Realistic literature美国现实主义文学

合集下载

美国现实主义文学苏倪娟

美国现实主义文学苏倪娟The Literature of America Realism 美国现实主义文学(1860―1914) `Realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.------William Dean HowellI. Development II. Characteristics III. Authors and Works时至19世纪末, 现实主义作为一种文学思潮在美国已经得到了蓬勃发展并且日臻成熟。

这一阶段的文学主要反映美国人民与垄断资产阶级的矛盾,并广泛地触及这种矛盾制约下的社会生活。

出现了一批现实主义作家, 如豪威尔斯、马克吐温、亨利詹姆斯、海明威等, 正是这些作家的作品标志着现实主义文学潮流在美国已经形成, 在创作实践中已经成为一种成熟的文学形式。

二战期间及20世纪70年代后期形成了美国现实主义文学的第二次高峰。

两次世界大战之间30年左右, 产生了福克纳、海明威那样别具风格的大师级的作家, 更产生了像杰克伦敦、德莱塞、斯泰因、多斯珀索斯、斯坦贝克等现实主义声名卓著的文豪。

20世纪70年代中期又出现了一种现实主义文学复兴的景观。

与美国现代主义作品相比, 美国近20年作品的写作重心有了转移, 即创作主题和题材有了变化, 不少作家的创作以家庭/ 回归为主题,即重温大团圆主题, 这跟现代主义时期作品中离家出走的主题形成了鲜明的对比。

这正是20世纪70、80、90年代人们的社会心态在文学作品中的真实反映。

近20年来, 美国文学中的现实主义复兴, 美国作家回头写实, 已成为当代美国文坛一种不可忽视的文学现象。

作家们在重新找回现实主义的眼光和感觉的同时, 又从现代主义和后现代主义创作手法中汲取营养, 形成了独树一帜的风格, 因而, 这个现实主义, 又被称为新现实主义手法。

美国文学第三讲现实主义时期.ppt

Q: Please analyze the character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Language and Style
• (1) First, he possessed utter clarity of style. The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe, and Melville. It’s not grand, pompous (very formal and important-sounding words), but simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech. This unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”. Before him there had been only American dialect; after him there was an American language. His success in creating this plain but evocative language hastened the end of American reverence (great respect and admiration) for British and European culture. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from many other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on such later writers .

美国现实主义时期文学

•give the sociological insight to their works
Naturalism
•apply scientific theory into art
•not adding an amoral attitudeto their woeks
•more pessimistic
N. is evolved from R. when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached and pessimistic, N. is an extreme form of R.. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
WORKS: Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》 An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》 Jenny 《珍妮姑娘》
1871—1945
By Stone
S. What is the distinction ?
Realism •concern of life directly
从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一还还辈人的形象问题所以本书威胁了美国父母对孩子施加影响和表现威信的权力
美国现实主义时期文学
content：
Literary Features
He said that fiction must be "the realism is true to life ,reflecting the possibility of motives. " WORKS:

美国文学chapter2 The Realistic period (现实主义文学时期)

主要家作品
A. 马克.吐温
B.亨利.詹姆斯
C.艾米莉.狄金森
D.西奥多.德莱塞
A. 马克.吐温
一. The works :
1.The early period :
A.With works like Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利芬历险记an Life on the Mississippi Twain密西西比河上的生活 shaped the world's view of America .
2.The late period :
A. the Gilded Age镀金时代 is Written in collaboration with Warner , the novel explored the scrupulous individualism .
B.In A Connecticut Yankee in king Arthu's Court ,亚瑟王宫廷的美国佬 Twain follows the journey of a representative of modern technology and ideas into a historically backward , feudal society .
文学史分析
一、The time period :
The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States .
B. The first among these books is Roughing it .

美国文学--现实主义,马克吐温

The Age of RealismThe year 1865 is considered as an important year in the shift from Romanticism （浪漫主义）to Realism （现实主义）in American literature．Realism had always existed in literature，but yet not until the late nineteenth century did realism dominate in American 1iterature．The American society after the Civil War (1861—1865) provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism．The civil War was a turning point in American historyThe Civil War destroyed the romantic concept of war. In the eyes of romanticists，wars were always glorious, grand，and noble encounters，something heroic. However, the amazing number of dead soldiers made it hard for people to have a noble vision of mankind any more. Therefore, Mark Twain once described man as “the only animal who indulged in one after another of the atrocity （凶恶，残暴）of war．” This statement is a representative attitude of the post-Civil War writers in America．To them，there is nothing romantic about war．Moreover, the Civil War also c hanged American people‟s views on values, morality and religion．Before the Civil War，the puritan ethic （清教的价值观）was the dominant morality in America．Puritans believed in the principles of evil and“salvation”. They considered perseverance （坚持不懈），stark （全然的）simplicity，and strenuous （艰苦，繁重的）good works as virtue，and regarded idleness，drunkenness and sexual immorality as depravity （堕落）. However，materialism had shaken the religious conviction of the Puritans. Stimulated by materialism，people were eager to pursue money and enjoyed the pleasures of life．They became dubious about human nature and God‟s benevolence （仁慈）. The Civil War marked a deterioration （恶化）of American moral values．Another important effect of the Civil War was American industrialization and urbanization （城市化）with its accompanying social diseases．The above political，social and moral changes have influenced American writers in both theme and technique．After the Civil War，there appeared a new generation of writers who were dissatisfied with the optimistic ideas of the Romanticists and showed a great interest in the realities of life. These realists sought to portray American life as it really was. They insist that the ordinary and the local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. They tried their best to create a new kind of literature that was completely realistic．Realism first appeared in the United States in literature with local, an amalgam （混合物）of romantic plots and realistic description of things immediately observable：the dialects，customs，sights，and sounds of reginal America. We can see this in the true-to-life descriptions of Bret Harte，William Dean Howells, Hamlin Garland，and Mark Twain．Bret Harte is the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity．He presents stories about western mining town involving colorful gamblers，outlaws，and scandalous （丑恶可耻的）women. Thereafter editors ever sensitive to public taste （大众的阅读兴趣）demanded such works，and writers including Harte, Harriet Beecher Stowe，and Mark Twain provided regional stories and tales of the lives ofAmerica‟s Westerners，Southerners，and Easterns．Local-color fictions reached its peak of popularity in the 1880s，but by the turn of the century it has begun to decline as its limited resorces were exhausted and as its most popular writers grew tediously repetitious or turned to other literary modes.Realism is a direct contrast to Romanticism．As a movement，American Realism started during the Civil War period and evolved in the second half of the 19th century．It has realistically-flawed （有缺陷的）heroes instead of the idealized characters in Romanticism．The writers of the Realism tried to represent life with their writings．Their settings often include factories and slums，and their characters are ordinary people such as poor workers，businessmen，vagrants （流浪者），swindlers，（诈骗者）and even prostitutes．The most distinguishing characteristic of realism is probably the one given by William Dean：that it is“nothing more and nothing less t han truthful treatment of material．‟‟The realists tend to be highly selective in their choice of material，focusing upon what seems real to middle-class readers。

Realistic literature美国现实主义文学

• Iron
• Involves a contrast, a disparity between the expected and the actual. • ……..
Thank you for your listening
The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The Bostonians（1886） The Tragic Muse(1890)
• O. henry (1862-1918)
• One of the most prolific modern American short story writers.
• 1. In the United States three fundamental issues reached the breaking point in the period of 1865-1990. • 2. The conflict between the agrarian ideal of Jefferson and the industrial ideal of Hamilton. • 3. The conflict between the plantation gentility of the South and the commercial gentility of the north. • 4. The conflict between a culturally mature East and the.
• Humorist, satirist, lecturer, writer.
• Distinctive features: • A peculiarly American sense of humor • Used local dialect for comic effect but his prose style sounded distinctively in metaphor, newly invented and drawing rhythms.

美国文学课件10The Literature of the Realistic Period 4

2. Characteristics of American Naturalism Thematically: The lives of the downtrodden Human passion and sexuality The forces of environment and heredity Technically: Detailed documentation of life Gloomy and pessimistic atmosphere
Study question (page 114)
Why does Carrie still suffer from unsatisfied desires after she became successful? “Oh, Carrie, Carrie! … Oh, blind striving of the human heart! In your rocking chair, by your window, dreaming, shall you long, alone, in your rocking chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel”. (page 113)
The Road Not Taken
By Robert Frost
Frost claimed that he wrote this poem about his friend Edward Thomas, with whom he had walked many times in the woods near London. Frost has said that while walking they would come to different paths and after choosing one, Thomas would always felt wondering what they might have missed by not taking the other path.

Part IV(3)The Literature of Realism 美国文学课件

Theme:
primitive violence; Anglo-Saxon supremacy; biological evolution; class warfare; and mechanistic determinism
In all, his works are a penetrating criticism of America of the time.
该文档贡献者很忙什么也没留下
Part IV
The Literature of Realism
Naturalism
A new and harsher realism
A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usu. involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.
the universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires; the world is amoral; religious “truths” are illusory; the helplessness of man, usu. of low social and economic classes, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of free will and dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity, thus the destiny of humanity is misery in life and oblivion in death

美国文学史及选读2复习笔记

History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume Ⅱ) 美国文学史及选读2 Part Ⅳ The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1. 美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was,, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2. 现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。

Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth ” in the depiction of ordinary ordinary life. life. life. ““现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William ,William Dean Dean Dean Howells(Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material ”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life ” as being being the the the more more more ““American American””, , insisting insisting insisting that that that American American American was was was truly truly truly a a a land land land of of of hope hope hope and and and of of of possibility possibility possibility that that that should should should be be reflected in its literature. 3. 美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。

英语作文美国现实主义

英语作文美国现实主义Title: Realism in American Literature: Exploring its Essence and Impact。

Realism, as a literary movement, emerged in the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. It was a response to the Romantic movement that preceded it, emphasizing a depiction of everyday life, focusing on the middle and lower classes, and reflecting the social, economic, and political realities of the time. American realist writers sought to portray life as it truly was, without romanticizing or idealizing it. In this essay, we will delve into the essence of realism in Americanliterature and its profound impact on society.Firstly, realism in American literature sought to capture the nuances of everyday life. Writers such as Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Henry James depicted ordinary people facing commonplace challenges, rather than focusing on extraordinary events or characters. Throughtheir works, readers were presented with a mirrorreflecting the intricacies of society, including its flaws and complexities. For example, in Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," the protagonist navigates the harsh realities of racism and societal injustice, providing readers with a candid portrayal of the American South during the pre-Civil War era.Moreover, realism in American literature was characterized by its emphasis on the middle and lower classes. Unlike the aristocratic settings prevalent in Romantic literature, realist writers depicted the lives of common people, highlighting their struggles, aspirations, and relationships. This shift in focus brought a sense of authenticity to American literature, allowing readers to relate to the characters and situations presented in the works. For instance, in Howells' novel "The Rise of Silas Lapham," readers are introduced to the titular character, a self-made businessman grappling with issues of wealth, morality, and social status, offering a poignant commentary on the American Dream.Furthermore, realism in American literature reflected the social, economic, and political realities of the time. Writers used their works as a platform to critique societal norms and institutions, shedding light on pressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and corruption. By portraying these realities without embellishment or idealization, realist writers challenged readers to confront uncomfortable truths about their society. One notable example is Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle," which exposed the appalling conditions of the meatpacking industry in early 20th-century America, sparking public outrage and leading to significant reforms in food safety regulations.In addition to its portrayal of everyday life andsocial issues, realism in American literature had a profound impact on society. By presenting a more accurate and unvarnished depiction of reality, realist works fostered a greater sense of empathy and understanding among readers. They prompted individuals to confront the harsh realities of the world around them and inspired social activism and reform movements. For example, Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" played a pivotal role inshaping public opinion about slavery in the United States, contributing to the abolitionist cause and ultimately influencing the outcome of the Civil War.In conclusion, realism in American literature was a transformative literary movement that sought to capture the essence of everyday life, focusing on the middle and lower classes while reflecting the social, economic, andpolitical realities of the time. By presenting a candid portrayal of society without romanticizing or idealizing it, realist writers challenged readers to confrontuncomfortable truths and inspired social change. Through their works, they left an indelible mark on American literature and society as a whole, reminding us of thepower of storytelling to illuminate the human experience.。

美国文学现实主义阶段著名作家与作品 The Literature of Realism

Changes in every aspect of American life
Industrialization and the urbanization,
“The Gilded Age”
Tired of sentimental feelings of Romanticism
Interest in reality of life
By 1850, she was the mother of seven children;
In 1850, moved to Brunswick, Maine
Died: 2021/7/1 July 1, 1896 - Hartford, Connecticu12t
Comments on Stowe’s Life
Born in North Carolina, without much schooling and virtually orphaned.
He followed several occupations: a bookkeeper, a drugstore clerk and a Texas Ranger.
2021/7/1
9
Cincinnati Suspension Bridge over Ohio River
2021/7/1
10
“The Mother’s Struggle” :
A Scene from Uncle Tom’s Cabin
2021/7/1
11
Mrs. Stowe’s Life:
Born: June 14, 1811 - Litchfield, Connecticut
2021/7/1
19
Henry James: Chief Works

美国现实主义文学流派

美国现实主义文学流派一、心理现实主义定义心理现实主义是传统文学从现实主义走向现代主义过程中出现的一种文学思潮。

在小说创作中，将对现实生活的如实描写、心理探测、性格刻画、环境写实与某些象征、怪诞手法融为一体，被称为“心理现实主义”。

文学特点心理现实主义的创作放弃了以往现实主义作品的道德，社会，政治批评，更加注重“心理现实主义”，将注意力集中于边缘化的，有心理创伤的个人，将他们内在的动物性，以诗化的语言，抒情的风格搬上戏剧舞台。

在心理现实主义创作中，作家和作品在本质上是分离的，读者从作品中了解到作家是“私下的自我”，而现实生活中的作家则是“公开的自我”，创作过程就是从“公开的自我”到“私下的自我”的演变过程。

由于大多数人的外部自我都是以伪装形式出现的，因此，最真实最有价值的自我则潜藏在人的灵魂之中。

这种对作家、作品与现实间相互关系的独特认识和处理，是心理现实主义作品的最大特点。

代表作家1、亨利·詹姆斯亨利·詹姆斯（Henry James，1843年4月15日－1916年2月28日），19世纪美国继霍桑、麦尔维尔之后最伟大的小说家，亨利·詹姆斯开创了心理分析小说的先河，在他的笔下，出现了仿佛是迷宫般的普通人的内心世界，他也是美国乃至世界文学史上的大文豪。

亨利·詹姆斯出身于纽约的上层知识分子家庭，父兄都是美国颇具声望的哲学家。

由于家境富裕，亨利·詹姆斯从小受到良好的教育，掌握多种语言。

詹姆斯本人长期旅居欧洲，对19世纪末美国和欧洲的上层生活有细致入微的观察。

詹姆斯的主要作品是小说，此外也写了许多文学评论、游记、传记和剧本。

他的小说常写美国人和欧洲人之间交往的问题；成人的罪恶如何影响并摧残了纯洁、聪慧的儿童；物质与精神之间的矛盾；艺术家的孤独，作家和艺术家的生活等。

他的创作对20世纪崛起的现代派及后现代派文学有着非常巨大的影响。

2、主要作品长篇小说：《一位女士的画像》The Portrait of a Lady （1881）1881年出版的《一位女士的画像》，是他早期创作中最具代表意义的作品。

美国文学现实主义文学最新PPT课件

-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)
Local Colorism
? Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location. Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism, custom, beliefs and speech. Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
? Religious “truths” are illusory ? The destiny of humanity is misery in life and oblivion in
death. (pessimism and deterministic ideas)
-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
art. Realists believe that literature imitates reality.
-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)

美国文学现实主义时期

The Age of Realism
美国现实主义时期 1865-1914
• Background 社会历史及思想文化背景 • Literary features 文学特点 • Representative writers and their works 代表作家及作品
社会历史背景
欧洲资本主义制度的确立
• 豪威尔斯在提倡现实主义文学方面有过贡献，后期的作品也接触到一些社会问题，但在“美国例外论” 的思想影响下，他的主要倾向是维护资产阶级秩序。在艺术描写方面，他采用误会套误会的手法，人为地制造矛盾冲突。他的作品描写细腻，对话机智，文字流畅，但有时流于肤浅，缺乏思想深度。
Thanks for your listenning and have a good day!
经过内战后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。自内战到第一次世界大战的 50年, 美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想，生发了新的创作灵感。他们对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，企图对生活的各个方面作出他们的解释，主张客观现实，摒弃主观偏颇、唯心主义和浪漫主义的色彩。人们的兴趣现在已转到了日常生活的方方面面，注意到现实的野蛮、肮脏，直接公开描写阶级斗争, 这时的作家已能描写人物在各种条件或环境下的反映，描述远西(FarWest)、新移民和劳动阶级的斗争,这些作家受到广大读者的欢迎。这一注意现实生活的创作倾向形成了美国现实主义时期的文学。
• A World of Chance《机遇》 • Annie Kilburn 《安妮· 吉尔本》 • A Hazard of New Fortunes 《时来运转》

美国文学史概论之四：现实主义文学

• Other abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Henry Highland Garnet, Wendell Phillips, Thomas Higginson, William W. Brown ( Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave)
• Edgar Lee Masters and his Spoon River Anthology
• Amy Lowell, A Dome of Many-Colored Glass,
•
Sword Blades and Poppy Seed, “Autumn Haze”
• Paul Hamilton Hayne,“Southern Laureate”, Midsummer in the South
• Charles Waddell Chesnutt, The Conjure Woman(1899), The Goophered Grapevine, The House behind the Cedars(1900)
• Paul Laurence Dunbar, poetry: “The Colored Soldiers”,“When Dey Listed Colored Soldiers’;Fiction: The Lynching of Jube Benson, The Sport of the Gods
IV. The Realistic Period (1865-1914)
4.4 The Rise of: Bayou Folk,1894; A Night in Acadie,1897; The Awakening,1899; “The Story of an Hour” “The Storm”

美国文学史概论之四：现实主义文学

IV. The Realistic Period (1865-1914)
4.6 Literary Criticism in the early 20th Century
• New Humanism: • Irving Babbitt: Literature and the American College,1908; The Laocoon,1910; The Masters of Modern French Criticism,1912; The Critic and American Life, 1932. • Paul Elmer More: Shelburne Essays,1904-21; New Shelburne Essays, 1928-36. • Radical Critics: • Henry Louis Mencken: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche,1908 Prejudices, 1919-27; The American Language, 1919; Notes on the Democracy, 1926. • Van Wyck Brooks: The Malady of the Ideal,1913; The America’s Coming of Age, 1915; Letters and Leadership,1918; The Ordeal of Mark Twain,1920; The Pilgrimage of Henry James,1925. • Others: • James Gibbons Huneker, Iconoclasts: A Book of Dramatists,1905; Egoists: a Book of Supermen, 1909; Promenades of an Impressionist, 1910. • Joel Elias Spingarn, History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance, 1899; The New Criticism, 1911.

美国文学：现实主义

现实主义时期1865年至1914年间的美国文学在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。

这一时期的美国文学是美国精神的表现,尤其是美国小说。

现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。

正视现实,不尚空想。

现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。

经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。

自内战到第一次世界大战的50年,美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。

这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。

首先,内战给该国的社会价值观带来了很大影响。

美国已从杰菲逊时期的农业国向工业化和商业化社会转变。

蛮荒之地得到了文明的开发。

这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。

新的组织和管理方法大规模运用,促进了工业的现代化。

1869年第一条洲际铁路建成。

电力大量使用,电话等新的通讯给日常生活的诸多方面带来了革命。

各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。

在工业生产上的投资得到了四倍以上的回报。

工厂的就业率成倍增长。

工业产值呈几何级数上升,农业生产也迅速上涨。

迅速增长的经济和工业加速了城市化的发展。

美国城市发展如雨后春笋。

到第一次世界大战结束,美国有一半人口都是集中在十几座城市里。

然而,这些变化也有不利的方面。

工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。

在农村,越来越多的农民被挤出土地,到城里去谋生,造成劳动力过剩,工资低。

资本家对男女老幼的工人的劳动条件不去改善,致使贫富两极分化。

权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头。

而另一头则是贫民窟。

就思想意识而言,人们处于动摇的状态。

他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。

西部开拓的精神已经一去不回了。

美国之梦已不复存在,代之而来的就是马克·吐温所称之为的"镀金时代"。

内战以后的文学界也与前大不相同。

入们对内战的痛苦记忆,对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实使浪漫主义无立足之地。

美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。

新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想,生发了新的创作灵感。

美国文学名词解释

美国文学名词解释美国文学是指美国国内所产生的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等各种文学体裁。

它具有自己的特点和风格，反映了美国人的文化、价值观念和思想观念。

美国文学中有许多特殊的名词和术语，下面是其中一些常见的名词解释：1. Puritanism（清教主义）: 清教主义是美国文学发展的重要起点之一，它是在17世纪早期由清教徒带入美洲的思想和信仰体系。

清教徒强调个人责任和纯洁的生活方式，他们的文学作品通常传达着信仰、奋斗和自我批判的主题。

2. American Renaissance（美国文艺复兴）: 美国文艺复兴指的是19世纪中期到20世纪初期的一个时期，这个时期出现了一大批杰出的美国作家和作品。

其中包括威廉·福柯特、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔等人的文学作品。

这些作品在内容、风格上更加关注人性、自然和道德等问题。

3. Realism（现实主义）: 现实主义是19世纪末至20世纪初的一种文学流派，在美国文学发展史中具有重要的地位。

现实主义作家力求以客观、真实的方式描绘生活中的人和事，关注社会问题和个人命运。

马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯被认为是现实主义文学中最有影响力的作家。

4. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）: 哈莱姆文艺复兴是20世纪20年代至30年代期间，在纽约哈莱姆区集中发展起来的一种文化和艺术运动。

这个运动推动了非洲裔美国人在文学、音乐、舞蹈和绘画等领域的发展。

其中包括作家朗斯顿·休斯、小说家托妮·莫里森等的作品被认为是哈莱姆文艺复兴的代表作。

5. Beat Generation（垮掉的一代）: 垮掉的一代是20世纪50年代和60年代期间在美国兴起的一种文学和文化运动。

这个运动反对传统社会规范和价值观，追求自由和个性的表达。

杰克·凯鲁亚克和艾伦·金斯堡是这个运动的代表作家，他们的作品通常以自由、追求和反叛为主题。

英语作文美国现实主义文学

英语作文美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学 Realism in American Literature。

American literature has undergone numerous phases and movements throughout its rich history, each reflecting the social, cultural, and political landscapes of its time. One of the most significant movements that emerged in the 19th century is realism. Realism in American literature aimed to depict everyday life and experiences with a focus on ordinary people and situations. This essay will explore the characteristics, key figures, and major works of American realism, as well as its impact on literature and society.Characteristics of American Realism:American realism emerged as a response to romanticism and idealism, which dominated literature during the early 19th century. Realist writers sought to portray life as it truly was, without idealization or embellishment. They focused on the mundane aspects of existence, oftendepicting the struggles of ordinary people living in urban or rural settings.One of the defining characteristics of American realism is its emphasis on authenticity and detail. Realist writers meticulously observed and documented the world around them, drawing inspiration from their own experiences and observations. They employed precise language and vivid imagery to create a sense of immediacy and verisimilitudein their works.Another hallmark of American realism is its exploration of social issues and themes. Realist writers often addressed topics such as poverty, class inequality, industrialization, and urbanization. They sought to shed light on the harsh realities of life for marginalized or disenfranchised groups, challenging readers to confront uncomfortable truths about society.Key Figures of American Realism:Several key figures played pivotal roles in thedevelopment and popularization of American realism. One of the most influential writers of this period was Mark Twain, whose novels such as "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" are celebrated for their realistic portrayal of life in the American South.Another prominent figure in American realism was William Dean Howells, often referred to as the "Dean of American Letters." Howells was a leading literary critic and novelist whose works, including "The Rise of Silas Lapham" and "A Hazard of New Fortunes," explored the social and economic changes occurring in post-Civil War America.Edith Wharton was another notable realist writer whose novels, such as "The Age of Innocence" and "Ethan Frome," depicted the complexities of social class and the constraints of societal expectations in turn-of-the-century America.Major Works of American Realism:Several seminal works exemplify the themes and style ofAmerican realism. Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is perhaps the quintessential realist novel, chronicling the journey of a young boy and a runaway slave down the Mississippi River. Twain's sharp wit and keen observations of human nature illuminate the social and racial dynamics of antebellum America.William Dean Howells' "The Rise of Silas Lapham" is another important realist work that explores the pursuit of wealth and social status in post-Civil War America. The novel follows the rise and fall of its eponymous protagonist, a self-made businessman whose success is overshadowed by moral compromises and personal tragedies.Edith Wharton's "The Age of Innocence" offers a nuanced portrayal of New York's high society in the late 19th century, examining the tensions between tradition and modernity, duty and desire. Wharton's incisive commentary on the constraints of social convention and the consequences of nonconformity resonates with readers tothis day.Impact of American Realism:The impact of American realism extends beyond the realm of literature, influencing other artistic disciplines such as visual art and theater. Realist painters such as Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins sought to capture the everydaylives of ordinary Americans, while playwrights like Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekhov adopted realist techniques to explore psychological and social themes on the stage.Moreover, American realism paved the way for subsequent literary movements such as naturalism and modernism, which built upon its foundations while pushing the boundaries of narrative experimentation and stylistic innovation. The legacy of realism can be seen in the works of later writers such as Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, and Toni Morrison, who continued to explore the complexities of the human experience with honesty and integrity.In conclusion, American realism represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of literature, challengingprevailing literary conventions and offering a moreauthentic and nuanced portrayal of the human condition. Through its emphasis on everyday life, social critique, and psychological insight, realism continues to resonate with readers and scholars alike, reminding us of the power of literature to illuminate the world around us.。