｔｍaｒｇin 净利润ﻩcｏnveｒｓion rigｈt转换权reｔurn on aｓseｔ资产收益率ﻩput proviｓiｏn 卖出条款rｅturn on total ｅquｉty ratio全部权益报酬率indｅnturｅ债务契约ｒeturn on coｍmon eｑuity 普通权益报酬率coｖｅnant 条款maｒｋet-ｔｏ—book vａlue ratiｏ市场价值与账面价值比率ｔrustee 托管人ｍarｋet valuｅｒaｔiｏｓ市场价值比率ｐrotectｉvｅcovenａnｔ保护性条款dｉｖidenｄyieｌｄ股利收益率nｅgatiｖe ｃｏvenaｎｔ消极条款dividenｄpaｙｏut股利支付率ﻩｐｏｓitive ｃｏvenant积极条款ｆｉnancial sｔatemｅｎｔ财务报表seｃured deｈt担保借款profｉtability 盈利能力ｕnｓecurｅｄｄeht信用借款viaｂility生存能力ﻩcreｄitｗortｈｉneｓs 信誉ｓｏｌvency偿付能力ﻩcｏllａterａl 抵押品ｃｏlｌaterａl trust boｎds 抵押信托契约deｂｅntｕre信用债券boｎd rａｔing 债券评级ｃurｒent yielｄ现行收益yieｌd to matuｒｉty 到期收益率default risk 违约风险intｅrｅst rａte risk 利息率风险aｕthｏrized sｈａres 授权股outsｔanding ｓhａres发行股tｒeａsｕrｙｓhare 库藏股ｒepurｃhase 回购riｇht ｔo pｒoｘy代理权rｉｇhｔｔo vote 投票权ｉndeｐeｎdｅnｔaudiｔｏr 独立审计师ｓtrａigｈt or majority voting 多数投票制ｃumulaｔive ｖotiｎg积累投票制ｌiqｕidation 清算rigｈｔtｏtraｎsｆer owｎeｒsｈip 所有权转移权ｐreｅmpｔiｖe right 优先认股权divｉｄｅndｄiscount modeｌ股利折现模型cａｐｉｔaｌａｓｓeｔpｒicｉngｍoｄｅl资本资产定价模型consｔａnｔgroｗtｈmodｅl 固定增长率模型ｇrowth ｐerpetuity增长年金mortgage bｏnds 抵押债券pｏｒtfolio 组合diverｓifiａble rｉsｋ可分散风险ｍaｒkｅt risｋ市场风险ｅｘｐｅcted rｅturn期望收益voｌaｔilｉｔy 流动性stanｄ-alonｅｒｉsk 个别风险ｒａｎdoｍvariable随机变量。

美国英语和英国英语的区别

美国英语和英国英语的区别British and American English English has now become a universal language spoken world-wide. It originated in Britain but now spoken as the native language beyond Britain in the United States, Canada, the West Indies, Austr alia, New Zealand, Ireland and South Africa, and as official language or a major medium of comm unication in a number of countries such as: India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Kenya, Singapore. It is one of the working languages in the United Nations. Because of the regional diversity, English varies in pronunciation, lexicon, spelling and in the modes of expressions from region to region. The differe nces are most prominent in American and British English, each having formed its own particular st yle and posing its own influence. They are characterized by the differences in: 1 pronunciation Am E Br E star /star/ /sta:/ when /hwen/ /wen/ 2 spelling color colour centralize centralise/centralize caliber caliber anemia anaemia maneuver manoeuvre medieval mediaeval smolder smoulder stanch staunch defense defence connection connexion skep tic sceptic travel traveller tire tyre pajamas pyjamas inquire enquire catalogue/catalog catalogue gram gramme gray grey cur b kerb aluminum aluminium 3 vocabulary any place anywhere apartment flat attorney barrister/solicitor bar public house mail letter movie pi cture sick ill 4 grammar Do you have a book? Have you a book? different from/different than different from/different to yo u and I you and me Is he home? Is he at home? I’ll see you Sunday. I’ll see you on Sunday. Do yo u want out? Do you want to go/get out? I insist that you go I insist that you should go You’d better go see a doctor about the cut. You’d better go and see a doctor about the cut. Who suggested that we go to the movies? Who suggested going to the picture? I’ll finish working at 5 : 15 p.m.. I’ll fi nish working at a quarter to six. On the whole, American English is imbued with the frontier spirit, ingenuity, vividness and casual ness, demonstrating a strong fondness for compound and derivative formations such as:cottonwood/copperhead//superstar/debug//semi-natural/semioccasional//kitchinette/dinette// escap ee/draftee//gangster/black marketer//socialite/Laborite//appendicitis/headlinitis// Women’s Libber/beautician/hospitalize Lynch-to lynch/to ride-ride/coeducational-coed/gasoline-gas/Viet Nam-Nam American Indian-Amerindian/ITT for International Telephone and Telegram Corporation Telecast for television broadcast//walkie-talkie//wok/chop suey from Chinese American English is also very rich in idioms, slang and proverbs, many of which are bred with the history of black Americans, the tradition of immigration, the culture of Western Frontiers, the exp erience of soldiers in the World War II and war of Viet Nam, the rapid changes of society, social m ovements and the wide and strong media storm constantly exposing national and international eve nts to common American people. And subculture and the multiplicity of social life also contribute. General Review Questions for the Understanding of the Basic Concepts and Key Notions of Lexicology 1 Lexicology, its position in linguistics and its relationship with other relevant subjects. 2 The history of English language and foreign influences in its course of development 3 Word structure, compositional elements and formation process 4 Meanings of words, their types, motivations and relations within words and with context 5 Changes of meanings, the process, modes and causes 6 Classification of words 7 Style, rhetorical device and figurative speech from the prospective of lexicology 8 Semantic field and context of meanings 9 The trinity theory of word meanings 10 The application of lexicology to the practical study of English language. Target and Goal 1 Key terms, fundamental concepts and important notions2 Relationship among concepts and notions 3 Categorization, analysis, comparison and synthesis under global understanding 8 Proficiency to tackle the relevant problems through application of lexicological knowledge 9 Potential development to hold lexicology as a home-base to expand and elevate linguistic study i nto other interdisciplinary domains. Diagraph Of Lexicology: Its Position Within Linguistics And Relations With Other Linguistic Disciplinary Subjects Pragmatics L Morphology Signs to Interpreters E Structure of Words X Semantics I Etymology Signs to Objects C Origin of Words O Syntax L Lexicography Signs to Signs O Recording of Words G Phonology Y Stylistics Sounds to Signs Choice of Words Theoretical/Applied GENERAL LINGUISTICS Social/Psychological Prescriptive/Descriptive Synchronic/Diachronic Speech vs Writing Langue vs Parole Competence vs Performance汉泽英中需注意的特殊问题一、不合习惯的说法不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。

外研社现代大学英语(第三版)精读6教学课件Unit 7

❖ En somme, la Beautéest partout. Ce n’est point elle qui manque ànos yeux, mais nos yeux qui manquent àl’apercevoir. 世上并不缺少美,而是缺少发现美的眼睛。(罗丹)
Nature's beauty is a gift that cultivates appreciation and gratitude. —Nature ·Beauty ·Gratitude by Louie Schwartzberg
If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in “How to Use Your Eyes”. The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties. —Three Days to See by Helen Keller (大学必修课《如何利用你的眼睛》)
The essay “Beauty” first appeared in the 1998 spring issue of Orion and was included in Hunting for Hope. The book takes his readers through a whirlwind of spirited journeys, love, and despair in his search for hope.

RDP A result delivery protocol for mobile computing

RDP:A Result Delivery Protocol for Mobile ComputingMarkus Endler,Dilma M.Silva and Kunio OkudaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of S˜a o Paulo,Brazilendler,dilma,kunio@p.brAbstractNowadays several information retrieval services are be-ing offered to mobile clients.Many of such services are im-plemented by groups of distributed servers and sometimesemploy time-consuming data location and retrieval proto-cols among the servers.Moreover,many network appli-cations have strong reliability requirements.This meansthat client-server communication in services for mobilecomputing must also be reliable despite the intrinsic non-predictability related to mobile computing.In this paper we present a client-server protocol whichimplements reliable delivery of messages to mobile hosts.Reliability here means that for every request from a mo-bile client to a network service,eventually it will receivethe result,despite its periods of inactivity and any numberof migrations.This protocol is suitable for network servicesbased on request-reply style of communication(e.g.RPC)and with long request processing times,i.e.where there ishigh probability that a client at a mobile host migrates toanother cell while waiting for the reply.The main advantage of our protocol is that the locationof the proxy used to forward messages to a mobile host isnot static(as in Mobile IP),by which it facilitates dynamicglobal load balancing within the set of Mobile Support Sta-tions.1.IntroductionWith the ongoing improvement and spread of cellulartelephony technology,more and more computer networkservices will be supporting wireless communication.Soon,it will be possible to access many sorts of information basesfrom lightweight,inexpensive and hand-held terminals orPDAs,regardless of their current location.Also,many ofthese information bases will be fed with data sent by thesemobile devices,which may range from frequent updatesinteractions and processing within the TIS network.In order to implement efﬁciently the operations offered by the system to mobile users(such as query,update,sub-scribe1,and multicast2)we are designing and implementing a suite of protocols[7]that handle different aspects of the operations,such as user mobility,data location,data repli-cation,TIS interaction,etc.We hope that the model and the protocols are generic enough to be easily adaptable to a variety of applications,ranging from support systems for strategical actions to electronic mail systems for portable computers.In this paper we focus our attention on a connectionless communication protocol for mobile clients named Result Delivery Protocol(RDP).In our project,this protocol is used for the query and subscription operations mentioned before.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:In section2we deﬁne the system model and the underlying assumptions.In section3we describe the Result Deliv-ery Protocol,focusing on how location updates of migrat-ing clients and retransmissions are handled by the protocol. We then compare our protcol with related work in section 4.Finally,in section5we give informal arguments about its correctness and the incurred overhead and draw some conclusions.2.System Model and AssumptionsThe model of the system consists of two types of ma-chines,the static hosts and the mobile hosts().Static hosts are connected to each other through a static and reli-able network.Among the static hosts,some also serve as Mobile Sup-port Stations()for the mobile hosts and are assumed not to fail.Each deﬁnes a geographic region(cell) in which it is able to communicate with the set of mobile hosts currently located in the cell.The information about the s within a cell is maintained at each in a data structure local1The user speciﬁes an entity and a threshold on any of its attribute val-ues,and the system will notify the user about related changes in the entity.2The user provides its identiﬁcation,the identiﬁcation of a group of users(previously conﬁgured)and a message to be sent to the group.sends a join message to the in charge for the cell it is currently in,which then becomes the currently responsible for the(respMss).A leaves the system by sending a leave message to its respMss.Mobile hosts are able to move from one cell to an-other.Whenever a enters a new cell it sends a greet(oldMss)message to the responsible for the target cell,where oldMss is the identity of the re-sponsible for the cell which the is leaving.With this information the of the new cell is able to initiate a Hand-off protocol with the previous(see Section3.2).This greet message is also sent by the when it becomes active again within the same cell where it has been before become inactive.In this particular case,however,the will not initiate a Hand-off protocol,since the previous mentioned in message greet is itself.Actually,in this model we abstract from the details of how a learns that it is entering or leaving a cell,assum-ing that this can be achieved in different ways according to the wireless technology in use.Figure1shows a system with three s andﬁve s (in the corresponding cells or migrating)and where mobile host is issuing a request to server from one cell,but may pick up the server’s reply while visiting another cell.The main assumptions of the model are the following: munication among the s is reliable and mes-sage delivery is in causal order;2.All are reliable and do not fail;3.At any time,each active is associated with exactlyone(respMss).4.If a is active it must send an Ack to all messagesreceived from its respMss,and while it is inactive itmust not reply to any message.When a migrates between cells it may be considered inactive by both the ()or the new Mss()during the period of time of the Hand-off.5.A is able to detect if a message from its respMssis a new one or if it is a retransmission.6.A only leaves the system if it has acknowledgedall messages received by its respMss.3.Result Delivery ProtocolIn the remainder of this paper we present and analyze a protocol which guarantees reliable delivery of reply mes-sages from a server in the network to a mobile client.This protocol,which we called Result Delivery Protocol,is suit-able for network services based on a request-reply style of interaction(e.g.RPC)and with long request processing time.For such services,it is likely that the client(on the mobile host)migrates to another cell while waiting for the result of the request.The protocol can be used with a wide range of existing network services since from the perspec-tive of the server,service access is identical to the one by a static client.Although the presentation of the protocol is focussed on a request-reply style of interaction,like operation query of the trafﬁc information service(Section1),it can be used as well for asynchronous notiﬁcations of events to mobile clients.Thus,the RDP may as well be used for implement-ing the operation subscribe(Section1),by which a mobile client is informed of any major change in the trafﬁc situa-tion.The RDP protocol is based on the indirect model for client-server interactions proposed by Badrinath et al.[2]. In this model the mobile support stations act as represen-tatives for all the mobile hosts within their cell,hold part of the’s state,and do the translation between the wired and the wireless communication.3.1.Outline of the ProtocolThe Result Delivery Protocol(RDP)is based on the no-tion of a proxy for requests(or simply proxy).A proxy is created on behalf of a that wishes to interact with servers within the wired network.It is created at the responsible for the’s current cell(respMss)whenever the initiates a new series of service requests.The main purpose of the proxy is to provide aﬁxed location for the re-ception of server replies,to keep track of pending requests, store the request’s results,and to forward the results to the responsible for the cell in which the is currently located.The proxy object exists only until all result for-wards are acknowledged by the corresponding.Then,at a later moment,the same may cause the creation ofa new proxy at the same or a different,depending on whether it has or not migrated.However,at any time each is associated with at most one proxy.In order to decide to which to forward the result of a request,each proxy holds a variable called currentLoc,which is updated with the address of the current respMss of the corresponding whenever it migrates.A proxy alsoholds a requestList containing identiﬁers of all pend-ing requests issued by the.For being able to update currentLoc at every migra-tion,each has one proxy reference(or simply pRef) associated to it,which is hold by its respMss.As the namesuggests,a pRef contains a reference(the i.e.address ofthe and a proxyID)to the current proxy associated with the.However,when a does not have a proxy(i.e.when it has no pending requests)pRef holds a null ad-dress.A pRef also contains aﬂag called Ready to Kill pRef(RKpR),which signals whether the proxy has forwarded theresult of its last pending request(see section3.3for more details).Each time a receives a new request from one of its local s it checks the corresponding pRef.If it hasan null address,a new proxy is created locally on behalf of and updates pRef with its own address and the proxy’s objectID.Otherwise,Mss forwards the request tothe proxy whose address is mentioned in pRef.When a migrates from to pRef ishanded over through the Hand-off protocol(see Section3.2) to as part of’s state.After completion of the Hand-off for a,’s new location is updated at the proxy.This is done by having send a special mes-sage(update currentLoc)to the proxy.This message is also sent when a respMss receives a greet message from the announcing its switch from the inactive to the ac-tive state.At the proxy,the arrival of the update cur-rentLoc message causes the variable currentLoc to be updated and any non-acknowledged results from pend-ing requests to be re-sent to the new location.When the result of any of s pending requests(say,re-quest R)arrives at a proxy(located at)it is forwarded by to the address mentioned in currentLoc(i.e. respMss)and then delivered to through wireless com-munication.In normal conditions,i.e.when a is active and staysin its cell for a sufﬁcient long period of time,the arrival ofR’s result is acknowledged by the through a Ack mes-sage,which is forwarded by to.Once it has arrived,the proxy marks that request R has been completed, removes it from the requestList,and possibly sends an acknowledgment to the server,depending on the particular application-level client-server protocol being used.If respMss is unable to reach,because it is migrat-ing or is in inactive state,or simply because wireless com-munication failed,the respMss does not attempt any new forwarding of the result.Instead,it is the proxy that will re-sent the result as soon as it receives the next update of ’s address.At each,higher priority is given to forwarding Ack messages(from s to)than to engaging in any new Hand-off transactions.This avoids that results already ac-knowledged by a are re-sent to the new cell.However, as soon as respMss receives a request(from another) to transfer’s state,as part of the Hand-off protocol,it will ignore all future Ack messages from this.From the viewpoint of the proxy,until it does not receive an Ack message informing that R’s result has been indeed received by the,it keeps re-sending the result to every from which its gets a update currentLoc mes-sage.Notice that this guarantees that every result from a request will eventually reach its destination(the),pro-vided that the does not leave the system with a pending request.The price to pay for this reliability is that eventu-ally a result will be sent more than once to a.3.2.Hand-off ProtocolThe Hand-off protocol is executed between a and whenever a switches cells,and aims at transfer-ring all of’s relevant state to.It works as follows:A entering a new cell registers itself with the cor-responding Mobile Service Station(i.e.)by sending it a greet message containing the identiﬁcation of its pre-vious respMss.After having announced itself to,a must not reply to any message from any other than.When receiving the greet message,sendsa dereg message,asking it to de-register and send back’s proxy reference(pRef).When re-ceives dereg Mh,it replies to with a deregAck message containing’s pRef,and then removes from its localMhs list and updates’s new location with its proxy,by send-ing the update currLoc message to the proxy,whose address is contained in pRef.The greet message is also sent by a when it be-comes active again within the same cell where it has been before become inactive.In this case,however,message greet carries the identiﬁcation of s current respMss, and hence no Hand-off is initiated.3.3.The Proxy Life-cycleAlthough every always has at most one proxy that forwards results to it,the location of the proxies in the static network may change over time,by which the protocol facili-tates dynamic global load balancing within the set of s.As mentioned earlier,a proxy is created whenever a issues a new request and no proxy is yet available,i.e.when address in’s pRef is empty.After creation,a proxy is capable of handling several concurrent requests from its .When a proxy(hosted at)forwards the result of the last pending request(say,)to a respMss,ﬂag del-pRef is set to and is piggy-backed on this result mes-sage sent to a’s respMss.It means that if this message is received by the,then the proxy can be deleted.When the respMss receives a result message with del-pRef,it setsﬂag RKpR true at’s pRef,mean-ing that respMss will conﬁrm the removal of the proxy(and erase proxy’s address in pRef’s)as soon as it receives an Ack from that is not preceded by any new request.If this is the case,respMss sends message Ack withﬂag del-proxy piggy-backed on it to,by which this one knows that the proxy can in fact be deleted.How-ever,if in the meantime,a new request from arrives at respMss,ﬂag RKpR is re-set to and Ack message is sent with del-proxy,meaning that the old proxy will also be used for this new request.Figure2shows the proxy and pRef objects,and theﬂags used to control the existence of the proxy.Thus,the removal of the proxy is conﬁrmed by respMss only if the following condition holds:RKpR and for all of’s requests the corresponding Ack has been received.Notice that since will always use respMss as the gateway for new requests,it will never happen that a new request is sent to a which is not hosting a’s proxy.3.4.ExamplesIn this section we present two examples to illustrate how RDP works.Figure3shows a scenario where a mobile host Mh issues a single request to a server at,then migrates toand later to.Assuming that this is’sﬁrst request,its pRef will contain no address.Hence a new proxy is created at with its variable currentLoc (abbreviated by currL)set to and also the address in pRef is set to.Now each time the migrates(and after the Hand-off protocol is completed)the new sends an update currL message to the proxy in order to update its variable currL.MhrespMssMss pupdate currLupdate currLforward result forward resultserverMss Mss p oproxy MhrequestcurrL:=ppRef:=(Mssp)pRefcurrL:=oresultcurrL:=n?Mss nAckAck Hand-offHand-off+greetgreet++dereg+pRefdel-pRefdel-pRefdel-proxyderegAckWhen the response of the request (result )arrives atthe proxy,forwards it to the Mss metioned in currL ,even if in the meantime has migrated,as suggested by the question mark in the ﬁgure.Piggy-backed on the re-sult message goes del-pRef,because proxy’s requestList has a single entry.Because Mh has mean-while migrated to another cell,the proxy does not receivean Ack from,hence will repeat the forwarding every time its variable currL is updated,until it ﬁnally receives an Ack from the Mh .When receives the result with del-pRef ,it sets the ﬂag RKpR at ’s pRef ,forwardsresult to Mh and waits for an Ack from.As soon as this message arrives,and since still RKpR ,erases the address at ’s pRef and also sends message Ack piggy-backed with ﬂag del-proxy to .Finally,when this message arrives at the proxy is deleted.Figure 4depicts a scenario where a Mh issues several requests through its proxy,showing when the proxy is actu-ally deleted.In this scenario,the mobile host Mh ﬁrst issues requestA at (creating a new proxy),and then mi-grates to Mss .Thus,initially the proxy’s requestListcontains only requestA and when resultA arrives fromthe server,forwards resultA with del-pRef to .When this message arrives,sets ﬂag RKpR =true at ’s pRef ,and forwards resultA to Mh .However,since Mh issues a new requestB before send-ing an Ack for resultA (AckA )ﬂag RKpR is set to false.Since now Mss receives AckA when RKpR,it leaves pRef ’s address unchanged.After receiving requestB followed by AckA ,the proxy’s requestList ends up holding only requestB ,and resultB is forwarded to .Assume that meanwhile a new requestC arrives at the proxy,causing its requestList to hold both requestB and requestC .When AckB is received by the proxy,and resultC is received and forwarded,requestB can be removed from requestList ,leaving only the single pending requestC .In this particular case,the proxy does not forward again resultB (which has already been sent),but sends a spe-cial message containing only del-pRef to ,where it causes ﬂag RKpR at ’s pRef to be set to .Finally,when AckC arrives from ,pRef ’s address isset to null,and message AckC with del-proxyisAresultCAck BAck AresultAresultBresultBresultCrequestC resultA+requestBresultA Ack BAckCrequestBrequestCAck +AckC resultBresultCrequestBrequestCupdate currLMssrequestAMhrequestAproxy serverMsspHand-offdel-pRefdel-pRefdel-proxysent to proxy,which causes its deletion.This means that at the next time issues a new request,a new proxy will be created at its current respMss .However,suppose that the last del-pRef message hadarrived at Mss after AckC .Since RKpR,pRef would be left unchanged and AckC would be sent to with del-proxy ,avoiding the removal of the proxy.4.Related WorkIn our work,we adopt the indirect model for client-server interactions originally proposed by Badrinath et al.[2]and now adopted also in many other works [14,3,8].In this model mobility is made explicit to all protocol layers (up to the application layer)and the s serve as static interme-diates for any communication between the mobile clients and the servers executing on the pared to other approaches that make mobility explicit only to the protocol layers up to the network layer (e.g.Mobile IP and its optimizations [10]),the indirect model has as its main advantage the possibility to build mobility-aware higher-level protocols which use locality information to dynami-cally adapt themselves to variant transmission and/or net-work access conditions,such as communication bandwidth of wireless media,closest server,etc.Moreover,this model has the advantage of allowing the s to perform trans-lations between the wired and wireless medium,and also to store application-speciﬁc data related to the state of the‘local’s.Based on the indirect model,Bakre [3]proposes an in-direct TCP protocol (I-TCP)and protocols at higher layers,all of which take mobility into account.In his approachthe ﬁxed host only ‘sees’an image of its peer,which is actually stored at its respMss and is transferred to otherwhen a moves between cells.However,since during a Hand-Off the wireless component of I-TCP sim-ply resets congestion-related parameters,I-TCP cannot rely on transport-layer acknowledgments and defers this respon-sibility to higher protocol layers.Moreover,the ﬁxed host(the server)must be informed that a new is now hold-ing ’s image.Although our protocol is not aimed for connection-oriented services,and hence does not require maintaining the status of a connection,it proposes a solu-tion to minimize the disruption caused by the Hand-off.Although RDP is not a generic network protocol (since it is suited only for connectionless request-reply communica-tion,rather than for generic datagram delivery),it is useful to compare it with Mobile IP due to some common char-acteristics.In both protocols messages (or datagrams)are delivered to mobile hosts via intermediate elements.In Mo-bile IP they are called home and foreign agent and in RDP these are the proxy and the respMss .In both protocols,thecurrentlocation (in Mobile IP terminology,care-of ad-dress )is stored at the proxy and updated whenever the registers at a new .The main differences between the protocols are as fol-lows:In Mobile IP the home agent is ﬁxed rather than dy-namic,making dynamic load balancing impossible.In RDP the proxy remains at a same location only while there are some pending requests,and as soon as all results of pend-ing requests have been delivered successfully to the corre-sponding ,the proxy removes itself.Thus,in RDP the proxy must keep track of the pending requests,meaning thatall new requests must be forwarded to thehosting the proxy ,which is not the case in Mobile IP.Another conse-quence of the proxy ’s dynamic address is that the proxy ref-erence (pRef)has to be handed over betweens at every migration.Since in Mobile IP the address of home agent isstatic,it can be included byinto each request.However,Mobile IP does not guarantee reliable data de-livery to the s.For example,IP datagrams may be lost while a new care-of address change is on its way to the home agent,or during the periods of inactivity of the mo-bile host.In fact,Mobile IP delegates the task of detect-ing and re-transmitting lost datagrams to upper network lay-ers,such as TCP.However,it has been shown that conven-tional transport-level protocols without mobility-awareness present bad performance when used in a wireless environ-ment[4].In RDP,on the other hand,Hand-Off is tightly integrated with the message delivery,ensuring that no mes-sages(i.e.request results)are lost despite migration or inactivity.Many other works have investigated the issue of dis-connected data access.In Project Dataman,from Rutgers, Imielinski and Badrinath[9]proposed several query and up-date strategies for distributed information services that store frequently modiﬁed data,such as the geographic location of individual mobile hosts.Project Rover[11],from M.I.T.,is a well-known dis-tributed object development environment for disconnected operation.It provides mobile computing support based on two concepts:Queued Remote Procedure Calls(QRPC) and Relocable Dynamic Objects(RDOs).In QRPC(asyn-chronous RPC)the actual sending of the RPC request is de-coupled from the QRPC invocation and is performed as soon as the has established a good communication link with a base station.A RDO is an object encapsulating both code and data that can execute either at the client or the server.In some sense,QRPC and RDP perform comple-mentary tasks.While theﬁrst guarantees reliable sending of requests,RDP guarantees reliable result delivery.Pitoura et al.[12]describe a general architecture of an information system for mobile environment,and in[13] propose support for transactions management for wireless environments.Although recently much attention has been given to the problems of database transaction management [6]with disconnection requirements,this issue is not ad-dressed by our work.In Project Wireless-View[15](U.Illinois-Chicago)sev-eral data allocation schemes are studied and speciﬁc cost models for access to continuously changing databases from clients at mobile hosts were proposed.Bayou[5](Xerox)is a weakly consistent storage system designed for a mobile computing environment that supports the development of a variety of collaborative applications, such as shared calendars,mail,databases,etc.Unlike our system model,Bayou treats mobile units as peers in a peer-to-peer model,where a mobile host may be both a Bayou client and server.In Bayou,collections of data items are fully replicated at a group of Bayou servers, and clients can read or write any copy residing on any server with which they are able to communicate.The main contri-butions of this system are its mechanisms for dependency checks and merge procedures,necessary for maintaining high availability of Bayou system with weak replica con-sistency.5.Protocol Analysis and ConclusionThe protocol presented in this paper guarantees delivery (of the result)with at least-one semantics,since the proxy keeps re-transmitting the result until an Ack message ar-rives,signaling that the has indeed received the re-sponse.However,a that becomes inactive right after reception of the result message(but does not send an Ack message)will receive this message again when it be-comes active again,either in the previous or in a new cell.If the already sent an Ack to its respMss and if wired communication guarantees delivery of messages in causal order,then the protocol ensures delivery of messages with exactly once semantics.This is because eachis supposed to handle Ack forwards with highest priority, and therefore the following sequence of causal dependen-cies among events(where denotes the sending of message from server)always holds:send(Ack)@Mss send(Ack+del-proxy)@Mss send(update currL)@Mss.Hence,the proxy will re-ceive the Ack message(forwarded by)before the message update currL,from,and will thus re-move the proxy instead of re-transmitting result.In any case,delivery of redundant messages is not a ma-jor problem,since it can be assumed that the is able to identify duplicated messages.If the wireless communication is reliable,re-transmissions of the result with the Result Delivery Protocol(RDP)occur only if the mean time period a spends in a cell is less than,where and are the average transmission times for the wired and wireless communication,respectively. This is unlikely to be the case for current mobile support systems where the diameter of the cells is of reasonable size,e.g.some kilometers.The major advantage is that,except for the proxy ref-erence,neither result forwarding pointers nor other residue (e.g.copies of the result message)need to be kept at the,i.e.the can discard the result message after a single attempt to forward it to the local3.The overhead of this protocol is limited to the follow-ing extra messages:(1)one update currL whenever the mobile host migrates or becomes active again;and(2)one extra Ack message sent from respMss to the proxy when-ever acknowledges the receipt of result.Besides,every request from the mobile host to an application server has to pass through the proxy,so that the proxy can hold it as pending.Our work extends the indirect model of Badrinath et al.[2]in the sense that the proxy represents yet another communication mediator between the mobile client and the server.The main advantage of using a proxy is that from the server’s point of view,the service is being requested from a ﬁxed client(i.e.the proxy),which transparently handles all the mobility of the client it pared with sim-ilar approaches[3,1]our protocol aims at minimizing the transfer of a’s state between the old and new dur-ing Hand-off,because most of the data related to the request (e.g.the result)is kept at the proxy.The Result Delivery Protocol is being implemented as a prototype system in the scope of the SIDAM Project.In this prototype,we are simulating host mobility through ran-dom communication between distributed processes(repre-senting s,and servers)within a Linux network. Using this prototype,we will test this protocol concerning its efﬁciency with respect to several patterns of mobility, queries and subscriptions.At a future step,we intend to re-implement it in a network with real wireless communication support.The main advantage of the RDP protocol is that although at each moment only a single is responsible for re-transmitting the request results for a given,the proto-col facilitates dynamic global load balancing within the set of s.Moreover,the protocol guarantees that eventually every result will be delivered to the requesting despite any number of migrations and periods of inactivity. AcknowledgmentsWe gratefully acknowledge Ricardo da Rocha and our colleagues from project SIDAM for their valuable com-ments and suggestions.Project SIDAM is being supported by FAPESP(Grant no.98/06138-2).References[1]Arup Acharya and B.R.Badrinath.Delivering multi-cast messages in networks with mobile hosts.In13th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems,pages292–299,Pittsburgh,US,May1993.[2]B.R.Badrinath, A.Bakre,T.Imielinski,andR.Marantz.Handling Mobile Clients:A Case for In-direct Interaction.In Proc.4th Workstation Operating Systems,October1993.[3]A.Bakre.Design and Implementation of Indirect Pro-tocols for Mobile Wireless Environments.PhD thesis, Rutgers University,October1996.[4]S.Biaz and N.H.Vaidya.Tolerating visitor locationregister failures in mobile environments.In Seven-teenth IEEE Symposium on Reliable Distributed Sys-tems(SRDS’98),pages109–117,Washington-Brus-sels-Tokyo,October1998.IEEE.[5]A.Demers,K.Petersen,M.Spreitzer, D.Terry,M.Theimer,and B.Welch.The Bayou Architecture: Support for Data Sharing Among Mobile Users.In Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Appli-cations,Santa Cruz,CA,U.S.,94.[6]M.H.Dunham and V.Kumar.Impact of Mobil-ity on Transaction Management.In Proc.of Mo-biDE/Mobicom99Workshop,Seattle,WA,pages14–21.ACM,August1999.[7]M.Endler.A protocol for atomic multicast amongmobile hosts.In Dial M Workshop/Mobicom’99,Sea-tle(USA),pages56–63.ACM,August1999.[8]M.Haar,R.Cunningham,and V.Cahill.Supportingcorba applications in a mobile environment.In Proc.of MobiCom99,Settle,WA,pages36–47.ACM,Au-gust1999.[9]T.Imielinski and B.R.Badrinath.Querying in highlymobile distributed environments.In Proc.of the18th VLDB Conference,1992.[10]David B.Johnson and David A.Maltz.Protocols foradaptive wireless and mobile networking.IEEE Per-sonal Comunications,3(1),February1996.[11]A.D.Joseph,J.A.Tauber,and M.F.Kaashoek.MobileComputing with the Rover Toolkit.IEEE Transactions on Computers,February1997.[12]E.Pintoura and B.Bhargava.Building informationsystems for mobile environments.In Proc.3rd Inter-national Conference on Information and Knowledge Management,pages371–378,1994.[13]E.Pintoura and B.Bhargava.Revising transactionconcepts for mobile computing.In Proc.IEEE Work-shop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, pages164–168,1994.[14]E.A.Brewer R.H.Katz.The Case for Wireless Over-lay Networks.In Proc.of the SPIE Conference on Multimedia and Networking,(MMCM’96),San Jose, CA,January1996.[15]O.Wolfson Y.Huang.Allocation in DistributedDatabases and Mobile Computers.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,9(4),April1998.。

融合工程实践的现代控制理论课程教学改革

2020年29期博士论坛高教学刊融合工程实践的现代控制理论课程教学改革*黄苏丹1，2，胡智勇1，2，曹广忠1，2，郭小勤1，2，邱洪1，2，吴超1，2（1.深圳大学机电与控制工程学院，广东深圳518060；2.深圳大学广东省电磁控制与智能机器人重点实验室，广东深圳518060）一、概述《现代控制理论》是自动化专业的核心基础课程之一，在自动化专业教学中起着承前启后的作用[1]。

“承前”课程包括《高等数学》《线性代数及概率论》《复变函数及积分变换》《大学物理》《电路分析》《模拟电子技术》《电机学》《自动控制原理》等。

“启后”课程包括《运动控制系统》《智能控制基础与实践》《计算机控制技术》和《控制系统仿真》等。

由于《现代控制理论》课程具有概念抽象、理论性强、综合性强、与实际系统结合度低等特点，导致学生对课程的积极参与度低且难以深入掌握课程知识。

为提高自动化专业《现代控制理论》课程的教学质量以及学生认识、分析、研究和解决自动化工程问题的能力，本文提出一种与自动化工程实践相融合的《现代控制理论》教学方法，如图1所示，以旋转电机运动控制系统作为工程实例，将抽象的理论概念、理论知识点与该旋转电机运动控制系统相结合进行每一章节的课程讲解，进而将强逻辑性的控制系统分析与设计方法循序渐进地应用到旋转电机运动控制系统工程实例中，从而深入融合理论知识与工程实践并极大地激发学生主动学习的积极性。

二、《现代控制理论》课程特点（一）教学内容特点1.综合性强。

《现代控制理论》课程内容主要包括系统建模、系统定量和定性分析、系统综合[2-3]。

系统建模是根据系统输入、输出以及状态的数学关系建立系统的状态空间表达式。

系统定量分析是依据建立的状态空间表达式求解得到系统状态和输出的解，系统定性分析是依据建立的状态空间表达式分析系统的能控性、能观性和稳定性。

系统综合是根据建立的状态空间表达式以及能控性、能观性和稳定性的分析，对系统进行极点配置、状态反馈、状态观测器和最优控制等设计。

conversationanalysis

Complementary Therapies in Medicine(2004)12,131—135Conversation analysisJohn Chatwin∗School of Healthcare Studies,University of Leeds,Leeds LS29UT,UKKEYWORDS Conversation analysis; CAM interactions; Medical encounters; Socio-linguistics Summary Conversation analysis(CA)is well established as a means of exploring the interactional detail of conventional healthcare encounters.It is also becoming increasingly popular in action to CAM.This article outlines the main features of CA,how it can be used in a CAM context,and the type of information it can be expected to reveal.Examples of original CA data obtained from CAM consultations are presented to illustrate the CA method.©2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.CA—–what is it?Conversation analysis(CA)is a socio-linguistic ap-proach that is largely concerned with the analysis of the verbal communication that people routinely use when they interact with one another.It origi-nated in the1960’s,primarily due to the work of the American sociologist Harvey Sacks,1and draws on ethnomethodological and interactional traditions of naturalistic observation.Essentially,CA provides an analytical method that can be used to expose the underlying structural‘rules’that govern how day-to-day activities are composed and organised.2What can CA tell us about CAM?In terms of CAM,an obvious application for CA is as a tool for examining the interactions that occur between patients and practitioners.There is a long tradition of CA research in theﬁeld of conventional medicine(see,for example:3—6).Over the last few*T el.:+441132331374;fax:+441132331204.E-mail address:******************.uk.years the increasing integration of CAM into main-stream medicine has encouraged some researchers to focus on this arena too—–so far concentrating mostly on talk-based therapies such as counselling and homoeopathy(see,for example:7).How would you use it?T o be used effectively,CA depends on analysing a large number of naturally occurring examples of a given phenomena.In CAM,for example,youmight be interested in studying one particular aspect of behaviour,such as how practitioners open their consultations,how patients present descriptions of their symptoms,or how treatment decisions are negotiated.Material for analysis using CA is routinely collected in the form of video or audio recordings.These‘raw’data are then transcribed using a detailed system of notation(see Fig.2) that attempts to capture,among other things,the relative timing of participants’utterances(the ex-act points,for example,when one person’s speech overlaps another in their ongoing talk),nuances of sound production,word emphasis,and certain aspects of intonation.CA contrasts with other qual-0965-2299/$—see front matter©2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2004.07.042132J.Chatwinitative research methods,such as interviewing or observational work,in that(at the data collection and processing phase at least)the process does not rely to any great extent on subjective interpreta-tion.CA in fact represents a signiﬁcant departure from other linguistically oriented approaches be-cause utterances are not seen primarily in relation to linguistic structure(i.e.in terms of their sense and meaning),but rather as objects utilised in the ongoing negotiation of social tasks—–requests, greetings,proposals,complaints and so on—–and as such,their relative positioning within sequences of interaction can be accurately mapped. Another useful feature of the method is that it allows for the systematic analysis of comparatively large sets of data,which,as an aim of CA is to detect commonalties of behaviour,helps to reduce any distortions that might be introduced by the id-iosyncratic communication styles of individuals.How to go about using CAAssuming the phenomena or interactional environ-ment youwant to analyse is compatible with the CA approach,the procedure would be:1.Identify what it is you want to study:Is it aspeciﬁc type of activity or behaviour?Or is it something broader?Youmay simply have a no-tion that a particular interactional activity cre-ates a certain‘feel’or atmosphere,and wish to isolate the behavioural elements that are contributing to this.In CAM and other medi-cal settings,CA has been used to explore ar-eas such as the way patients contextualise their symptoms,8how they describe what is wrong with them,9and how they seek information.10 Attempts have also been made to identify what it is in the interactions between therapists and patients that gives certain CAM encounters their collegial quality.112.Collect your data:The material youcollect willbe subjected to a detailed transcription process, so high quality video or audio recordings are es-sential.Similarly CA deals with real interaction.Mocked-up,role-played or staged exchanges will not do—–unless of course it is the idiosyncrasies of behaviour within these particular arenas that you wish to study.For best results,you will need to collect as many examples as possible of the behaviour you are interested in.So for example, if you are exploring the way in which acupunc-turists organise their talk when referring to the u se of needles(as youmight be if youwere try-ing toﬁnd practical ways of making things eas-ier for patients who were scared of needles)you would concentrate on obtaining as many natural recordings of this activity occurring as you could.Not just from one practitioner or a single setting, but from a whole range of different acupunctur-ists with different patients.For their CA based study focusing on allopathic doctor—patient in-teraction,Heritage and Strivers3recorded335 consultations involving19doctors,and data col-lections of this size are not uncommon in CA.Essentially the greater the number of examples, the less likelihood that analytical distortions will be introduced due to the idiosyncratic charac-teristics of individual participants.3.Transcribe your data:This can be the most timeconsuming part of the process but is at the heart of the method.CA transcription needs to be extremely detailed,accurate and consistent, and is a difﬁcult skill to master.As a rough guide,an efﬁcient transcriber(often the re-searcher who records the original material)may be able to transcribe about1min of a recording in1h,depending on the complexity of the talk.Multi-party and lively or argumentative interactions where there is a lot of overlap-ping speech can take far longer to unravel.There are,unfortunately,no speciﬁc software packages that can come anywhere near the consistency required to do this automatically, but at an academic level,the intense process of manual transcription can be an important part of the analytical process,allowing a researcher to really get inside the data.Some digital recording and editing packages such as N-track or sound forge can make the process easier, however,allowing recordings to be displayed on-screen and controlled alongside your word processor(see Fig.1).These kinds of software can make the categorisation and comparison of data much easier at the analytical stage too.4.Analysis:Normally,in‘pure’CA,once youhave assembled a sufﬁciently large collection of recording transcripts,youwill isolate data relating to the particular discrete activities that are of interest(say,‘greetings’or‘topic initia-tion’)and arranged them into collections.You can then methodically analyse them to reveal underlying sequential commonalities and pat-terns.CA may,however,also be used in a much broader way to work with smaller pieces of data(a transcript of a single complete CAM consulta-tion,for example).This approach is likely to be of most interest to researchers without a pure CA background,or for studies in which CA is not the primary methodology.A traditional way of approaching the initial stages of CA is for a groupConversation analysis133Figure1.The simultaneous display of the digital recording package‘N-track’,and MS Word in different screen windows. Some software packages not speciﬁcally designed to work with CA can be very useful during transcription and analysis.of analysts to get together and hold a‘data ses-sion’in which examples of a single transcript or short collections of material are brainstormed.This process can be an extremely useful way of isolating original and tangential themes.Data exampleThe two short transcript extracts below will give a very basic illustration of the way in which CA data is presented and analysed.In keeping with the CAM context,both are taken from towards the end of ho-moeopathic consultations and represent the point where the homoeopaths are initiating the activity of offering treatment(indicated by the highlighted area).The short table in Fig.2gives the meanings of the symbols used,but note particularly the way in which each individual’s‘turn’at talk begins on a separate line,with the points at which speech over-laps indicated by square brackets(at lines2and3 in Scheme1,and11and12in Scheme2).Pauses (given in tenths of a second)between and within turns are indicated by the numbers in parenthesis.Intonationally stressed words are underlined,while words in capital letters are louder in relation to the surrounding speech.At an analytical level,youcan see that the transcription method has effectively captured two contrasting ways in which the homoeopaths organise their treatment giving‘turn’at talk(the concept of turn-taking being a fundamental tenet of CA)as well as illustrating the different sequen-tial outcomes(in terms of patient responses)which result from these.In Scheme1the homoeopath uses an approach which is overtly‘non-directive’—–she doesn’t actually suggest a treatment option as such,but in fact asks the patient to take control of the treatment process:‘...what are youthinking you-might do....’(line9).Similarly,her delivery at this point is fractured,with frequent pauses and hesitations,which further help to give it a non-directiveﬂavour.In contrast,the way in which the homoeopath in Scheme2switches into treatment giving is highly directive and focused. She displays no hesitation,and succinctly partitions off her treatment delivery from her preceding talk with a‘RIGHT’which is both louder relative to the134J.ChatwinFigure2.Scheme1.Scheme 2.surrounding speech,and delivered with a degree of emphasis.She follows with ‘...I’m going to give youmalandrinu m today ....’(lines 8—9)which is both directive and categorical.The sequential effect of the two different ap-proaches is also traceable in the transcript.In Scheme 1,the homoeopath’s ‘open’framing of her treatment turn allows the patient to offer her own suggestion;in Scheme 2the categorical or ‘closed’delivery that the homoeopath utilises allows little interactional opportunity for the patient to do any-thing other than go along with her .T aken as pure CA,these two short extracts could not be used to provide any deﬁnitive cate-gorisations (in this case relating to the ways that treatment decisions are delivered).A far more extensive collection would be required before any speciﬁc conclusions about reoccurring routines of interaction could be drawn.In terms of wider social research,however ,even a small numberConversation analysis135of contrasting data fragments like this can be useful.These particular data,for example,came from a multi-disciplinary study looking at ways to improve patient participation in treatment decision making,1and it can be seen that the kind of micro-level detail that CA delivers can readily provide an empirical grounding for obser-vations and concepts developed using other,more subjective,qualitative approaches.ResourcesRecommended readingA good basic introduction to the CA method is: Conversation Analysis by Ian Hutchby and Robin Woofﬁtt.12But the absolute bible of CA is a col-lection of lecture transcripts by its inventor Har-vey Sacks,who died in James Dean style in the mid 1970’s.Lectures in Conversation(edited by Gail Jefferson)is published in two volumes by Blackwell.SoftwareDigital recording and editing software can make the task of transcription and analysis easier,allowing youto slow down recordings,make accu rate inter-val timings(traditionally done with a stopwatch),or remove a certain amount of noise from bad record-ings.T wo software packages that have been found very useful for CA work are:N-track:Which allows for the simultaneous dis-play of several tracks of audio on your computer at the same time and is good for archiving audio and comparative analytical work.Available over the in-ternet from:.Sound forge:Which is an industry standard audio editing package that,although quite ex-pensive,is extremely useful for cleaning up bad1Data collected for the Department of Health funded PaPaYA project(Patient Participation in York and Aberdeen).Reference number3700514.recordings and creating professional sounding au-dio clips for presentations etc.Available from: .References1.Sacks H.In:Jefferson G,editor.Lectures in conversation,Vols1and2.Oxford:Blackwell;1998.2.Per¨a kyla A.Conversation analysis:a new model of re-search in doctor—patient communication.J R Soc Med 1997;90:205—8.3.Heritage J,Stivers T.Online commentary in acute medicalvisits:a method of shaping patient expectations.Soc Sci Med1999;49:501—1517.4.Heath C.The delivery and reception of diagnosis in thegeneral-practice consultation.In:Drew P,Heritage J,ed-itors.T alk at work:interaction in institutional settings.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;1995.5.Frankel RM,West C.Miscommunication in medicine.In:Coupland N,Giles H,Wiemann JM,editors.Miscommuni-cation and problematic talk.London:Sage;1991.6.West C.Ask me no questions....An analysis of queries andreplies in physician—patient dialogues.In:Fisher S,Dun-das T,editors.The social organisation of doctor—patient communication.Washington:The Centre for Applied Lin-guistics;1983.7.Per¨a kyla A.Aids counselling.Institutional interaction andclinical practice.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;1995.8.Gill VT.Doing attributions in medical interaction:patients’explanations for illness and doctors’responses.Social Psy-chology Quarterly1988;61:260—342.9.Ruusuvuori J.Control in the medical consultation:prac-tices of giving and receiving the reason for the visit in pri-mary health care.Unpublished doctoral dissertation.Uni-versity of T ampere;2000.10.Heritage J,SeﬁS.Dilemmas of advice:aspects of the deliv-ery and reception of advice in interactions between health visitors andﬁrst time mothers.In:Drew P,Heritage J,edi-tors.T alk at work.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;1992.11.Chatwin munication in the homoeopathic therapeu-tic encounter.Unpublished PhD thesis.York:York Univer-sity;2003.12.Hutchby I,Woofﬁtt R.Conversation analysis:principles,practices and applications.Cambridge:Polity;2001.。

Lesson19 Structural Analysis

Basic principles 基本原理
The law of equilibrium is basic in structural analysis.
平衡原理是结构分析的基础。
It is useful in computing external reactions of beams，trusses，frames， arches and other structures, as well as internal stresses.
Structural Analysis
For earthquake forces，a building designed with a conventional rectangular configuration is analysed by the equivalent lateral load method prescribed by the local building code．
如果计算显示反力平衡了荷载（结构、人群、存放的材料等的重量，车辆荷载，风力和地震力），那么结构就处于静力平衡状态。
The next step is determination of internal forces and unit stresses in the components of the structure.
保证结构安全的一种方法是确定由荷载产生的应力、应变比公认的设计规范所容许的应力、应变小。
This determination of stresses and strains in structures is a primary objective of structural analysis.
在结构中确定应力和应变是结构分析的主要的目的。

起重机泵阀协同复合控制液压系统能效特性分析

第52卷第2期2021年2月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.52No.2Feb.2021起重机泵阀协同复合控制液压系统能效特性分析都佳1，肖刚2，杨敬1，权龙1(1.太原理工大学机械与运载工程学院，山西太原，030024；2.徐工集团江苏徐州工程机械研究院，江苏徐州，221004)摘要：建立以电子压力补偿原理为基础的起重机泵阀协同复合控制液压系统。

首先，对起重机典型负载原理进行分析，提出一种以手柄开度信号为阈值的多模式控制策略，即在快速运动模式中采用主阀阀口全开，通过控制电液比例泵斜盘摆角控制进入执行器流量，在微动模式中实时控制主阀阀口开度及电液比例泵斜盘摆角，通过阀芯位置、压力的闭环控制实现流量精准匹配。

其次，采用AMESim 软件，建立传统抗流量饱和负载敏感液压系统仿真模型，并通过试验验证仿真模型的准确性。

最后，建立起重机泵阀协同复合控制液压系统AMESim 仿真模型。

研究结果表明，与传统抗流量饱和负载敏感液压系统相比，泵阀协同复合控制液压系统在变幅联单动作微动模式下系统能耗降低约2.74%，变幅联单动作快速运动模式下系统能耗降低约9.23%，变幅联和卷扬联复合运动模式下系统能耗降低约10.60%。

关键词：工程机械；液压系统；抗流量饱和；泵阀协同；电子压力补偿；AMESim 仿真模型；能效特性中图分类号：TH137文献标志码：A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)文章编号：1672-7207（2021）02-0389-11Energy efficiency characteristics analysis for crane hydraulicsystem of pump-valve coordinated composite controlDU Jia 1,XIAO Gang 2,YANG Jing 1,QUAN Long 1(1.College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan 030024,China;2.Jiangsu Xuzhou Construction Machinery Research Institute,Xuzhou 221004,China)Abstract:A pump-valve coordinated composite control hydraulic system(PVCS)based on the principle of electronic pressure compensation was established.Firstly,the typical load principle of cranes was analyzed,and a multi-mode control strategy with the handle opening signal as a threshold was proposed.In the rapid motion mode,DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.02.007收稿日期：2020−05−13；修回日期：2020−07−22基金项目(Foundation item)：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB2001203)；山西省重点研发计划项目(201903D111007)；国家自然科学基金山西煤基低碳基金联合资助项目(U1920211)(Project(2018YFB2001203)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China;Project(201903D111007)supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province;Project(U1920211)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China &Shanxi Coal-based Low Carbon Foundation)通信作者：杨敬，博士，副教授，从事工程机械液压节能系统与功率匹配研究；E-mall:********************.cn引用格式：都佳,肖刚,杨敬,等.起重机泵阀协同复合控制液压系统能效特性分析[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2021,52(2):389−399.Citation:DU Jia,XIAO Gang,YANG Jing,et al.Energy efficiency characteristics analysis for crane hydraulic system of pump-valve coordinated composite control[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2021,52(2):389−399.第52卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)the main valve was fully opened,and the flow rate into the actuator was controlled by controlling the displacementof the electro-hydraulic proportional pump.In the micro-motion mode,the opening of the main valve port and the displacement of the electro-hydraulic proportional pump were controlled in real time.The accurate flow matching was achieved through the closed-loop control of the spool position and pressure.Secondly,the AMESim simulation model of the LSHS was established and the accurateness of the simulation model was verified by experiments.Finally,the AMESim simulation model of the PVCS was established.The results show that compared with the LSHS,the PVCS reduces the system power consumption by about2.74%in the single-action micro-motion mode.The system power consumption is reduced by about9.23%in the single-action rapid motion mode with lifting cylinder,and the system power consumption is reduced by about10.60%in the combined motion mode of the lifting cylinder and winch motor.Key words:construction machinery;hydraulic system;flow-saturated resistant;pump-valve coordination; electronic pressure compensation;AMESim simulation model;energy efficiency analysis目前，工程机械领域尤其是起重机的液压系统普遍采用传统抗流量饱和负载敏感系统。

控制科学与工程英语面试问答

控制科学与工程英语面试问答一、介绍控制科学与工程控制科学与工程是一门综合性的学科，涵盖了自动控制、信息理论、系统工程、人工智能等多个领域。

它致力于研究如何设计、分析和实现能够自动控制各种系统的方法和技术。

在现代工程领域中，控制科学与工程起到了至关重要的作用，它可以应用于各个领域，如制造业、交通运输、航天航空、能源等。

二、控制科学与工程英语面试常见问题及回答1. What is control engineering?Control engineering is a multidisciplinary field that deals with the design, analysis, and implementation of systems that can automatically control various processes to achieve desired outputs. It involves applying mathematical models and control algorithms to manipulate inputs and outputs ofa system.2. How is control engineering different from other engineering fields?Control engineering focuses on the development of systems that can regulate and manipulate processes to achieve specific objectives. It differs from other engineeringfields in that it deals with the dynamic behavior of systems and the design of controllers to achieve desired performance.3. What are the key components of a control system?A control system typically consists of a plant or process, sensors, actuators, and a controller. The plant refers to the system being controlled, while sensors and actuators are used to measure and manipulate the variables of interest. The controller processes the sensor data and generates control signals to adjust the actuators.4. What are the different types of control systems?Control systems can be classified into open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not have feedback, and the control action is based solely on the input. Closed-loop systems, also known as feedback control systems, use feedback from the output to adjust the control action. This allows for better regulation and compensation for disturbances.5. What are the main challenges in control engineering?One of the main challenges in control engineering is dealing with system uncertainty and variability. Real-worldsystems often have unknown or time-varying parameters, which can affect the performance of control systems. Another challenge is ensuring stability and robustness in the face of disturbances and noise.6. What are some popular control techniques?There are various control techniques used in control engineering, such as PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control, optimal control, adaptive control, and robust control. Each technique has its own advantages and is suitable for different types of systems and applications.7. How is control engineering applied in real-world systems? Control engineering is widely applied in various industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, aerospace, and energy. It is used to control processes in factories, regulate traffic flow, stabilize aircraft, and optimize energy consumption. It plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, safety, and reliability in these systems.8. What are the future trends in control engineering?With the advancement of technology, control engineering is evolving to incorporate new concepts and techniques. Some future trends include the integration of control andartificial intelligence, the development of autonomous systems, and the application of control in emerging fields such as renewable energy and healthcare.三、总结控制科学与工程是一门重要的学科，其在现代工程领域中发挥着关键作用。

2024版STARCCM[1]

2024/1/27
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Physical modeling technology
Comprehensive physics models
STARCCM+provides a comprehensive library of physics models, including fluid dynamics, heat transfer, chemical reactions, turnovers, and more, to accurately simulate a wide range of physical phenolmena
Supports parallel computing for high performance simulations
2024/1/27
10
Development history
01
Initial Development
STARCCM was initially developed in the early 2000s as a general purpose CFD software
2024/1/27
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Reporting scope
• Scope of the report: This report focuses on the capabilities and applications of STARCCM, covering the fundamental principles of CFD, the software's key features and functionalities, as well as case studies demonstrating its use in different industries

r 克拉夫结构动力学英文版

r 克拉夫结构动力学英文版R Cranefly Structural Dynamics - English VersionIntroduction:Structural dynamics is a vital field of study in engineering, focusing on the response and behavior of structures under dynamic loading conditions. Understanding the dynamic characteristics of structures is crucial for ensuring their stability, integrity, and performance. This article aims to provide an overview of the R Cranefly software package, which offers powerful tools for analyzing structural dynamics, and its key features in the English language version.1. Overview of R Cranefly:R Cranefly is a comprehensive software package developed for conducting structural dynamics analysis. It enables engineers and researchers to simulate and predict the behavior of structures under a variety of dynamic loading conditions. With its user-friendly interface and extensive capabilities, R Cranefly has become a go-to tool for professionals working in the field of structural dynamics.2. Key Features of R Cranefly:2.1. Time Domain Analysis:R Cranefly facilitates time domain analysis, allowing users to examine the structural response and behavior over time. This feature enables the evaluation of dynamic effects such as transient vibrations, oscillations, and resonance phenomena. By analyzing the time domain responses, engineerscan accurately assess the performance and stability of structures under dynamic loading.2.2. Frequency Domain Analysis:The software also offers frequency domain analysis, which involves investigating the structural response in the frequency spectrum. By applying Fourier analysis, R Cranefly enables the identification of dominant frequencies, resonance effects, and modal characteristics. This feature proves invaluable in designing structures to withstand specific dynamic loads.2.3. Modal Analysis:Modal analysis is a crucial technique for identifying and quantifying the natural modes of vibration in a structure. R Cranefly provides a comprehensive suite of tools for conducting modal analysis, including methods such as the finite element method. Engineers can extract mode shapes, natural frequencies, and damping ratios, which aid in understanding the dynamic behavior of structures.2.4. Response Spectrum Analysis:R Cranefly supports response spectrum analysis, which is an effective method for evaluating structural responses to seismic excitations. This analysis enables engineers to design structures to withstand earthquake forces by considering the expected ground motion and the inherent characteristics of the structure.3. R Cranefly User Interface:The user interface of R Cranefly is designed with an emphasis on usability and efficiency. Its intuitive layout enables users to define structural properties, load inputs, and analysis parameters seamlessly. Additionally, the software provides detailed graphical outputs, including displacement, acceleration, and response spectra plots, aiding in the interpretation of structural responses.4. Applications of R Cranefly:R Cranefly finds applications across a wide range of sectors, including civil engineering, aerospace, mechanical engineering, and architecture. It proves invaluable in the design and assessment of buildings, bridges, dams, aircraft, and other structures subjected to dynamic loading. With its versatility and extensive capabilities, R Cranefly has become a preferred choice for professionals involved in structural dynamics analysis.Conclusion:R Cranefly, with its diverse set of analysis tools, intuitive interface, and comprehensive capabilities, is an invaluable resource for conducting structural dynamics analysis. By accurately assessing the response and behavior of structures under dynamic loading, engineers can design safe, efficient, and durable structures. The English version of R Cranefly opens up new possibilities for international users to explore and utilize this powerful software package in their work.。

Structural Health Monitoring and Control

Structural Health Monitoring and Control Structural health monitoring and control are critical aspects of ensuring the safety and longevity of infrastructure, buildings, bridges, and other civil engineering structures. The need for effective monitoring and control has become increasingly important in the face of aging infrastructure and the growing threat of natural disasters. This prompts the question of how to effectively monitor and control the health of structures to ensure their safety and reliability. One perspective to consider is the technological aspect of structural healthmonitoring and control. With advances in sensor technology, it is now possible to monitor various aspects of a structure's health, such as strain, temperature, and vibration, in real-time. These sensors can provide valuable data that can be used to assess the structural integrity of a building or bridge, detect potential issues, and even predict future failures. Furthermore, the integration of wireless communication and data analysis technologies allows for the continuous monitoring of structures, providing a wealth of information to engineers and decision-makers. Another important perspective to consider is the economic aspect of structural health monitoring and control. While the initial investment in monitoring systems and sensors may seem costly, the long-term benefits far outweigh the costs. By detecting and addressing structural issues early on, the need for costly repairsor even the replacement of an entire structure can be avoided. Additionally, the implementation of effective monitoring and control measures can help to extend the lifespan of infrastructure, reducing the overall lifecycle costs and providing a significant return on investment. From a societal perspective, the importance of structural health monitoring and control cannot be overstated. The safety of the public is paramount, and the failure of a critical infrastructure can have devastating consequences. By implementing effective monitoring and control measures, the risk of structural failures can be minimized, providing peace of mind to the public and ensuring the continued functionality of essential infrastructure. Furthermore, the implementation of advanced monitoringtechnologies can also lead to the development of new jobs and opportunities in the field of structural engineering and technology. In addition to the technological, economic, and societal perspectives, it is also important to consider theenvironmental impact of structural health monitoring and control. By detecting and addressing structural issues early on, the need for extensive repairs or replacements can be minimized, reducing the environmental impact of construction and demolition activities. Furthermore, the implementation of monitoring andcontrol measures can help to optimize the use of resources and materials, contributing to a more sustainable approach to infrastructure maintenance and development. In conclusion, the importance of structural health monitoring and control cannot be overstated. From a technological standpoint, advances in sensor technology and data analysis have made it possible to continuously monitor the health of structures in real-time. From an economic perspective, the long-term benefits of implementing monitoring and control measures far outweigh the initial costs. From a societal standpoint, the safety and functionality of infrastructure are crucial to the well-being of the public. And from an environmental perspective, effective monitoring and control can help to minimize the environmental impact of infrastructure maintenance and development. By considering these multiple perspectives, it is clear that structural health monitoring and control are essential aspects of ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of our infrastructure.。

BEC中级：口语第二部分（Mini-Presentation）应试技巧

BEC中级：口语第二部分(Mini-Presentation)应试技巧商务英语中级考试口语第二部分为简短口头陈述(Mini-Presentation)，这部分比第一部分难度增强，要有考生自己的观点并讲究逻辑和说服力，快来看看小编整理的商务英语中级考试口语第二部分应试技巧，会对你有很大帮助哦!BEC中级：口语第二部分(Mini-Presentation)应试技巧内容简介剑桥商务英语中级口语考试第二部分是一个微型演讲或者说是一个简短的口头陈述(Mini-Presentation)。

整个第二部分的考试时间约为6分钟。

在这一部分，每位考生将被要求就某一主题发表1分钟左右的演讲。

概括来说，在第二部分一开始，主考官会递给每位考生一张信息卡(注意：是不同的信息卡)。

每张信息卡上有A、B、C三个问题。

每个问题后，有两个或三个提示。

考生选择一个话题后，可根据提示组织自己的演讲。

考生选择其中的一个问题发表一个小型演讲。

考生有1分钟的时间同时进行准备。

在准备过程中，主考官会提供空白纸张和铅笔，也就是说，考生可以在准备的过程中做笔记。

准备时间结束，其中一位，即考生B先发表演讲。

B讲完之后，考生A要就考生B演讲的内容进行提问，然后考生B回答。

接下来就是考生A进行演讲。

完毕之后，考生B同样也要就考生A所陈述的内容进行提问，考生A回答。

为了很好地完成这部分的任务，在1分钟内做一个有序的、完整的和有说服力的演讲，考生需要有比较严密的逻辑来组织演讲。

应试技巧(1) 考生应快速浏览信息卡，选择最熟悉、最有把握的话题，然后根据问题后的提示组织演讲。

(2) 准备时间完毕，主考官要求你发言时，考生应该欣然接受并且适时开始讲话。

不要因为自认为准备不足而迟迟不发言。

1分钟过后，考生将失去说话的机会;发言时间缩短之后，考生也会因为输出信息量不够，而不能获得高分。

(3) 在准备期间，考生一定要稍做笔记。

建议考生记下要点，以免在演讲的过程中，由于紧张而忘记了自己准备要讲的内容。

计划是好的但行动更好作文英语

计划是好的但行动更好作文英语示例作文篇一：English:The Art of Planning Meets the Power of Action: A Journey to SuccessIn the realm of academic and personal pursuits, we often find ourselves immersed in a sea of ideas, crafting elaborate plans with intricate details. We meticulously map out our schedules, set goals, and envision a path of success. However, the question that often lurks beneath the surface is not whether we should plan, but rather how effectively we can blend planning with action. This essay will argue that while planning is indeed crucial, it is ultimately action that brings our dreams within reach.Firstly, let's acknowledge the importance of planning. It is thepass that guides us through life's winding roads. It allows usto prioritize, allocate resources, and set realistic expectations. Plans provide structure, reducing uncertainty and fostering asense of control. They are the blueprint for turning aspirations into tangible achievements.But, as we delve deeper, we must recognize that plans are mere snapshots of what could be. They are static, while life is dynamic. The world around us is unpredictable, and circumstances may shift. Hence, it is not enough to merely have a plan; we must be prepared to adapt and act upon it. Planning without action is akin to planting seeds without tending to them – they may remain dormant, never blossoming.Action, on the other hand, is the fertile soil that nourishes our plans. It is the spark that ignites the fire of progress. It demands courage, resilience, and a willingness to confront challenges. Without action, our dreams remain as distant as the horizon, forever out of reach.The power of action lies in its ability to transform potential into reality. It is through our actions that we encounter setbacks, learn from them, and grow stronger. It is through action that we forge connections, build relationships, and create a ripple effect of impact. In essence, action is the embodiment of ourmitment, the proof of our dedication, and the testament to our perseverance.Yet, the balance between planning and action is delicate.Over-planning can lead to paralysis by analysis, while under-planning invites chaos. The key lies in finding the sweet spot where thoughtful planning meets decisive action. It is aboutstriking a harmonious rhythm, where each step we take aligns with our vision, yet leaves room for spontaneity and innovation.In conclusion, while planning is a vital tool for success, it is the relentless pursuit of action that propels us forward. It is the synergy between the two that enables us to navigatelife'splexities, ovee obstacles, and ultimately achieve our goals. As students, let us remember that the best-laid plans are only as good as the energy and determination we invest in turning theminto reality. So, let us plan with purpose, and act with passion, for it is thebination of the two that truly sets us apart.中文：规划的蓝图与行动的力量在生活的舞台上，我们时常听到这样的声音：“计划是成功的一半。

ISO 9001 2015 QMS 说明书

This document contains confidential information and remains the sole property of EXFO Inc. It may not be reproduced in whole or in part without written consent of EXFO Inc.Table of contents1INTRODUCTION (3)2OUR MISSION (3)3OUR MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT (3)4OUR SCOPE (3)5OUR QUALITY POLICY (3)6OUR CERTIFIED FACILITIES (3)7OUR OBJECTIVES (4)8OUR QMS STRUCTURE, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (4)S TRUCTURE (4)D OCUMENTED I NFORMATION (5)P EOPLE (6)QMS Executive Director (6)Legal adviser (6)Business Process Owner (6)Business Process Manager (6)Business Process Leader (6)Customer Experience Director (6)Lead Auditor (6)Internal Auditor (6)Product Certification Specialist (6)Employee (6)9OUR CORPORATE CULTURE OF CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT (6)1INTRODUCTIONThis Quality Manual has been written for all relevant interested parties (e.g., customers, staff, suppliers, authorities). It provides an overview of our organization’s quality management system.2OUR MISSIONFounded in 1985, EXFO develops smarter test, monitoring and analytics solutions for the global communications industry. We are trusted advisers to fixed and mobile network operators, hyperscalers and leaders in the manufacturing, development and research sector. Our customers count on us to deliver superior visibility and insights into network performance, service reliability and user experience. Building on over 35 years of innovation, EXFO’s unique blend of equipment, software and services enables faster and more confident transformations related to 5G, cloud-native and fiber-optic networks.For more information, visit and follow us on the EXFO Blog.3OUR MANAGEMENT COMMITMENTEXFO’s commitment is that its quality management system meets all ISO 9001:2015 requirements and remains appropriate to the purpose, context and strategic direction of the organization.Philippe Morin, Chief Executive Officer4OUR SCOPEDesign, manufacture, sell and service test and measurement instruments, adaptative service assurance systems for telecommunications networks.5OUR QUALITY POLICYEXFO’s commitment is to supply its customers with products and services that comply with their specificneeds and requirements.EXFO’s employees are dedicated to ensuring consistent quality and continual improvement of allproducts, services and processes.To ensure proper communication and act as a reminder, EXFO’s quality policy is available on its intranet site.6OUR CERTIFIED FACILITIESEXFO’s worldwide customers can be assured of a thorough QMS implementation in the following sites.EXFO Inc.400 Godin AvenueQuebec City, QC G1M 2K2CANADACorporate Headquarters, Product Development Center, Customer Service Center, Service Center and Manufacturing Facilities EXFO Inc.2500 Alfred-Nobel Montreal, QC H4S 0A9 CANADAProduct Development CenterEXFO Telecom Equipment (Shenzhen) Ltd. F1 to F3 No. 71–3 Xintian Avenue, Xintian Community, Fuhai Subdistrict, Bao’an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R.China 518103Manufacturing Facilities and Service CenterEXFO Europe Ltd Winchester HouseSchool Lane, Chandlers Ford SO53 4DG, UNITED KINGDOMCustomer Service Center and Service CenterEXFO Electro Optical Engineering India Private Limited Office No 604, Tower S-4, Cybercity, Magarpatta Hadapsar, Pune 411013 INDIAProduct Development Center and Technical Support centerEXFO Solutions2 Rue Jacqueline AuriolSaint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, 35136 FRANCEProduct Development Center and Technical Support centerEXFO Telecom SpainRonda Narciso Monturiol 6 Bur. 113B Paterna, V 46980 SPAINProduct Development Center and Technical Support center7 OUR OBJECTIVESThe QMS main objectives are set at management review meetings. The EXFO QMS management review process ensures its continuing suitability, adequacy, effectiveness, and alignment with the strategic direction of the organization.8 OUR QMS STRUCTURE, ROLES, AND RESPONSIBILITIESStructureOur activities are based on value streams, the majority of which are made up of business processes.Quality objectives are set for each value stream or business process. Corresponding key performance indicators or KPIs are displayed and defined on our IMS platform. KPIs monitoring, analysis, evaluation, and the effectiveness of corresponding actions are reviewed at planned intervals.These mappings• structure sequences of activities (tasks), • assign resources, and• provide work instructions and tools to optimize work organization.Various data and measurements, along with other records resulting from our activities, may be used to demonstrate our compliance with internal and external requirements. All IMS documented information is available to all EXFO personnel through the intranet.Our documented information can be summarized as follows:▪Policies state intentions and directions formally expressed by our top management;▪Value streams and processes describe the breakdown and sequence of tasks;▪Instructions, specifications, guidelines, templates, and forms provide support to perform tasks;▪Records are used to demonstrate compliance with requirements and the effective functioning of the qualitymanagement system.PeopleWithin the scope of the QMS, managers and employees may be assigned various roles and responsibilities.QMS Executive DirectorThe Director – Manufacturing Engineering, has been appointed as the QMS executive director. As such, he is responsible for: ▪Ensuring the QMS definition and implementation are in compliance with the ISO 9001:2015 standard;▪Ensuring the efficiency of the QMS internal audit programme;▪Monitoring external audit requests;▪Ensuring the efficiency of the QMS documented information structure;▪Informing employees of the existence and requirements of the QMS;▪Promoting and developing a culture of continual improvement in order to enhance customer satisfaction.Legal AdviserDefines anti-bribery, counterfeit, conflict minerals and intellectual property corporate policies.Business Process OwnerThe business process owner (BPO) sees to the process performance. The BPO defines objectives, implements KPIs and allocates resources that are compatible with EXFO’s operational and strategic objectives.Business Process ManagerThe business process manager (BPM) defines activities to reach process objectives in accordance with the resources made available by the business process owner. BPMs also ensure the implementation, maintenance, and improvement of business processes while overseeing employee awareness training on the business process.Business Process LeaderWhen a process involves multiple BPMs, a business process leader (BPL) can be nominated to assist the BPO in their role. The BPL oversees the process’s continual improvement activities. He does so by working together with the BPMs on, for instance, coordination and standardization of procedures. He is the BPO’s representative who sees to the process performance. The BPL provides information about the business process improvement activities on a regular basis to the BPO.Customer Experience DirectorMonitors customer satisfaction.Lead AuditorGenerates the internal audit schedule, prepares audit plans, assigns and supervises internal auditors, assuring their training when required.Internal AuditorAssigned by the lead auditor, the internal auditor conducts the audit of selected business processes. Their findings can lead to the identification of opportunities for improvement or the recording of good practices.Product Certification SpecialistPerforms a watch on the statutory and regulatory requirements with which our products must comply.EmployeePerforms tasks within a business process, tasks which have an impact on the quality of EXFO’s product s and services. The expertise of our personnel allows them to identify quality-related problems in their process and participate in improvement initiatives.9OUR CORPORATE CULTURE OF CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENTInternal and external audit findings, customer surveys, customer complaints, regular KPI monitoring and continual improvement objectives setting, benchmarking activities, legal watch, and whistleblower monitoring enable us to improve our practices and business processes. Many improvements, big and small, are implemented each year, increasing the satisfaction of our customers as well as the commitment of our personnel.。

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formed by the NE-SW compression. In addition, widespread development of the kink structures and rootless, corrugated quartz veins near the core of Guchahe-Yinjiaba anticlinorium also indicate that the Fengtai ore cluster has undergone strong tectonic compression.Faults in the Fengtai ore cluster can be divided into three major groups: NWW-trending, NW-trending and NE-trending. The mutually interlaced NWW-trending faults and NE-trending ones have cut the Fengtai ore cluster to appear rhombus shapes. Most of the NWW-trending faults are reverse faults parallel or subparallel to bedding and some reverse faults are formed with a dip direction contrary to the dip direction of the strata. Both groups of faults are resulted from one of the X-shaped shear fracture planes. Most of the former are distributed at the limbs close to the core of the folds, which may be caused by interlayer sliding under the continuous compression during the late stage of folding. Two groups of the NWW-trending reverse faults show that the primary stress direction is NE-SW together. The widespread NE-trending and the NW-trending faults are both wrench faults, offsetting the NWW-trending faults. In addition, some of the NE-trending faults are filled with dikes. Measurement and Analysis of joints show that nearly all the joints have a high-angle dip and they break into two types of dominant joint sets: the first set is NE-trending and the second set is NWW-NW-trending. Most of the NWW-trending joints with characteristics of tension joints are commonly filled with quartz carbonate veins and distributed at or nearby the core of the NWW-trending folds, which indicate that they may be the longitudinal joints formed during the folding period. However, the NE-trending joints with straight surface, small opening degree and long extended distance show the characteristics of the shear joints. Within the Baguamiao gold deposit, NE-trending joints are more concentrated, which can be subdivided into two sets: NEE-trending and NNE-trending ones and most of them are filled with gold-bearing quartz veins. We suggest that the two sets of joints are formed from the “Riedel” fractures under the background of the left lateral strike-slipping under the compression of NE-SW primary stress.3 Structural Deformation SequenceBased on the relationship among the structures in field and observation of the microstructures, structural deformations in the Fengtai ore cluster can be divided into three periods:1) Deposition of the Devonian strata formed the bedding (S0). The later greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation (D1) forced the schistose minerals like muscovite to arrange directionally, called phyllitic foliation (S1) parallel or subparallel to S0.2) NWW-trending tight folds and the B-type lineations were formed by NE-SW strong compression (D2-1), and the NWW-trending thrust faults formed afterward. On the micro scale, the common crenulation cleavage (S2) overlaid on S1.3) Till the late period of D2, the NE-SW compression turned to left lateral shear-slipping (D2-2). The NEE-trending and NNE-trending shear joints might formed by D2-2. Continuous shearing induced strike-slip movement of the joints, forming the NE-trending faults.4) The faults trending NW and faults trending NE and dipping SE, offsetting the NE-trending joints and faults, may indicate a later deformation period (D3).All in all, two left lateral strike-slipping faults limited the Fengtai ore cluster as the boundaries to the north and the south. NW-trending multiple folds,SEE-plunging B-type lineation, NWW-trending and NE-trending strike-slipping faults are extensively developed in the Cluster. The whole Fengtai ore cluster appears to be a strike-slip duplex under a primary stress orienting NE-SW (Wang et al., 2009).4 Characteristics and Mechanism of Ore-controlling StructuresThe formation and distribution of the deposits in the Fengtai ore cluster are closely related to the following structures:1) Most of the polymetallic deposits distribute along NWW direction and the ore bodies are produced in the core and inverted limb of the folds or nearby the brittle-ductile shear zone.2) The stretching direction of single ore body in lead-zinc and gold deposits is consistent with that of the tectonic lineament—NWW-SEE direction, and the lead-zinc ore bodies appears as saddled or layered shape, closely related to the anticlines.3) NE-trending joints veins contribute to the gold mineralization and the rich gold mineralization commonly occurs in the overlapped part of the NEE-trending and NWW-trending structures.4) The post-mineralization faults play a role in ore destruction.Geophysical and geochemical barrier often form in the boundaries of physical and chemical environment (Lu etal., 2001). In such locations, plenty of minerals deposit because of the sudden change of the physical and chemical properties of the water-rock system (Zhai and Lu, 2002). The mineralization mechanism of the main lead-zinc deposits might be that the competencies of the strata are different, causing interlayer sliding and the core collapsing under the folding. And the partial sudden releasing of the stress aroused the importing of the ore fluid and the ore deposition by pumping function. This mechanism also played an important role in the gold mineralization in Fengtai ore cluster. Phylite of the Xinghongpu Formation folded at the ductile-brittle transition level under the NE-SW compression. Cracks and fractures formed along the interlayer, across the bedding and at the core of the folds. Au-bearing fluid filled and precipitated in these cracks and with the metasomatic alteration of the phylite, i.e., the quartz vein type mineralization and the altered rock type mineralization occurred. Afterwards, during the changing to left lateral strike-slipping from the compression in a NE-SW orientation, NE-trending shear joints began to form, forming the geophysical and geochemical barrier. Au-bearing fluid was sucked in the tension-shear joints, causing gold mineralization superposing on the former mineralization.5 ConclusionThere are various structural styles in the Fengtai ore cluster. Plenty of NWW-trending folds and thrust faults, NE-trending faults, SEE-plunging lineation, foliation and cleavage are developed under the early NE-SW compression and later left lateral strike-slipping, forming the strike-slip duplex. Structures provided the path and driving force for the fluid migration and the space of the ore deposit. The anticline and contact zone between the Gudaoling Formation and the Xinghongpu Formation play a significant role in the forming of lead-zinc deposits, while the gold deposits are mainly controlled by the NWW-trending brittle-ductile shear zone, and the hydrothermal activity controlled mainly by NE-trending joints superposed and enriched the former mineraliztion. AcknowledgementsFunding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (No.41372089), the Public Benefit Sponsored by MLR (Grant No. 200911007-21), the Geological Survey Project (No. 1212011220869) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (No. K0801).ReferencesLu Guxian, Lin Wenwei, Guo Tao, Yin Xiulan, Shu Bin and Guo Chusun, 2001. Inspissation-dilution of hydrothermal fluid in gold mineralization. Earth Science Frontiers, 8(4): 253–264 (in Chinese with English abstract).Wang Yitian, Wang Ruiting, Dai Junzhi, Li Jianhua, Wang Chang’an, Tian Minmin and Wen Bo, 2009. The strike-slip duplex and its significance for mineralization in the Fengxian-Taibai ore area, western Qinling, Central China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 29(Supp.): 188–189(in Chinese).Zhai Yusheng and Lu Guxian, 2002. Transition of Tectonic and Dynamic Regime and mineralization. Acta Geoscientia Sinica, 23(2): 97–102(in Chinese with English abstract).。