生物质材料专业英语翻译教学方法探索
生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生课文翻译精华
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by t.. of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved inluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质、离子、可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，为染色体上遗传物质（DNA）提供空间（原核生物遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
生物专业英语翻译+蒋悟生+第版
Lesson One(4学时)Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质:动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上｡细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成,并由细胞膜(原生质膜)包被｡细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑｡细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质｡2.The Nucleus: Information Central(细胞核:信息中心)The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中)｡细胞核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂｡核膜贯穿许多小孔,小分子可以自由通过核膜,而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输｡anelles: Specialized Work Units(细胞器:特殊的功能单位)All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,每个细胞器都有其特定功能｡本节主要介绍核糖体,内质网,高尔基体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体｡The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins aremanufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所｡完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成｡核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质｡一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体,称多聚核糖体｡大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产｡输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关｡The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以及光滑和粗糙面区别｡两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关｡粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜｡SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化｡两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外｡Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上｡在高尔基复合体中修饰,包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所｡Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子｡最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中,储备水,糖以及其它分子｡动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用｡A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.溶酶体是液泡亚单位,含有消化酶,降解大部分生物大分子｡消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片｡Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided bythe inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所｡另外,植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物,线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产ATP酶｡线粒体自我复制,并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代｡There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.质体有两种类型:白色体,缺乏色素,是淀粉,蛋白质和油的储备场所;色质体,含有色素｡叶绿体是最重要的色质体,含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素｡叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒,其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座｡4.The Cytoskeleton(细胞骨架)All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.所有的细胞都有细胞骨架,网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用｡细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成,微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成｡动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关｡第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白,它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关｡细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管,由球状的微管蛋白组成,象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态｡细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力｡机械酶,例如,肌球蛋白,动力蛋白,驱动蛋白与微丝,微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动｡5.Cellular Movements(细胞运动Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability稳固to cells, its microtubules英[ˌmaikrəuˈtju:bju:l]and filaments 丝状物and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping 爬行or gliding 滑动. Such movements require a solid固体的substrate to which the cell can adhere附着and can be guided by the geometry dʒiˈɔmitri]几何形状of the surface. Some cells also exhibit [iɡˈzibit]展览chemotaxis, keməˈtæksis趋药性the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing 扩散chemical.尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性,微丝,微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动｡这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动｡某些细胞具备趋药性,即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源｡Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia [ˈsiliə]纤毛or flagella英[fləˈdʒelə鞭毛. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal body基体is located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein动力蛋白side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet成对的东西.某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动,由纤毛或鞭毛推动｡纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构:九个双微管环形排列,纵向延伸,环中心是两个或以上微管组成｡纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长,双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动｡Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin ˈmaiəusin肌凝蛋白proteins attached to organelles 细胞器,小器官push against microfilaments arrayed [əˈrei]展示throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled 集合, 收集from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.大部分植物细胞的营养,蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输｡这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的｡绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成｡在细胞分裂期间,中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体｡课后作业:第一第二篇阅读材料答案:1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c; 1A,2B,3D,4ALesson Two(2学时)PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containing cells of green plants, algae藻, and certain protists 原生生物and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas 然而cellular细胞的respiration 呼吸is highly exergonic吸收能量的and releases energy, photosynthesis光合作用requires energy and is highly endergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞,海藻,某些原生动物和细菌之中｡总体来说,这是一个将光能转化成化学能,并将能量贮存在分子键中,从化学和动能学角度来看,它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面｡细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的,光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程｡Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split裂开(oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of 在面前light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应｡第一步,称光反应,水分子分解,氧分子释放,ATP和NADPH形成｡此反应需要光能的存在｡第二步,称暗反应,二氧化碳被还原成碳水化合物,这步反应依赖电子载体NADPH以及第一步反应产生的ATP｡Both sets of reactions take place in chloroplasts. Most of the enzymes and pigments 色素for the lightdependent reactions are embedded 深入的内含的in the thylakoid类囊体membrane膜隔膜of chloroplasts 叶绿体. The dark reactions take place in the stroma.基质两步反应都发生在叶绿体中｡光反应需要的大部分酶和色素包埋在叶绿体的类囊体膜上｡暗反应发生在基质中｡How Light Energy Reaches Photosynthetic Cells(光合细胞如何吸收光能的)The energy in light photons in the visible part of the spectrum can be captured by biological molecules to do constructive work. The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrums statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths. When light is absorbed it alters the arrangement of electrons in the absorbing molecule. The added energy of the photon boosts the energy condition of the molecule from a stable state to a less-stable excited state. During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, as the absorbing molecule returns to the ground state, the "excess" excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as chemical energy.生物分子能捕获可见光谱中的光能｡植物细胞中叶绿素在不同光波下吸收部分吸收光谱｡在吸收分子中,光的作用使分子中的电子发生重排｡光子的能量激活了分子的能量状态,使其从稳定态进入不稳定的激活态｡All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid (accessory) pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis. Groups of pigment molecules called antenna complexes are present on thylakoids. Light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directly participates in photosynthesis. Most photosynthetic organisms possess two types of reaction-center chlorophylls, P680 and P700, each associated with an electron acceptor molecule and an electron donor. These aggregations are known respectively as photosystem Ⅰ(P700) and photosystem Ⅱ(P680).所有的光合作用生物含有不同等级的叶绿素和一个或多个类胡萝卜素(光合作用的辅助色素)｡称作天线复合体的色素分子群存在于类囊体中｡激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素反应中心,其直接参与光合作用｡大部分光反应细胞器拥有两套反应中心,P680和P700,每个光系统都含有一个电子受体和电子供体｡这些集合体就是大家熟识的光合系统Ⅰ和光合系统Ⅱ｡The Light-Dependent Reaction: Converting Solar Energy into Chemical-Bond Energy光反应:光能转化成化学键能The photosystems of the light-dependent reactions are responsible for the packaging of light energy in the chemical compounds ATP and NADPH. This packaging takes place through a series of oxidation reduction reactions set in motion when light strikes the P680 reaction center in photosystem Ⅱ. In this initial event water molecules are cleaved, oxygen is released, and electrons are donated. These electrons are accepted first by plastoquinone and then by a series of carriers as they descend an electron transport chain. For each four electrons that pass down the chain, two ATPs are formed. The last acceptor in the chain is the P700 reaction center of photosystem Ⅰ. At this point incoming photons boost the energy of the electrons, and they are accepted by ferredoxin. Ferredoxin is then reoxidized, and the coenzyme NADP+ is reduced to the NADPH. The ATP generated previously and the NADPH then take part in the light independent reactions.光反应的光系统将光能转化成化学复合物ATP和NADPH｡当光激活光系统Ⅱ的光反应中心时,通过一系列的氧化还原反应实现能量的传递｡反应开始时,水被分解,氧被释放并提供电子｡电子首先传递给质体醌,然后通过一系列载体形成的电子传递链｡每传递4个电子,形成2个ATP｡最后一个受体存在于光反应系统Ⅰ的反应中心里｡此处光子激活电子,电子传递给铁氧还蛋白｡铁氧还蛋白再氧化,并且辅酶NADP+还原成NADPH｡早期产生的ATP和NADPH进入暗反应｡The production of ATP from the transport of electrons excited by light energy down an electron transport chain is termed photophosphorylation. The one-way flow of electrons through photosystems II and I is called noncyclic photophosphorylation; plants also derive additional ATP through cyclic photophosphorylation, in which some electrons are shunted back through the electron transport chain between photosystems Ⅱand Ⅰ.由电子传递链偶连产生ATP的过程称为光合磷酸化｡通过光合系统Ⅱ流经光合系统Ⅰ的电子路径称非循环式光合磷酸化;植物通过循环式光合磷酸化获得额外的ATP,一些电子在光合系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间的电子传递链中回流｡The Light-Independent Reactions: Building Carbohydrates暗反应:碳水化合物的形成In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which are driven by ATP and NADPH, C02is converted to carbohydrate. The reactions are also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. Atmospheric CO2, is fixed as it reacts with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase. The reduction Of C02 to carbohydrate (fructose diphosphate) is completed via several more steps of the cycle. Finally, RUBP is regenerated so that the cycle may continue.由ATP和NADPH驱动的暗反应中,二氧化碳转化成碳水化合物｡即卡尔文循环｡二磷酸核酮糖固定二氧化碳,由二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶催化｡Oxygen: An Inhibitor of photosynthesis(氧:光合作用的抑制因子)High levels of oxygen in plant cells can disrupt photosynthesis and can also cause photorespiration-an inefficient fun of the dark reactions in which 02 is fixed rather than C02 and no carbohydrate is produced.Reprieve from Photorespiration: The C4 PathwayMost plants are C3 plants; they experience decreased carbohydrate production under hot, dry conditions as a result of the effects of photorespiration. Among C4 plants, however, special leaf anatomy and a unique biochemical pathway enable the plant to thrive in and conditions. Thus C4 plants lessen photorespiration by carrying out photosynthesis only in cells that are insulated from high levels of CO2. They also possess a novel mechanism for carbon fixation.大部分植物是碳3植物,在高温干旱条件下,由于光呼吸作用而使碳水化合物的合成降低｡而在大多数的碳4植物中,由于叶脉的特殊构造和独特的化学路径使植物依然很茂盛｡这是碳固定的一个新机制｡课后作业:第一篇阅读材料答案:1B,2A,3A,4D,5C,6cLesson Three(2学时)Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and MeiosisThe Nucleus and ChromosomesThe cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. Within the nucleus are the chromosomes tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins. Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin.细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所｡DNA盘绕成螺旋线以及相关的成簇蛋白质｡DNA螺旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体｡这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构｡每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质｡A pictorial display of an organism's chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes. Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid.染色体致密的超螺旋状态我们称染色体组｡除了性染色体外,大多数细胞的染色体组成对出现,称同源染色体对｡非性染色体称常染色体｡生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体;含有单套染色体的称单倍体｡The Cell CycleThe cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.在细胞生长过程中,细胞循环遵循特定程序,分裂准备,分裂成2个子细胞,子细胞再循环｡此循环使得单细胞永生｡多细胞生物中的许多细胞,包括动物肌肉和神经细胞,要么降低循环速度,要么同时分裂｡The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. Together the G1, S, and G2phases are called interphase. The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones.正常细胞循环由4个时期组成｡头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢;S期,正常新陈代谢同时,DNA复制,组蛋白合成; G2 期,短期的新陈代谢和少许生长｡G1, S, 和G2称分裂间期｡最后是M期,有丝分裂期,复制的染色体组浓缩,移动并细胞分裂｡据称是染色质控制了细胞循环,伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素｡Mitosis: Partitioning the Hereditary MaterialBiologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase 前期the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. As prophase ends and metaphase 中期begins, the condensed 浓缩的chromosomes become associated with the spindle 纺锤体. Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase 后期, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the cell. Duringtelophase 末期nuclear envelopes 包膜begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place.生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段｡分裂前期,高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝粒连接在一起｡在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期,浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连,最后以正确的角度排列在赤道板上｡在分裂后期,两个姊妹单体分离,分别拽向细胞两极｡在分裂末期,在每套染色体周围形成核膜,细胞质发生分裂｡As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids 染色单体move in the right directions at the proper times. Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric 着丝粒fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores着丝粒. During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart.在有丝分裂过程中,是纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离｡纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸｡在分裂前期,其它微管,着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的动粒｡在分裂后期,纤维开始变短,染色单体分离｡The spindle forms differently in plant and animal cells. In animals it is associated with centriole 中心粒, while in plant and fungal 真菌cells spindle formation is associated with reions called microtubule organizing centers.植物和动物细胞形成的纺锤体不同｡动物细胞与中心粒相连,而在植物和真菌细胞中,纺锤体与微管组织中心的离子相连｡Cytokinesis: Partitioning the Cytoplasm胞质分裂:细胞质分离The division of the cell cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called cytokinesis 细胞浆移动. In animal cells it takes place as a ring of actin filaments contracts使缩短合同契约around the cell equator赤道, pinching收聚the cell in two. In plant cells, which are bounded 有限制的by a cell wall, cytokinesis involves the building of a new cell plate across the dividing cell at its equator. Cell wall material is then deposited 存放堆积in the region of the cell plate.在动物细胞中,环形肌动蛋白丝延赤道板收缩而使细胞一分为二｡在植物细胞中,在赤道板形成新的细胞板｡Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual ReproductionMeiosis 减数is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive 生殖organs that produce sex cells. Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential 连续的nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis Ⅱ). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes. Hence 因此, the homologous 同源的chromosomes distributed 分布to different progeny 后裔cells are not identical同样的.减数分裂是性细胞分裂的特殊形式｡如有丝分裂,它也是发生在DNA复制后并有连续的两个核分裂｡产生4个子细胞,分别含有亲本一半的染色体数｡As in mitosis two chromatids exist for each chromosome at the beginning of prophase 1. During this phase the homologous 同源chromosomes undergo 经历sy-napsis 联会, or pairing, which is brought about by a bridging structure of proteins andRNA called the synaptonemal 联会丝的complex. The homologous pairs stay together when they align 排列on themetaphase 中plate. Unlike the anaphase of mitosis, however, during anaphase I the two chromatids of each chromosomestay joined at the centromere 着丝点and move together to one of the two poles of the cell. It is this event that results in thehalving 减半的of the chromosome number in the four daughter cells that result from meiosis.正如在有丝分裂中一样,两个同源染色单体通过蛋白质和RNA桥配对形成联会复合体｡与有丝分裂不同的是,每组染色体的两个染色单体连接在着丝点上并一起移向细胞两极的一级｡由此而导致4个子细胞染色体数减半｡During telophase末期I nuclear envelopes enclose the chromosomes in nuclei, and in most species cytokinesis 细胞浆流动(the first nuclear division) follows. The second nuclear division begins with metaphase Ⅱ, in which the chromosomes ineach daughter cell again align 排列on a metaphase plate. The centromeres着丝粒finally divide, and each sister chromatidmoves to one of the poles of the spindle. The next phase is telophase , followed again by cytokinesis. The result of the entireprocess is four haploid cells in which parental chromosomes are randomly distributed.第二次核分裂开始于分裂中期,子细胞中染色体重新排列在赤道板上｡着丝粒最终分离,每个姊妹染色单体分向两极｡接着胞质分裂｡产生4个单倍体,父母染色体随机分配｡Asexual Versus Sexual ReproductionMitosis and meiosis, respectively分别, make simple cell division and sexual reproduction possible. Each means ofpassing on hereditary 遗传information has advantages. In asexual 无性的reproduction the parent organism生物体givesrise to offspring 后代that are genetic clones of the parent. The advantages of this type of reproduction are that it preservesthe parent's successful genetic complement 遗传互补, requires little or no specialization of reproductive organs, and is morerapid than sexual reproduction. A major disadvantage of the asexual mode is that a single catastrophic灾难的event ordisease may destroy an entire population of genetically identical organisms. A prime benefit of sexual reproduction is that it provides genetic variability and a ready mechanism机制for the elimination of deleterious mutations. It also allows "new"gene forms to arise and spread through populations.有丝分裂和减数分裂在传递遗传信息过程中各有优势｡体细胞的繁殖就是父母本的克隆,其优势是保留了父母本的成功遗传信息,不需要特殊器官,比性复制快的多｡但一个简单灾难性事件或疾病都可能摧毁一个细胞群体｡性复制的优势是它提供了遗传可变性和现存排除有害突变的机制｡也可以产生新的基因并在种群中蔓延｡课后作业:第一篇阅读材料答案:1C,2B,3D,4B,5A,6DLesson Four(2学时)Foundations of GeneticsEarly Theories of inheritaneeEarly ideas of inheritance included Hippocrates' theory of pangenesis and August Weismands germ plasm theory. Based on experiments with mice, Weismann proposed that hereditary information in gametes transmitted traits to progeny. Both of these early views incorporated the blending theory: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct characteristics of each are lost in offspring.遗传学的早期理论包括泛生说和种质理论｡基于小鼠实验,维丝曼提出遗传信息储存在配子中并将遗传信息传递给后代｡这两个早期观点合起来形成融合理论:子代拥有父母本混合的遗传特征,而不完全象亲代｡Gregor Mendel and the Birth of GeneticsGregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk in the monastery at Brunn, Austria, is known as the "father of genetics." Having been exposed to theories of the particulate nature of matter while a university student and having a background in mathematics, Mendel carried out a series of carefully planned experiments that demonstrated the particulate nature of heredity. His revolutionary ideas were neither understood nor accepted until many years after Mendel died.孟德尔,众所周知的遗传学之父,是一名修道士｡当他还是大学生时就提出了物质的粒子属性｡孟德尔进行了一系列周密安排的实验来证实遗传的颗粒性｡直到他去世后,他的理论才被理解和接受｡Mendel's Classic ExperimentsMendel studied genetics through plant-breeding experiments with the garden pea, a plant species that is self-fertilizing and breeds true (each offspring is identical to the parent in the trait of interest). To test the blending theory, he focused his research on seven distinct characters. Each of these characters, such as seed color and plant height, present only two, clear-cut possibilities. He also recorded the type and number of all progeny produced from each pair of parent pea plants, and followed the results of each cross for two generations.孟德尔通过豌豆实验研究遗传学,豌豆是自花授粉植物和纯品系｡为验证融合理论,他的研究主要集中在7个特征上｡例如,种子颜色,植株高度,这些特征只有两个明确的可能性｡他记录了产生的每一个子代类型和数量,在杂交产生子2代｡For each of the characters he studied, Mendel found that one trait was dominant while the other was recessive. In the second filial (F2) generation, the ratio of dominant to recessive was 3:1. Mendel deduced that this result was possible only if each individual possesses only two hereditary units, one from each parent. The units Mendel hypothesized are today known as alleles, alternative forms of genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity. An organism that inherits identical alleles for a trait from each parent is said to be homozygous for that trait; if different alleles for a trait are inherited, the organism is heterozygous for that trait. When an organism is heterozygous for a trait, the resulting phenotype for that trait expresses only the domi nant allele.Thus, the organism’s phenotype—its physical appearance and properties-differs from its genotype, which may include both a dominant and a recessive allele. A pictorial representation of all possible combinations of a genetic cross is known as a Punnett square.。
专业英语词汇表
architecture n. 体系结构artillery shell 炮弹conveyor n. 传送带flip-flop n. 触发器geothermal adj. 地热的off-peak adj. 非高峰的Ohm n. 欧姆wye n. Y形联结，星形联结，三通character recognition 文字识别pattern recognition 模式识别abound v. 大量存在accelerate v. 加速access v. 存取，接近accessory n. 附件accommodate v. 容纳，使适应acoustic adj. 听觉的acoustic sensor 声传感器，声敏元件acronym n. 首字母缩写词active adj. 主动的，有源的active network 有源网络actuator n. 执行器ad hoc 尤其，特定地address n. 寻址address generators 地址发生器adjoint n., adj. 伴随（的），共轭（的）admissible adj. 可采纳的，允许的advent n. 出现aerodynamic adj. 空气动力学的aerodynamics n. 空气动力学，气体力学aesthetically adv. 美术地，美学地aforementioned adj. 上述的，前面提到的agility n. 灵活，便捷agility n. 灵活，便捷AI 人工智能air gap 气隙airgap = air gap 气隙air-to-close (AC) adj. 气关的air-to-open (AO) adj. 气开的albeit conj. 虽然algebraic equation 代数方程alignment n. 组合all-electric range 全电动行驶里程alleviate v. 减轻，缓和allowance for finish 加工余量alloy n. 合金alnico n. 铝镍钴合金，铝镍钴永磁合金aloft adv. 高高地alphanumeric adj. 字母数字混合的alternative n. 可供选择的办法altitude n. 海拔aluminum n. 铝amortisseur n. 阻尼器amplifier n. 放大器amplify v. 放大amplitude n. 振幅anthropomorphically adv. 拟人地anti-alias filter 抗混叠滤波器APICS = American Production andInventory Control Society 美国生产与库存管理学会apparatus n. 一套仪器，装置approach n. 途径，方法；研究aptness n. 恰当arbitrary adj. 任意的arbitrary adj. 任意的architecture n. 架构archive v. 存档argument n. 辐角，相位arithmetic-logic unit 算术逻辑部件armature n. 电枢，衔铁，加固arrival angle 入射角arrival point 汇合点artificial intelligence 人工智能ASIC = Application SpecificIntegrated Circuit 特定用途集成电路assembly n. 装置，构件assembly line 装配生产线assumption n. 假设asymmetric adj. 不对称的asymptote n. 渐进线asymptotically stable 渐近稳定asynchronous adj. 异步的asynchronous adj. 异步的at rest 处于平衡状态at the most 至多attached adj. 附加的attain v. 达到，实现attenuate v. 减弱attenuation n. 衰减attitude n. 姿态audio adj. 音频的auto-isolation n. 自动隔离autonomous adj. 自治的autonomous adj.自治的，自激的auto-restoration n. 自动恢复供电auto-sectionalizing n. 自动分段auxiliary material 辅助材料axon n. 轴突backlash n. 齿隙游移bandwidth n. 带宽bar code scanner 条码扫描仪baud n. 波特become adept in 熟练bench mark 基准点bias n. 偏压bi-directional adj. 双向的binary adj. 二进制的binary-coded adj. 二进制编码的biomass n. 生物质biopsy n. 活体检查bipolar adj. 双向的BJT 双极结型晶体管blackout n. （大区域的）停电BLDM 无刷直流电动机block diagram algebra 方块图计算（代数）boiler n. 汽锅，锅炉Boolean algebra 布尔代数boost chopper 升压式变压器bound v. 限制bracket v. 加括号break frequency 转折频率breakaway point 分离点breakdown n. 击穿，雪崩breakover n. 导通brush n. 电刷buck chopper 降压式变压器building automation 楼宇自动化building automation 楼宇自动化building blocks 积木bulky adj. 庞大的，笨重的bus-compatible adj. 总线兼容的bypass n. 旁路；v. 设旁路by-product n. 副产品CAD = Computer-aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAE = Computer-aided Engineering计算机辅助工程cage n. 笼子，笼形calibrate v. 校准calibration n. 校准，标度calibration n. 校准，标度calibration n. 校准，检查CAM = Computer-aidedManufacturing 计算机辅助制造can n. 密封外壳CAN 控制器局域网，一种现场总线capacitor n. 电容器carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物carrier n. 载波，载体cascade n., v. 串联；adj. 串联的Cellular telephones 蜂窝电话census n. 人口统计central processing unit (CPU) 中央处理器ceramic adj. 陶瓷的chain n. 串channel n. 信道character recognition 文字识别characteristic adj. 特性(的)；n. 特性曲线characteristic equation 特征方程chlorophyll n. 叶绿素chopper n. 斩波器christen v. 命名为christen v. 命名为CIM = Computer IntegratedManufacturing 计算机集成制造circuit breaker 断路器circuitry n. 电路circumstance n. 状况，环境clamp v. 箝位，定位clock-driven adj. 时钟驱动的clock-driven adj. 时钟驱动的closed-loop n. 闭环close-knit adj. 紧密的close-knit adj. 紧密的CNC = Computer Numerical Control计算机数字控制cockpit n. 坐舱coefficient n. 系数coil n. 绕组，线圈；v. 盘绕coincide v. 一致combustible adj. 易燃的，可燃的combustion n. 燃烧commercial off the shelf (COTS)商业现货commercially adv. 工业地，商业地commissioning n. 试车，试运转commissioning n. 试车，试运转commit v. 保证common logarithm 常对数commutator n. 换向器，整流器complement v. 补充，求补complex adj. 复数的；n. 复数compound-wound DC motor 复励直流电动机comprehensive adj. 综合（性）的comprehensive adj. 综合（性）的comprise v. 包含computer simulation 计算机仿真concentrated coil 集中绕组conduction n. 导电，传导configuration n. 构造，结构configuration n. 轮廓，格局confine v. 限制（在……范围内）conjugate adj. 共轭的conjunction n. 结合conjunction n. 联合consecutive adj. 连续的console n. 控制台constancy n. 恒定constant matrix 常数矩阵constant-speed adj. 恒速的constitute v. 构造，组织constraint n. 强迫，约束constraint n. 约束条件consuming adj. 控制的continuity n. 连续性continuum n. 连续contour n. 轮廓，外形contradiction n. 矛盾control panel 控制盘controllabillity n. 能控性control-oriented adj. 面向控制的converge v. 汇合converge v. 集中，汇聚，收敛converter n. 逆变器，整流器converter n. 转换器，换流器，变流器conveyor n. 传送带，传送机convolution n. 卷积coordinate n. 坐标，同等的人或物copper-clad n. 镀铜core n. 铁心corresponding adj. 相应的cost-effective adj. 性能价格比（高）的coulomb friction 库仑摩擦counterclockwise adj. 逆时针的counterpart n. 对应物，配对物criteria n. 标准criteria n. 判据critically damped 临界阻尼CRM = Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理crossover frequency 穿越频率CRT 阴极射线管crust n. 外壳crystal n. 晶体CSMA/BA 载波侦听多路访问/位仲裁CSMA/BA 载波侦听多路访问/位仲裁CSMA/CD 载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测CSMA/CD 载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测culmination n. 顶点，极点cumbersome adj. 麻烦的cumulative adj. 累积的curbside n. 路边current-fed inverter 电流源型逆变器custom adj. 定制的cycloconverter n. 交–交变频器cycloconverter n. 周波变换器cylindrical adj. 圆柱形的damp v. 阻尼，减幅，衰减damper winding 阻尼绕组damping n. 阻尼；adj. 阻尼的data acquisition 数据采集data encryption 数字加密data filtering 数字滤波data fusion 数据融合data logging 数据记录dead substation transfer 故障变电站转移deadband n. 死区deadlock n. 死锁，僵局debugging n. 调试decay v. 衰减decibel n. 分贝decimal adj. 十进制的decode v. 解码，译码decompose v. 分解decouple v. 解耦，退耦decrement n. 减少量deduce v. 演绎de-facto adj. 事实上的，实际的deferment n. 延期，暂缓deflection n. 偏（离，差）delta n. 希腊字母（），三角形（物）demagnetization n. 去磁，退磁dendrite n. 树突denominator n. 分母departure angle 出射角dependent variable 应变量depict v. 描述deplete v. 耗尽，使衰竭derivation n. 导数derivation n. 起源，得来destabilize v. 使打破平衡，使不稳定destabilize v. 使打破平衡，使不稳定detector n. 探测器deteriorate v. 恶化，变坏determinant n. 行列式determinism n. 确定性deterministic adj. 确定的deterministic adj. 确定的detractor n. 批评者detrimental adj. 不利的develop v. 导出，引入development system 开发系统deviation n. 偏差diagnosis n. 诊断dial-out 拨叫dictate v. 命令，要求diesel n. 柴油机difference equation 差分方程differential adj. 差的，差别的differential adj. 微分的；n. 微分differential equation 微分方程differentiate v. 微分diode n. 二极管，半导体二极管direct memory access (DMA) 直接存储器访问discontinuity n. 不连续discrete adj. 离散的discrete adj. 离散的discrete adj. 离散的；分离的displace v. 转移display screen 显示屏disrupt v. 干扰，扰乱distortion n. 失真distributed adj. 分散的，分布的distributed parameter 分散参数distribution n. 分配，分布，配电disturbance n. 扰动disturbance n. 扰动disturbance n. 扰动，干扰diversification n. 多样化domain n. 域，领域dominate v. 支配，使服从dominating pole 主极点dope v. 掺入dry friction 干性摩擦dual adj. 双的，对偶的，孪生的dual slop 双积分duplex adj. 全双工的duty ratio 占空比，功率比dynamic response 动态响应dynamics n. 动力学dynamics n. 动态特性eigenvalue n. 特征根eigenvalue n. 特征值（eigen- 特征）elapse v. 经过elastic adj. 有弹性的electric charge 电荷electrocardiogram n. 心电图electrochemical adj. 电化学的electrochemical adj. 电化学的electrochemical adj. 电气化学的electroencephalogram n. 脑电图electromechanical adj. 机电的，电机的electronic messages (mail) 电子信息，邮件electrooptical adj. 电光的eliminate v. 消除eliminate v. 消除，对消elongate v. 延长，拉长embark v. 从事，着手emf（electromotive force ) 电动势emitter n. 发射极emulation n. 竞争encircle v. 环绕enclose v. 围绕encoder n. 编码器encompass v. 包含encounter v. 遇到end effector 终端执行机构end-effectors n. 末端执行器ensuing adj. 相继的entail v., n. 负担，需要entry n. 入口equivalent adj. 等价的；n. 等价equivalent adj. 同等的，等效的；n. 同等，等效erasable adj. 可擦除的ERO = Enterprise Resourceoptimization 企业资源优化ERP = Enterprise Resources Planning企业资源计划estimation n. 预测，估计ethanol n. 乙醇evaluation n. 估计evaporate v. （使）蒸发，（使）变为气体even adj. 偶数的even multiple 偶数倍event-driven adj. 事件驱动的event-driven adj. 事件驱动的evolve v. 开展，进化，逐渐形成excitation n. 激励exploit v. 开发exponential adj. 指数的；n. 指数extreme adj. 极端的；n. 极端的事情/情况fabrication n. 构成，组成，制作facilitate v. 使容易，促进factor n. 因子；v. 分解因式factored adj. 可分解的factory floor 工厂车间fail-closed (FC) adj. 无信号则关的fail-open (FO) adj. 无信号则开的Faraday n. 法拉第fast Fourier transforms 快速傅里叶变换fault tolerant 容错fault tolerant 容错fault-tolerant adj. 容错的feedback n. 反馈ferromagnetic adj. 铁磁性的，铁磁体的fetch v., n. 取来fictitious adj. 假想的field n. 域，字段field winding n. 励磁绕组field-weakening n. 弱磁filter n. 滤波器filter v. 滤波filtering technique 滤波技术final value 终值firing angle 触发角flash converter 闪速转换器fleet n. 车队；adj. 快速的flextime n. 灵活定时上班制floating-point adj. 浮点的flux n. 磁通force commutated 强制换向force-commutation n. 强制换向forcing frequency 强制频率foregoing adj. 前面的，以上的formulation n. 公式化（表达）forward biased 正向偏置fouling n. 阻塞Fourier series 傅里叶级数fraction n. 分数，小数fractional adj. 分数的fractional adj. 小数的frame n. 机壳，机座framework n. 构架，结构freewheeling n. 单向传动fuel cell 燃料电池full-scall adj. 满量程的functionality n. 功能性fundamental n. 基本原理fusion n. 融合fuzzy adj. 模糊的fuzzy adj. 模糊的gain n. 增益galvanometer n. 电流计，安培计gate n. 门，门电路general form 一般形式generalize v. 概括，一般化，普及generalize v. 一般化，普及generator n. 发生器，发电机geologically adv. 地质学地，地质地geometry n. 几何学，几何形状geothermal adj. 地热的germanium n. 锗get around 回避，躲开globally stable 全局稳定gouge v. 挖graphic equalizer 图像均衡器greenhouse n. 温室grid n. 格子，网格gripper n. 抓手，夹持器gross national product 国民生产总值ground source heat pump 地源热泵group control system 群控系统guarantee v., n. 保证，担保guidance system 引导（导航）系统habitat n. 栖息地，居留地hairline n. 游丝，细测量线Hamiltonian 哈密尔顿的handheld terminal 手持终端handheld terminal 手持终端handshaking n. 握手hardware n. 硬件hardwired adj. 电路的，硬件连线实现的hard-wired n. 硬接线harmonics n. 谐波harmonics n. 谐波harmonics n. 谐波harmonize v. 协调harness v. 利用harness v. 利用（河流、瀑布等）产生动力(尤指电力)harsh adj. 苛刻的harsh adj. 苛刻的hexadecimal adj. 十六进制的hierarchical adj. 分级的hierarchical adj. 分级的，分层的hierarchy v. 层次，级别hierarchy v. 层次，级别high end 高端Hilbert transforms n. 希尔伯特变换holding current 保持电流homogeneous solution 通解homomorphic processing 同态处理horizontally adv. 水平地horsepower n. 功率horsepower n. 马力，功率hot exchanger 热交换器housekeeping n. 常规事务hub height 塔杆高度humanoid robot 类人机器人Hurwitz criterion 赫尔维茨判据hybrid adj. 混合的hybrid adj. 混合的hybrid n. 混合hydraulic adj. 水力的，液压的hydraulic cylinder 液压缸hydro adj. 水电的hydroelectric adj. 水电的hydro-electric adj. 水力发电的hydrogen n. 氢hysteresis n. 滞回线I/O-mapped adj. 输入/输出映射的（单独编址）identification n. 辨识，识别identify v. 确认，识别，辨识identify oneself with (in) 参与，和……打成一片identity n. 一致性，等式IGBT 绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGCT 集成门极换向晶闸管igit n. 位数imaginary axis 虚轴immerse v. 沉浸，浸入imperfection n. 不完全，不足，缺点implement v. 实现implementation n. 实现，履行imply v. 包含improper integral 奇异（无理）积分impulse v. 冲激in series 串联inactive n. 不活动，停止incidentally adv. 偶然地incline to 倾向于incline to 倾向于incorporation n. 合并，结合increment n. 增量incur v. 招致indentation n. 缺口independent variable 自变量in-depth adv. 深入地induction machine 感应电机inductor n. 电感器infeasible adj. 不可行的infeasible adj. 不可行的infinitesimal adj. 无限小的inherent adj. 固有的inhibit v. 抑制initial condition 初始条件initial value 初值input device 输入设备insensitive adj. 不敏感的insofar as 到这样的程度，在……范围内instruction set 指令集instruction set 指令集instrument n. 仪器，工具instrument transformer 仪表（用）互感器integer n. 整数integral n. 积分integrate v. 积分integrated circuit 集成电路integro-differential equation 微积分方程interactive adj. 交互式的interchangeably adv. 可交换地interconnect v. 互相连接interdisciplinary adj. 跨学科的interface n. 界面interpret v. 解释，解析intersect v. 相交intersection n. 相交，逻辑乘法interval n. 间隔intrinsic adj. 固有的，体内的，本征intrinsic adj. 内在的intrusive adj. 侵入的intuition n. 直觉intuitively adv. 直观地inventory n. 仓库管理inverse n. 反，逆，倒数inverse transform 反（逆）变换inverter n. 逆变器irrelevance n. 不相干，不切题irrespective adj. 不考虑的ISDN = Integrate Service DigitalNetwork 综合业务数据网isocline n. 等倾线isolation transformer 隔离变压器isosceles adj. 等腰的IT = Information Technology 信息技术iterative adj. 重复的，反复的Jacobian matrix 雅戈比矩阵JIT = Just-in-time 即时(生产)jitter n. 抖（颤）动，颠簸jitter n. 抖（颤）动，颠簸justify v. 证明kernel n. 内核kinematics n. 运动学Kirchhoff’s first law 基尔霍夫第一定律knowledge-based adj. 基于知识的lag n. 滞后lag v., n. 延迟lagging n. 滞后lagging n. 滞后，迟滞Lagrangian 拉格朗日的laminated adj. 分层的，叠片的landslide n. 泥石流Laplace transformation 拉普拉斯变换latch v. 抓住，占有；n. 寄存器latching current 闭锁电流latent heat 潜伏热latticework n. 格子layout n. 布置，规划，设计，敷设lead n. 超前lead n. 导线lead n. 引线leading adj. 超前的leakage n. 漏leakage current 漏电流lease v. 出租least-significant bit (LSB) 最低有效位Liapunov 李亚普诺夫limit cycle 极限环line to line voltage 线电压linear vector space 线性矢量空间linearazation n. 线性化linearization n. 线性化linearization n. 线性化load flow 潮流load tap changer 负载抽头开关转换器local communication networks 局域网localization n. 定位locally stable 局域稳定location n. （存储）单元look-up table 查询表loop current 回路电流lumped adj. 集中的lumped adj. 集总的lumped adj. 集总的lumped parameter 集中参数machine tool 机床magnetic tape drive 磁带机magnitude n. 幅值mainstream n. 主流mammography n. 胸部透视mandatory adj. 命令的，强制的，托管的manipulate v. 处理manipulated variable 操纵量manipulator n. 操纵型机器人，机器手marshaled n. 整顿，配置marshaled n. 整顿，配置matrix n. 矩阵pl. matricesmatrix n. 模型，矩阵matrix algebra 矩阵代数MCT MOS控制晶闸管mechanical power 机械功率mechanism n. 机理（制），作用，原理mechanize v. 使机械化medium access control (MAC) 媒质访问控制medium access control (MAC) 媒质访问控制memory-mapped adj. 存储器映射的（统一编址）merit n. 优点；指标，准则mesh n. 网孔methanol n. 甲醇micro/nano robot 微/纳米机器人micro-manipulation n. 微操作millennium n. 一千年minimize v. （使）最小化minimum phase 最小相位mirror v. 镜像misinterpretation n. 曲解，误译misleading indication 导致错误的读数model n. 模型v. 建模modeling n. 建模moderate adj. 缓和的moderate adj. 缓和的modification n. 修正，修改modulating n. 调制modulating n. 调制monolithic adj. 单片的more or less 或多或少most-significant bit (MSB) 最高有效位moveable-pointer indicator 动针式仪表moveable-scale indicator 动圈式仪表MRAC 模型参考自适应控制MRP = Material RequirementsPlanning 物料需求计划MRPⅡ= Manufacturing ResourcePlanning 制造资源计划multiplexer n. 多路器（开关）multiplication n. 复合性multiply v. 加倍，倍增multipoint indictor 多点式仪表multirange indictor 多量程式仪表multistage adj. 多级的，多步的multivariable adj. 多变量的multivariable n. 多变量mundane adj. 平凡的n-dimensional adj. n维的net n. 净值；adj. 净值的network n. 网络，电路network n. 网络，电路neural network 神经网络neuron n. 神经元neutral adj. 中性的；n. 中性线nitrogen n. 氮nonlinear adj. 非线性的nonsalient adj. 非凸起的，隐藏的notch n. 换相点，换级点nullify v. 无效numerator n. 分子numerical adj. 数值（字）的numerical adj. 数字的observability n. 能观性observable adj. 可观测的obsolete adj. 废弃的，淘汰的，过时的ochronous n. 同步的，等时的ochronous n. 同步的，等时的octal adj. 八进制的odd multiple 奇数倍offset n. 静差omit v. 省略on the order of 属于同类的，约为onboard adj. 随车携带的ongoing v. 使机械化ongoing v. 使机械化opcode n. 操作码opening n. 开度open-loop n. 开环operand n. 操作数operational mathematics 工程数学optimal control 最优控制optimal control 最优控制order n. 阶ordinary differential equation 常微分方程organism n. 生物体，有机体orifice n. 孔，口origin n. 原点originate v. 发生oscillation n. 振荡oscillatory adj. 振荡的outage n. 暂时停电outline n. 轮廓；v. 提出……的要点output device 输出设备overdamped adj. 过阻尼的overlap v., n. 重叠override v., n. 超过，压倒overshoot n. 超调overshoot n. 超调量overwhelming adj. 压倒一切的package n. 包parallel n. 类似parameter n. 参数partial differential equation 偏微分方程partial fraction expansion 部分分式展开式particular solution 特解passionate adj. 激烈的passive adj. 被动的，无源的passive network 无源网络patch v. 修补pattern recognition 模式识别peak time 峰值时间pedal n. 踏板performance criteria 性能指标performance index 性能指标periodic adj. 周期性的peripheral n. 外围设备，外设periphery n. 外围permanent-magnet DC motor 永磁直流电动机personnel n. 人员，职员phase n. 状态，相位phase controlled 相控的phase sequence 相序phase-lag n. 相位滞后phase-lead n. 相位超前phase-locked loops 锁相环phase-plane equation 相平面方程philosophy n. 原理，原则photosynthesis n. 光合作用photovoltaic adj. 光电的piecewise adj. 分段的piecewise continuous 分段连续piecewise continuous 分段连续piggy-back adj. 背负式的pilot n. 飞行员planning application 规划申请plant n. 机器，设备被控对象plot v. 绘图n. 曲线图pneumatic adj. 气动的pneumatic adj. 气动的pneumatic adj. 气动的polar plot 极坐标图polarity n. 极性polarity n. 极性pole-top n. 杆顶poll v. 登记，通信，定时询问polling n. 轮询pollutant n. 污染物质polymer n. 聚合物polynomial n. 多项式porcelain adj. 瓷制的portability n. 轻便portrait n. 描述portrait n. 肖像，描写，型式positive definite 正定postindustrial adj. 后工业的potassium n. 钾potential n. (电)势power boost 功率助推装置power factor 功率因数power MOSFET 电力MOS场效应晶体管power plant 发电厂preact v.; n. 超前；提前修正量precursor n. 先驱predictable adj. 可断定的prediction n. 预测predominance n. 优势predominantly adv. 卓越地，突出地predominantly adv. 卓越地，突出地preloadable adj. 预载的preset adj. 事先调整的prevalent adj. 流行的prevent…from doing 使……不……primary storage (memory) 主存储器prime mover 原动机principal adj. 主要的private LAN 专用局域网probability theory 概率论procedure n. 程序，过程processor n. 处理器product n. 乘积proliferate v. 激增property n. 性质proponent n. 提倡者proportional to 与……成正比的propulsion n. 推进，推进力protocol n. 协议protocol n. 协议prototype n. 原型（机）proximity sensor 接近传感器PSDN 公共交换数据网Pulsate v. 脉动，跳动，振动pulse-width modulation 脉宽调制punctuation n. 标点符号pyrometric adj. 高温测量的quadrant n. 象限quadratic adj. 二次的；n. 二次方程quadratic adj. 二次方的quadrature encoder 正交编码器qualitatively adv. 定性地quasi adj. 近似的quench v. 熄灭queuing theory 排队论R & D = Research and Development研究与开发rack n. 架子，导轨radically adv. 完全地radioactive adj. 放射性的，有辐射能的radiologist n. 放射线专家radius n. 半径radix n. 权random adj. 随机的rated adj. 额定的，设计的，适用的rationale n. 理论，原理的阐述reachability n. 能达到性reactive organic gas 反应性有机气体real axis 实轴real estate 不动产real estate 不动产real-time adj. 实时的reboot n. 重新启动rechargeable adj. 可再充电的recloser n. 自动重合闸装置（开关）recognition n. 认识recovery n. 恢复rectification n. 整流rectifier n. 整流器recurrent adj. 再发生的，循环的redundancy n. 冗余redundancy n. 冗余regulatory control 调节控制relay n. 继电器relay n. 继电器relentlessly adv. 无情地，残酷地relevance n. 关联remainder n. 余数renewable adj. 可再生的represent v. 代表，表示，阐明representation n. 表示符号request n. 请求reserve capacity 储备功率reset rate 复位速率reset time 复位时间residential property 住宅物业resistance n. 阻抗resistor n. 电阻器resolution n. 分辨率resonance n. 共振，共鸣responsiveness n. 响应retrieval n. 取回，补偿，提取retrieve v. 检索retrofit v. 更新，改进retrospectively adv. 回顾地reusability n. 可用性reveal v. 显现，揭示reverse v., n. 反转；adj. 变换极性的reverse biased 反向偏置revolution n. 旋转rheostat n. 变阻器rigidity n. 严格rigorous adj. 严密的，精确的rim n. 边，轮缘ripple n. 波纹，波动RISC = Reduction Instruction SetComputer 精简指令集计算机rise time 上升时间rms = root-mean-square 有效值，方均根robotics n. 机器人学，机器人技术root locus gain 根轨迹增益rotating-dial indicator 旋盘式仪表rotating-drum indicator 旋鼓式仪表rotor n. 转子Routh criterion 劳斯判据routines n. 程序rugged adj. 结实的，耐用的sabotage n. 破坏salient adj. 凸起的，突出的sample v. 采样sample-and-hold n. 采样保持sampled-data n. 采样数据saturation n. 饱和saturation n. 饱和saturation n. 饱和scalability n. 可测量性scalability n. 可测量性scalar adj. 数量的，标量的；n. 数量，标量scale n. 刻度schedule v. 调度scheme n. 方法，形式，示意图schottky diode 肖基特二极管SCM = Supply Chain Management供应链管理seamless adj. 无缝的secondary storage (memory) 辅助存储器secure adj. 可靠的，放心的，无虑的semicircle n. 半圆形semiconductor n. 半导体semigraphic adj. 半图解的semilog paper 半对数坐标（纸）sensor n. 传感器sensor n. 传感器series-wound DC motor 串励直流电动机servo n. 伺服servo control 伺服控制servo control system 伺服控制系统settling time 调节时间shared resource 共享资源shifting theorem 平移定理shunt-wound DC motor 并励直流电动机shutdown v. 关闭sign n. 符号significance n. 意义silicon n. 硅simplicity n. 简单simulation n. 仿真simultaneously adv. 同时地single-precision adj. 单精度的sinusoidal adj. 正弦的SIT 静态感应晶体管sketch v., n. （绘）草图，素描slew rate 转换速度slip n. 转差（率）slop n. 斜率slot n. 槽sluggish adj. 惰性的，缓慢的SMPS 开关电源snubber n. 缓冲器，减震器socket n. 插座socket n. 插座solar collector 太阳能集热器soma n. 体细胞sophisticated adj. 非常复杂、精密或尖端的sophisticated adj. 复杂精密的span n. 测量范围spatial adj. 空间的specification n. （复）规格spectrum n. （光）谱，领域，范围Speech recognition 语音识别spill n. 溢出split adj. 分离的spool v. 绕；n. 卷筒，线圈，阀柱spring n. 弹簧spur v. 刺激SQL 结构化查询语言square root extractor 开方器square-wave n. 方波stability n. 稳定性startup n. 启动state variable 状态变量state-controllable adj. 状态可控（制）的stationary adj. 静态的stator n. 定子status quo n. 现状steady-state n. 稳态steady-state 稳态step n. 阶跃（信号）step motor n. 步进电动机stepper motor 步进电动机stereotyped adj. 僵化的stereotyped adj. 僵化的stiff current source 恒流源stiff voltage source 恒压源stimulus n. 刺激，鼓励stochastic adj. 随机的stored program 存储程序straight-forward adj. 直截了当的，简单的strategic adj. 战略的strategy n. 方法strobe v. 选通，发选通脉冲subharmonics n. 次谐波suboptimal adj. 次优的subscript n. 下标，角注，索引subsequent adj. 后序的substation n. 变电站substation load transfer 变电站负荷转移substitute n. 代替substitution n. 代替succeed v. 继……之后，接替successive approximation 逐次逼近superconductive adj. 超导的superimposed adj. 有层次的superimposed adj. 有层次的superposition n. 叠加superposition n. 叠加supersede v. 取代supervision n. 监督, 管理supervision n. 监视supplementary adj. 辅助的suppress v. 抑制susceptive adj. 对……敏感的；易受……影响的suspend v. 悬挂sustain v. 维持switched reluctance machine 开关磁阻电机symbolic adj. 符号的，记号的symmetrical adj. 对称的synapse n. 神经键synchronous condenser 同步调相机synchronous machine 同步电机synchronous speed 同步转速synthesis n. 综合system crash 系统崩溃tackle v. 处理tactile sensor 触觉传感器tangent adj. 切线的，正切的；n. 切线，正切tectonic adj. 构造的，建筑的temperature drift 温度漂移temporal adj. 暂时的tenant n. 承租人terminal n. 终端terminal n. 终端（机）terminal n. 终端（机）terminology n. 术语terminology n. 术语学the theory of residues 余数定理theme n. 题目，主题，论文theoretically adv. 理论上thereof adv. 将它（们）thermocouple n. 热电偶thermodynamics n. 热力学thermostat n. 恒温器Thevenin impedance 戴维南电路等效阻抗threshold n. 门限，阈限，极限threshold n. 阈throttle v. 调节（阀门）throttle v. 调节(阀门)，用(阀门)调节thyratron n. 闸流管thyristor n. 晶闸管time-invariant adj. 时不变的time-of-day n. 日历时钟tip n. 顶端tolerant adj. 容许的，容忍的topology n. 拓扑topology n. 拓朴结构topology n. 拓朴结构touch sensor 接触传感器trade deficit 贸易赤字trade off 换取trail-and-error n. 试凑法trajectories n. 轨迹，弹道trajectory n. 轨迹trajectory n. 轨迹trajectory n. 轨迹trajectory n. 轨迹，轨道transducer n. 传感器transducer n. 传感器，变换器transfer function 传递函数transformer n. 变压器transient adj. 暂态的，瞬态的，过渡的transient response 暂态响应transistor n. 晶体管transmitter n. 热敏电阻transparency n. 透明transparency n. 透明transponder n. 发射机应答器transponder n. 发射机应答器transputer n. 晶片机trapezoidal adj. 梯形的tray n. 盘子trench n. 电缆沟triac n. 三端双向晶闸管triangular adj. 三角的turbine n. 涡轮turbine n. 涡轮turn n. 匝数tutorial adj. 指导性的ultimate adj. 临界的unauthorized adj. 未授权的, 未经批准的underdampted adj. 欠阻尼的undergo v. 经历underlying adj. 根本的uniform adj. 一致的uniform adj. 一致的unilateral Fourier integral 单边傅里叶积分unity feedback system 单位反馈系统unparalleled adj. 无比的，空前的upset n. 干扰uranium n. 铀utility n. 公用事业设备vague adj. 含糊的, 不清楚的valid adj. 有效力的valve n. 阀门V AR 静态无功功率variable adj. 变化的，可变的；n.变量variable n. 变量variable-speed adj. 变速的variant adj. 不同的，替换的variational adj. 变化的，变种的vector n. 矢量vendor n. 卖主，供应商versus prep. ……对……vertically adv. 垂直地very large scale integrated circuits(VLSI) 超大规模集成电路via prep. 经由vice versa 反之亦然violently adv. 激烈地VIP = very important personvirtual reality 虚拟现实vista n. 展望volatile adj. 易变的volcano n. 火山voltage drop 电压降voltage-fed inverter 电压源型逆变器vortices n. vortex 的复数，旋转体（面）VRM 变磁阻电机VSS 变结构系统vulnerability n. 弱点vulnerability n. 弱点weight n. 权white paper 白皮书winding adj. 缠绕的；n. 线圈，绕组wiring n. 配线with respect to 相对于word length 字长workhorse n. 重载，重负荷workstation n. 工作站wound-rotor n. 绕线转子XML 可扩展标记语言yaw n. 偏航yield v. 推导出，得出。
生物质发电中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Biomass co-firing options on the emission reduction and electricity generation costs in coal-fired power plantsAbstractCo-firing offers a near-term solution for reducing CO2 emissions from conventional fossil fuel power plants. Viable alternatives to long-term CO2 reduction technologies such as CO2 sequestration, oxy-firing and carbon loop combustion are being discussed, but all of them remain in the early to mid stages of development. Co-firing, on the other hand, is a well-proven technology and is in regular use though does not eliminate CO2 emissions entirely. An incremental gain in CO2 reduction can be achieved by immediate implementation of biomass co-firing in nearly all coal-fired power plants with minimum modifications and moderate investment, making co-firing a near-term solution for the greenhouse gas emission problem. If a majority of coal-fired boilers operating around the world adopt co-firing systems, the total reduction in CO2 emissions would be substantial. It is the most efficient means of power generation from biomass, and it thus offers CO2 avoidance cost lower than that for CO2 sequestration from existing power plants. The present analysis examinesseveral co-firing options including a novel option external (indirect) firing using combustion or gasification in an existing coal or oil fired plant. Capital and operating costs of such external units are calculated to determine the return on investment. Two of these indirect co-firing options are analyzed along with the option of direct co-firing of biomass in pulverizing mills to compare their operational merits and cost advantages with the gasification option.1. IntroductionThe evidence of the effects of anthropogenic emission on global climate is overwhelming [1]. The threat of increasing global temperatures has subjected the use of fossil fuels to increasing scrutiny in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions. The issue of global warming needs to be addressed on an urgent basis to avoid catastrophic consequences for humanity as a whole.Socolow and Pacala [2] introduced the wedge concept of reducing CO2 emissions through several initiatives involving existing technologies, instead of a single future technology or action that may take longer to develop and stronger willpower to implement. A wedge represents a carbon-cutting strategy that has the potential to grow from zero today to avoiding 1 billion tons of carbon emissions per year by 2055. It has been estimated [3] that at least 15 strategies are currently available that, with scaling up, could represent a wedge of emissions reduction.Although a number of emission reduction options are available to the industry, many of them still face financial penalties for immediate implementation. Some measures are very site/location specific while others are still in an early stage of development. Carbon dioxide sequestration or zero emission power plants represent the future of a CO2 emissions-free power sector, but they will take years to come to the mainstream market. The cost of CO2 capture and sequestration is in the range of 40e60 US$/ton of CO2, depending on the type of plant and where the CO2 is stored [4,5]. This is a significant economic burden on the industry, and could potentially escalate the cost of electricity produced by as much as 60%.Canada has vast amounts of biomass in its millions of hectares of managed forests, most of which remain untapped for energy purposes. Currently, largequantities of the residues from the wood products industry are sent to landfill or are incinerated [6]. In the agricultural sector, grain crops produce an estimated 32 million tons of straw residue per year. Allowing for a straw residue of 85% remaining in the fields to maintain soil fertility, 5 million tons would still be available for energy use. Due to an increase in land productivity, significant areas of land in Canada, which were earlier farmed, are no longer farmed. These lands could be planted withfast-growing energy crops, like switch-grass offering potentially large quantities of biomass for energy production [6].Living biomass plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. So, its combustion/gasification for energy production is considered carbon neutral. Thus if a certain amount of biomass is fired in an existing fossil (coal, coke or oil) fuel fired plant generating some energy, the plant could reduce firing the corresponding amount of fossil fuel in it. Thus, a power plant with integrated biomass co-firing has a lower net CO2 contribution over conventional coal-fired plants.Biomass co-firing is one technology that can be implemented immediately in nearly all coal-fired power plants in a relatively short period of time and without the need for huge investments. It has thus evolved to be a near-term alternative to reducing the environmental impact of electricity generation from coal. Biomass co-firing offers the least cost among the several technologies/ options available for greenhouse gas reduction [7]. Principally, co-firing operations are not implemented to save energy but to reduce cost, and greenhouse gas emissions (in some cases). In a typical co-firing plant, the boiler energy usage will be the same as it is operated at the same steam load conditions (for heating or power generation), with the same heat input as that in the existing coal-fired plant. The primary savings from co-firing result from reduced fuel costs when the cost of biomass fuel is lower than that of fossil fuel, and avoiding landfill tipping fees or other costs that would otherwise be required to dispose of unwanted biomass. Biomass fuel at prices 20% or more below the coal prices would usually provide the cost savings needed [8].2. Co-firing optionsBiomass co-firing has been successfully demonstrated in over 150 installationsworldwide for a combination of fuels and boiler types [9]. The co-firing technologies employed in these units may be broadly classified under three types:i. Direct co-firing,ii. indirect co-firing, andiii. gasification co-firing.In all three options, the use of biomass displaces an equivalent amount of coal (on an energy basis), and hence results in the direct reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions to the atmosphere. The selection of the appropriate co-firing option depends on a number of fuel and site specific factors. The objective of this analysis is to determine and compare the economics of the different co-firing options. Brief descriptions of the three co-firing options are presented here.2.1. Direct co-firingDirect co-firing involves feeding biomass into coal going into the mills, that pulverize the biomass along with coal in the same mill. Sometime separate mills may be used or biomass is injected directly into the boiler furnace through the coal burners, or in a separate system. The level of integration into the existing plant depends principally on the biomass fuel characteristics.Four different options are available to incorporate biomass cofiring in pulverized coal power plants [10]. In the first option, the pre-processed biomass is mixed with coal upstream of the existing coal feeders. The fuel mixture is fed into the existing coal mills that pulverize coal and biomass together, and distribute it across the existing coal burners, based on the required co-firing rate. This is the simplest option, involving the lowest least capital costs, but has a highest risk of interference with the coal firing capability of the boiler unit. Alkali or other agglomeration/corrosion-causing agents in the biomass can build-up on heating surfaces of the boiler reducing output and operational time [11]. Furthermore, different combustion characteristics of coal and biomass may affect the stability and heat transfer characteristics of the flame [12]. Thus, this direct co-firing option is applicable to a limited range of biomass types and at very low biomass-to-coal co-firing ratios.The second option involves separate handling, metering, and pulverization of the biomass, but injection of the pulverized biomass into the existing pulverized fuel pipe-work upstream of the burners or at the burners. This option requires only modifications external to the boiler. One disadvantage would be the requirement of additional equipment around the boiler, which may already be congested. It may also be difficult to control and to maintain the burner operating characteristics over the normal boiler load curve.The third option involves the separate handling and pulverizationof the biomass fuel with combustion through a number of burners located in the lower furnace, dedicated to the burning of the biomass alone. This demands a highest capital cost, but involves the least risk to normal boiler operation as the burners are specifically designed for biomass burning and would not interfere with the coal burners.The final option involves the use of biomass as a reburn fuel for NOx emission control. This option involves separate biomass handling and pulverization, with installation of separate biomass fired burners at the exit of the furnace. As with the previous option, the capital cost is high, but risk to boiler operation is minimal.2.2. Indirect or external co-firingIndirect co-firing involves the installation of a completely separate biomass boiler to produce low-grade steam for utilization in the coal-fired power plant prior to being upgraded, resulting in higher conversion efficiencies. An example of this option is the Avedore Unit 2 project in Copenhagen, Denmark. In Canada, Greenfield Research Inc. has developed a similar CFB boiler design that utilizes a number of units of the existing power plant systems like ID fan etc. to reduce the capital cost. In this system, a subcompact circulating fluidized bed boiler is designed specifically to have a piggy-back ride on an existing power plant boiler. Since it is not a stand-alone boiler it does not need many of the equipment or component of a separate boiler. This unit releases flue gas at relatively high temperature and joins the existing flow stream of the parent coal-fired boiler after air heater. Thus, the flue gas from the co-firing unit does not come in contact with any heating elements of the existing boiler, thusavoiding the biomass related fouling or corrosion problem, which is the largest concern of biomass cofiring.This boiler is totally independent of the parent unit, and as such, any outage in the co-firing unit does not affect the generation of the parent plant. Thus this indirect combustion-based option offers high reliability. The piggy-back boiler produces low pressure steam feeding into the process steam header of the power plant. Fig. 1 shows the photograph of one such unit built by Greenfield Research Inc., for a 220MWe Pulverized coal-fired boiler in India. In this specific case, the piggy-back boiler fired waste fuel from the parent boiler as that was the need of the plant.2.3. Gasification co-firingCo-firing through gasification involves the gasification of solid biomass and combustion of the product fuel gas in the furnace of the coal-fired boiler. This approach offers a high degree of fuel flexibility. Since the gas can be injected directly into the furnace for burning, the plant can avoid expensive flue gas cleaning as one would need for syngas or fuel gas for diesel engines. As the enthalpy of the product gas is retained, this results in a very high energy conversion efficiency. If the biomass contains highly corrosive elements like chlorine, alkali etc., a certain amount of gas cleaning may be needed prior to its combustion in the furnace.Another important benefit of injection of gas in the furnace is that it serves as a gas-over firing designed to minimize NOx.Although less popular, indirect or external and gasification cofiring options have certain advantages, such as the possibility to use a wide range of fuels and easy removal of ash. Despite the significantly higher capital investment requirement, these advantages make these two options more attractive to utility companies in some cases.3. Current status of biomass co-firingThere are a number of co-firing installations worldwide, with approximately a hundred in Europe, 40 in the US and the remainder in Australia and Asia (Fig. 2) [9,13]. Most of these installations employ direct co-firing, mainly because it is the simplest and least cost option. Examples include the 635 MWe EPON Project of Gelderland Power Station in Holland which uses direct co-firing with waste wood andthe 150 MWe Studstrup Power Plant, Unit 1, near Aarhus, Denmark co-firing straw.Gasification co-firing is also an attractive option. Three examples of the plants operating on this type of co-firing are: the 137 MWe Zeltweg Power Plant in Styria in Austria, the AMERGAS biomass gasification project at the Amer Power Plant in Geertruidenberg, Holland, and the Kymiarvi power station at Lathi in Finland.The majority of biomass co-firing installations is operated at biomass: coal co-firing ratios of less than 10%, on a heat input basis. The successful operation of these plants shows that co-firing at low ratios does not pose any threat or major problems to the boiler operation.4.ConclusionCo-firing reduces the cost of CO2 reduction as its cost is potentially lower than that for CO2 sequestration in an existing power plant. For example, the cost of sequestration of 40e60$/ton of CO2 was much higher than the 33$/ton CO2 reduction cost through cofiring. The present analysis examines a special external co-firing option in an existing plant with two other co-firing options: direct combustion co-firing, and gasification based indirect co-firing. An analysis carried out for a plant in the eastern Canada indicates that direct co-firing can offer an IRR of more than twice that of indirect co-firing. Direct co-firing however suffers from a major uncertainty about fouling and corrosion of its superheater tubes, and breakdown of the mills while handling biomass. This loss, conservatively estimated at 1%, could have significant impact on the viability of the co-firing option. The novel external co-firing option, needs higher capital investment, but is entirely free from these uncertainties. For high alkali, high chlorine biomass with high moisture content, the loss in capacity factor could increase significantly. A sensitivity analysis of the effect of plant capacity factor on the IRR indicates a strong dependency of IRR on the Capacity Factor (CF). IRR reduces at an increasing rate for a steady loss of CF. However, the plant can operate viably even at a CF loss of 4%, offering an IRR of 22.2%.译文：生物质混燃的燃煤电厂减排和发电成本的选择混烧提供了减少传统化石燃料电厂的二氧化碳排放量近期解决方案。
生物与制药工程专业英语第三单元翻译
Apparatus--A specification for a definite size or type of container or apparatus in a test or assay is given solely as a recommendation, Where volumetric flasks or other exact measuring, weighing, or sorting devices are specified, this or other equipment of at least equivalent accuracy shall be employed. 仪器——为了一个明确的尺寸或规格类型的容器或设备在测验或分析给出了建议,纯粹,在培养皿或其他精确测量体积、计量、或排序装置是在合同中规定的;这个或其他设备至少应当使用等效精度。
Where low-actinic or light-resistant containers are specified, clear containers that have been rendered opague by application of a suitable coating r wrapping may be used. Where an instrument for physical measurement, such as a spectrophotometer, is speci fied in a test or assay by its distinctive name, another instrument of equivalent or greater sensitivity and accuracy may be used. In order to obtain solutions having concentrations that are adaptable to the working range of the instrument being used, solutions of proportionate. ly higher or lower concentrations may be prepared according to the solvents and proportions there of that are specified for the procedurecu .仪器——为了一个明确的尺寸或规格类型的容器或设备在测验或分析给出了建议,纯粹,在培养皿或其他精确测量体积、计量、或排序装置是在合同中规定的;这个或其他设备至少应当使用等效精度。
《材料科学专业英语》课程大纲
《材料科学专业英语》课程大纲一、课程概述课程名称（中文）：材料科学专业英语（英文）：Professional English for Materials课程编号：14351024课程学分：3学分课程总学时：48学时课程性质：专业课二、课程内容简介（300字以内）随着本科毕业生就业渠道的日益拓宽，对专业英语知识的需求也同样增加。
在了解基本的专业词汇的基础上，更需要对更为专业的表达方式和理论知识的英语表达具有一定的了解。
因此，本课程是大学英语教学的基础上，结合相关专业基础课程(如：高分子化学与物理、高分子材料、材料力学、生物质资源材料学等)和专业选修课程（如:纳米技术、生物质能源利用、功能性纤维等）开设的旨在提高学生使用英文对专业基础知识和技术资料进行阅读，并掌握英文论文的书写格写及英文论文摘要的写作技巧。
三、教学目标与要求通过学习有关专业科技英语的语法知识，了解和掌握英译汉的基本方法和翻译技巧，提高阅读和翻译速度。
培养学生顺利阅读科技及专业英文文献，并达到较高的翻译质量标准。
在此基础上，可以利用英语对本专业的简单问题进行口语交流。
四、教学内容与学时安排Introduction（4学时）1、教学目的要求了解学习专业英语的重要性；掌握本专业名称和主要课程的英文翻译；熟悉普通英语口语交流2、教学要点和难点第一节Why we need to lean professional English? （1学时）一、What is professional English?二、What can we learn from professional English?三、Is it any contribution of professional English to our future career?第二节What can we do in the professional English Class? （1学时）一、Learn how to read二、Learn how to write三、Learn how to use language freely第三节Do you know about in your major? （1学时）一、English name of our causes二、Main concerns of materials science三、Pioneer work in materials science第四节Can you introduce yourself to us? （1学时）一、Several essential points in your self introduction二、Oral English also important in language study三、Are you ready to enjoy losing your face?Chapter One Polymer Chemistry & polymer chains（12学时）1、教学目的要求掌握聚合物的定义和相关专业词汇，熟悉用英语表达常见高分子合成反应；了解分子量及其分布的英文表达方式2、教学要点和难点第一节What are Polymer ? （2学时）一、Definition of polymer and polymer science二、Development of polymer and polymer science三、Polymer and daily life第二节Polymerization method（2学时）一、Characterization of polymerization二、Catalogue of chemical polymerization method三、Chain reaction polymerization四、Step reaction polymerization五、Emulsion polymerization第三节Structure of Polymer chains（3学时）一、Polymer chains二、Conformation of polymer chains三、Molecular chains motion四、Movement of polymer chains五、Glass transition第四节Properties Polymer solution（3学时）一、Dissolution of polymer二、Definition of polymer solution三、Experimental investigation of polymer solution四、Application of polymer solution第五节Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers（2学时）一、Polymer size and shape二、Molecular weight average三、Determination method of molecular weight四、Determination method of molecular weight distributionChapter two Polymer Physics and properties（10学时）1、教学目的要求掌握用英语表达高分子的结构，熟悉用英语表达高分子力学性能；了解用英语表达高分子热学、电学和光学性能。
生物工程 生物技术专业英语课文翻译 完整版
第一章导论1.1 生物工程的特征生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。
生物技术利用病毒、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或者哺乳动物培养细胞作为工业化处理的组成部分。
只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。
生物工程过程一般包括细胞或菌体的生产和实现所期望的化学改造。
后者进一步分为：（a）终产物的构建（例如，酶，抗生素、有机酸、甾类）；（b）初始原料的降解（例如，污水处理、工业垃圾的降解或者石油泄漏）。
生物工程过程中的反应可能是分解代谢反应，其中复合物被分解为简单物质（葡萄糖分解代谢为乙醇），又或者可能是合成代谢反应或生物合成过程，经过这样的方式，简单分子被组建为较复杂的物质（抗生素的合成）。
分解代谢反应常常是放能反应过程，相反的，合成代谢反应为吸能过程。
生物工程包括发酵工程（范围从啤酒、葡萄酒到面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产），水与废品的处理、某些食品生产以及从生物治疗到从低级矿石种进行金属回收这些新增领域。
正是由于生物工程技术的应用多样性，它对工业生产有着重要的影响，而且，从理论上而言，几乎所有的生物材料都可以通过生物技术的方法进行生产。
据预测，到2000年，生物技术产品未来市场潜力近650亿美元。
但也应理解，还会有很多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法，按现有的生物分子模型进行合成，例如，以干扰为基础的新药。
因此，生命科学与化学之间的联系以及其与生物工程之间的关系更应阐释。
生物工程所采用的大部分技术相对于传统工业生产更经济，耗能低且更加安全，而且，对于大部分处理过程，其生产废料是经过生物降解的，无毒害。
从长远角度来看，生物工程为解决世界性难题提供了一种方法，尤其是那些有关于医学、食品生产、污染控制和新能源开发方面的问题。
1.2 生物工程的发展历史与一般所理解的生物工程是一门新学科不同的是，而是认为在现实中可以探寻其发展历史。
生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编__课文翻译
Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
材料专业英语
材料专业英语材料专业英语是材料科学与工程专业学生必须掌握的一门重要课程，它涉及到材料学的基本理论、材料工程的实际应用以及国际间的学术交流。
通过学习材料专业英语，学生不仅可以提高自己的英语水平，还可以更好地理解和应用材料学的相关知识。
本文将从课程内容、学习方法和实践应用三个方面进行介绍和探讨。
首先，材料专业英语的课程内容主要包括材料学的基本概念、材料性能表征、材料加工工艺、材料表面处理、材料工程设计等方面的知识。
学生在学习过程中需要掌握大量的专业术语和表达方式，同时还需要了解相关领域的国际最新研究成果和学术进展。
因此，学生需要通过大量的阅读、听力训练和写作练习来提高自己的语言能力，以便更好地理解和应用所学知识。
其次，学习材料专业英语的方法非常重要。
除了课堂学习外，学生还可以通过阅读相关领域的英文教材、期刊论文和学术著作来提高自己的语言水平。
此外，参加国际会议、交流学术观点，与国外学者进行学术交流也是提高英语水平的有效途径。
同时，学生还可以通过参加英语角、英语辩论等活动来提高自己的口语表达能力，从而更好地应对国际间的学术交流和合作。
最后，学习材料专业英语的实践应用非常重要。
随着我国材料科学与工程领域的不断发展，越来越多的国际合作项目和国际交流活动需要学生具备良好的英语能力。
因此，学生需要通过实际项目合作、学术交流和国际合作实习来提高自己的英语水平，为将来的学术研究和工程实践做好准备。
总之，材料专业英语是材料科学与工程专业学生必须掌握的重要课程，它不仅可以提高学生的英语水平，还可以更好地理解和应用材料学的相关知识。
通过合理的学习方法和实践应用，相信学生们一定可以在这门课程中取得良好的学习效果，为将来的学术研究和工程实践打下坚实的语言基础。
生物质外文翻译精编版
生物质外文翻译精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】China’sBiomassEnergy中国的生物质能源中国的能源蕴藏量位居世界前列，同时也是世界第二大能源生产国与消费国。
中国远景一次能源资源总储量估计为4万亿吨标准煤。
但是，人均能源资源占有量和消费量远低于世界平均水平。
中国能源开发利用呈现出以下主要特点。
一是能源以煤炭为主，可再生资源开发利用程度很低。
中国探明的煤炭资源占煤炭、石油、天然气、水能和核能等一次能源总量的90%以上，煤炭在中国能源生产与消费中占支配地位。
二是能源消费总量不断增长，能源利用效率较低。
随着经济规模的不断扩大，中国的能源消费呈持续上升趋势。
受资金、技术、能源价格等因素的影响，中国能源利用效率比发达国家低很多。
能源综合利用效率为32%，能源系统总效率为%，只有发达国家的50%左右。
三是随着能源消费量的持续上升，以煤炭为主的能源结构造成城市大气污染，过度消耗生物质能引起生态破坏，生态环境压力越来越大。
世界银行认为，中国空气和水污染所造成的经济损失，大体占国内生产总值的3%~8%。
四是能源结构正在向多元化转变，上世纪90年代中期以前还是能源自给率达98%，而目前已经成为仅次于美国的第二大原油进口国。
中国经济的高速发展是建立在能源共给充足的基础上的，但国际市场趋高的原油价格和中国日益增加的能源需求将成为摆在中国发展道路上的严峻课题。
中国的能源战略为实现全面建设小康社会的目标和应对能源长远发展遇到的严峻挑战，中国采取正确的能源战略具有决定性意义。
中国将吸取西方发达国家的成功经验，根据具体国情，建立符合中国特色的能源效率不断提高和环境保护日益加强的中长期可持续发展能源战略。
未来20年中国将实行“节能优先、结构多元、环境友好”的可持续能源发展战略。
将依靠体制创新和技术进步，实行能源国际化战略，力争实现GDP翻两番，能源消费翻一番的目际。
木材科学与工程专业的专业英语教学改革的研究与探索
Ｎ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｅ ａ ｓ ｔ Ｆ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｒ ｙ Ｕ ｎ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｔ ｙ ，Ｈ ａ ｒ ｂ ｉ ｎ １ ５ ０ ０ ４ ０ ）
Ａｂｓ ｔ ｒ ａ ｃ ｔ： Ｗ ｉ ｔ ｈ ｔ ｈｅ ｓ ｔ ｒ ｅ ｎ ｇ ｔ ｈｅ ｎｉ ｎ ｇ ｏ ｆ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｎ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｌ ｃ ｏ ｍｍｕ ｎ ｉ ｃ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｎ ｄ ｃ ｏ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｒ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｍｏ ｎｇ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｔ ｉ ｍｂｅ ｒ ｉ ｎ ｄｕ ｓ ｔ ｙ，ｔ ｒ ｈｅ Ｅｎ ｇ ｌ ｉ ｓ ｈ ｅ ａ ￣ｉ ｃ ｕ —
ｔ ｅ ａ ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｓ ｔ ａ ｆ ｆ ，ｔ ｅ ａ ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄ ｓ ａ ｎ ｄ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｍ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄ ｓ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｔ ｅ ａ ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｃ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｏ ｆ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｃ ｉ ａ ｌ ｉ ｚ ｅ ｄ Ｅ ｎ ｇ ｌ ｉ ｓ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｍ ａ ｊ ｏ ｒ ．Ｉ ｎ ｏ ｒ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｏ ｓ ｏ ｌ ｖ ｅ
（ 东北林业大学 生物质材料科学与技术教育部重点实验室 ，哈尔滨 １ ５ ０ ０ ４ ０ ）
摘
要 ：随着木材产业间的国际交流与合作 日益加 强，木材科学与工程专业的专业英语课程越来越受到重视。但是 ，木
பைடு நூலகம்
材科 学与工程专业的专业英语课程教 学在教材教参、师资队伍 、教 学方法及考核 方式等方面存在一定的问题。针 对问题 ，本 文根据木材科学与工程专业的特点 ，提 出建立完善的教材教参体 系、建设合格 的师 资队伍、科 学的教 学方式及灵活的考核 方
材料化学专业英语中长难句翻译技巧及解析
材料化学专业英语中长难句翻译技巧及解析本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！材料化学专业英语长句多，翻译困难。
本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，旨在为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。
材料化学主要介绍金属、陶瓷、高分子及复合材料的结构、性能、加工、设计及用途，其专业英语与日常英语截然不同[1]，句子以长难句为主，这对学生阅读专业文献造成很大困扰。
本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合材料化学专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。
1.翻译技巧为了专业问题表述的严密性和准确性，材料化学专业英语中的句子多为带有修饰成分的长句，即句中多有定语、状语、补语等从句;再者，为了专业问题表述的客观性和专业性，句子多用被动语态，又有若干特定句型，这些就导致专业英语句子翻译困难[2-4]。
专业英语的翻译要求“信、达、雅”：信—准确，即译文要不偏离、不遗漏、不随意增减意思，符合学科的发展规律;达—通顺明白，指句子符合汉语的表达习惯，不拘泥于原文形式;雅—专业得体，指译文选词要专业得体，简明优雅。
实际翻译科技英语句子时，首先要断句准确，即找到句子的主干(主、谓、宾)和枝叶(定、状、补)，再根据句型(如It-that句型、被动句型、省略句型等)和特定词汇，结合上下文和专业知识才能准确翻译句子。
因此，专业英语的翻译是对语法、特殊句型、特定词汇和专业知识的综合运用。
2.长难句解析带有特征词汇的句子周丽云[4，5]归纳了表达无机、有机化学经典反应的句子中常带有的一些特征词汇，通过这些词汇可以辨识反应类型并准确翻译句义。
表明特定反应类型的词有：decompose或decomposition (分解)，disproportionate或disproportionation (歧化)，neutralize 或neutralization (中和)，oxidize或oxidation (氧化)，reduce或reduction (还原)，ionize或dissociate (电离)，hydrolyze或hydrolysis (水解)，electrolyze或electrolysis (电解)，substitution或substitute或replacement或displacement (取代)，addition (加成)，elimination (消除)，polymerize或polymerization (聚合)，catalysis (催化)等反应，未表明反应类型的词有：react (反应)，form (形成)。
微生物工程工艺原理课程双语教学初探
微生物工程工艺原理课程双语教学初探收稿日期：2018-11-10通讯作者：黄承洪，E-mail ：chhuang2007@ 。
双语教学（bilingual ）是教师在教学过程中使用除母语外的第二种语言，通过构建语言和教学环境，使学生掌握第二种语言接近或者达到母语水平的过程。
在微生物工程工艺原理课程中引入双语教学，可以提高学生阅读英语专业文献、撰写英语论文、理解英语报告、表达专业想法和掌握专业技能的能力。
课程采用过渡式双语教学模式，构建双语教学词汇，以参与式教学方法分别从听、说、读、写四方面构建课前、课中和课后“全课堂”双语教学环境，效果显著，具体总结如下：过渡式（Transitional bilingual education model ，TBEM ）双语教学模式[1]。
过渡式双语教学模式营造渐进性学习环境，让学生逐渐提高对双语教学的适应性和远景期望值。
其一是根据学生的英语基础，因人施教；其二是采取渐进式的因材施教。
课程第1—4次使用25%左右的英语教学，词汇以日常惯用语为主，专业词汇以阅读为主，使学生逐渐适应老师的表达习惯；第5—8次以50%的英语教学，学生逐渐适应后，增加专业词汇的表达，此时学生已经完全习惯教师的表达习惯；第9—12次75%采用英语表达，但语速保持在30—50单词/分钟；第13—16次课100%采用英语表达，语速提高到60—80词汇/分钟，第17—24次加大英语教学强度，直至学生最终习惯英语语境教学。
从过程来看，学生在课程的前半段很不适应，但到第6—8次课后基本适应，而到第12次课后，几乎都会适应100%英语课程。
构建专业词汇（Construction of professional vocabu-lary ，CPV ）[2]。
重点对发酵原理和发酵工艺的关键节点进行分解，对专业词汇进行筛选，构建532个专业词汇表，按照表达、识记、理解三个层次进行要求。
以发酵动力学为例，首先确定教学对象、工具、方式分别是微生物、发酵罐、培养，与之对应的是microbe 、fermenter 、culturing 基本词汇，然后进行扩展，使用大肠杆菌为工程菌，发酵罐分为机械搅拌通风和非机械搅拌通风发酵罐，发酵的方式分为好氧性发酵和厌氧性发酵，对应的专业名词依次为Escherichia coli 、Mechanical agita-tion ventilation 、non-Mechanical agitation ventilation 、Aerobic fermentation 和anaerobic fermentation 作为核心词汇，分别以各工艺核心词汇衍生出细菌、细胞、通风、搅拌、补料、溶氧等对应的专业名词bacteria 、virus 、cell 、ventilation 、agitation 、feeding 、dissolved oxygen 作为扩展词汇。
生物质材料专业英语翻译教学方法探索
生物质材料专业英语翻译教学方法探索作者：李思盈李文卓来源：《现代职业教育.高职本科》 2018年第11期［摘要］提高生物质材料专业英语翻译课程教学质量的方法有情境教学法，丰富特色教学内容，总结专业英语翻译中的特殊性，把握翻译质量和速度之间的分寸，授课教师需持“三心”。
［关键词］生物质材料；英语翻译；教学方法［中图分类号］G642［文献标志码］A［文章编号］2096-0603（2018）31-0152-01生物质材料科技英文论文大量涌现，相关领域从业者应能将该领域最新的国际性科研成果准确翻译，下面我将从专业英语教学特点上，提出若干提高生物质材料专业英语翻译教学质量的方法。
一、通过情境教学法将生物质材料融入专业英语翻译的教学内容可在课堂教学中将学校地图摆出，将学生思路从课内带到课堂外，先回忆学校某一区域与生物质材料相关联的事物，并一一查出对应的词汇，这一方法让学生将平时耳闻目睹的校园特色景观与生物质材料专业英语知识联想在一起，将专业词汇变得生活化、立体化。
例如，教学中结合我校林学院种植的树木，如aspen（山杨），ginkgo（银杏树）等，引申由杨树木粉开发的wood-plasticcomposite（木塑复合材料）和fire-resistantwoodboard（耐火木板）及从银杏树提取cardiovasculardrugs（心血管药物）和antitumordrugs（抗肿瘤药物）等，学生沉浸在情景中学习，学习效果优异。
二、将生物质材料前沿科研文献在课堂上与学生共同学习我们选择由著名的科学家精心撰写的发表在国际著名的英文刊物上的有关生物质材料最前沿的科技进展文献，其涉及面广、行文严谨、逻辑性强，对提高学生的专业英语学习水平大有裨益。
例如，教学中及时跟踪媒体关注的学术进展，将相关英文原文引入课堂教学，笔者将发表在著名国际期刊Cellulose上的关于以computermolecularsimulationmethods（计算机分子模拟方法）研究生物质材料的结构和性能的论文介绍给学生，使学生既了解了最新的科学研究方法，又学习了相关专业英语知识，获得了优异的教学效果。
高中生物翻译技巧总结教案
高中生物翻译技巧总结教案教学目标：1. 理解生物学术语的翻译原则和方法；2. 提高学生在生物学习中的翻译能力；3. 培养学生对生物学术语的准确理解和运用能力。
教学内容：1. 生物学术语的翻译原则；2. 常见的生物学术语翻译技巧；3. 生物学教科书中常见的翻译难点。
教学方法：1. 讲解结合实例演练的方式；2. 小组讨论与合作学习；3. 课堂练习和作业巩固。
教学步骤：第一步：导入（5分钟）教师引入生物学术语翻译的重要性，以及学习生物学时的常见翻译困难和挑战，引发学生的兴趣和思考。
第二步：讲解翻译原则和技巧（15分钟）讲解生物学术语翻译的原则，包括准确性、简洁性、一致性和通用性等，同时介绍常见的生物学词汇翻译技巧和方法，如音译、意译和采用英文原词等。
第三步：实例演练（20分钟）老师提供一些生物学术语的案例，让学生进行实例翻译练习，并在小组内进行互相讨论和分享。
学生通过实际操作加深对翻译原则和技巧的理解和应用。
第四步：翻译难点解析（10分钟）老师讲解生物学教科书中常见的翻译难点，包括特定生物概念、专有名词和领域术语等，在教学中给予重点和解析，帮助学生克服困难。
第五步：课堂练习与作业（10分钟）学生在课堂上进行生物学术语的翻译练习，并完成相关的作业，巩固所学知识和技能。
第六步：总结与评价（5分钟）老师对本节课的教学内容进行总结，评价学生的学习情况，并提出下次课的学习计划和要求。
教学资源：1. 生物学教科书和资料；2. 生物学术语翻译练习题；3. 多媒体设备。
评估方法：1. 课堂表现评价；2. 作业成绩评定；3. 口头和书面测试评估。
备注：本教案可根据具体教学实际情况进行适度调整和灵活应用。
高中生物翻译过程教案
高中生物翻译过程教案
教学目标：
1. 学生能够有效地运用翻译技巧和方法，准确翻译生物学相关内容；
2. 培养学生的翻译能力和科学素养；
3. 提高学生对生物学知识的理解和运用能力。
教学内容：
1. 翻译基本生物学术语和概念；
2. 翻译生物学实验步骤和结果；
3. 翻译生物学论文摘要和文献翻译；
4. 翻译生物学领域相关新闻报道和研究成果。
教学过程：
1. 导入：介绍翻译在生物学领域的重要性，引导学生了解翻译对于科学研究和交流的作用；
2. 讲解：讲解生物学专业词汇翻译技巧和方法，如词根词缀法、上下文理解法等；
3. 演练：进行生物学文献或文章句子翻译练习，让学生掌握翻译技巧和应用；
4. 合作：让学生分组合作翻译生物学实验步骤和结果，并相互检查和讨论；
5. 实践：要求学生翻译一篇生物学论文摘要或新闻报道，提高他们的实际操作能力；
6. 总结：进行教学总结，强调翻译过程中的重要性和技巧，鼓励学生持之以恒地练习和学习。
教学评价：
1. 学生翻译作业的准确性和表达清晰度；
2. 学生在翻译过程中对生物学知识的理解和应用能力；
3. 学生的反馈和自我评价。
教学资源：
1. 生物学教科书和学习资料；
2. 生物学相关的论文、新闻报道和实验步骤；
3. 翻译技巧和方法的教学资料。
扩展活动：
1. 鼓励学生翻译外文生物学论文或著作，拓宽视野和提高翻译能力；
2. 组织学生参与生物学领域的翻译比赛或活动，激发学生学习的兴趣和积极性。
教学反思：
教师要不断反思和总结教学过程中的问题和不足，及时调整教学策略和方法，以提高学生的学习效果和成就感。
生物专业英语 课文翻译
教学内容：Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of themass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by theplasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous networkof the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleusalso contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules suchas mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
英语同传口译课程师生团队译前准备教学训练方法探讨
英语同传口译课程师生团队译前准备教学训练方法探讨杨 科 吴志萌[摘要]提高英语同传口译质量的关键在于加强译前准备。
译前准备有长期、中期和短期不同的阶段。
英语口译教师可以将长期、中期和短期的译前准备在口译课堂内融合起来。
在课堂内充分带动学生积极参与同传口译实践的译前准备,从而提高口译课程教学质量。
综合分析各种口译理论,结合同传口译活动实践,以一个学期为时间单位,作者设计口译课堂内教师和学生合作的译前准备团队训练方法,将同传译前准备揉进整个学期的口译教学实践中,希望和大家共同讨论。
[关键词]同传口译;译前准备;教学训练中图分类号:H319.9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004 3926(2011)S1 0136 04作者简介:杨科(1975-),男,陕西西安人,西南民族大学外语学院讲师,研究方向:心理语言学、口译等。
四川成都 610041 吴志萌(1979-),男,天津人,电子科技大学成都学院文理系讲师,研究方向:口译。
四川成都 610036一、英语同传口译理论分析口译信息处理模式(information-processing paradigm)将口译同传视为一个多阶段的系列过程,包括听(解码)、分析(转换复述)、储存及译文输出(编码、翻译)等不同阶段过程,其中有些过程之间允许有重叠,各过程共享人脑有限的总体处理能力。
代表人物有杰弗(Gerver)和朗博(Lam bert),最早的同声传译全过程模式是杰弗提出的。
吉尔于1995年在《口笔译训练的基本概念与模式》(Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreting and Translator Training)一书中针对口译的工作方式提出了 同声传译的口译模式 (Phase I:CI=L+N +M+C)和 交替口译的口译模式 (Phase I:CI =L+N+M+C,Phase II:CI=Rem+Read+P)。
【课程大纲】《生物质资源材料学实验》
《生物质资源材料学实验》课程大纲一、课程概述课程名称（中文）：生物质资源材料学实验（英文）：Biomass Resource Materials Science Experiment 课程编号：14241010课程学分：1课程总学时：30课程性质：专业基础课前修课程：生物质资源材料学二、课程内容简介（300字以内）将一切能够提供生物质成分或生物纤维以供利用的天然物质都可统称为生物质资源材料。
该课程共分为10次实验，通过对木材三个切面主要构造特征观察、几种针叶材识别与鉴定、几种阔叶材识别与鉴定、针叶材显微构造特征观察、阔叶材显微构造特征观察、木材主要物理性质测定、木材主要力学性质测定、竹材基本构造特征识别、藤材基本构造特征识别和作物秸秆基本构造特征识别（选择一种），掌握判别生物质材料主要特征、识别鉴定的基本方法，掌握生物质材料主要物理、力学性质的测试方法，能独立进行一般生物质材料科学实验，初步具有利用构造来分析材性的能力。
三、实验目标与要求1.掌握识别生物质材料的基本方法，借助于资料和标本能准确识别国产主要生物质材料。
利用显微镜能判别生物质材料组织细胞及胞壁上的主要特征。
2.掌握生物质材料主要物理、力学性质的测试方法，能独立进行一般生物质材料科学实验，初步具有利用构造来分析材性的能力。
四、学时分配生物质资源材料学实验课学时分配实验项目名称学时实验类别备注木材三个切面主要构造特征观察 2 验证性实验几种针叶材识别与鉴定 4 综合性实验几种阔叶材识别与鉴定 4 综合性实验针叶材显微构造特征观察 2 验证性实验阔叶材显微构造特征观察 2 验证性实验木材主要物理性质测定 5 综合性实验木材主要力学性质测定 5 综合性实验竹材基本构造特征识别 2 验证性实验棕榈藤材基本构造特征识别 2 验证性实验作物秸秆基本构造特征识别（选择一种） 2 验证性实验合计30注：生物质资源材料学实验课程总计1学分，安排10次实验，其中验证性实验占60%，综合性实验占40%。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
生物质材料专业英语翻译教学方法探索
作者：李思盈李文卓
来源：《现代职业教育·高职高专》2018年第11期
[摘要] 提高生物质材料专业英语翻译课程教学质量的方法有情境教学法，丰富特色教学
内容，总结专业英语翻译中的特殊性，把握翻译质量和速度之间的分寸，授课教师需持“三心”。
[关键词] 生物质材料；英语翻译；教学方法
[中图分类号] G642 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 2096-0603（2018）31-0152-01
生物质材料科技英文论文大量涌现，相关领域从业者应能将该领域最新的国际性科研成果准确翻译，下面我将从专业英语教学特点上，提出若干提高生物质材料专业英语翻译教学质量的方法。
一、通过情境教学法将生物质材料融入专业英语翻译的教学内容
可在课堂教学中将学校地图摆出，将学生思路从课内带到课堂外，先回忆学校某一区域与生物质材料相关联的事物，并一一查出对应的词汇，这一方法让学生将平时耳闻目睹的校园特色景观与生物质材料专业英语知识联想在一起，将专业词汇变得生活化、立体化。
例如，教学中结合我校林学院种植的树木，如aspen（山杨），ginkgo（银杏树）等，引申由杨树木粉开发的wood-plastic composite（木塑复合材料）和fire-resistant wood board（耐火木板）及从银杏树提取cardiovascular drugs（心血管药物）和antitumor drugs（抗肿瘤药物）等，学生沉浸在
情景中学习，学习效果优异。
二、将生物质材料前沿科研文献在课堂上与学生共同学习
我们选择由著名的科学家精心撰写的发表在国际著名的英文刊物上的有关生物质材料最前沿的科技进展文献，其涉及面广、行文严谨、逻辑性强，对提高学生的专业英语学习水平大有裨益。
例如，教学中及时跟踪媒体关注的学术进展，将相关英文原文引入课堂教学，笔者将发表在著名国际期刊Cellulose上的关于以computer molecular simulation methods（计算机分子模拟方法）研究生物质材料的结构和性能的论文介绍给学生，使学生既了解了最新的科学研究方法，又学习了相关专业英语知识，获得了优异的教学效果。
三、注意总结生物质材料专业英语翻译中的特殊性
生物质材料科研领域的英文翻译不过分强调“雅”的特点，针对生物质材料的英文文献中的术语应尽量直译，即直接准确地表达出原英文术语的含义，如biomass material（生物质材料）， polysaccharides（多糖），energy-producing glucose（产能糖原），partially hydrogenated
（部分氢化），saturated triglyceride （饱和甘油三酯）等。
关注衍生词汇的翻译与原词汇翻译之间的对应关系，例如，（1）通过增加或改变前缀将原术语含义改变甚至截然相反，形成两个不同的术语：如，saturated（饱和）-unsaturated（不饱和），oligopeptides（寡肽）-polypeptides（多肽），saccharides （糖）-monocsaccharides（单糖），softwood（软木材）-hardwood（硬木材）；（2）通过在原词加后缀变化出多种含义的专业词汇， wood（木材、木制品）， wooden（木制的），woods（树林），woody（木质的），wooded（树木繁茂的）。
四、把握好翻译质量和速度之间的度
生物质材料相关文献的更新日新月异，面对如此庞大的英文文献，翻译上无需过分修辞，重点是思考文献语言背后的实验设计是否合理，实验数据对机理是否论证充分。
此外，对生物质材料研究领域的某一问题，往往不是单独一篇文献可解惑，而是针对某一问题将收集的几十篇甚至上百篇相关文献放在一起阅读才能解决问题，因此必须要做到阅读快、翻译速度快，通过理解多篇文献的不同角度的介绍来形成解决问题的轮廓。
因此，把握好翻译质量和翻译速度之间的度对做好生物质材料专业英语翻译非常重要。
五、授课教师需做到精心、耐心、爱心，多角度激发学生对专业英语翻译学习的兴趣
教学任务中需持三心：精心，即教学工作只有做到精心准备才能课堂顺利教学；耐心，耐心、认真地准备每堂课，不能时紧时松，否则会影响整个课程的教学效果；爱心是最关键的，热爱专业，经过多年的积累，知识才能随教随取，自然流露，更要爱学生、了解学生特点，因材施教。
只有做到“三心”，才能完成好这门课程的教学。
参考文献：
[1]李彦，肖维青.翻译研究转向后翻译研究的标志之作：《后翻译研究时代的翻译与重写》评介[J].外语教学，2018，39（3）：89-92.
[2]张健，胡妤，申巍.新、热词英译漫谈（31）：接地气[J].东方翻译，2018（2）：71-76.
◎编辑陈鲜艳。