考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(3)_毙考题

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2018考研英语：阅读真题难点精析(2004年Text3)_毙考题

2018考研英语：阅读真题难点精析（2004年Text3）31. By Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet , the author means _______.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation定位句：When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. 当遇到经济疲软期时，Ellen Spero并没有咬她的指甲。

但是这个47岁的美甲师所做的指甲确实不如想象的那么多了。

两句话之间是转折相反关系，下文说她的生意大不如前了，所以前面的意思应该是生意还可以说的过去。

所以答案选择[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation 她并没有处在绝望的境地。

32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic [B] Confused [C] Carefree [D] Panicked定位句：Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.消费者只是有一点担忧，并没有恐惧，甚至很多人还说他们对经济的长期前景保持乐观态度，即使他们开始采取了一些节约措施。

考研英语3试题及答案

考研英语3试题及答案一、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要论点？A. 经济全球化对发展中国家不利。

B. 经济全球化对所有国家都有利。

C. 经济全球化对发达国家和发展中国家的影响不同。

D. 经济全球化只对发达国家有利。

答案：C2. 文章中提到的“绿色壁垒”是指什么？A. 一种环保技术。

B. 一种贸易保护措施。

C. 一种新型建筑材料。

D. 一种环保法规。

答案：B3. 在第三段中，作者提到了哪些因素可能导致经济全球化的负面影响？A. 国际贸易不平衡。

B. 文化冲突。

C. 环境污染。

D. 以上都是。

答案：D4. 根据文章，以下哪项不是全球化带来的挑战？A. 国际贸易的增加。

B. 跨国公司的权力过大。

C. 国家主权的削弱。

D. 资源分配的不均。

答案：A5. 文章最后一段强调了什么？A. 经济全球化的不可避免性。

B. 需要对经济全球化进行更深入的分析。

C. 国际合作的必要性。

D. 经济全球化的积极影响。

答案：C二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, the concept of "work-life balance" has become increasingly popular. Many people are now recognizing the importance of having time for personal interests and relationships, not just focusing on their careers. However, achieving this balance is not always easy.6. The author suggests that most people used to _______ their work above all else.A. valueB. prioritizeC. enjoyD. tolerate答案：B7. The phrase "work-life balance" implies that one should_______ between their job and personal life.A. alternateB. compromiseC. mediateD. fluctuate答案：B8. In today's society, there is a growing _______ of the need for personal time.A. awarenessB. ignoranceC. apathyD. confusion答案：A9. The author indicates that achieving a work-life balance can be _______ for some individuals.A. challengingB. beneficialC. unnecessaryD. unappealing答案：A10. The article emphasizes the importance of not neglecting one's _______ in favor of professional success.A. healthB. hobbiesC. relationshipsD. all of the above答案：D三、翻译（共20分，每题10分）11. 将以下英文段落翻译成中文："In the digital age, information is power. Those who control the flow of information can shape public opinion and influence decision-making processes. It is crucial for individuals and organizations to be aware of the potential risks and to take steps to protect their data."答案：在数字时代，信息就是力量。

2024考研英语二阅读text3

2024考研英语二阅读text3 The prompt problem for the 2024 Graduate Entrance Exam in English Reading Text 3 is a complex issue that requires a thorough understanding of various perspectives. The article discusses the increasing popularity of online education and its potential impact on traditional education. While some argue that online education is the future and will eventually replace traditional education, others believe that traditional education will always remain relevant and necessary. One perspective is that online education is the future and will eventually replace traditional education. Online education offers flexibility and convenience, allowing students to study at their own pace and on their own schedule. It also eliminates the need for physical classrooms and reduces the cost of education. With the advancement of technology, online education is becoming more interactive and engaging, providing students with a more immersive learning experience. As a result, many believe that online education will eventually replace traditional education, making it more accessible and affordable for everyone. However, others argue that traditional education will always remain relevant and necessary. Traditional education provides students with a structured learning environment and the opportunity to interact with their peers and teachers. It also offers hands-on experience and practical skills that cannot be acquired through online education. Traditional education also provides students with the opportunity to build social skills and develop relationships with their peers, which is essential for personal growth and development. Therefore, many believe that traditional education will always remain relevant and necessary. Another perspective to consider is the impact of online education on the job market. With the increasing popularity of online education, more people are obtaining degrees and certifications, which could lead to a more competitive job market. However, online education also provides individuals with the opportunity to acquire new skills and knowledge, making them more marketable and valuable to employers. Therefore, the impact of online education on the job market is a complex issue that requires further exploration. Furthermore, the quality of online education is another aspect to consider. While online education offers flexibility and convenience, it may not provide the same level of quality education as traditional education. Onlinecourses may lack the personal interaction and hands-on experience that traditional education provides. Therefore, the quality of online education needs to be carefully evaluated to ensure that it meets the same standards as traditional education. In conclusion, the prompt problem for the 2024 Graduate Entrance Exam in English Reading Text 3 is a complex issue that requires a thorough understanding of various perspectives. While some argue that online education is the future and will eventually replace traditional education, others believe that traditional education will always remain relevant and necessary. The impact of online education on the job market and the quality of online education are also important aspects to consider. Ultimately, the future of education will depend on how well traditional education and online education can coexist and complement each other.。

考研英语写作必备：“三段论”万能模板_毙考题

考研英语写作必备：“三段论”万能模板摘要：英语写作准备的时候大家都会想到模板，不过，模板虽好，却只能给大家提供一些参考，要想在考试中有所发挥，还是要在此基础上整理出属于自己的更具个性化的模板。

下面给出的文章段落，就是俗称的万金油，考生可以用自己文章的主语来替换所给句子本来的主语，不过，在实际操作中一定要灵活运用。

从框架结构上来说，考研大作文基本上可以分为三段：一、第一段先描述所给图画的象征意义，然后直接点明你的中心思想。

1、我们可以利用以下来表达自己的中心思想：同意：I agree that it would serve the interests of (给谁带来好处)all nations to establish a global university for the purpose of (为了)solving the world s most persistent social problems(顽固社会题). Nevertheless, such a university poses certain risks which(有什么风险) all participating nations must be careful to minimize(降到最小化)--or risk defeating the university s purpose.(不能实现目标)反对：I disagree insofar as the point that( )(我不同意~)，which may set into motion of a series of negative consequences.(会带来一系列负面影响)二、第二段分点阐释你的中心思想，并且要举例证明，在举例过程中，我们可以应用正反例证：1、Two examples that aptly illustrate this point(两个例子可以恰当的解释这个点) involve the fields of ( )。

考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(3)_毙考题

考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(3)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。

因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。

小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(3)，请参考!Alloy Holds Out Promise of Speedier Memory ChipScientists at IBM and two partner companies have developed a promising material that they believe will lead to a new kind of computer memory chip able to meet the growing appetite for storing digital music, pictures and video.The advance will be described in a technical paper to be presented Monday at the International Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco by researchers from IBM and two computer memory manufactures, Qimonda and Macronix. The scientists have designed a new semiconductor alloy derived from materials currently used in optical storage devices like CDs and DVDs.This team is not the only entrant in the race to find alternatives to flash memory, the prevailing form of nonvolatile storage--so called because it can retain information without power. Intel and STMicroelectronics have formed a partnership to pursue the technology, and, separately, Samsung has made announcements in the field.Intel has shown 128-megabit prototype chips and said it planned to introduce products in 2007. Samsung has described a 512-megabit prototype that it expects to market in 2008.IBM scientists say their announcement is significant because the company s new material has performance advantages over alloys now in use in prototypes made by others in the industryIf the technology proves cheap enough to manufacture, it will create a new competitor in the $18.6 billion market for the inexpensive erasable memory chips that have proliferated in mobile phones, music players and other consumer gadgets in recent years.Moreover, although IBM has withdrawn from the memory chip business, the company said it was intensely interested in the technology for corporate computing applications like transaction processing. Faster nonvolatile memory could change the design of the microprocessors that IBM makes, speeding up a variety of basic operations.The new memory technology could potentially be added to a future generation of the IBM Power PC microprocessor, according to Spike Narayan, a senior manager at the company s Almaden Research Center here.Over two and a half yeas, in a trial-and-error process, scientists here explored a class of materials that can be switched from an amorphous state to a crystalline one and then back again by repeated heating. The compounds, known as GST, or germanium-antimony-tellurium phase change materials, are routinely used today to make inexpensive optical disks that are read from and written to with laser beams.The IBM led team has proved that the same effect can be realized by using a small electrical current. That has made it possible to build tiny memory cells that can store digital 1 s and 0 s by means of electricity rather than light. IBM scientists say the new material is an alloy composed of just germanium and antimony, and is referred to as GS. The scientists do not describe the material in detail in the paper.The advantage of the new material, according to the scientists, is that it can be used to create switches more than 500 times as fast as today s flash chips. Moreover, the prototype switch developed by the scientists is just 3 nanometers high by 20 nanometers wide, offering the promise that the technology can be shrunk to smaller dimensions than could be attained by flash manufacturers.The current generation of flash memory chips store as much as 32 billion bits on a chip .But that technology is likely to become increasingly problematic as chip makers struggle to reach ever finer dimensions.Reached for comment later last week, Vivek Subramanian, an associate professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, who has read the technical paper describing the project, said, Everybody recognizes that scaling flash is going to be a problem in the long run. This looks like a really attractive technology that is both scaleable and consumes little power.Industry executives said that the new materials might bolster the computer and consumer electronics industries just when it appeared they were nearing fundamental engineering limits.This is a Christmas present for the industry because it shatters so many things at once, saidRichard Doherty, president of Envisioneering, a computer industry consulting firm in Seaford, N.Y.，who has been briefed on the technical paper. This could change the basic equation between processors, local storage and communications.Today s flash memories are largely divided into two distinct types called NOR and NAND, with different performance characteristics. The principal disadvantage of the flash design is that data cannot be addressed one bit at a time but only in larger blocks of data.In contrast, phase change memories will be addressable at the bit level. Such a capability means that the new memories will be more flexible than flash memory and can be used in a wider variety of applications and computer designs.词汇注解重点单词promising / prɔmisiŋ/【文中释义】adj.有希望的【大纲全义】adj有希望的，有前途的chip /tʃip/【文中释义】n.薄片，芯片【大纲全义】n.切屑，碎片;(土豆等的)薄片;集成电路块appetite / pitait/【文中释义】n.欲望【大纲全义】n.食欲，胃口;欲望，性欲;爱好，趣味video / vidiəu/【文中释义】n.录像(机)【大纲全义】n.电视，视须;录像(机)adj电视的，视须的;录像的、制作的录像manufacture /,m nju f ktʃə/【文中释义】n.制造业【大纲全义】v.(大量)制造，加工n.(大量)制造，制造业;产品，制造业semiconductor / semikən dɔktə/【文中释义】n.半导体【大纲全义】n.半导体optical / ɔptikəl/【文中释义】adj.视觉的【大纲全义】adj.眼的，视力的;光学的，视觉的alloy / lɔi/【文中释义】n.合金【大纲全义】n.合金v.将......铸成合金prototype/ prəutətaip/【文中释义】n.原型【大纲全义】n.原型;典型，范例intensely / in tensli/【文中释义】adj.强烈的【大纲全义】adj.强烈的，剧烈的variety /və raiəti/【文中释义】n.多样【大纲全义】n.种种，多种多样;种类，品种routinely/ru: ti:nli/【文中释义】adv.通常【大纲全义】adv.常规的，例行的超纲单词entrant n.参赛者一卜megabit n.兆位erasable adj.可消除的，可抹去的proliferate v.扩散gadget n.小机件nonvolatile adj.永久的amorphous adj.非晶体的germanium n.锗重点段落译文IBM及其两个合作公司的科学家们研制出了一种很有前景的材料，他们相信这种材将会开发出一种新的计算机存储芯片能够满足人们对存储数码音乐、图片以及视频日益增长的需求。

考研英语阅读3(有详细翻译)Putting in a good word for guilt

Putting in a good word for guiltThere are two attitudes toward the sense of guilt: one is to eliminate it in order to live comfortably, which is usually advocated by most psychologists to maintain so-called mental health; 对于“内疚”感，人们有两种不同的态度。

一种就是减少“内疚”感，为的是活得舒服。

这是心理学家提倡的做法，用来维持所谓的心理健康。

The other is to keep it, so that our behavior can be modified under the influence of conscience. 另一种态度是保持“内疚”感，以便我们的行为在道德良心的驱使下能有所改良。

The author analyzes the nature and function of guilt in the deepest level and thinks that this worst emotion actually helps bring out the best in us, while, on the contrary, the lack of guilt is to be questioned. 作者鞭辟入里地分析了“内疚”感的本质及作用，她认为这种让人感到最不舒服的情感实际上能使人向善。

而相反，理应受到质疑的应该是这种“内疚”感的缺失。

[1] Feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about. 不必因为有“内疚”感而感到“内疚”。

Yes, guilt can be the excess baggage that keeps us paralyzed unless we dump it. 是的，“内疚”感会使我们背负过多的包袱。

2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 3部分

2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 3部分Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 3The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain," for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in. They didn't remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology," Sparrow says.In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as "cognitive offloading." Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking - something that is not available on the Internet. "I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things," Sparrow says, adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer -savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles."There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs," observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm. "It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don't know."31. Sparrow's study shows that with the Internet, the human brain willA. analyze information in detailB. collect information efficientlyC. switch its focus of memoryD. extend its memory duration【答案】 C32.The process of "cognitive offloadingA. helps us identify false informationB. keeps our memory from failingC. enables us to classify trivial factsD. lessens our memory burdens【答案】 D33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?A. It may reform our learning approachB. It may impact our society negativelyC. It may enhance our adaptability to technologyD. It may interfere with our conceptual thinking【答案】 A34. It is indicated in Para 3 that how the Internet affects our brains?A. requires further academic researchB. is most studies in older adultsC. is reflected in our reading speedD. depends on our web-surfing habits【答案】 A35.Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree thatA. our reliance on the Internet will be costlyB. the Internet is weakening our memoryC. memory exercise is a must for our brainD. our ability to focus declines with age【答案】 B。

2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇_毙考题

2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第3篇In 2010. a federal judge shook America s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)，a trade group, assured members that this was just a preliminary step in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. Despite the appeals court s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court。

考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)-毙考题

考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。

因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。

小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(2)，请参考!Mystery ManHe s famed as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, but Conan Doy1e s letters show the scope of his ambitions.Within that exclusive group of literary characters who have survived through the centuries-from Hercules to Hamlet to Huckleberry Finn-few can rival the cultural impact or staying power of that brilliant sleuth, Sherlock Holmes. Since his debut 120 years ago, the gaunt gentleman with the curved pipe and a taste for cocaine, the master of deductive reasoning and elaborate disguise, has left his mark everywhere--in crime literature, film and television, cartoons and comic books. Even his home on Baker Street has for decades been one of London s most popular tourist destinations: the Sherlock Holmes Museum.At Holmes side, of course, was Dr. Watson-trusted friend, occasional accomplice and engaging narrator. Looming even larger, however, was another doctor, one whose medical practice was so slow it allowed him plenty of time to pursue his literary ambition. His name: Arthur Conan Doyle. As the creator of these fictional icons, Conan Doyle has himself become something of a cult figure, the object of countless critical studies, biographies and fan clubs.Yet only now with the publication of Arthur Conan Doyle：A Life in Letters, do we have acandid, personal portrait of the writer, with little of the Victorian reserve of his memoirs, Mast of the nearly 1,000 letters are to his beloved mother, Mary Doyle, beginning in 1867, when he was an 8-year-old boy at a Jesuit boarding school, and continuing until 1920, when Mary died. The book s editors--two Conan Doyle scholars and the author s great-nephew-also provide plenty of background material, rare drawings and photographs, and relevant excerpts from Conan Doyle s other works, making this the most comprehensive single volume out there.Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, into a respectable middle-class Catholic family. Still, it was far from an easy life. There was never enough money; they moved frequently in search of lower rents; and his father, a civil servant and illustrator, was an alcoholic who had to beinstitutionalized, Yet the early letters are surprisingly upbeat, concerned mainly with food, clothes, allowances and schoolwork. At 14 came his first unforgettable visit to London, including Madame Tussaud s, where he was delighted with the room of Horrors, and the images of the murderers .A superb student, Conan Doyle went on to medical school, where he was entranced by Dr. Joseph Bell, a charismatic professor with an uncanny ability to diagnose patients even before they opened their mouths. For a time he worked as Bell s outpatient clerk and would watch , amazed ,at how the location of a callus could reveal a man s profession, or how a quick look at a skin rash told Bell that the patient had once lived in Bermuda. In 1886, Conan Doyle-by now an eye doctor-outlined his first novel, A Study in scarlet, which he described as a simple tale of mystery to make a little extra money. Its main character , initially called Sherringford Hope and later rechristened Sherlock Holmes, was based largely on bell. But Holmes debut went almost unnoticed, and the struggling doctor devoted nearly all of his spare time to writing long historical novels in the vein of Sir Walter Scott-novels that he was convinced would make his reputation. It wasn t to be. In 1888, Holmes reappeared in A Scandal in Bobemia, a short story in Strand Magazine. An immediate hit, its hero took the foggy, crime-ridden London of gas street lights and Jack the Ripper by storm--and Conan Doyle s life would never be the same.But he quickly tired of the tales, complaining to his mother that Holmes takes my mind from better things . So, in 1893, he sent the detective over the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland during a struggle with his underworld nemesis, Professor Moriarty. Killed Holmes was all Conan Doyle deigned to scribble in his notebook. The public was devastated, as was his mother, but it would take 10 years of pleading and pressure before he gave in and resurrected Holmes from his watery grave.The later letters are those of an important public figure, dining with the King and earning a knighthood with an impassioned defense of Britain s role in the Boer War at a time when world opinion was against it, not least due to the British Army s use of scorched earth tactics. His final years were marked by tragedy-he lost his brother Innes and his son Kingsley to World WarⅠand by controversy, as he became Britain s most famous defender of spiritualism, convinced of our ability to communicate with the dead through a medium. (Among those he contacted: his son and Dr. Bell.) It brought personal solace and public ridicule. In one of his last letters to his mother, who never embraced these beliefs, he wrote: What does it matter what anyone says of me. I have a good hide by this time After his death in 1930, all of this would be forgotten and Conan Doyle would be immortalized as the creator of Sherlock Holmes. It was not the legacy he wanted-but in the end, it was not for him to decide.词汇注解重点单词curved /kə:vd/【文中释义】adj弯曲的【大纲全义】adj考曲的elaborate /i l b ərət/【文中释义】adj精细的，详尽的，精心的【大纲全义】v./ adj精心制作(的);详细阐述(的) disguise /dis gaiz/【文中释义】n.假装【大纲全义】n./v.彼装，伪装;掩盖，掩饰engaging. / in geidʒiŋ /【文中释义】adj迷人的，有魅力的【大纲全义】adj动人的，迷人的，有魅力的critical / kritikəl/【文中释义】adj.批评的【大纲全义】adj.批评的，评论的;危急，紧要的;临界的rent /rent/【文中释义】n.租金【大纲全义】v.租，租货;以一定租金出租，借出n租金civil /sivl/【文中释义】adj.公民的【大纲全义】adj.介民的，市民的;民间的;民用的;有礼貌的;民事的，民主的allowance / a iauəns/【文中释义】n.津贴，零用钱【大纲全义】n.补贴，津贴;零用钱;减价，折扣;允许delighted /dilaitid/【文中释义】adj.高兴的，兴奋的【大纲全义】adj高兴的，兴奋的，喜欢的diagnose / daiəgnəuz/【文中释义】v.诊断【大纲全义】v.诊断(疾病);判断(问题)outline/ əutlain/【文中释义】v.草拟，写作【大纲全义】n.枪廊，略图;大纲，梗概v. 概述，略述;描外形，描轮廓vein/ vein/【文中释义】n.风格【大纲全义】n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪;风格u使成脉络convince /kən vins/【文中释义】n.使信服，使确信【大纲全义】v.(of)使信服，使确信超纲单词sleuth n.侦探debut n.初次登场gaunt adj憔悴的accomplice n.共犯，同谋institutionalize v把送交专门机构upbeat adj乐观的charismatic adj有魁力的rechristen v.重命名rechristen v.重命名crime-ridden adj.充满犯罪行为的，犯罪倡狠的重点段落译文在那一群杰出的千古流传的文学人物中从海格力斯(大力士)到哈姆雷特，再到哈克贝利费恩在文化影响力或持久力上，没有人能敌过头脑敏锐的侦探福尔摩斯。

2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题

2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in theresearch we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach afterScience.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and TheLancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers thatneed scrutiny’ in the first place”.总主编马西娅·麦克娜特今天宣布：《科学》杂志在同行评阅之外又增加一轮数据审查。

2020 考研英语阅读真题Text 3(英语二)

2020 Text 3（英语⼆）⻢德⾥环保政策⾯临困境Text 3Madrid was haired as a public health last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on most polluting cars.Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a ﬁrst step toward its possible termination.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centerpiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality.A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying ﬁnes, ordering them restored.But with ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Madrid's back and forth on clean air is a pointed reminder of the limits to the patchwork city-by-city approach that characterizes efforts on air pollution across , Britain very much included.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vulnerable.⽂章三guiding light 去年 11 ⽉，当⻢德⾥对污染最严重的汽⻋推出雄⼼勃勃的限制措施时，其被誉为公共卫⽣的指路明灯。

2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题

2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇-毙考题2012考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiencesmean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here,editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involvedtransforms an individual’s discovery claim into the communit y’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincingwill always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen and th inking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claima process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”在科学研究的理想状态下，关于世界的事实正在等待着那些客观的研究者来观察和搜集，研究者们会用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。

2021考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇 - 毙考题

2021考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇 - 毙考题毙考题APP2021考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions pu blished in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrut iny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:“The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the rese arch we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he “found the foresight b ehind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班邀请码：8806毙考题APPThis impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in stat istical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2021, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.总主编马西娅・麦克娜特今天宣布：《科学》杂志在同行评阅之外又增加一轮数据审查。

01年—11年考研英语阅读理解文化历史教育类试题汇总

文化历史教育类1：2010年Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in jou rnalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. NevilleCardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism wi ll enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by________.[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryThe most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Amer ica was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England‟s leaders established the bas ic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take th is approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‟ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father th e first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‟s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon？Here are a few guesses：a）certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b）winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c）soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d）none of the above.Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University，says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully，Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather，it involves setting specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer. They gather all the data they can，not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or，put another way，expert performers whether in memory or surgery，ballet or computer programming are nearly always made，not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” （Line 4，Paragraph 2）most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？[A] “Faith will move mountains.” [B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father，like son”Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists‟ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn‟t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth‟s daffodils to Baudelaire‟s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it‟s not as if earlier times didn‟t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out i t could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It‟s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious [B] unpleasant [C] entertaining [D] commercial38. In the author‟s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deathsAmericans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, wr iting, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians‟ love of memorizing poetry shows the author‟s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Americans today don‟t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education -- not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren‟t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch‟s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our de mocracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain‟s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized -- going to school and learning to read -- so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hof stadter says our country‟s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who s how the least intellectual promise.”56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.[A] undervaluing intellect[B] favoring intellectualism[C] supporting school reform[D] suppressing native intelligence58. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are ________.[A] identical [B] similar [C] complementary [D] opposite59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably ________.[A] a pioneer of education reform[B] an opponent of intellectualism[C] a scholar in favor of intellect[D] an advocate of regular schooling60. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day‟s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent s urvey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they‟re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn‟t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender。

2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(一)第3篇_毙考题

2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第3篇“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist“That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if yo u accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm.This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, co nsumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps.And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of theirinvestigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties.Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a comp any’s record in CSR.“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing forei gn officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR.Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies.But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.诺贝尔经济学奖得主、经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼写道，企业社会责任有且仅有一种，“那就是，利用自身资源从事能让其获利的各种活动。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析（三）

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析（三）考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(三)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be―even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right―it can hardly be classed as Literature。

This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will。

考研精编阅读真题Text 3解析

31.【答案】B received favorable responses32.【答案】A art can offer audiences easy access to science33.【答案】A their role may be underestimated34.【答案】B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances35.【答案】C should do more than communicating science31.According to paragraph1,art-science collaborations have______[A]caught the attention of critics[B]received favorable responses[C]promoted academic publishing[D]sparked heated public disputes[解析]难度系数:★★①定位:根据题干"art-science collaborations"定位至第一段第二句，但没有选项与此句直接对应。

则扩展至第一句与第三句。

第一句均为正向性词汇，对应第二句首的"These were some of the words"，可知作者对其为正态度。

第三句申以调查中的具体数据来说明很多人确实进行过合作，或愿意考虑今后的合作。

②比对:B选项与原文第三句人们的正向回应一致。

32.The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that_______[A]art can offer audiences easy access to science[B]science can help with the expression of emotions[C]public participation in science has a promising future[D]art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations[解析]难度系数:★★★★①定位:首先，根据题干中的例子"The Four Seasons"可以直接定位到第三段。

2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇-毙考题

2016考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第3篇-毙考题DSit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning — or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need.The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, wr ites, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication...It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”.Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading —useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”.No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading.You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”.You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too — providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the defaultstate from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down.On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.如今人人都抱怨自己很忙，这已经是人们口中的陈词滥调了。

考研英语考前必做题（三）上下参考答案及解析（3）

Gehman抱怨说管理官员在拒绝被提供的照⽚时“错失了故障的征兆”，这是对宇航局在16天的航天飞机航⾏期间的做事不⼒的直接尖刻的评价。

Gehman告诉参议员：“我们将把这件事详细地写进我们的报告，但是事故中有许多官员和管理者错失了故障的征兆，我们对调查的进程不甚满意。

” 调查委员会曾建议美国航空航天局促成宇航局和掌管卫星及望远镜的军⽅部门间更好地合作。

美国国家图像和测绘部在三⽉份已同意定期为在轨道上运⾏的航天飞机进⾏详细的卫星图像拍照。

来⾃于美国军⽅最先进的间谍卫星的照⽚是否能检测出哥伦⽐亚号飞船侧翼上的两英⼨⼤⼩的破损，Gehman对此仍旧不敢肯定。

这种卫星的精确度是听证会上的敏感话题。

Text 3 31.「答案」B 32.「答案」D 33.「答案」A 34.「答案」A 35.「答案」C 译⽂基因治疗和以基因为基础的药物是我们能够从不断增长的遗传科学知识中获得利益的两种⽅式。

但是，也会有其他⽅式。

这⾥所说的就是遗传研究明显占优势的⼀种不寻常疗法——未来⼏年，这些疗法会发展成为主流医学。

虽然⼈体内的⼏乎每个细胞都具有发育成⼀个完整⼈体的指令，这是事实。

但是⼤多数指令并未激活，理由⼗分充分：你最不希望的事情就是你的脑细胞开始分泌胃酸，或是你的⿐⼦发育成肾脏。

细胞真正有可能发育成⾝体的任何或所有器官的惟⼀时刻就是怀孕的早期，那时所谓的⼲细胞还没有开始分化。

然⽽，对于医学来说，这种未被利⽤的潜能也许是⼀种极⼤的好处。

⼤多数疾病与健康细胞的死亡有关——早⽼性痴呆症中的脑细胞、⼼脏病中的⼼脏细胞、糖尿病中的胰腺细胞等等，仅列举这些。

如果医⽣能够分离⼲细胞，然后指令这些细胞发育，他们就可能为病⼈提供健康的移植组织。

这样做的难度⾮常⼤。

但是在去年秋天，威斯康星州⼤学的科学家设法分离了⼲细胞，并使这些细胞发育成神经细胞、内脏细胞、肌⾁细胞和⾻骼细胞。

这⼀过程还不能被控制，该过程可能有⽆法预料的局限性。

考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(4)_毙考题

考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(4)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。

因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。

小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之文教类(4)，请参考!Who s a Nerd, Anyway?What is a nerd? Mary Bucholtz, a linguist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has been working on the question for the last 12 years. She has gone to high schools and colleges, mainly in California, and asked students from different crowds to think about the idea of nerdiness and who among their peers should be considered a nerd; students have also reported themselves. Nerdiness, she has conducted, is largely a matter of racially tinged behavior. People who are considered nerds tend to act in ways that are, as she puts it, hyperwhite .While the word nerd has been used since the 1950s, its origin remains elusive. Nerds, however, are easy to find everywhere. Being a nerd has become a widely accepted and even proud identity, and nerds have carved out a comfortable niche in popular culture; nerdcore rappers, who wear pocket protectors and write paeans to computer routing devices，are in vogue, and TV networks continue to run shows with titles like Beauty and the Geek . As a linguist, Bucholtz understands nerdiness first and foremost as a way of using language. In a 2001 paper, The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English and Racial Markedness , and other works, including a book in progress, Bucholtz notes that the hegemonic cool white kids use a limited amount of African-American vernacular English; they may say blood in lieu of friend, or drop the g in playing .But the nerds she has interviewed, mostly white kids, punctiliously adhere to Standard English. They often favor Greco-Latinate words over Germanic ones ( it s my observation instead of I think )，a preference that lends an air of scientific detachment. They re aware they speak distinctively and they use language as a badge of membership in their cliques. One nerd girl Bucholtz observed performed a typically nerdy feat when asked to discuss blood as a slang term; she replied: B-I-O-O-D. The word is blood, evoking the format of a spelling bee. She went on, That s the stuff which is inside of your veins, humorously using a literal definition Nerds are not simply victims of the prevailing social codes about what s appropriate and what s cool; they actively shape their own identities and put those codes in question.Though Bucholtz uses the term hyperwhite to describe nerd language in particular, she claims that the symbolic resources of an extreme whiteness can be used elsewhere. After all, trends in music, dance, fashion, sports and language in a variety of youth subcultures are often traceable to an African-American source, but unlike the styles of cool European American students, in nerdiness,African-American culture and language do not play even a covert role. Certainly, hyperwhite seems a good word for the sartorial choices of paradigmatic nerds. While a stereotypical black youth, from the zoot-suit era through the bling years, wears flashy clothes, chosen for their aesthetic value, nerdy clothing is purely practical: pocket protectors, belt sheaths for gadgets, short shorts for excessive heat, etc. Indeed, hyperwhite works as a description for nearly everything we intuitively associate with nerds, which is why Hollywood has long traded in jokes that try to capitalize on the emotional dissonance of nerds acting black (Eugene Levy saying, You got me straight trippin, boo ) and black people being nerds(the characters Urkel and Carlton in the sitcoms Family Matters and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air ).By cultivating an identity perceived as white to the point of excess, nerds deny themselves the aura of normality that is usually one of the perks of being white. Bucholtz sees something to admire here. In declining to appropriate African-American youth culture, thereby refusing to exercise the racial privilege upon which white youth cultures are founded, she writes, nerds may even be viewed as traitors to whiteness. You might say they know that a culture based on theft is a culture not worth having. On the other hand, the code of conspicuous intellectualism in the nerd cliques Bucholtz observed may shut out black students who chose not to openly display their abilities. This is especially disturbing at a time when African-American students can be stigmatized by other African-American students if they re too obviously diligent about school .Even more problematic, Nerds dismissal of black cultural practices often led them to discount the possibility of friendship with black students, even if the nerds were involved in political activities like protesting against the dismantling of affirmative action in California schools. If nerdiness, as Bucholtz suggests, can be a rebellion against the cool white kids and their use of black culture, it s a rebellion with a limited membership.词汇注解重点单词origin / ɔridʒin /【文中释义】n.起源【大纲全义】n.起源，由来;出身，来历;血统elusive /i iju:siv/【文中释义】adj.难捉摸的【大纲全义】adj.难懂的，易忘的，难捉摸的foremost / fɔ:məust/【文中释义】adj.最初的【大纲全义】adj.最先的;最初的;主要的adv.首要的punctiliously / pʌŋk tiliəsli /【文中释义】adv.一丝不苟的【大纲全义】adv.一丝不苟的adhere /ad niə/【文中释义】v.附【大纲全义】v. (to)黏着;坚持，遵宁;依附，追随detachment / di t tʃmənt /【文中释义】n.分离【大纲全义】n.脱离，分离，拆开badge / b dʒ /【文中释义】n.象征【大纲全义】n.徽章，像章;标记;象征;记号feat /fi:t/【文中释义】n.壮举【大纲全义】n.功绩，伟业，技艺evoke / i vəuk/【文中释义】v.唤起【大纲全义】v.换起，引起format / fɔ:m t/【文中释义】n.设计【大纲全义】n.(出版物的)开本，版式，格式v.设计;安排vein/vein/【文中释义】n.静脉【大纲全义】n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪v.使成脉络traceable / treisəbl/【文中释义】adj.可追踪的【大纲全义】adj.可追踪(追溯)的;起源于的aesthetic / i:s etik /【文中释义】adj.美学的【大纲全义】adj.美学的，艺术的;审美的超纲单词tinged adj.有些许的rapper n.交谈者paean n.凯歌vogue n.时髦vernacular n.本国语clique n.集团bling n.绚丽的珠宝sheath n.外皮dissonance n.不一致重点段落译文什么是书呆子?加利福尼亚的圣塔芭芭拉大学的语言学家玛丽布霍尔特兹在过去的12年里一直致力于研究该问题。