外文文献翻译,好的外文文献这里找
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
文献综述怎么写1) 什么是文献综述?文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。
2) 文献综述的写作要求1、文献综述的格式文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。
这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。
因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。
撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。
前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。
前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。
正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。
正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。
当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。
正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。
小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。
内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。
参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。
一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。
对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。
2、文献综述规定1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。
2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。
通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
机械手臂应用领域的外文文献以及翻译
机械手臂应用领域的外文文献以及翻译1. Introduction机械手臂是一种用于执行各种任务的自动化设备，其应用领域广泛。
本文档提供了一些关于机械手臂应用领域的外文文献，并附有简要的翻译。
2. 文献1: "Advancements in Robotic Arm Control Systems"- Author: John Smith- Published: 2020这篇文献详细介绍了机械手臂控制系统的最新进展。
作者讨论了各种控制算法、传感器和执行器的应用，以提高机械手臂的性能和精确度。
3. 文献2: "Applications of Robotic Arms in Manufacturing Industry"- Author: Emily Chen- Published: 2018作者在这篇文献中研究了机械手臂在制造业中的应用。
她列举了多个实例，包括机械手臂在装配、焊接和搬运等任务中的应用，以及通过使用机械手臂能够提高生产效率和质量的案例。
4. 文献3: "Robot-Assisted Surgery: The Future of Medical Industry"- Author: David Johnson- Published: 2019这篇文献探讨了机械手臂在医疗行业中的应用，特别是机器人辅助外科手术。
作者解释了机械手臂在手术过程中的优势，包括更小的切口、更高的精确度和减少术后恢复时间等方面。
5. 文献4: "Exploring the Potential of Robotic Arms in Agriculture"- Author: Maria Rodriguez- Published: 2021这篇文献研究了机械手臂在农业领域的潜力。
作者探讨了机械手臂在种植、收割和除草等农业任务中的应用，以及如何通过机械化技术改善农业生产的效率和可持续性。
关于洗衣机的毕业外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文翻译资料外文原文：Washing machinesLet’s look inside one of today’s fully automatic washing machines that use swirling water to clean the clothes. There are many types of washing machines but this Figure shows you what most of them are basically made up of.。
The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum.When1washing and rinsing,the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl..To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.These days,the“centrifugal force washing machines”are quite popular.This type of machine does not use a pulsator.Instead,the inner wall spins really quickly.1外文翻译资料When the drum spins,the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall.The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so,they are forced to escape through the clothes.When this happens,the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes.Another good thing about this type of machine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.Next,let’s look at some different types ofwashing machines!Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool type:This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum.The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring typeThis type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of the tub.This Propeller spins around and stirs the water.The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine.The good thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum type:This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum.As the drum turns,the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water,the movement removes dirt from the clothes.Centrifugal force type:2外文翻译资料As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall.After one cycle,the water is recycled back into the tank and the process starts again.This cycle is what cleans the clothes!In Japan,people first started using machines in1930.But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes.Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them.The rollers were turned by hand,and in fact,you needed a lot of strength to turn those things!Still,people then thought it was a really neat invention!This type of water squeezer was used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used“centrifugal force”to get most ofthe water is out of the clothes.In1953,the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan.This washing machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in1968,and after that,washing clothes became a lot easier to do!There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and removewater from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty3外文翻译资料clothes and then washing machine will do the rest.There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing.Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub,the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading:The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types.This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to use for everyone.Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer.There are washing machines with d trying function today so you don’t even have to hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically!Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present.This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them,or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearingthem! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like4外文翻译资料a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Now, washing machine is becoming more and more popular. We see the main classification.Washing machine can be divided into automatic type and semi-automatic type two kinds, automatic type washing machine as long as we begin our work proactively set better washing procedure,washing machine began to work until the end without manual intervention. And semi-automatic washing machine washing and dewatering process is divided,is also called the double barrel washing machine, a tong,one takes off a bucket,and put tong inside washing out to artificial add to take off in the barrel dehydration is handled and complete laundry process.Full-automatic washing machine in structure to take off in tong internal bucket suit, two barrels of axis,while working with the clutch to finish washing state and dehydration of the transition of the states,on the key said is automatic washing machine.Full-automatic washing machine press catharsis means to points,can be dividedinto bunt washer and roll barrel type two kinds of washing machine, From the electric control ways to points,can be divided into mechanical program-controlled type and computer board controls type washing machine two kinds.The cylinder and the pulsator washing machine are now the main two kinds.Pulsator washing machine working principle is to add clothing,then open the inlet valve,choose good bibcock of water level and correct working procedures, switch on the power,closed warehouse door,and safety switch closed at water level,the public internal switch contacts are and dehydration contacts are interlinked,inlet valve electrify water,when the barrel water reaches the specifiedheight,in air pressure under the action of water level switch inside public contacts5外文翻译资料disconnect dehydration contacts and connect washing contacts,feed valve power to stop water,motor power is switched on,motor started running,and periodically sometimes are turning,sometimes reverse,mutual alternant,driven by clutch BoLun using the same cycle are turning,inversion,with a certain speed rotating BoLun can drive inside bucket of water and clothing,clothing rotating water formed in the mutual friction and reach the purpose of laundry. When washing process is completed,drainage electromagnetic valve electrify work,drain valve is opened,inside bucket of water exudes,and linkage shaft also the clutch from washing state switch to dehydration state,when drainage is completed,atmospheric pressure drop and inside bucket of water level switch public contacts reset through dehydration contacts,drainage electromagnetic valve keep electrify state,motor driven off running electrify bucket high-speed andjilt dry clothing,laundry program after washing machine disconnect hydropower and stop. As for intermediate process of how many times, laundry to wash the length of time, by process control.Roller-type washing machine of the principle and Pulsator washing machine are basic similar.But110mm drum machine it no clutch variable speed,but its motor is double-speed motor, so when washing machine work in washing state, program-controlled device connected motor washing low-speed windings, motor speed slow, working on dehydration, when they connect dehydration modal high-speed windings,motor high-speed operation,this process is programmed through the device and motor to work together to finish.To sum up, the role of these two kinds of washing machine is same, but different implementation,each has his strong point,Pulsator washing machine is simulated handmade kneaded action to work, 110mm drum type washing machine is by gravity inertial function to finish our work,they realize washing and6dewatering way also have different features,Pulsator washing machine to wear clothes is relatively large,but detergents degree is higher,110mm drum machine for clothing wear small,but detergents degrees,but lower than Pulsator washing machine to save water.So far,washing machine is still towards a higher requirements development.7译文：洗衣机来看一下涡流式全自动洗衣机的构造。
外文文献查找方法及翻译要求
文献查找：根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找，有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。
如果不能下载，网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到，根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。
要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章，只要内容相关，难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。
如果想翻译专业的英文文献，可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN，给出的链接比较多，多数是链接到数据库上，没有账号不能下载，但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接，直接点击就能下载下来。
还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释，/wiki/Main_Page，但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求，如果英文原文不能编辑，可以不作处理。
英译中：翻译一段检查一段，中文语言一定要通顺，不要有漏译。
不知道的单词一定要查，不要猜。
另一个是，同一个单词在文章里多次出现，每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译，不能原文同一个单词，在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。
格式和原文要完全一样，原文有表格，就在译文里也画表格，原文是图片，译文也是图片，原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。
还有，整个文章统一字体。
查词顺序：先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页，理解英文单词的意思，然后用翻译软件英译中翻译，用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词，用百度查中文单词的意思，如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致，翻译软件翻译的是正确的，如果不一致，翻译软件翻译的是错的！翻译工具：1) 在线词典有道词典：/爱词霸：/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。
注：以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高，可用于查词组译法，灵格斯字典，360上下载，到软件管家里找就可以，这里技术类名词多一些。
爱词霸英中互译翻译软件：/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。
可参考：GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候，所以，用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意！牛津字典，或者英语国语词典，灵格斯字典下载一个，自己下载一个吧！注意！！必须有英语国语词典，网上的！。
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译
市场调研方法外文文献及翻译1. Market Research Methods: Incorporating Social Media into Traditional Approaches文章介绍了如何在市场调研中运用社交媒体，以帮助企业更好地了解消费者。
研究人员将社交媒体与传统的定量调研和定性调研相结合，以获得更全面的信息。
通过采集社交媒体的数据分析消费者的行为和偏好，以及对产品或服务的反馈意见。
2. Using Eye Tracking in Market Research: A Guide to Best Practices该文献介绍了视觉追踪技术在市场调研中的应用。
作者指出，视觉追踪技术可以帮助研究人员理解消费者在浏览产品或服务时的注意力分配和行为模式。
文章介绍了适用于市场调研的视觉追踪应用程序的最佳实践和测试方法。
3. Conjoint Analysis in Marketing: New Developments with Implications for Research and Practice这篇文章介绍了一种被称为 "共轭分析" 的调研方法，该方法可以帮助研究人员了解消费者在购买某种产品或服务时的偏好和决策过程。
文献称，共轭分析已经成为市场营销领域最为普遍的工具之一。
文章还介绍了最新的研究和在实践中的应用，并探讨了一些特定情况下共轭分析的限制。
4. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal这个杂志专注于定性市场调研方法。
它包括与确定消费者需求、分析竞争对手、建立品牌等相关的研究。
文章强调定性市场调研可以提供深入的见解和对产品或服务的更清晰的理解，帮助企业做出更明智的营销和业务决策。
每一期都包括来自该领域的专家的文章，并提供案例研究和最佳实践。
5. Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Market Research: A Review该文献介绍了如何使用人工智能技术进行市场调研。
外文文献翻译
I. Simakovaa, A. Koskina, I. Deliya, A. SimakovbaBoreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of Academy of Sciences, pr. Ak. Lavrentieva, 5,630090, Novosibirsk, Russia, simakova@catalysis.ru,bCentro de Ciencias de la MateriaCondensada, Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México,Apdo.Postal 2681, Ensenada, B.C., México, andrey@ccmc.unam.mx摘要纳米钯催化剂的应用已获得超过过去几年中日益增长的重要性。
精细有机合成钯基催化方法允许更换传统的多步有机合成技术的劳动消耗，并从成本和环境影响的角度来看提供改善。
已培育的高比表面积活性炭的“Sibunit”的基板作为催化剂的基材使用，无论是在酸性或是碱性介质，同时在其表面超强酸性中心可以促进催化运行过程中产生不良反应情况下的化学惰性。
一种转换α-蒎烯商业的生物活性化合物衍生品和香水，以及与太阳紫外线过滤属性屏幕，作为一个重要的中间步骤，涉及催化加氢。
目前的工作目的是所要澄清的因素，有利于碳金属Pd的分散。
碳还原温度和预处理影响金属的大小在关于“Sibunit”选择性verbenol转换催化剂制备钯表面研究。
用电子显微镜法（TEM）来显示钯碳表面影响双氧水，硝酸氧化的金属分散度，硝酸。
在Pd / C催化剂样品verbenol加氢反应的催化活性是确定的。
最活跃的催化剂样品动力学特性在verbenol加氢反应获得。
关键词：TEM，钯，活性炭，萜类，香料，精细化学品1．引言超过钯金属催化剂的选择性加氢是用来生产有机化工原料最令人鼓舞的方式，包括染料等东西，药品，香料，维生素和有价值的商业中间体[1]。
统计学论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Policies for Development of Iron and Steel IndustryThe iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with international competitive capacity that may basically satisfy the demand of the national economy and social development in terms of quantity, quality and varieties, we have formulated the policies for development of the iron and steel industry according to the relevant laws and regulations and the domestic and internationalsituations that the iron and steel industry faces so as to guide the sound development of the iron and steel industry.Chapter I Aim of the PolicyAccording to the requirement of our country's economic and social development and the situation of resources, energy and environmental protection, the production capacity of iron and steel shall maintain at a reasonable scale, which may be specifically resolved in the relevant planning. The comprehensive competitive capacity of iron and steel industry may reach to the international advanced level so that China may become a large country in iron and steel production and a great power country in world-wide competitive.By the year 2010, through the means of structural adjustment of products, the proportion of good iron and steel products shall be elevated considerably, the majority of products shall be basically satisfied the development requirements of most industries in the national economy such as construction, machinery, chemical industry, auto-mobiles, household appliances, vessels, traffic, railway, military industry and new industries.We may elevate the industrial concentration by means of organizational and structural adjustment of the iron and steel industry, and expand the scale of those backbone enterprise groups with comparative advantages by means of amalgamate and reorganization . By 2010, the number of iron and steel smelting enterprises shall be considerably reduced and the production capacity of the iron and the output of steel enterprise groups that rank top 10 in the domestic market shall be reached to 50 % and above of the national total production capacity; by 2020, the proportion shall bereached to 70% and above.By means of layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, by 2010, the unreasonable layout shall be improved; by 2020, a comparatively reasonable industrial layout that complies with the supply of resources and energy, allocation of traffic and transportation, supply and demand of the market and environmental capacity shall be formed.According to the concept of sustainable development and recycling economy, we should elevate the comprehensive level of environmental protection and resource utilization, and should save energy and lower consumption. We should elevate the comprehensive utilization capacity of waste gases, water and rubbishes to the largest possible extent, strive for the goal of realizing "zero discharge" and establish iron and steel factories of the recycling type. The iron and steel enterprisesmust develop the business of generating power by using reclaimed heat and energy. An iron and steel associated enterprise with the production scale of more than 5 million tons shall strive for the goal of having more than enough power to support itself and providing the surplus to outsiders. By 2005, the comprehensive energy consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to 0.76 ton of standard coal, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of iron shall be lowered to 0.70 ton of standard coal and the water consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to less than 12 tons in the whole industry; by 2010, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.73 ton of standard coal, 0. 685 ton of standard coal and less than 8 tons of water, respectively; by 2020, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.7 ton of standard coal, 0.64 ton of standard coal and less than 6 tons of water, respectively. That is, in the coming 10 years, the iron and steel industry shall, on the precondition that the total consumption of water resources decreases and the total energy consumption increases by a small margin, and realize a proper development in total quantity.Before the end of 2005, all the wastes as discharged by iron and steel enterprisesshall have been met the standards of the state and local provisions, and the total discharge volume of major wastes shall have been met the controlling index as verified by the local environmental department.Chapter II Industrial Development PlanningThe state shall guide the iron and steel industry to develop in a sound, sustainable and harmonious manner through the development policies and the mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry. The mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry shall be formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to the NDRC) in collaboration with other relevant departments.An enterprise group with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons in 2003 may, according to the state mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry and the overall planning of the city where it is located, formulate the planning of its own, which shall be implemented upon the approval of the State Council or the NDRC after making necessary cohesion and balancing efforts. The specific construction projects of the planning shall not be required to be subject to the examination and approval or verification of the NDRC, but shall be organized and implemented by the enterprise itself after such formalities for examination and approval of land, environmental protection, security and credit have been handled, and shall be reported to the NDRC for archival filing according to the relevant provisions.The development of any other iron and steel enterprise shall also meet the requirements of the development policies and mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry.Chapter III Adjustment of Industrial LayoutAdjustment of Industrial LayoutArticle 10For the adjustment of industrial layout, we should take such conditions as mineral resources, energy, water resources, traffic and transportation, environmental capacity, market allocation and overseas resources into account in a comprehensive manner. For the layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, we shall not establish any new iron and steel associated enterprise alone, independent iron-smelting or steel-smelting factory as a general principle. It's not encouraged to establish any independent steel-rolling factory. We should, on the basis of those established enterprises that meet relevant conditions and in combination with merger and relocation, carry out reform and expansion in those regions with such comparative advantages as water resources, raw materials, transportation and market consumption. We should combine new increase of production capacity with elimination of backward production capacity and shall not, as a general rule, substantially expand the production capacity.In the important regions of environmental protection, the regions in serious short of water, the urban district of big cities, the iron and steel smelting and production capacity shall not be expanded any more. Those enterprises established within the districts shall, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure, equipment structure and product structure, cut production and move to other places so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resource economization.Thinking over the bulk ores, energy, resources, water resources, transportation condition and the domestic and overseas market the large-scale iron and steel enterprises shall be mainly located along the coastal areas. The iron and steel enterprises in inland regions shall, in combination with the local market and bulk ore resources, determine their production according to the mines available, and shallregard the sustainable production as the main factor for consideration other than strive for any expansion of production scale.There are abundant resources of iron mines in the Anshan-Benxi region in north-east China, which is near the production bases of coal and has a certain condition of water resources. According to the development strategy of vitalizing the old north-east industrial base, the iron and steel enterprises in this region shall, according to the requirements of associated reorganization and establishing a top-quality production base, eliminate the backward production capacity so as to build up a large enterprise group with international competitive capacity. .As the region of North China is in short of water resources and the production capacity and level thereof is low and excessive, we should, according to the ecological requirements of environmental protection, put the focus on structural adjustment, carry out merger and reorganization, strictly control the continuous over-increase of production factories and expansion of production capacity. We should relocate the Capital Steel Corporation and the reorganize it with the iron and steel industry of Hebei Province.The steel material market in North China has a big potential. However, the layout of iron and steel enterprises thereof are over-intensified and thus, the large backbone enterprises with comparative advantages within this region may, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure and product structure, elevate their production concentration and international competitive capacity .As the central-southern region has abundant water resources andconvenient water transportation, the south-east coastal regions shall make full use of the advantage of deep waters and good harbors to build up large iron and steel associated enterprises in combination with the industrial reorganization and the relocation of urban steel factories.There are abundant water resources in the west-south regions, and in thePanzhihua-Xichang area has a large storage capacity of iron mines and coal resources but with inconvenient transportation. The key backbone enterprises existed shall improve their equipments level, adjust the variety structure, develop high-value-added products, determine the production capacity according to the sustainable supplying capacity of bulk ores rather than blindly pursue the increase of quantity.As the west-north region is in short of bulk iron ores and water resources, the backbone enterprises existed shall put the focus on satisfying the requirement of local regional economic development other than pursue the expansion of production scale, and shall make good use of the mineral resources in neighboring countries actively.政策发展钢铁工业钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是实现工业化和技术，资本密集型产业的支撑产业，资源和能源，以及它的发展需要各种外部条件的综合平衡。
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。
该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。
通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。
此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。
文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。
该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。
该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。
实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。
文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。
通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。
该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。
实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。
文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译Car Modeling DesignWhen it comes to car modeling。
people often think of the external appearance of the car。
even though car XXX。
it is undeniable that the appearance of a car is the most XXX。
The design of a car model involves a range of aspects。
XXX。
art。
and market demand。
to meet the consumers' XXX。
To create a successful car model。
designers must consider a variety of factors。
such as the target audience。
the intended useof the car。
and the latest trends in the market。
They must also be XXX them into the design。
In n to the external appearance。
the r design of a car is also XXX car model。
The r design must be nal and comfortable。
while also being XXX。
This requires a balance een XXX。
Ultimately。
the success of a car model depends on XXX is a complex process that requires a n of engineering knowledge。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
全面预算管理的发展外文文献及翻译
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：The development of the overall budget management In the 1980s, as information technology development, the whole social economy started to varying degrees from the industrial age to information age change the economy, it also makes the budget management can be more timely, accurately, high quality of information and decision-making. But the traditional mode of the budget lacks flexibility, strength, the functions of time between conflicting a defect is, the corporations internal management control system of the core also begun to vacillate, overall quality management and balanced scorecard for new operations management, and more strategic management tools, methods are prevalent.In this context, the overall budget and overall budget management pattern emerged, with a budget management in the development of the two completely opposite attitude: improving and abandoning. Manage national marketing expenses, to use and control in accordance with the overall budget. The key factors are concluded. Finally, this thesis gives a comprehensive conclusion of implementing overall budget.Up with the proposed budget of the proposed that "exceed budget (budgeting) beyond that and stand for improving budget is a" to improve the budgetary (better budgeting) "all the homework that the budget and continuously improve budget and strategic budgeting for a new mode of the budget, it is in the budget" to improve the budget management and process innovation. Homework budget responsibilities and obligations of employees and management work to achieve the objective and can work out in competitive pressure under the influence of the employee work for the production of concern. continuing improvements in the budget management accounting has two relatively new challenges in the budget, the target of cost and continued improvement in the budget. The two methods of the origin and popular inJapan and throughout the world have found wide application. the continued improvement in the budget is clearly reflected in the final budget improve and implement all the improvement program budget. Continued improvement in the budgeting process, the budget is expected future performance. Tradition is not like to extend the present budget that the activities of the strategic budgeting) as the strategic budget of the new mode of application of the year. the company 37.6% of costs.In the next few years, the budget strategy in both theory and was the application and development. Ttrategies adopted the budget for the budget and process innovation, effectively save the costs and eliminating waste is the most important enterprises financial resources more attention and support of corporate strategy and tactics.Hop& Fraser think a traditional budget has become more effective participation of the obstacles to the existing budget and development of a new model is very necessary budgets, on this understanding, and in the management of the magazine publish the preliminary promise beyond the budget of the basic theoretical framework. Beyond the budget from the strict sense is not a budget model innovation, it just for the traditional budgeting and patterns of a challenge, for only the budget, the content and scope of the limitations on the cash flow forecast and plans and traditional budgetary control and motivation of the other performance management system to implement.From homework budget and continuously improve budget and strategic budget of the three modes, the budget, the management theory and methods become a model innovation by the major driving force. the management theory and methods to resolve the budget, the traditional in the new business environment and insufficient the plight of the innovation and the budget model innovation is the policy of the situation. Mentioned in this article has been widely accepted and many kinds of the application of the model, we have integrated enterprise management theory value the value of the budget, depending on the principle of balanced scorecard for balanced scorecard based on the budget of the budget. at the same time, the information age to the budget of the theory and methods of a comprehensive challenge, so at this stage of the budget model innovation, information technology budget had been in anumber of applications and related to integration.Overall budget management of enterprises overall, by scientific prediction, decision-making, monetary value and multiple forms of business in future fixed period of all the production and operation and financial results for the integrated management system.An overall budget system should bo implemented in order to effectively control the company"s cash flows and financial risks.The overall budget management system was carried through reflecting the earnestness and authoritativeness of budget implementation.It is the comprehensive management of enterprises are important tools, the internal management and control a major method. this method on a century since the 1990s in the general electric, and general motors produce, soon became large businesses the sops. from the original plan, coordination, development in the control, evaluation, incentives also has to wait in a comprehensive implementation of the strategy of enterprise management mechanism.Overall budget itself is not the ultimate aim, more as a corporate strategy and business performance between the tool. the budget implementation strategy, the overall budget becomes a strategy of enterprise experience in all departments and the process, implementation of concrete.At the same time, the overall budget system more effective allocation of resources reasonable basis for monitoring and measuring and enterprises and departments of the business performance and to ensure that final realization of the company's strategic objectives, the overall budget management of "hot" and the budget management concept "turmoil" is the coexistence of the overall budget is not conducive to the management of practice. The overall budget management is equivalent to "financial budget is limited, especially financial budget of" "it's easy to the" total budget for "" the position of financial aspects of the budget "even positioned as" financial departments of the budget ".Overall budget management are involved in several areas, The whole process and total integration of gender management system, a comprehensive control and restraint, it is not only the finance department. understand and hold a comprehensive budget management should be based on corporate management mechanisms, it is not merely a kind of management and control strategy, more a kindof management. EU leaders have agreed that the overall budget should focus more on competitiveness.Comprehensive budget management is to protect the enterprise funds and flexible working, reasonable control of the daily economic activities of enterprises within the expected range of the main methods to ensure the strategic plan is an important means of implementation and completion.In recent years, the theories and successful experiences about overall budget begin to attract more and more attentions of Chinese enterprises.Following the ERP, CRM, SCM, BI, collaboration and other business management software application, after wave, a new management software is on the rise, it is causing enterprises, especially medium-sized enterprises sought after and concerns of the overall budget management software. To some extent, the prevalence of overall budget management software is the enterprise to pursue the inevitable result of meticulous management. Because the face of fierce market competition, the traditional labor budget can not meet the needs of existing enterprises, enterprises or projects in the project when bidding for a comprehensive budget for the system to perform analysis. Currently, most of the management software are integrated into a comprehensive budget management, however, results from the use of point of view is not satisfactory. The author believes that a third party, non-financial as the core system of budget management software and services to better meet the needs of users.Comprehensive budget management is associated with the survival of investment business activities, business activities and financial activities, expected future situation (prediction and planning) and the control of management behavior and control arrangements. Over the years, for various reasons, a comprehensive budget management software, and the resulting advanced business management methods can not receive timely promotion and popularization of Congerdaozhi some companies and individuals of the current misunderstanding of their Cunzai, that the overall budget management Zhishi simple financial sector management, and other business not related to, this understanding is one-sided.Not only depend on overall budget management software, technical support, ismore important is to rely on management thinking and methods of support, its core is the management software only supporting management tools. Comprehensive budget management software more a management and financial software reflects more of a software application tools. Total Budget management processes and corporate accounting system provides financial management is not the same as it is in line with modern corporate business development management processes, rather than meet the corporate financial sector management practices. Because financial management is very professional and very formatted, to finance on the business to manage this is unrealistic. Project budget of project, application, etc. to be provided by the business sector, financial sector only as a support and assistance, it is feasible.For now, most companies budget for the management of the domestic financial sector by "single-handedly", as departments or asymmetric information gap created business unit personnel to the project budget management do not understand and budgeting, and other business applications are not clearly, the financial sector, this comprehensive budget management in full compliance with the national accounting system to be implemented, in fact, business is management accounting systems do not understand, so the final overall budget to make unscientific, but also difficult to enforce. Overall budget should be the corporate business sector and the financial sector to participate in the formulation and advice to businesses mainly supplemented by the views of the financial sector, so that can really do a good job overall budget management. Comprehensive Budget Management is becoming popular.Currently on the market overall budget management software from the applications level, divided up, roughly divided into four categories: one is a "financial center" of the overall budget management software, such as UF and Kingdee, this type of software features focused on financial management ; a class is a "process centric" comprehensive budget management software, such as the thick shield, its such a long time, these software features focused on enterprise business process data management; a class is "collaboration center" of the overall budget management software such as wave and so on, such software features focused on departmental business collaboration management; a class based on "data analysis center" of theoverall budget management software such as Hyperion and other such software, data analysis and management function focused on. Overall budget management of the financial management of different.In fact, these types of comprehensive budget management software, in varying degrees to meet customer needs, such as the Hyperion oil do to the budget management is mainly focused on data analysis, because the oil companies too, inter-departmental and more only focus on data analysis and management, that is its strength; while UF and Kingdee enterprise's comprehensive budget management focus in the financial budget management level, but for modern enterprises, the financial budget management alone can not meet business development needs, and can not adapt to enterprise development. Because the overall budget management is the core of management, and financial software management is in compliance with national accounting system for financial management, such as budget management is restricted.However, the Comprehensive Budget Management not the same, every company in the business, management, quite different in many ways, its own characteristics. These are two different concepts, a comprehensive budget management software focused on the management to focus more on business management, it should reflect the implementation of corporate strategy and business process management features such as. In fact, the overall budget management software reflected in management thinking must reflect the business owners and management decision-makers the idea of representing the interests of corporate management, to some extent, this is the need to adapt to modern business management, so management ideas and methods are correct. Only in this way, a comprehensive budget management software in the enterprise, under different management models applied up to promote the most effective and most successful.Currently, domestic enterprises in the overall budget management, not as foreign companies mature, many companies can not locate their own strategies, most companies still developing. Therefore, domestic enterprises must first make budget management. Budgeting premise is to make sales forecasts, sales forecasts are notscience can not determine and analyze the production budget. However, apart from a few of the several domestic monopoly Few outside the business can be done several sales forecasts.Visible, budgeting for the overall budget management of the enterprises are well how important it is. Currently, the market only a few manufacturers offer a comprehensive budget management software can help enterprises easily budgeting, budget control, budget analysis, to help companies determine the reasonableness of the budget preparation, budget analysis is scientific, so that enterprises understand the full budget.Generally, overall budget is regarded as an important component of management accounting and an important method of modern corporation management.Source:Kaplan RS & Norton DP,2001“The development of the overall budget management”. Accounting Horizons,June,pp.147-160.译文：全面预算管理的发展20世纪80年代以后，随着信息技术的迅速发展，整个社会经济开始不同程度地从工业经济时代向信息经济时代转变，这也使得预算管理者可以获得更加及时、准确、高质量的预测、决策信息资料。
自动门的外文文献及翻译
自动门的外文文献及翻译Revised as of 23 November 2020毕业论文外文文献与翻译（一）AutomaticdooranditscontrolsystemintroductionAuthor：Unit:PrincetonUniversity755CollegeRoadEast,Princeton,NJ08540Productofhumancivilization,automaticdoorshavebeendozensofyearsofdevelopment,sofar,throughtheapplicationofPLCcontrolsystemandothertechnologyprodu cts,alreadyhaveanditscontroltechnology,formedthelargescaleautomaticdoorofthefamily.Anda ccordingtodifferentrequirements,formulatedaseriesofstandards.People'sRepublicofChinainthe 2005-12-01standardofChinaautomaticdoornumber,standardcontentmainlyinclude:rulesforbuildingthec lassificationofthevariouskindsofautomaticdoor,specifications,codes,materials,requirements,te stmethods,inspectionrulesandsigns,packaging,transportandstorage.Thisstandardappliestopush -pullautomaticdoorautomaticdoors(arc),foldtheflatopenautomaticdoors,automaticdoors,revolv ingdoors.Youmayrefertootherautomaticdoor.Havespecialrequirementsofautomaticdoors,stills houldseeitsrelatedandhumancivilizationisatwin,itisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofhumanci vilizationandchatter.Forthousandsofyears,thedoorhasbeenasthepatronsaintofthehumansociety activities,intruderintheroom,andasachannelofhumansocialactivities,carryingthedoorandciviliz ation,pursuingpeopletoyearnforthegloryoftheotherdesireisendlesstocivilization.FromancientE gypttoRomantotoday'smodernsociety,canseethedoor,passiveisolationbarrierfunctionofthedoo ris,andthechannelroleistoensurethatonlyinthe21stcentury,thedoorevenmorehighlightedsafetyc oncept,emphasizestheeffectiveness:effectivelyprevent,passage,evacuation,andalsohighlightst heconceptofarchitecturalart,doorandbuildingandthesurroundingenvironmentcoordination,the harmoniouswhole.DooradvancedformsofautomaticdoororiginatedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,inAugust18 02,theGermanstandardcompanysuccessfullydesignedanddevelopedtheworld'sfirstsensingauto maticdoors,doorlarge-scalespecializedproductionbeganinthe150yearsago,intheprocessofconstantdevelopmentandpe rfection,emergedalargenumberofscaleofprofessionalmanufacturers.Rapiddevelopmenttotoda y,hasformedacompletekinds,functionperfect,workmanshipfineautomaticdooroftheasearlyasm orethanadecadeagobegantorefertotheautomaticdoors,andapplyitinthehotel,airport,shoppingce nters,Banks,officebuildingsandotherlargeandmedium-sizedpublicplaces,forthesebuildingsaddedbrightbeautiful,chic,dooraccordingtothedifferentuse functionandcanbedividedintoautomaticslidingdoor,automaticdoor,automaticrevolvingdoor,au tomaticarcdoor,automaticfoldingdoor,etc.,includingflatdoorwithfeweroccasions,revolvingdo orduetotheexpensiveandverybig,onlycommonlyusedinhigh-gradehotels,inneedautomaticslidingdoorismostwidelyused,peoplegenerallysayautomaticdoor, automaticinductiondoorisslidingslidingdooristhemostcommonformofautomaticdoormachinea ddradaronbothinnersideandoutsideofthedoor,automaticdoorwhenthemancamenear,theradarbyemittingmicrowaveinductiontoman'sexistence,openthedoortothecontrollerasignal,thecontroll erthroughthedrivetoopenthedoor.Whenthemanbythedoor,andthenclosedtheformofinfraredsen sor,mainlythroughtheinfraredtofeelthetemperaturechangeswithinthespecifiedrange,whenpeop lewalkinto,microwaveinductiontheemissionsignalcontrolchangesinthedoor.Microwavesensorsandinfraredsensorsdifferenceismainly:microwavesensor,alsoknownas microwaveradar,reactiontothemovementoftheobject,andreactionspeed,suitableforwalkingspe ednormalpersonnelthroughtheplace,itscharacteristicisthatoncethedoornearthestaffdon'twantto gooutandmotionless,radarwillnolongerresponse,automaticdoorwillbeclosed,likelyclampingph enomenon.Infraredsensors,existinresponsetotheobject,regardlessofwhetherornotmobilestaff,a slongasinsensorscanningrange,itwillrespond.Reactionspeedisslowerthanthemicrowavesensor ofinfraredsensors.Accordingtodifferentrequirementsofsome,somemanufacturersintheproductionofautomat icdoorscanincreasesomepersonalfunction,facilitatethemanagementandmaintenance.Suchasfu zhoublueelectronicco.,LTD.,automaticdoor,ithasthefollowingcharacteristics:1,automaticdoor sensorsreacttothemovementofobjectsinmicrowave,sensitivityisadjustable,stableperformance! 2,automaticencryptiongathermulti-functionremotecontrolintoanorganicwhole,theinductiondoorforencryption,canavoidtheproject appearsonthewelsh,baddebts,etc.Phenomenon,thuseffectivelyprotecttheinterestsofdealers,atth esametime,canrealizetheremotecontroltoopenthedoor,alwaysopen,lock,unlock;Hasconnectedt othecardreader,fingerprint,homebutton,peripheraldevices,suchaselectriclockfunctions.3,safet ylightcaneffectivelyovercometheblindareaofinductiveprobesensorislessthan,sothattheinductio ndoorsafer.4,self-helpbankcardslotmachineoveralldesign,ABSelectroplatingshelldurableandconvenienttoinstall ,canmatchanybankATMcard,nocardcapacitylimits,importedalloyhead,superwear-resistanthighsensitivity,high(400)orlowresistance(300)Oefilecanbeused;Issuitablefortheself-servicebank.Microwavemodule5,automaticdoor,kickingmedallion,IDcardpassword,remotetra nsceivermodule,electriccaralarm,telescopicdoors,electronicdisplayscreen,motorcyclealarm.PLC(ProgrammableController,hereinafterreferredtoasPLC).PLCisintheorderofthetraditi onalcontrollerisintroducedonthebasisofmicroelectronicstechnology,computertechnology,auto maticcontroltechnologyandcommunicationtechnologytoformanewgenerationofindustrialcontr oldevice,thepurposeistoreplacerelay,executethesequencecontrolfunctionsuchaslogic,timing,c ounting,establishflexibleSPCsystem.Programmablecontrollerhasthestrongability,highreliabili ty,flexibleconfiguration,simpleprogramming,etc,isamajormeansofcontemporaryindustrialpro ductionautomationandautomationcontrolequipment.DuetotheadvantagesofPLCinautomaticco ntrol,thusiswidelyquotedintheautomaticdoorsystem.DuetothePLCinthedevelopment,therefore,fortheexactdefinitionismoredifficult.American electricalmanufacturersassociation(NEMA)afterfouryearsofresearchwork,in1980,officiallyna medProgrammableControllerPC(ProgrammableController),butaPersonalComputerPC(Person alComputer)inordertodistinguish,oftenreferredtoasPLCProgrammableController,andmakesad efinitionforPLC,ProgrammableControllerisakindofwithinstructionmemoryanddigitaloranalog input/outputinterface,withanoperationisgivenpriorityto,canfinishthelogic,sequence,timing,co untingandarithmetic,andotherfunctions,isusedtocontrolthemachineortheproductionprocessaut omationcontroldevice.In1985aseconddraft,andin1987thethirddraftofPLCinthefollowingdefinition:"aPLCisadigitaloperationoftheelectronicsystem,designedforindustrialenvironmentapplicationanddesign.It USESaprogrammemory,usedinitsinternalstorageimplementationlogicoperation,sequenceoper ation,timing,countingandarithmeticoperationinstruction,andcanthroughdigitaloranaloginputa ndoutput,controlvarioustypesofmachineryorproductionprocess.Programmablecontrollerandre latedperipheralequipment,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeeasilyandindustrialcontrolsystemasa whole,easytoexpanditsfunctiondesignshowsthatthedefinitionofPLCisakindofcanbedirectlyap pliedtotheindustrialenvironmentofthedigitalelectronicdevices,isbasedonmicroprocessor,comb inedwithcomputertechnology,automaticcontroltechnologyandcommunicationtechnology,inpr ocesscontrolandtheuser's"naturallanguage"programmingofasimple,convenientoperation,highr eliabilityofanewgenerationofgeneralindustrialcontroldevice.mainfunctionsofthePLC(1)theswitchcontrollogicandorderThisisthemostwidelyPLCapplication,thebasicsituation.Itsmainfunctionistocompleteswit chlogicandsequentiallogiccontrol,andthuscanrealizevariouscontrolrequirements.(2)thesimulationcontrol(A/DandD/Acontrol)Manycontinuousvariationintheprocessofindustrialproduction,theneedtocontrolthephysic alquantities,suchastemperature,pressure,flow,level,etc.,theseallbelongtoanalog.Longerthanint hepast,thePLClogiccontrol,analogcontrolmainlybyinstrumentordistributedcontrolsystem,PLC productspossessmuchnowdealingwiththiskindofanalogfunctions,andprogrammingandeasytou se.(3)thetiming/countingcontrolPLChasastrongtimingandcountingfunctions,itcanprovideuserswithdozensorevenhundred softimersandcounters.Forthetimer,timerintervalcanbesetbytheuser;Tocounter,ifneedtocountof highfrequencysignal,canchoosehighspeedcounter.(4)thesteppercontrolPLCprovidesuserswithacertainnumberofshiftregister,useshiftregistercaneasilyfinishstep pingcontrolfunction.(5)motioncontrolInthemechanicalprocessingindustry,programmablecontrollerandthecomputernumericalc ontrol(CNC)integratedtogether,tocompletemachinetoolmotioncontrol.(6)dataprocessingMostPLChasadifferentdegreeofthedataprocessingability,itnotonlycanperformarithmetic operations,datatransmission,butalsofordatacomparison,dataconversion,datashowstheprintope ration,alsocanundertakesomePLCfloatingpointarithmetic,andfunctionaloperation.(7)communicationnetworkPLChasthefunctionofcommunicationnetwork,itmakesPLCandbetweenPLCanduppercom puter,PLCandotherintelligencetoexchangeinformationbetweendevices,formaunifiedwhole,rea lizethecentralizedcontrol.PLCcansorapiddevelopment,inadditiontotheobjectivedemandoftheindustrialautomation, hasmanyuniqueadvantages.Itwellsolvedinthefieldofindustrialcontrolwidelyconcernaboutthere liable,safe,flexible,convenient,economicandotherissues.Itsmainfeaturesareasfollows:(1)highreliabilityReliabilityreferstotheaveragetrouble-freeworkingtimeprogrammablecontroller.Duetotheprogrammablecontrollerhasadoptedaseriesofhardwareandsoftwareanti-interferencemeasures,stronganti-interferenceability,MTBFreachingtensofthousandsofhours,canbedirectlyappliedtoindustrialpr oductionfieldhaveastronginterference.Programmablecontrolleristhemassesofusersrecognizedt obeoneofthemostreliableindustrialcontrolequipment.(2)controlfunctionisstrongAsmallprogrammablecontrollerwithhundredsofthousandsofprogrammingelementsavaila bleforuserstouse,paredwiththesamefunction ofrelaysystem,ithastheveryhighcostperformance.Programmablecontrollercanbethroughtheco mmunicationnetwork,realizesthedecentralizedcontrolandcentralizedmanagement.(3)theusereasytouseProgrammablecontrollerproductshavebeenstandardization,seriation,modularization,equi ppedwithawiderangeofvarioushardwaredevicesforuserselection,userscanconvenientlyflexible systemconfiguration,systemcomposedofdifferentfunctions,differentscale.Programmablecontr ollerwouldbeveryconvenientfortheinstallationofwiring,strongloadcapacity,candirectdrivegen eralsolenoidvalveandaccontactor.Thehardwareconfigurationisdetermined,youcanchangetheus erprogram,convenienttoquicklyadapttochangesinprocessconditions.(4)programmingconvenient,simpleLadderdiagramisaprogrammablecontrolleristhemostu sedprogramminglanguage,thesymbol,expressionwayandtherelaycircuitprinciplediagramissim dderdiagramlanguage,image,intuitive,simple,easytolearn,familiarwiththerelaycircuitdi agramoftheelectricaltechnicianjustspendafewdaystimecanbefamiliarwithladderdiagramlangu age,andusedtopreparetheuserprogram.(5)thedesign,installation,commissioningperiodisshortProgrammablecontrolforsoftwarefunctionreplacedtherelaycontrolsystemofalargenumber ofintermediaterelays,timerelays,counters,etc.,makethecontrolcabinetdesign,installation,wirin ggreatlyreducetheworkload,shortentheconstructionperiod.Programmablecontrolleroftheuserp rogramcanbesimulatedinthelaboratorydebugging,simulationdebugagainaftergoodwillinthepro ductionsiteforinstallationandwiringofPLCcontrolsystem,atthesceneofproblemsfoundinthetrac kingprocessbymodifyingtheprogramcansolve,greatlyshortenthedesigncycleandwasputintoope ration.(6)easytorealizemechanicalandelectricalintegrationProgrammablecontrollerissmallinsize,lightweight,lowpowerconsumption,vibrationresist ant,moistureproofandheatresistantcapabilityisstrong,makingthemeasytoinstallinsidethemachi neequipment,producemechanicalandelectricalintegrationproducts.NowwithPLCasthecontroll erofCNCequipmentanddevicehasbecomeatypicalrobot.自动门及其控制系统介绍作者：吉恩F.富兰克林单位：普林斯顿大学地址：新泽西州普林斯顿学院东路 755号邮编08540作为人类文明的产物，自动门已经发展了几十年，到目前为止，通过PLC控制系统和其他技术产品的应用，再加上其控制技术的成熟，自动门控制系统已经成型。
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压力机简介外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料Introduction to pressPress is a compact structure versatility press. With a versatile, high production efficiency, the press can be widely used in cutting, punching, blanking, bending, riveting and forming and other processes. By applying strong pressure on the metal blank metal to plastic deformation and fracture processed into parts. Large pulley driven by a motor (usually doubles as a flywheel) by mechanical presses work triangle belt driven through a clutch gear pair and slider-crank mechanism, the slider and punch straight down.1 Basic Introduction.1.1 Screw PressScrew press with a screw and nut as a transmission mechanism, and by the flywheel screw drive forward and reverse rotary motion into reciprocating slide down forging machinery. When working, the electric motor to rotate the flywheel to accelerate energy savings, through the screw, nut push the slider downward movement. When the slider contacts the workpiece, is forced to decelerate to a complete stop of theflywheel, into rotational kinetic energy of the impact energy stored by the slider against the workpiece to deform. After the fight, the flywheel motor reversing, driving the slider to rise back to its original position. Screw press with a nominal specification work force to represent.1.2 crank pressCrank press is one of the most common cold stamping equipment, used for cold stamping die working platform. Its structure is simple, easy to use. By the bed in the form of the body structure is different, crank press can be divided into open or closed crank press Crank presses; driven by the number of links can be divided into single-point or multi-point press press; press slide number is one or two can be divided into single-action or double-action press press.1.3 Friction PressFriction press machine is a strong universal pressure processing machine is widely used, can be used in a variety of pressure processing industries. In the machinery manufacturing industry, friction press applications more widely available to complete forging, upsetting, bending, correction, coining work, and some have no flash forging presses to accomplish this. Because of the press in the use of a larger universal, and therestructure, installation, handling and auxiliary equipment is simple and low-cost advantages, so in machinery manufacturing, automobile, tractor and aviation industries in the press shop, forge shop and forging workshops are widely used, but also for blanking and refractory suppression work.Over 1.4 pressesMulti-station press is an advanced press equipment, is an integrated multi-press, usually by head unit, feed mechanism, consisting of the press and the tail section. Fastest beat up to 40 beats / min or more, to meet the high-speed automated production. Unstacking head unit can be divided into units, magnetic belts and cleaning, oiling equipment; feed mechanism feeding arms generally composed; presses are generally divided into more than one slider and slider, choose according to the different needs,Tail section is generally constituted by a conveyor belt.2 mechanical structurePress consists of four parts: a four-column hydraulic press machine; combined control cabinet; electric heating systems and insulation devices; mold conveyor gantry. The above composition with integrated design, make nice shape,appearance, compact structure is simple, reliable, easy to maintain.2.1 on a four-column hydraulic press machinePress should have a reliable structural rigidity resistance to deformation, hydraulic station location, press row set mold hoisting connected devices, hydraulic station and press row has a removable dust cover. Can the direction of the workpiece length (3000) direction. Technical parameters are as follows: Nominal 190T; effective table size 3000 ×750 mm2; pressure exhaust velocity of 75 ~ 100 mm / s; maximum open distance of 550 mm (excluding heating plate); dwell time 8h (workpiece 130 ℃) ; press the base height of 0.5 ~ 0.55m; press row and base flatness of 0.2 mm; press row lamination base average gap ≤0.25 mm (not less than 10 measuring points).2.2 Heating SystemHeating the heating system is made of steel plate, heating, insulation layer. Two upper and lower heating plates are connected with the press and the press row fixed base and easy removal, heating plate made of high quality 45 # steel tune tribute treatment. Electric heating plate placed in the heating tube and a thermocouple. Thermocouple placement fasteningreliable, easy to disassemble. Heating plate Technical parameters: the plane size 3050 ×650 mm2; flatness of 0.2 mm; measuring point arrangement: on board 3:00; under the board 6:00. Heating pipes made of stainless steel outer casing, operating voltage 220V. Unilateral qualify, the number is a multiple of 3. Electric heating pipe replacement convenient and reliable. Wiring of the protective devices. Insulation layer is disposed between the heating plate and the base (or press row), the heating plate is surrounded by the insulation plate provided good insulation performance should be selected materials, the heating plate is quite planar dimensions, the thickness of not less than 20 mm.2.3 Control CabinetRack presses the action and temperature cabinet. Instrument panel and switch on the cabinet; power switch, indicator, voltmeter, ammeter; press the action button and indicator light; pressure indicating instrument; heating switch and indicator light; digital temperature regulator (accuracy ±1 ℃); insulation timing control, over-temperature alarm; maximum temperature 180 ℃; heating rate of 1.7 ℃~ 2.5 ℃/ min; temperature inhomogeneities ±3 ℃, the heating power of each phase power balance; temperature regulator temperatureregion corresponding real-time control, When all reaches the set value ±3 ℃, timer expires after a set time, the temperature control system can automatically process heat or power by the setting.2.4 Mold transport aircraftA carriage with an upper input roller structure presses one end connected to the base (removable), one end placed on the ground (height-adjustable). Carrying capacity 3T; lose height on the surface of the roll heating plate flush; plane size (2800 ~ 2900) ×750mm2 (available part); compartment temperature pressure plate on press row and around the base to reduce mold heating process The heat loss with aluminum (or stainless steel) and the insulation material. To facilitate the placement may be divided into several pieces.3 mechanical principlesPresses are usually driven by a motor through the friction disc flywheel rim leaving the flywheel rotates, so this press known as friction press, China's largest cattle friction press is 25 megabytes. Larger size presses with hydraulic system drives the flywheel, called hydraulic screw press, the maximum size of 125 megabytes cattle. Later appeared with an electric motordirectly drives the flywheel presses, It's compact, less transmission links, due to the frequent change of control of the higher electrical requirements, and requires special motors.Rotary presses no fixed lower dead point of the larger die forgings, can repeatedly blow molding can be singles, and even play jog. Strike force and deformation of the workpiece on large deformation hitting power, small deformation (such as cold hit) when combating force. In these respects, it is similar to the hammer. But it's a slider low speed (about 0.5 m / sec, 1/10 only hammer), the striking force through a closed rack, so smooth, vibration is much smaller than the hammer, do not need a great foundation. Presses equipped with skid insurance agencies, the maximum impact force limited to two times the nominal pressure to protect the safety equipment.The lower forging presses are equipped with top of the device. Both screw press forging hammer, forging machinery and other mechanical presses role, universal and strong, can be used for forging, stamping, deep drawing processes. Furthermore, screw press, friction press particularly simple structure, easy to manufacture, it is widely used. Screw press drawback is lower productivity and mechanical efficiency.4 Mechanical UseImproper operation or stamping presses, die set type presses the leading cause damage and downtime. Appropriate training and stamping die press operator set can ensure that they follow the correct procedures. It will be able to quickly reduce downtime.Operations to the former class points brake actuator shaft filling oil, stick ball classes before the first class of the day, No. 20-30 grease gun filling machine oil amount, clutch pressure injection site every day before class time with lubricating oil gun . Class before stopping the machine for cleaning.Check the fasteners, padded exterior missing pieces. Check the clutch and springs, belts. Check machine lubrication devices. Check the electrical wiring is damaged, aging, motors, solenoids are normal. Check the accuracy of the crankshaft and rail wear. Check the brakes, clutch, slider, closed block, closed loop. Check the electrical control. Coupling bolts fuselage bench testing and adjustments.According to press a different machine types and processing requirements, develop targeted, practical safety procedures and make the necessary job training and safety education. Using the unit and the operator must strictly complywith the provisions and procedures of design and manufacturing units to provide safety instructions and proper use, maintenance. Press generally safe operation requirements are as follows: Before moving equipment, to check manipulation of the press section, clutch and brakes are in an active state, the security guards are complete handy slider-crank mechanism ministries without exception. Abnormal should immediately take the necessary measures not sick operation, disassembly and damaged safety devices is strictly prohibited. Prior to the formal job subject to idle test, confirmed only after all part of the normal work. Should clean up before starting work bench all unnecessary items, to prevent car vibration or shock switch off the wounded man suddenly start causing sliders. Operation must use tools, prohibited by hand directly into his die extract, hand tools shall not be placed on the mold.When adjusting the position of the workpiece in the die area or strip stuck in the mold of the workpiece, the foot must leave the foot pedals. People operating the same press should have a unified command, the signal is clear, until the other party to make a clear answer, and then confirm the action away from the danger zone. Sudden power failure or operator should be finished off the power, and the manipulator to return to neutralclutch, brake in braking. Presses case for overhaul, adjustments and the installation, adjustment, disassembly die, disconnect energy (eg electricity, gas, liquid) in the machine, the machine stops operation carried out, and put the pads in the slider plus reliable Support. Listed at the start switch machine warning notice.5 Mechanical Maintenance5.1 attention to safety during maintenanceEnsure correct locking / opening process to ensure the safety of maintenance personnel to ensure the brakes prior to carry out maintenance work in the bottom of the sleeve into the trip. If this is done, it is no longer a lock sleeve.5.2 Maintenance ProcessSo the press operator presses added to the process to maintain them in case of problems can always remind maintenance or management personnel. They have carried out the operation of the press every day, so it can more easily hear or see signs of the problem. As a daily driver with a car, an exception can be noticed for the first time in the sound, which is also the same for the operator.5.3 Environmental Control workshopA clean press allows the operator or maintenance personnel can quickly discover if a problem occurs. Such as oil spills, leakage, breakage, etc., if the press is clean, then it's easy to find out its location.5.4 ensure that the press is in the equilibrium positionPrecision balanced press can get a better job, so best to check once a year. Charged with the operation of pneumatic systems and balance of pneumatic brake systems, you need to check whether there is a gas leak, because the Ministry of proper air pressure can affect performance brakes and balance system, and they control the press to stop time, if there are problems will make the operation and equipment in danger. In addition, all systems have pneumatic regulators, lubricators and reservoir. Accumulation in the gas pipeline water a day should be excluded.5.5 for some time to replace the oil and filterImproper lubrication system for the maintenance of the press is one of the main reasons the press downtime occurs, for some reason, a lot of press operator at the time of the oil circulation system with screen operation with occasional replacement of the filter. Should ensure that the replacement of oil while replacing the filter, usually also need regularreplacement.5.6 Maintenance of mechanical presses keyFor a mechanical press routine maintenance projects, which aspects are most important? The answer is the operator. All maintenance and issue press Find to start on the operator, the operator can often find problems early in the press, for the press to prevent the major components generated sustained damage. The operator can press attention by strange noise emitted; abnormal temperature rise, smoke, debris or some parts of the metal particles occurs; pipeline leaks, and found a problem. The operator should ask ourselves every day some questions answered by checking records to maintain long-term maintenance records.6 InstallationUsers will press shipped to the installation site, open the box, and then according to the instructions for installation work, will press on cement foundations have been beaten with a level tested around the table at the front and rear of the fuselage, horizontal degrees required to allow every length 1000 mm 0.20 mm, adjust if uneven material iron, until compliance with the requirements. The foundation is shown in Figure ten. After thecement solidification should be tightened evenly feet Lo Lo playing Manager (M24), with a spirit level to check the levelness of the fuselage table, presses must be completely solidified to begin work on the basis. After the installation is complete press should carefully kerosene oil will rust on the machined surface wash pressesKerosene not fall on the paint surface to avoid paint damage. Should be carefully cleaned and depression shoulder clean, dry after cleaning with cotton yarn, coated with a thin layer of oil. And check the lubrication hole is smooth, not be clogging.After the well, the press should be installed on a reliable grounding wire.中文翻译压力机简介压力机是一种结构精巧的通用性压力机。
稳定的控制电路设计外文文献翻译
稳定的控制电路设计外文文献翻译译文3100多字(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Dan M, Mammano B. Designing Stable Control Loops[J]. Proc Unitrode Design Seminars, 2002.英文原文Designing Stable Control LoopsDan MThe objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures, initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis.I. INTRODUCTIONInsuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysiswhich many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models. While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort.II. STABILITY DEFINEDFig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that perturbation eventually dies out. Note that in any practical system, instability cannot result in a completely unbounded response as the system will either reach a saturation level ? or fail. Oscillation in a switching regulator can, at most, vary the duty cycle between zero and 100% and while that may not prevent failure, it wills ultimate limit the response of an unstable system.Another way of visualizing stability is shown in Fig. 2. While this graphically illustrates the concept of system stability, it also points out that we must make a further distinction between large-signal and small-signal stability. While small-signal stability is an important and necessary criterion, a system could satisfy thisrt quirement and yet still become unstable with a large-signal perturbation. It is important thatdesigners remember that all the gain and phase calculations we might perform are only to insure small-signal stability. These calculations are based upon ? and only applicable to ? linear systems, and a switching regulator is ? by definition ? a non-linear system. We solve this conundrum by performing our analysis using small-signal perturbations around a large-signal operating point, a distinction which will be further clarified in our design procedure discussion.III. FEEDBACK CONTROL PRINCIPLESThe basic regulator is shown in Fig. 3 where an uncontrolled source of voltage (or current, or power) is applied to the input of our system with the expectation that the voltage (or current, or power) at the output will be very well controlled. The basis of our control is some form of reference, and any deviation between the output and the reference becomes an error. In a feedback-controlled system, negative feedback is used to reduce this error to an acceptable value – as close to zero as we want to spend the effort to achieve. Typically, however, we also want to reduce the error quickly, but inherent with feedback control is the tradeoff between system response and system stability. The more responsive the feedback network is, the greater becomes the risk of instability.At this point we should also mention that there is another method of control –feedforward. With feedforward control, a control signal is developed directly in response to an input variation or perturbation.Feedforward is less accurate than feedback since output sensing is not involved, however, there is no delay waiting for an output error signal to be developed, and feedforward control cannot cause instability. It should be clear that feedforward control will typically not be adequate as the only control method for a voltage regulator, but it is often used together with feedback to improve a regulator’s response to dynamic input variations. The basis for feedback control is illustrated with the flow diagram of Fig. 4 where the goal is for the output to follow the reference predictably and for the effects of external perturbations, such as input voltage variations, to be reduced to tolerable levels at the output.Not only is this result now independent of G, it is also independent of all the parameters of the system which might impact G (supply voltage, temperature, component tolerances, etc.) and is determined instead solely by the feedback network H (and, of course, by the reference). Note that the accuracy of H (usually resistor tolerances) and in the summing circuit (error amplifier offset voltage) will still contribute to an output error. In practice, the feedback control system, as modeled in Fig. 4, is designed so that G H and GH 1 over as wide a frequency range as possible without incurring instability. We can make a further refinement to our generalized power regulator with the block diagram shown in Fig. 5. Here we have separated the power system into two blocks – the power section and the control circuitry. The power section handles the load current andis typically large, heavy, and subject to wide temperature fluctuations. Its switching functions are by definition, large-signal phenomenon, normally simulated in most stability analyses as just a twostate switch with a duty cycle. The output filter is also considered as a part of the power section but can be considered as a linear block. The control circuitry will normally be made up of a gain block –the error amplifier –and the pulse-width modulator, used to define the duty cycle for the power switches.IV. THE BUCK CONVERTERThe simplest form of the above general power regulator is the buck ? or step down ? topology whose power stage is shown in Fig. 6. In this configuration, a DC input voltage is switched at some repetitive rate as it is applied to an output filter. The filter averages the duty cycle modulation of the input voltage to establish an output DC voltage lower than the input value.Since we assume that the switch and the filter components are lossless, the ideal efficiency of this conversion process is 100%, and regulation of the output voltage level is achieved by controlling the duty cycle. The waveforms of Fig. 6 assume a continuous conduction mode (CCM) meaning that current is always flowing through the inductor –from the switch when it is closed, and from the diode when the switch is open. The analysis presented in this topic will emphasize CCM operationbecause it is in this mode that small-signal stability is generally more difficult to achieve. In the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), there is a third switch condition in which the inductor, switch, and diode currents are all zero. Each switching period starts from the same state (with zero inductor current), thus effectively reducing the system order by one and making small-signal stable performance much easier to achieve. Although beyond the scope of this topic, there may be specialized instances where the large-signal stability of a DCM system is of greater concern than small-signal stability. There are several forms of PWM control for the buck regulator including, • Fixed frequency (fS) with variable tON and variable tOFF • Fixed tON with variable tOFF and variable fS • Fixed tOFF with variable tON and variable fS • Hysteretic (or “bang-bang”) with tON, tOFF, and fS all variable Each of the se forms have their own set of advantages and limitations and all have been successfully used, but since all switch mode regulators generate a switching frequency component and its associated harmonics as well as the intended DC output, electromagnetic interference and noise considerations have made fixed frequency operation by far the most popular. With the exception of hysteretic, all other forms of PWM control have essentially the same small-signal behavior. Thus, without much loss in generality, fixed fS will be the basis for our discussion of classical, small-signal stability. Hysteretic control is fundamentally different in thatthe duty factor is not controlled, per se. Switch turn-off occurs when the output ripple voltage reaches an upper trip point and turn-on occurs at a lower threshold. By definition, this is a large-signal controller to which small-signal stability considerations do not apply. In a smallsignal sense, it is already unstable and, in a mathematical sense, its fast response is due more to feedforward than feedback.V. LINEARIZING THE BUCK CONVERTERWith ideal components, a switching regulator is a linear circuit for any given switch condition. The concept of averaging can be applied when the switching rate is fast with respect to the rate of change of any other parameters of interest. To quantify this, we can say that the accuracy of the approximations is excellent up to one-tenth the switching frequency, “pretty good” for one-third, and one-half is the theoretical limit based on the Nyquist sampling criterion. Fig. 10 shows the process of averaging the operation of the circuit by combining the condition when the active switch is closed with that when it is open. The relationship between these two conditions is the duty cycle of the switching and its effect is accounted for through the use of a hypothetical DC transformer with a turns ratio of the duty cycle, d. With this model, the primary current is now ILd and the secondary voltage is Vid. This DC transformer is an artifact from Dave Middlebrook at Caltech. It is not a real component but it is valid for your Spice library. We now have a continuous system but itis nonlinear because the transformer turns-ratio, d, is a variable - namely the control variable - and not a constant.VI. COMPENSA TING THE BOOST CONVERTERThe basic boost circuit gain equations and their effect are shown in Fig. 36. Note that the gain amplitude characteristic appears to be a firstorder system which, in theory, should not need compensation of the voltage error amplifier to achieve stability. One could say either that the current loop compensates the voltage loop or that C/M control reduces the second-order system to a first-order, at least up to the cutoff frequency, fC. Nevertheless, we still do have a second-order power system with a right-half-plane zero, so there is still the potential for a total of 270o of phase shift. Remember that the pole or zero phase shift shows up an order of magnitude lower in frequency than a change in amplitude.REFERENCES[1] D. M. Mitchell, “DC-DC Switching Regulator Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, 1988, DMMitchell Consultants, Cedar Rapids, IA, 1992 (reprint version).[2] D. M. Mitchell, “Small-Signal Mathcad Design Aids”, (Windows 95 / 98 version), e/j BLOOM Associates, Inc., 1999.[3] George Chryssis, “High-Frequency Switching Power Supplies”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984.[4] Ray Ridley, “A More Accurate CurrentMode Control Model”, Unitrode Seminar Handbook, SEM-1300, Appendix A2.[5] Lloyd Dixon, “Control Loop Design”, Unitrode Seminar Handbook, SEM-800.[6] Lloyd Dixon, “Control Loop Design –SEPIC Preregulator Design”, Unitrode Seminar Handbook, SEM-900, Topic 7.[7] Lloyd Dixon, “Closing the Feedback Loop”, Unitrode Seminar Handbook, SEM-300, Topic 2.中文译文设计稳定的控制电路Dan M本文研究的主要目标是为设计人员提供一个应用于开关电源反馈控制的环路补偿技术的实用评论。
创意性服装创作研究外文文献翻译
创意性服装创作研究外文文献翻译近年来，创意性服装创作受到了越来越多的关注。
本文主要翻译一些相关的外文文献，探讨了创意性服装创作的一些研究成果。
文献1: "The Role of Inspiration in Creative Fashion Design"该文献探讨了创意性服装创作中的灵感的作用。
研究发现，灵感是创意性服装设计过程中不可或缺的组成部分。
设计师通过从各种来源获取灵感，如自然界、艺术、文化等，激发创造力并实现独特的设计概念。
创意性服装创作需要设计师具备敏锐的观察力和创造性思维。
文献2: "The Impact of Technology on Creative Fashion Design"该文献讨论了技术对创意性服装设计的影响。
研究发现，随着技术的不断发展和创新，设计师能够运用各种先进的工具和软件来辅助创意性服装的创作过程。
如3D打印技术、智能化纺织品等，这些技术的应用使得设计师能够更加快速、高效地实现创意性服装的构思和制作。
文献3: "Sustainability in Creative Fashion Design"该文献探讨了可持续性在创意性服装设计中的重要性。
研究指出，随着环境问题的日益严重，可持续性成为了创意性服装设计的重要议题。
设计师在创作过程中应考虑材料的选择、生产过程的环保性以及产品的可循环利用性等方面，以减少对环境的影响。
通过将可持续性融入创意性服装创作，设计师不仅能够满足消费者对环保的需求，还能推动时尚业的可持续发展。
文献4: "Cultural Influences on Creative Fashion Design"该文献探讨了文化对创意性服装设计的影响。
研究发现，不同的文化背景能够为创意性服装的创作提供独特的灵感和创意。
设计师可以从不同的文化中吸取元素，将其融入到创意性服装的设计中，创造出具有强烈文化特色的作品。
外文文献查找网址
要写毕业论文了，要外文文献翻译，好的外文文献这里找！香港科技大学图书馆Dspacet.hk/dspace包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。
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eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。
剑桥大学机构知识库/由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。
发展中国家联合期刊库.br/非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。
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NASA Technical Reports Server/?method=browse主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。
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仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023
仓储物流外文文献翻译中英文原文及译文2023-2023原文1：The Current Trends in Warehouse Management and LogisticsWarehouse management is an essential component of any supply chain and plays a crucial role in the overall efficiency and effectiveness of logistics operations. With the rapid advancement of technology and changing customer demands, the field of warehouse management and logistics has seen several trends emerge in recent years.One significant trend is the increasing adoption of automation and robotics in warehouse operations. Automated systems such as conveyor belts, robotic pickers, and driverless vehicles have revolutionized the way warehouses function. These technologies not only improve accuracy and speed but also reduce labor costs and increase safety.Another trend is the implementation of real-time tracking and visibility systems. Through the use of RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags and GPS (global positioning system) technology, warehouse managers can monitor the movement of goods throughout the entire supply chain. This level of visibility enables better inventory management, reduces stockouts, and improves customer satisfaction.Additionally, there is a growing focus on sustainability in warehouse management and logistics. Many companies are implementing environmentally friendly practices such as energy-efficient lighting, recycling programs, and alternativetransportation methods. These initiatives not only contribute to reducing carbon emissions but also result in cost savings and improved brand image.Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have become integral parts of warehouse management. AI-powered systems can analyze large volumes of data to optimize inventory levels, forecast demand accurately, and improve operational efficiency. Machine learning algorithms can also identify patterns and anomalies, enabling proactive maintenance and minimizing downtime.In conclusion, warehouse management and logistics are continuously evolving fields, driven by technological advancements and changing market demands. The trends discussed in this article highlight the importance of adopting innovative solutions to enhance efficiency, visibility, sustainability, and overall performance in warehouse operations.译文1：仓储物流管理的当前趋势仓储物流管理是任何供应链的重要组成部分，并在物流运营的整体效率和效力中发挥着至关重要的作用。
机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)
机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)英文原文Mechanical Design and Manufacturing ProcessesMechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the systemand then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowedto flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.Basically, there are only three means of communication available tous. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is!The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:(1) Does the design really serve a human need?(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies?(3) Is it economical to produce?(4) Can it be readily maintained?(5) Will it sell and make a profit?Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle [3].It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles ofmechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimumutilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress。
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加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。
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发展中国家联合期刊库
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