暨南大学 微经名词解释

会计成本：真实支出加上资本设备的折旧。

Accounting cost: Actual expenses plus depreciation charges for capital equipment.逆向选择：市场失灵的一种形式。

由于存在不对称信息，不同质量的产品以同一价格出售，结果导致市场上出现太多的低质量产品而较少的高质量产品。

Adverse selection: Form of market failure resulting when products of different qualities are sold at a single price because of asymmetric information, so that too much of the low-quality product and too little of the high-quality product are sold.平均总成本：企业的总成本除以产出水平。

Average total cost (ATC): Firm’s total cost divided by its level of output.预算线：花完个人的全部收入所能购买的所有商品组合。

Budge line：All combinations of goods for which the total amount of money spent is equal to income.科斯定理：当各方能够无成本的讨价还价并对大家都有利时，无论产权是如何让界定的，最终结果将是有效率的。

Coase theorem: Principle that when parties can bargain without cost and to their mutual advantage, the resulting outcome will be efficient regardless of how property rights are specified.规模报酬不变：投入品为原来的两倍，产出也为原来的两倍。

Constant returns to scale: Situation in which output doubles when all inputs are doubled.消费者剩余：消费者为某一商品意愿支付的数额与实际支付的数额之间的差额。

Consumer surplus: Difference between what a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the amount actually paid.范围经济的程度：当两种（或更多种）产品被联合生产而不是各自独立生产时所导致的成本节约的百分比。

Degree of economies of scope (SC): Percentage of cost savings resulting when two or more products are produced jointly rather than individually.需求曲线：消费者愿意购买的商品数量和该商品价格之间的关系。

Demand curve:Relationship between the quantity of a good that consumers are willing to buy and the price of the good.边际效用递减：随着某种商品消费量的增多，多消费一单位商品所带来的效用的增加减少。

Diminishing marginal utility: Principle that as more of a good is consumed, the consumption of additional amounts will yield smaller additions to utility.规模不经济：双倍的产出需要双倍以上的投入时的情形。

Diseconomies of scale: Situation in which a doubling of output requires more than a doubling of cost.范围不经济：当一家企业生产两种产品的产出低于两家独立的专业化企业所能生产的总量时的情形。

Diseconomies of scope: Situation in which joint output of a single firm is less than could be achieved by separate firms when each produces a single product.规模经济:企业可以以低于双倍的成本获得双倍的产出时的情形。

economies of scale:Situation in which output can be doubled for less than a doubling of cost.范围经济:一家企业生产两种商品产出超过两家企业各生产一种产品的总产量时的情形。

economies of scope :Situation in which joint output of a single firm is greater than output that could be achieved by two different firms when each produces a single product.恩格尔曲线:表示食品消费和收入之间的曲线。

Engel curve:Curve relating the quantity of a good consumed to income.外部性:对其他生产者或消费者造成影响的某一生产者或消费者的行为，但是这个行为并没有反映在市场价格中。

externality:Action by either a producer or a consumer which affects other producers or consumers, but is not accounted for in the market price.一级价格歧视 :向每个顾客都索取其保留价格的行为。

first-degree price discrimination:Practice of charging each customer her reservation price.免费搭车者:生产者和消费者使用非排他性产品但并没有支付费用，因为他们期望其余的人会支付相应的费用。

free rider :Consumer or producer who does not pay for a nonexclusive good in the expectation that others will.吉芬商品 :由于收入效应（负）大于替代效应，，需求曲线向上倾斜的商品。

Giffen good : Good whose demand curve slopes upward because the (negative) income effect is larger than the substitution effect.需求的收入弹性:由于收入上升1%而导致的对某一商品需求数量变动的百分比。

income elasticity of demand:Percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a 1-percent increase in income.收入-消费曲线:与每一收入水平相关的效用最大化的商品组合曲线。

income-consumption curve :Curve tracing the utility-maximizing combinations of two goods as a consumer’s income changes.无差异曲线:代表所有能提供相同满足程度的所有市场篮子的曲线。

indifference curve:Curve representing all combinations of market baskets that provide a consumer with the same level of satisfaction.等成本线:给定总成本条件下购买的资本和劳动的所有可能组合。

isocost line:Graph showing all possible combinations of labor and capital that can be purchased for a given total cost.边际成本：多生产额外的一单位商品产出而引起的成本的增加。

Marginal cost:Cost of one additional unit of a good.边际产量：增加一单位投入所带来的产出增加量。

Marjinal product:Additional output produced as an input id increased by one unit.边际替代率：消费者为获得额外一单位的某商品而愿意放弃的另一种商品的最大数量。

Marjinal rate of substitution(MRS):Maximum amount of a good that a consumer is willing to give up in order to obtain one additional unit of another good.边际技术替代率：在保持产出不变的前提下，某一种投入要素增加一单位，另一种要素需要减少的量。

Marjinal rate of technical substitution(MRTS):Amount by which the quantity of one input can be reduced when one extra unit of another input is used,so that output remains constant.边际收益：产量增加一个单位时收入的变化。

Marjinal revenue:Change in revenue resulting from a one unit increase in output.边际效用：从消费额外一单位某种商品中获得的额外的满足。

Marginal utility(MU):Additional satisfaction obtained from consuming one additional unit of a good.道德风险：当某一方的行为不能被观察时，他就可以影响与该事件相联系的支付报酬的概率分布。