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散文议论文的英文名词解释

散文议论文的英文名词解释The Definition and Exploration of Prose Discursive WritingIntroduction:Prose discursive writing is a literary genre that combines the elements of both prose and discourse. Unlike poetry, it lacks a rigid structure and rhyme scheme, allowing writers the freedom to express their thoughts and ideas in a more conversational and reflective manner. In this essay, we will delve into the essence of prose discursive writing, its characteristics, the purpose it serves, and its significance in contemporary literature.The Essence of Prose Discursive Writing:Prose discursive writing can be best described as an unrestricted vehicle for personal expression. It allows the writer to convey their perspectives, emotions, observations, and analysis without rigid constraints. This form of writing effortlessly captures the essenceof everyday experiences, thoughts, and musings, painting vivid pictures in readers' minds.Characteristics of Prose Discursive Writing:1. Reflective and Contemplative:Prose discursive writing delves into the depths of the writer's mind, exploring their thoughts and emotions. It frequently involves introspection, contemplation, and self-analysis, providing readers with an intimate glimpse into the writer's inner world.2. Narrative and Descriptive:This genre incorporates narrative and descriptive elements to engage readers. It employs vivid descriptions, anecdotes, and storytelling techniques to enrich the reading experience, allowing readers to immerse themselves in the writer's world.3. Critical and Analytical Thinking:Prose discursive writing encourages critical thinking, analysis, and the exploration of ideas and themes. It often challenges prevailing opinions, provides alternative perspectives, and promotes intellectual curiosity and discourse.The Purpose of Prose Discursive Writing:The primary purpose of prose discursive writing is to provoke thought, evoke emotions, and stimulate readers intellectually and emotionally. It aims to inspire introspection and self-reflection, urging readers to question established norms and embrace different perspectives. Through its narrative and descriptive elements, it forges an emotional connection between the writer and the reader, fostering empathy and understanding.Significance in Contemporary Literature:Prose discursive writing holds immense significance in contemporary literature due to its unique ability to capture the essence of human experiences and emotions. In an era dominated by concise texts and instant communication, this form of writing offers a counterbalance by providing a space for more expansive expression. It allows writers to explore the nuances of human existence, sparking meaningful conversations and fostering a greater appreciation for the power of words.Conclusion:In conclusion, prose discursive writing is a literary genre that combines the elements of prose and discourse, offering writers a flexible platform to express their thoughts and emotions. Its reflective and contemplative nature, narrative and descriptive elements, and critical thinking components make it a powerful tool for intellectual exploration and self-discovery. In today's fast-paced world, where brevity often reigns supreme, prose discursive writing serves as a reminder of the timeless beauty and significance of thoughtful and profound expression in literature.。

薄膜制程技术简介

9
薄膜製程分類
二、物理氣相沈積（PVD；Physical Vapor Deposition）
在真空中將欲鍍材料加熱蒸發或以高能量離子撞擊，使其蒸氣或脫離束縛的原子通過真空抵達基板表面，沉積於基板上形成薄膜。蒸鍍（Evaporation）分子束磊晶成長(Molecular Beam Epitaxy，MBE) 濺鍍（Sputtering）- RF Sputter、DC sputter…等
中真空
1 – 10 -3 3.3×1016 至3.3×1013
高真空
10 –3–10 –7 3.3×1013 至3.3×109
超高真空
≦10 -7 ≦3.3×108
平均自由路徑(λ； cm）
5×10 –6至 5×10 –3
5×10 –3至5
5至5×104
>5×10 4
不同真空度的區分和相對物理參數
7
Plasma Power supply substrate
Pumping system
14
真空濺鍍法
離子經電場加速後撞擊靶材表面，進行能量轉移，將靶材原子濺射至被鍍物的表面進行沉積。
Ion
Target Atom Target Atom
15
真空濺鍍法
常用濺鍍法:
直流濺鍍法（DC Sputtering）
Sputtering 真空濺鍍技術簡介
20010/08/10
1
營業項目
防止電磁波干擾材料研究開發靜電防護處理 3C電子相關產品EMI/ESD物理氣相沉積處理塑膠表面金屬化研究開發處理真空設備
2
技術簡介
3定義為一個空間中的氣體壓力明顯的小於周圍的大氣壓力，即此空間相對於大氣具有較少的氣體分子密度。

Sputter ITO

Chapter 4 Indium Tin Oxide Films Deposited by d.c.Sputtering4.1. IntroductionIndium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin films are widely used in optoelectronics devices, flat panel display and electrochromic (EC) applications. The attractiveness of ITO is related to its low resistivity and high optical transmittance from visible to near infrared (NIR) light. However, these properties are strongly dependent on the growth conditions such as ratio of oxygen partial pressure P02, bias voltage, substrate temperature (T s) and post annealing. It is well known that high quality ITO film is easily obtained at high T s (>300 0C) using most of the deposition techniques available [1-3]. Therefore an improvement of the method to grow ITO film at low T s or room temperature (RT) is needed in order to avoid annealing in industrial production. This is due to the fact that in flat panel displays EC window applications, the organic colour filters, heat sensitive layers such as polymers and others (CdS, electrolytes etc.) are used. Many of these different layers do not sustain higher process temperatures [3-5].Higher transmission and smaller as possible sheet resistance (R s) are very important for the applications of smart EC window. The extensive use of ITO films had led to researches on various deposition techniques. Reactive ion plating [6], d.c. diode sputtering [7], r.f. sputtering [8], reactive evaporation [9-10], electron beam [11], chemical vapour deposition and spray pyrolysis [12] have all been used to deposit transparent conducting film. Though many deposition techniques have been used, among the techniques for ITO thin film production, sputtering is the most widely investigated and large-scale deposition setups are available [7-8, 13]. We chose to deposit ITO films by the dc-magnetron sputtering method, because a high sputtering rate and good film performances and low cost deposition system could be achieved comparing with a r.f. sputter system.As we know, there are two basic kinds of sputtering techniques: radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering and direct current (d.c.) sputtering (Chapter 2). In our previous study[8] r.f. diode sputtering was used for the deposition of ITO by ceramic target without substrateheating. The lowest sheet resistance of ITO film attained without annealing, was about 48 Ω/Sq. at 300 nm thickness and a maximum visible transmission of about 81 %. In this work we present the study of d.c. sputter ITO films obtained by a ceramic target by varying P02, bias voltage, substrate temperature and post annealing.4.2. Influence of P O2 on the Properties of ITO Films at Room TemperatureITO films with different oxygen partial pressure ratio (P O2: from 27% to 0) were prepared with a sputtering atmosphere of 2.1x10-1 Pa total pressure (P T). In Table 4-2-1 an overview of the results is shown.Table 4-2-1. Deposition conditions and parameters of ITO filmsSamp. P O2 T d d e T max R s δ E gΦmax(Min.) (nm) (%) (Ω/Sq.) (nm) (eV) (10-3Ω-1)a1 27% 0.7 - 99.6 ∞ 13.6 - -a2 25% 0.7 - 99.5 ∞ 13.2 3.53 -a3 21% 0.7 - 99.3 760.2 11.2 3.49 1.3a4 16 % 2 48 97.0 654.0 12.2 3.48 1.5a5 12 % 2 94 95.0 108.7 11.5 3.53 8.7a6 10 % 2 91 95.0 99.9 12.2 3.62 9.4a7 2% 2 66 94.0 132.8 13.6 3.66 7.1a8 0 2 - 93.0 137.6 11.9 3.26 6.8Note. Samp.: sample; P O2: ratio of oxygen partial pressure; T d: deposition time; d e: thickness obtained by fitting of ellipsometric parameter;T max: transmittance at maximum; R s: sheet resistance; δ: Surface roughness; E g: Energy band gap; ΦTC: Figure of Merit.4.2.1. Transmission spectra of ITO filmsThe transmission spectra of some as-deposited ITO films are shown in Fig. 4-2-1. All maximum transmission (T max) data of the samples is listed in Table 4-2-1. A T max of about 99 % is achieved in the visible spectral region for a1, a2 and a3 samples. The transmission curves in the long wavelength (NIR: near infrared) region shift to red direction and increases with increasing P O2 except for the lowest P O2 sample (2%). Thisindicates an increase of the amount of free electrons in the films with decreasing P O2, because the electrons are from oxygen vacancies in ITO film [13, 16].The optical properties of ITO films are determined to a large extent by the microstructure of the film and hence by the preparation technique. It is believed that the decrease of the transmittance at lower P O2, which is smaller than the optimum 10% P O2, is due to formation of non-stoichiometric films. As P O2 is increased, the film structure may also vary from a dense structure into a columnar (Section 9.4) or cluster structure with more pronounced voids. All these could result in an increase in transmittance. All values of the transmission of as-deposited ITO films are above 83% in the range (470 nm to 1900 nm). From Table 4-2-1 the optimum depositing conditions of 10% and 12% P O2 result in a high transmission of 95 % with lowest R s . Although this value of transmittance is not as high as that of sample a1 (27% P O2), it is good enough for application.Fig. 4-2-1. Transmittance spectra of films prepared with different oxygen partial pressure ratio.4.2.2. Sheet resistanceThe lowest value of the sheet resistance (R s ) of the ITO films was attained with 2 minutes deposition time (T d ), and it is 99.9 Ω/ Sq. (Ohm/Square) for 10% P O2. Other R s of ITO films are 132.8 Ω/ Sq. for 2% P O2, 137.6 Ω/ Sq. for 0 P O2, 108.7 Ω/ Sq. for 12% P O2 and 654.0 Ω/ Sq. for 16% P O2 respectively. An increase in R s on either side of the optimum 10% P O2 was observed after increasing and decreasing P O2. At lower than the optimum P O2 the film resulted in higher R s , which is due to the formation of non-stoichiometric films. At higher values than the optimum P O2 values the larger R s could405060708090100T r a n s m i t t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)be due to additional oxygen accumulated at the grain boundaries that acts as scattering centres to electrons. From the above, the R s of the as-deposited ITO film is sufficiently low to use as an electrode layer. In table 4-2-1 the R s of the ITO films as a function of P O2 in the sputtering atmosphere is shown.4.2.3. Figure of MeritTable 4-2-1 shows the maximum value of Figure of Merit (ΦTC= T/R s) of the films and the best one with the lowest R s, is sample a6, Фmax (T max/R s) = 9.4 x 10-3Ω-1. ΦTC is mainly influenced by R s, because of its definition expression, as follows [1, 16-18].R s= ρ/d. (4.2.1)T= (1-R)2 e –αd .(4.2.2)ФTC (λ) =T/ R s = d (1-R) 2 e -αd/ρ. (4.2.3)Where ρ is the resistivity, d is the thickness of film and R is the reflectance. T and α are the transmittance and absorption at a particular wavelength. Clearly, increasing the thickness of the ITO films has a strong influence on the R s, but it does not affect the transmittance so much.4.2.4. Surface roughness (δ) and TIS of the filmsGenerally the carrier scattering in a rough surface of the film may be affected to the electrical conduction of a very thin ITO film. In most cases surface roughness (δ) is an important parameter of the thin film. The surface morphology of the ITO films is not given by using SEM, because the film is too smooth to be observed using a normal SEM. Here a spectrum method was used to study the surface morphology.Fig. 4-2-2 shows the diffuse reflectance, specular reflectance and TIS spectra of the ITO films over a wavelength range of 300-810 nm. The δ values based on Equ.(3.2) in Section 3.3, for all samples, are summarized in Table 4-2-1. Fig. 4-2-3 is a typical AFM micrograph of the surface microstructure and topography of the ITO film deposited at RT and 10% P O2. As seen in Table 4-2-1 the surface has roughness from 11.2 nm to13.6 nm. A little rougher surface was obtained for larger P O2 (27%) and less P O2 (2%). As we know the light scattering can be caused by the surface δ and the grain boundaries. The δsurface and nanometer grain boundaries are clearly seen by AFM in Fig.4-2-3. The grain size is 30 nm and the average height of δ is less than 15 nm. Because the prepared ITO sample is a good transparent thin film, we suppose that the scattering mainly comes from the interface of the film.Fig. 4-2-2. (a)Diffuse reflectance, (b)specular reflectance and (c)TIS spectra of ITO films over a wavelength range of 300-810 nm in different oxygen partial pressure (P O2). Solid line: 27% P O2, Square:16% P O2, Circle: 10% P O2, Cross: 2% P O2.0.1012345W avelength (nm )D . R e f l e c t i o n (%)1020304050W avelength (nm )S . R e f l e c t i o n (%)0.020.040.060.080.100.120.146W a v e le n g th (n m )T I SabcFig. 4-2-3. AFM surface microstructure and topography of an ITO film (sample a6) at 10% ratio ofoxygen partial pressure.Fig. 4-2-4. Dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon energy. Square: 27% P O2: Up triangle: 16% P O2, Cross x: 12% P O2, Circle: 10% P O2 (4 Min.), Cross+: 10% P O2 (2 Min.), Down triangle:2% P O24.2.5. Energy band gap (E g )There are different models and many reports about the absorption coefficient and energy band gap (E g ) [13]. Here we gave the calculated E g values using the direct transition model (N=2) by α N = C (h ν- E g ) (Section 3.7). α2 are plotted vs. the photon energy (Fig. 4-2-4), which is obtained from measurements of the absorption spectrum. Extrapolating the linear region towards the h ν axis gives the effective Eg. Table 4-2-1 shows the E g values of the ITO films.The intrinsic Eg of the ITO material is 3.53 eV [19]. The obtained values of the films vary between 3.26 and 3.66 eV. As some of the ITO films (samples a6 and a7) treated in this work show comparably high effective E g, possibly this is caused by a combination of Burstein-Moss-Shift [20] and contributions of scattering [21]. It should be as following, E g = E g, 0 + ∆E BM = E g, 0 + Ћ (3π2n e ) 2/3/2m *vc + ћΣ, Where E gis the5.0x101.0x101.5x102.0x102.5x103.0x103.5x104.0x10α2(n m -2)h υ (eV)5.0x101.0x101.5x102.0x102.5x103.0x103.5x104.0x10 α2(n m -2)h υ (eV)measured or varied effective band gap, E g, 0 is the intrinsic band gap, m*vc represents the reduced effective mass and n e is free electron density. The ћΣ represents the broadening of the band gap due to scattering and widening of the transition. It is assumed that the Sn4+ ions behave as single charged point scatter too except the boundary scatter. We can see that the ∆E BM value comes from the contribution of both ћΣ and Ћ (3π2n e) 2/3/2m*vc. For other samples that have comparably low effective E g (<3.53 eV), it is possibly caused by the structure of non-stoichiometric sample when the ITO films were deposited at higher or lower P O2. From above discussion the variant E g value of the ITO film is not explained by only a Burstein-Moss-Shift like Bender et al mentioned [13].4.2.6. Conclusions of the sectionTransparent and conductive ITO films were deposited on glass using dc-magnetron reactive sputtering at room temperature (RT) with different P O2.The effects of P O2 on the ITO films were discussed. The lowest R s was obtained for ITO film with 10% P O2, and after increasing P O2 a rapid decline in the R s occurred. For the optimum sample a6, the film with 91 nm thickness has 99.9 Ω/Sq sheet resistance, 95% maximum visible transmission and 9.4 × 10-3Ω-1 Figure of Merit (ФTC). From AFM results and spectra calculations, the δ values of the ITO films were analysed and are lower than 15 nm. The energy band gap E g varies within 3.26 eV - 3.66 eV and increases as the P O2 decrease in the range of 20% - 2% P O2. The high value of E g of the film under consideration compared to the intrinsic E g could be explained by a modified Burstein-Moss-Shift. No post annealing was done in the production process of the film. This is a less expensive and more practical for some device applications.4.3. Influence of Negative Bias Voltage on the Properties of ITO Films4.3.1. Electrical properties of the ITO filmsIn Table 4-3-1 an overview of the sheet resistance (R s), transmittance and other parameters of samples investigated in the following sub-sections are shown. The lower R s value of the ITO film is 143.6 Ω/square, which corresponds to the sample that was deposited at –70 V bias, 300 0C heated substrate, and 1.1 ×10-1 Pa total pressure for 0.7 minutes coating time. Comparing these samples both heated and no heated substrate with negative bias voltage can clearly improve the conductivity of the film.Table 4-3-1. Experimental conditions and parameters of the ITO films deposited with variable bias voltages and substrate temperatures with 21% ratio of oxygen partial pressure.Samp. P O2 T d T max R s E g Φmax note (%) (Min.) (%) (Ω/ Sq.) (eV) (10-3Ω-1)b1 21 0.7 99.3 760.2 3.49 1.3 RT, no bias b2 21 0.7 98.1 254.3 3.38 3.9 RT, -40V bias b3 21 0.7 97.5 240.0 3.39 4.1 RT, -70V bias b4 21 0.7 97.5 238.6 3.54 4.1 RT, -100V bias b5 21 0.7 97.9 209.8 3.59 4.6 100 0C Sub., -100V bias b6 21 0.7 98.0 145.8 3.65 6.7 200 0C Sub., -100V bias b7 21 0.7 98.0 143.6 3.68 6.8 300 0C Sub., -100V bias b8 21 5 92.5 33.2 3.77 27.9 RT, -100V biasSymbols and abbreviations refer to Table 4-2-1.4.3.2. Optical properties of ITO filmsTransparency of the films is affected by absorption, reflection, and scattering losses. These losses are related to the microstructure and surface roughness of the films. The following section will give the results of their study.Fig. 4-3-1 Transmittance spectra of the films prepared with different bias voltages and substratetemperatures for the samples with 21% ratio of oxygen partial pressure and 1.1 × 10-1 Pa total pressure.405060708090100110T r a n s m i t t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)a. Transmission spectraThe transmission spectra of some ITO films are shown in Fig.4-3-1. All ITO transmittance data at maximum (T max ) is listed in Table 4-3-1. About 99.3 % T max is achieved in the visible spectral region for sample b1 and 98% for most samples. The transmission behaviour shifts to red direction in the long wavelength region and decreases with increasing negative bias voltage and substrate temperature. This indicates an increase of free electrons in the films with variation of bias voltage and substrate temperature [16].b. Diffuse and specular reflectance spectraFig. 4-3-2 shows the diffuse reflectance (DR) and specular reflectance (SR) for different negative bias voltage and substrate temperature of the films as a function of wavelength. The intensity variation with wavelength of SR is similar to that of DR. The intensity of sample b1 is the lowest. The specular reflectance decreases when the negative bias voltage and substrate temperature increases. This leads to the increase of transmittance in visible region for the samples with bias. Sample b1 has the better transmittance. The influence of the negative bias in the film structure will be detailedly discussed in Section 7.3.3. Using the above specular and diffuse reflectance spectra, the surface roughness (δ) can be obtained by the TIS method (Section 4.2.4 and Section 3.3). The δ values for all the samples are lower than 10 nm.Fig. 4-3-2. Diffuse reflectance (DR) and specular reflectance (SR) for different biasvoltage and substrate temperature, as a function of wavelength.12345D . r e f l e c t a n c eWavelength (nm)10203040S . R e f l e c t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)Fig. 4-3-3. Dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon energy.c. Energy band gap (E g )Here we give the calculated E g values by using the direct transition model (N=2) (αN= C (h ν- E g ), see Section 3.7). α2 is plotted vs. the photon energy (Fig. 4-3-3), whichis obtained from measurement of the absorption spectrum. Table 4-3-1 shows the E g values of the ITO films. The obtained E g values vary between 3.38 and 3.77 eV for films deposited with different bias voltage and T s . As the sample b5-b8 show comparably high E g comparing with the intrinsic E g =3.53 eV, we conclude that this is mainly caused by a large Burstein-Moss-shift (Section 4.4.4) [20].4.3.3. Conclusion of the sectionThe ITO thin films were deposited on glass with different negative bias voltages. The electrical properties of the film are strongly dependent on the deposition conditions. There is an improvement of the film electrical properties after increasing the negative bias voltage and substrate temperature. The film that was deposited at RT without bias has the best transmission (T max : 99.3 %). For the optimum sample (b7) deposited in 0.7 minutes (thickness: 45 nm), the sheet resistance is 143.6 Ω/Sq, the maximum transmission is 98% and Figure of Merit (ФTC ) is 6.8 × 10-3 Ω -1. For 5 minutes deposition time the film is much thicker and has much lower R s . The surface δ of the ITO film was analysed. The E g varies within 3.38 eV – 3.77 eV. The high values of E g2.0x104.0x106.0x10α2(n m -2)h υ (eV)of the films under consideration compared to the intrinsic Eg could be mainly explained by the Burstein-Moss-Shift.4.4. Influence of Heated Substrate on the Properties of the ITO Films 4.4.1. Electrical properties of ITO filmsTable 4-4-1 shows an overview of the sheet resistance (R s ), transmittance and other parameters of samples investigated in the following sub-sections. The lowest R s value of a good transparent ITO film is 89.9 Ω/Sq. It was deposited at 400 0C substrate temperature (T s ), 0.7 minute deposition time (T d ) and 1.1 x 10-1 Pa total pressure. Other R s of ITO films are 206.3 Ω/Sq for 400 0C T s at only 0.35 minute T d and 173.6 Ω/Sq for 350 0C T s . Comparing all samples the heating of the substrate can clearly improve the conductivity of the films.Table 4-4-1. Experimental conditions and parameters of the ITO films deposited with 21% ratio of oxygen partial pressure (Symbols and abbreviations refer to Table 4-2-1).Samp. T d d e T max R s E g Φmax T s (Min.) (nm) (%) (Ω/ Sq.) (eV) (10-3Ω-1) ( 0C )c1 0.7 40 99.5 760.2 3.49 0.27 RT c2 0.8 48 97.5 417.4 3.68 2.3 150 c3 0.8 46 97.5 412.6 3.59 2.4 200 c4 0.7 39 97.8 238.6 3.54 4.1 300 c5 0.7 43 98.0 173.6 3.69 5.6 350 c6 0.7 55 98.2 89.9 3.64 10.9 400 c7 0.35 24 99.6 206.3 3.68 4.8 400 c8 32 5000 - 3.9 - - 400Fig. 4-4-1. Transmission spectra of films prepared with different substrate temperature at 21 % ratio ofoxygen partial pressure and 1.1 ×10-1 Pa total pressure.708090100T r a n s m i t t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)4.4.2. Transmission spectraThe transmission spectra of some ITO films (Sample c1, c2, c4, c5, c6) are shown in Fig.4-4-1. All transmission data of the samples at maximum are listed in Table 4-4-1. The maximum transmission of about 97%~99 % is achieved in the visible spectral region. The transmission behaviour shifts to red direction and increases with decreasing substrate temperature in the long wavelength region. This indicates an increase of free electrons in the films with increase of substrate temperature [16]. 4.4.3. Diffuse and specular reflectance spectra.Fig. 4-4-2 shows the diffuse reflectance (DR) and specular reflectance (SR) for different substrate temperature (T s ) of the films, as a function of wavelength. The intensity of sample c1 (RT deposition) is much weaker than other samples (heated substrate deposition). The intensity of sample c2 (150 0C T s ) is stronger than other samples. The lower SR of sample c1 leads to the increase of the transmittance of the film. Using the above specular and diffuse reflectance spectra, the surface roughness (δ) can be obtained by the TIS method (Section 4.2.4). The δ values calculated based on Equ.(3.2) (Section 3.3) for all samples are lower than 8 nm.Fig. 4-4-3 shows typical AFM micrographs of the surface microstructure and topography of the ITO film (sample c6) deposited with 21% P O2 and 400 0C substrate temperature. A rough surface and larger grain boundaries are clearly seen in Fig.4-4-3. The average grain size is 130 nm and the average height of δ is less than 5 nm. Comparing with the AFM picture of sample a6 (thickness: 91 nm, grain size: 30 nm, Section 4.2), the sample c6 has much bigger grain size. The larger grain or domain in the film, decreases free electrons scattering by the grain boundaries, which results in a much lower R s .Fig. 4-4-2. Diffuse reflectance (DR) and specular reflectance (SR) for different substrate temperaturesas a function of wavelength.30040050060070080012345D . R e f l e c t a n c eWavelength (nm)10300400500600700800203040S . R e f l e c t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)4.4.4. Energy band gap (E g )Similar to Section 4.3.2, Table 4-4-1 and Fig. 4-4-4 show us E g values of the ITO films. The obtained E g values vary between 3.49 and 3.69 eV with different T s . The comparably high E g of the ITO samples is possibly caused by the Burstein-Moss-Shift[20]. E g = E g, 0 + ∆E BM = E g, 0 + Ћ (3π2n e ) 2/3/2m *vc , Where E g is the measured or variedeffective band gap, E g, 0 is the intrinsic band gap, m *vc represents the reduced effective mass and n e is free electron density. We can see that the ∆E BM value comes from the increased electron density in the high temperature deposition.Fig. 4-4-3. AFM surface microstructure and topography of an ITO film (sample c6) deposited at 21%ratio of oxygen partial pressure and 400 0C substrate temperature.Fig. 4-4-4. Dependence of the absorption coefficient on the photon-energy.4.4.5. Structural characteristicsThe microstructure of metal oxide film prepared by sputtering is not the same for films prepared at different deposition conditions [23]. Fig. 4-4-5 shows the XRD curve of2.83.23.64.00.01.0x10-52.0x10-53.0x10-54.0x10-5α2(n m -2)h ν (eV)the ITO film deposited at 400 0C substrate temperatures (Sample c6). An amorphous film was obtained, irrespective of the SnO 2-doping concentration in the film. The prepared ITO film has no sharp peaks in the X-ray diffraction spectrum. Only a weak peak of In 2O 3 (211), a mixing peak of In 2O 3 (222) /In 2Sn 2O 7-x (222), In 2O 3 (421), In 2O 3 (440) and In 2O 3 (622) plus a broad background from the glass substrate can be observed. This is because the film was amorphous and the film was thin. There is no evidence of the pure SnO 2 in the spectrum. This could be caused by the small amount of SnO 2 phase in the thin ITO film and the low resolution of the experimental system. Comparing the XRD of the ITO film without substrate heating (deposited at RT) in Fig. 4-7-3, the XRD of sample c6 has extra peaks In 2O 3 (421), In 2O 3 (440) and In 2O 3 (622). A more detailed discussion is given in Section 4.7.5.Fig. 4-4-5 XRD pattern of ITO film on a glass substrate, deposited at 400 0C temperatures.4.4.6. Conclusion of the sectionThe ITO thin films were deposited at different substrate temperatures. The electrical properties of the films show strongly dependence on T s . There are clear improvements of the film electrical properties after increasing substrate temperature during deposition. For the optical properties, the transmission has not a clear change in the visible range. For the optimum sample (c6), the film has 89.9 Ω/Sq sheet resistance, 98.2% maximum visible transmission, and 10.9 × 10-3 Ω -1 Figure of Merit (ФTC ) at 55 nm thickness. For 32 minutes deposition time the film (sample c8) is much thicker and has much lower R s . The surface δ of the ITO film was calculated by the TIS method and analysed by AFM. The δ values of the films are less than 8 nm. The E g varies within 3.49 eV – 3.69 eV with substrate temperature. The high E g values of the films could be mainly explainedITO film deposited on 402030506070802θ(degree)4000C glass substrate(440)(222)(211)by Burstein-Moss-Shift. An amorphous ITO film was obtained even if it was grown at more than 400 0C substrate temperatures. It suits to fabricate ECDs based on WO 3 film, because this amorphous ITO film matches well with amorphous EC WO 3 film.4.5. Influence of thickness on the Properties and Microstructure of the ITO Films4.5.1. Transmission of ITO filmsThe transmission spectra of as-deposited ITO films are shown in Fig. 4-5-1. All data of the transmittance at maximum (T max ) is listed in Table 4-5-1. The transmission decreases and the spectral range narrows with increasing thickness (or with increasing deposition time). All values of transmission of as-deposited ITO films are above 75% in visible range (wavelength more than 400 nm) except samples d5 and d7 that were deposited in more than 18 minutes. The transmission curves become lower at NIR range. In addition, the transmission behaviour in the long wavelength region (NIR) shifts towards shorter wavelength with increasing thickness. This indicates an increase of free electrons in the film [13]. From Table 4-5-1 the optimum 94% maximum visible transmission is found for nearly all samples. A more detailed discussion on the relation of structure and transmission will be further given in section 4.5.6.Fig. 4-5-1. Transmittance spectra of films prepared with 10% oxygen partial pressure and 2.1 x 10-1 Pa total pressure for different deposition time. Solid line: 2 Min. (d1 sample), Dot line: 4 Min .(d2), Dash line:6 Min. (d3), Dash dot line: 10 Min. (d4), Short dash line: 18 Min. (d5).30040050018002400300020406080100T r a n s m i t t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)Table 4-5-1. Deposition conditions and parameters on the ITO filmsSamp. P O2 T d d T max R s δ E g Φmax(%) (Min.) (nm) (%) (Ω/ Sq.) (nm) (eV) (10-3Ω-1) d1 10 2 97 94 99.9 12.2 3.62 9.4 d2 10 4 188 94 85.6 11.4 3.69 11.0 d3 10 6 282 94 32.5 12.4 3.58 28.9 d4 10 10 470 94 26.5 11.3 3.56 35.1 d5 10 18 846 90 20.8 11.6 3.32 44.2d6 21 2 152 96 139.1 12.9 3.59 6.9 d7 21 32 5000 - 3.9 - - -Symbols and abbreviations refer to Table 4-2-1.4.5.2. Sheet Resistance and Figure of MeritIn table 4-5-1 the R s of ITO as a function of thickness is shown. A slight decrease in R s is observed with increasing the thickness of the ITO film. The lowest value of sheet resistance is for the as-deposited ITO film on glass (20.8Ω/Sq., sample d5 at 10% P O2). Other R s values of the ITO films are 26.5 /Sq for sample d4, 32.5 Ω/Sq for sample d3, 85.6 /Sq for sample d2 and 99.9 Ω/Sq for sample d1 respectively. From above, the R s of the as-deposited ITO film is sufficiently low to use it as a transparent electrode layer.Fig. 4-5-2. Interference transmission spectrum of the ITO film (sample d5) with 18 minutes depositiontime.T r a n s m i t t a n c e (%)Wavelength (nm)Fig. 4-5-3. SEM micrograph showing the cross section of the ITO film (sample d4) with 10 minutesdeposition time.The Figure of Merit (ΦTC= T max/R s) of the sample is mainly influenced by the R s (Section 4.2.3). The data of the samples is seen in Table 4-5-1. As the thickness of the films is increased the R s decreases (samples d1-d5), and the transmission T max has no significant changes. We conclude that it is possible to deposit thin ITO films with higher ΦTC by increasing film thickness while keeping other process parameters almost constant. The important micro-constants, carrier concentration (n c) and the carrier mobility (µ) of the ITO films with different thicknesses will be discussed in Chapter 5.4.5.3. Refractive index (n) and thickness (d)Several authors reported detailed results about the n dispersion of the films prepared at different total pressures and P O2[22, 24-25]. As the thickness of our samples d4 and d5 are thick enough for getting interference curves of the transmittance spectra, we calculated the thickness of the ITO films with Equ. (3.16). The calculated values are 488.6 nm and 793.5 nm. These values were confirmed by the SEM results. We calculated the n of the sample deposited with 10% P O2 at 560 nm and 785 nm wavelength by the Swanepoel method (Section 3.6); they are n=1.84 and n=1.78 respectively. The interference curve of the transmittance spectrum of sample d5 is shown in Fig. 4-5-2 and the SEM of sample d4 is shown in Fig. 4-5-3.4.5.4. Diffuse reflectance, specular reflectance and TISFig. 4-5-4 shows the DR, SR and their calculated TIS spectra over the range 300-810 nm, plotted against wavelength. The δ values based on Equ.(3.2) (Section 3.3) for all ITO films are summarized in Table 4-5-1. As seen from the Table, the surface roughness value is in the range from 11.3 to 12.9 nm. Fig. 4-5-5 shows a typical AFM。

高考必备高考阅读理解高频单词500个

英语阅读理解高频词汇1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更2.burst vi./n. 突然发生,爆裂3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)4.blast n. 爆炸；气流vi. 炸,炸掉5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的7.spit v. 吐〔唾液等〕；唾弃8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出9.slip v. 滑动,滑落；忽略10.slide v. 滑动,滑落n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种,品种v. 繁殖,产仔13.budget n. 预算v. 编预算,作安排14.candidate n. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transform v. 转变,变革；变换18.transmit v. 传播,播送；传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送n. 运输,运输工具21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变22.vary v. 变化,改变；使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的d a. 温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌〔的人或事物〕30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的；完全的33.boundary n. 分界限,边界34.brake n. 刹车,制动器v. 刹住〔车〕35.catalog n. 目录〔册〕v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳,白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的n. 极端,过分41.agent n. 代理人,代理商；动因,原因42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励47.acquire vt. 取得,获得；学到48.accomplish vt .完成,到达；实行work n. 网状物；广播网,电视网；网络50.tide n. 潮汐；潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪,找到n. 痕迹,踪迹53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织,编57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待；谩骂62. academic a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63. academy n. 〔高等〕专科院校；学会64. battery n. 电池〔组〕65. barrier n. 障碍；棚栏66. cargo n. 〔船、飞机等装载的〕货物67. career n. 生涯,职业68. vessel n. 船舶；容器,器皿；血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70. oblige v. 迫使,责成；使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊72. extent n. 程度,围,大小,限度73. exterior n. 外部,外表a. 外部的,外表的74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽79. decent a. 像样的,体面的80. route n. 路；路线；航线81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏n. 消灭,[pl.]废墟82. sake n. 缘故,理由83. satellite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小,规模；等级；刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的,87. tend vi.易于,趋向88. tendency n.趋向,趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的n. 极端90. undergo v. 经历,遭受91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的92. adopt v. 收养；采用；采纳93. adapt vi. 适应,适合；改编,改写vt. 使适应94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位；单身汉95. casual a. 偶然的,碰巧的；临时的；非正式的96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套v. 设陷阱捕捉97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的100. optics n. 〔单、复数同形〕光学101. organ n. 器官,风琴102. excess n. 过分,过量,过剩103. expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出104. expend v. 消费105. expenditure n. 支出,消费；经费106. expense n. 开销,费用107. expensive a. 花钱多的；价格高贵的108. expand v. 扩大,扩；展开,膨胀109. expansion n. 扩大,扩大；开展,膨胀110. private a. 私人的,个人的111. individual a. 个别的,单独的n. 个人,个体112. personal a. 个人的,私人的；亲自的114. personnel n. [总称]人员,员工；人事部门115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋119. grant vt. 授予,同意,准予119. grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的120. invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭121. acid n. 酸,酸性物质a. 酸的；尖刻的122. acknowledge v. 承认；致123. balcony n. 阳台124. calculate vt. 计算,核算125. calendar n. 日历,月历126. optimistic a. 乐观127. optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的128. outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显著的129. export n. 出口〔物〕v. 出口,输出130. import n. 进口〔物〕v. 进口,输入131. impose vt. 把...加强(on)；采用,利用132. religion n. ,信仰133. religious a. 的134. victim n. 牺牲品,受害者135. video n. 电视,视频a. 电视的,录像的136. videotape n. 录像磁带v. 把...录在录像带上137. offend v. 冒犯,触犯138. bother v. 打搅,麻烦139. interfere v. 干预,干扰,妨碍140. internal a. 部的,国的141. beforehand ad. 预先,事先142. racial a. 人种的种族的143. radiation n. 放射物,辐射144. radical a.根本的；激进的145. range n. 幅度,围v. 〔在某围〕变动146. wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹v. 想知道,对...感到疑惑147. isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立148. issue n. 问题,争论点；发行,〔报刊〕一期149. hollow a. 空的,中空的,空虚道150. hook n. 钩vt. 钩住151. adequate a. 适当地；足够152. adhere vi. 粘附,附着；遵守,坚持153. ban vt. 取缔,禁止154. capture vt. 俘虏,捕获155. valid a. 有效的,有根据的；正当的156. valley n. 山谷,峡谷157. consistent a. 巩固定；一致的,始终如一的158. continuous a. 继续的,连续〔不断〕的159. continual a. 不断地,频繁的160. explode v. 爆炸；爆发；激增161. exploit v. 剥削；利用,开采162. explore v. 勘探163. explosion n. 爆炸；爆发；激增164. explosive a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的165. remote a. 遥远的,偏僻的166. removal n. 除去,消除167. render vt. 使得,致使167. render vt.呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施vi.给予补偿n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底168. precaution n. 预防,防范,警惕169. idle a. 懒散的,无所事事的170. identify vt. 认出,鉴定171. identify n. 身份；个性,特性172. poverty n. 贫穷173. resistant a. (to)抵抗的,抗...的,耐...的174. resolve vt. 解决；决定,决意175. barrel n. 桶176. bargain n. 廉价货vi. 讨价还价177. coarse a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的178. coach n. 教练；长途公共汽车179. code n. 准那么,法规,密码180. coil n. 线圈v. 卷,盘绕191. encounter vt./n. 遭遇,遭到192. globe n. 地球,世界；地球仪193. global a. 全球的；总的194. scan vt. 细看；扫描；浏览195. scandal n. 丑事,丑闻196. significance n. 意义；重要性197. subsequent a. 随后的,后来的198. virtue n. 美德,优点199. virtual a. 实际上的,事实上的200. orient vt. 使适应,(to,toward)使朝向n. 201. portion n. 一局部202. target n. 目标,靶子vt. 瞄准203. portable a. 手提式的204. decline v. 拒绝,绝；下降205. illusion n. 错觉206. likelihood n. 可能,可能性207. stripe n. 条纹208. emphasize vt. 强调,着重209. emotion n. 情感,感情210. emotional a. 感情的,情绪〔上〕的211. awful a. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的212. awkward a. 笨拙的,棘手的213. clue n. 线索,提示214. collision n. 碰撞,冲突215. device n. 装置,设备216. devise vt. 发明,策划,想出217. inevitable a. 不可防止的218. naval a. 海军的219. navigation n. 航行220. necessity n. 必需品；必要性221. previous a. 先,前,以前的222. provision n. [pl.]给养,口粮；准备,设备,装置223. pursue vt. 追逐；追求；从事,进展224. stale a. 不新鲜的,腐的225. substitute n. 代用品vt. 代替226. deserve vt. 应受,应得,值得227. discrimination n. 歧视；区分力228. professional a. 职业的,专门的229. secure a. 安全的,可靠的230. security n. 安全,保障231. scratch v./n. 抓,搔,扒232. talent n. 才能,天资；人才233. insurance n. 保险,保险费234. insure vt. 给...保险,保证,确保235. nevertheless ad. 仍然,然而,不过236. neutral a. 中立的,中性的237. spot n. 地点；斑点vt. 认出,发现；玷污238. spray v. 喷,〔使〕溅散239. medium a. 中等的,适中的n. 媒介物,新闻媒介240. media n. 新闻241. auxiliary a. 辅助的,备用的242. automatic a. 自动的243. compete vi. 竞争,比赛244. competent a. 有能力的,能胜任的245. competition n. 竞争,比赛246. distribute vt. 分发247. disturb vt. 打搅,妨碍248. infer v. 推论,推断249. integrate v.〔使〕成为一体,〔使〕合并250. moist a. 潮湿251. moisture n. 潮湿252. promote vt. 促进；提升253. region n. 地区；围；幅度254. register v./n.登记,注册255. stable a. 稳定的256. sophisticated a. 老于世故的,老练的；很复杂的257. splendid a. 极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的258. cancel vt. 取消,废除259. variable a. 易变的,可变的260. prospect n. 前景,前途；景象261. prosperity n.兴旺,繁荣262. aspect n. 方面；朝向；面貌263. cope vi. (with)〔成功地〕应付,处理264. core n. 果心,核心265. maintain vt. 维持,保持；坚持,主266. mainland n. 大陆267. discipline n. 纪律；惩罚；学科268. domestic a. 本国的,国的；家用的；家庭的269. constant a. 不变的,恒定的n. 常数270. cliff n. 悬崖,峭壁271. authority n. 权威；当局272. audio a. 听觉273. attitude n. 态度274. community n. 社区,社会275. commit vt.犯〔错误,罪行等〕,干〔坏事等〕276. comment n./vt. 评论277. distinguish vt. 区分,区分278. distress n. 痛苦,悲伤vt. 使痛苦279. facility n. [pl.] 设备,设施；便利,方便280. faculty n.能力,技能;系,学科/院;全体教员281. mixture n. 混合,混合物282. mood n. 心情,情绪；语气283. moral a. 道德上的,有道德的284. prominent a. 突出的285. substance n. 物质；实质286. substantial a. 可观的；结实的；实质的287. prompt vt. 促使a. 敏捷的,与时的288. vivid a. 生动的289. vocabulary n. 词汇〔量〕；词汇表290. venture n. 风险投资,风险项目v. 冒险；取于291. version n. 版本,译本；说法292. waist n. 腰,腰部293. weld v./n. 焊接294. yawn vi. 打哈欠295. yield vi. (to)屈服于；让出,放弃n. 产量296. zone n. 地区,区域297. strategy n. 战略,策略298. strategic a. 战略〔上〕的,关键的299. tense a. 紧的v. 拉紧n. 时态300. tension n. 紧〔状态〕,力301. avenue n. 林荫道,大街302. available a. 现成可用的；可得到的303. comparable a. (with,to)可比拟的,类似的304. comparative a. 比拟的,相对的305. dash vi. 猛冲,飞奔306. data n. 数据,资料307. dive vi. 跳水,潜水308. diverse a. 不同的,多种多样的309. entitle vt. 给...权利,给...资格310. regulate vt. 管理,调节311. release vt./n. 释放,排放；解释解脱312. exaggerate v. 夸大,夸313. evil a. 邪恶的,坏的314. shrink vi. 起皱,收缩；退缩315. subtract v. 减〔去〕316. suburb n. 市郊317. subway n. 地铁318. survey n./vt. 调查,勘测319. wealthy a. 富裕的320. adjust v. 调整,调节321. attach vt. 系,贴；使附属322. profit n. 利润,益处；v. 有益于,有利于323. profitable a. 有利可图的324. slope n. 斜坡,斜面325. reinforce vt. 增强,加强326. reject vt. 拒绝327. fatal a. 致命的；重大的328. fate n. 命运329. humble a. 谦逊的；谦虚的330. illegal a. 不合法的,非法的331. award vt. 授予,判给n. 奖品,奖金332. aware a. 意识到333. column n. 柱,圆柱；栏,专栏334. comedy n. 喜剧335. dumb a. 哑的；沉默的336. dump vt. 倾卸,倾倒337. deaf a. 聋的；不愿听的338. decorate vt. 装饰,装璜339. principal a. 最重要的n. 负责人,校长340. principle n. 原那么,原理341. prior a. 优先的,在前的342. priority n. 优先,重点343. prohibit vt. 禁止,不准344. remarkable a. 值得注意的,异常的,非凡的345. remedy n./vt. 补救,医治,治疗346. repetition n. 重复,反复347. vain a. 徒劳的,无效的348. undertake vt. 承当,着手做；同意,答应349. unique a. 唯一的,独特的350. obstacle n. 障碍〔物〕,妨碍351. odd a. 奇特的,古怪的；奇数的352. omit vt. 省略353. opponent n. 敌手,对手354. opportunity n. 机会,时机355. orchestra n. 管弦乐队356. semester n. 学期；半年357. semiconductor n. 半导体358. seminar n. 研讨会359. terminal a. 末端的,极限的n. 终点360. territory n. 领土361. approximate a. 大概的,大约v. 近似362. arbitrary a. 随意的,未断的363. architect n. 建筑师364. architecture n. 建筑学365. biology n. 生物学366. geography n. 地理〔学〕367. geology n. 地质学368. geometry n. 几何〔学〕369. arithmetic n. 算术370. algebra n. 代数371. entertainment n. 娱乐；招待,款待372. enthusiasm n. 热情,热心373. entry n. 进入,入口处；参赛的人〔或物〕374. environment n. 环境375. episode n. 插曲,片段376. equation n. 方程〔式〕377. restrain vt. 阻止,抑制378. restraint n. 抑制,限制379. resume v. 〔中断后〕重新开始380. severe a. 严重的381. sexual a. 性的382. simplicity n. 简单；朴素383. simplify vt. 简化384. sorrow n. 悲哀,悲痛385. stuff n. 原料,材料vt. 填进,塞满386. temporary a. 暂时的,临时的387. temptation n. 诱惑,引诱388. terror n. 恐怖389. thrust v. 挤,推,插390. treaty n. 条约,协定391. arise vi. 产生,出现,发生；起身392. arouse vt. 引起,激起；唤醒393. burden n. 重担,负荷394. bureau n. 局,办事处395. marvelous a. 奇迹般的,惊人的396. massive a. 大的,大量的,大块的397. mature a. 成熟的398. maximum a. 最高的,最大的399. minimum a. 最低的,最小的400. nonsense n. 胡说,冒失的行动401. nuclear a. 核子的,核能的402. nucleus n. 核403. retail n./v./ad. 零售404. retain vt. 保存,保持405. restrict vt. 限制,约束406. sponsor n. 发起者,主办者vt. 发起,主办,资助407. spur n./vt. 刺激,激励408. triumph n. 胜利,成功409. tuition n. 学费410. twist vt. 使缠绕；转动；扭歪411. undergraduate n. 大学肄业生412. universal a. 普遍的,通用的；宇宙的413. universe n. 宇宙414. via prep. 经由,经过,通过415. vibrate v. 振动,摇摆416. virus n. 病毒417. voluntary a. 自愿的418. volunteer n. 志愿者v. 自愿〔做〕419. vote v. 选举n. 选票420. wagon n. 四轮马车,铁路货车421. appoint vt. 任命,委派422. approach v. 靠近,接近n. 途径,方式423. appropriate a. 适当的424. bunch n. 群,伙；束,串425. bundle n. 捆,包,束vt. 收集,归拢426. ceremony n. 典礼,仪式427. chaos n. 混乱,紊乱428. discount n. 〔价格〕折扣429. display n./vt. 列,展览430. equivalent a. 相等的a. 相等物431. erect a. 竖直的v. 建造,竖立432. fax n./vt.433. fertile a. 肥沃的；多产的434. fertilizer n. 肥料435. grateful a. 感激的436. gratitude n. 感激437. horror n. 恐怖438. horrible a. 可怕的439. Internet n. 国际互联网,因特网440. interpret v. 翻译,解释441. interpretation n. 解释,说明442. jungle n. 丛林,密林443. knot n. 结vt. 把...打成结444. leak v. 漏,渗出445. lean vi. 倾斜,倚,靠446. leap vi. 跳跃447. modify vt. 修改448. nylon n. 尼龙449. onion n. 洋葱450. powder n. 粉末451. applicable a. 可应用的,适当的452. applicant n. 申请人453. breadth n. 宽度454. conservation n. 保存,保护455. conservative a. 保守的456. parallel n. 平行线；可相比拟的事物457. passion n. ,热情458. passive a. 被动的,消极的459. pat v./n. 轻拍,轻打460. peak n. 山峰,顶点461. phenomenon n. 现象462. reluctant a. 不情愿的,勉强的463. rely vi. (on ,upon)依赖,指望464. relevant a. 有关的,切题的465. reliable a. 可靠的466. relief n. 轻松,宽慰；减轻467. reputation n. 名气,声誉468. rescue vt./n. 营救469. triangle n. 三角〔形〕470. sequence n. 连续；顺序471. shallow a. 浅的472. shiver vi/n. 发抖473. shrug v./n. 耸肩474. signature n. 签名475. sincere a. 诚挚的,真诚的476. utility n. 功用,效用477. utilize vt. 利用478. utter vt. 说出a. 完全的,彻底的479. variation n. 变化,变动480. vehicle n. 交通工具,车辆481. applause n. 鼓掌,掌声482. appliance n. 器具,器械483. consent n. 准许,同意vi (to)准许,同意484. conquer vt. 征服485. defect n. 缺点,缺陷486. delicate a. 易碎的；娇弱的；精美的487. evolve v.演变488. evolution n. 演变,进化489. frown v./n. 皱眉490. frustrate vt. 使沮丧491. guarantee vt./n. 保证492. guilty a. 疚的；有罪的493. jealous a. 妒忌的494. jeans n. 牛仔裤495. liquor n. 酒,烈性酒496.liter/litre n. 升497. modest a. 谦虚道498. molecule n. 分子499. orbit n. 轨道v. 〔绕...〕作轨道运行500. participate v. (in)参与,参加501. particle n. 微粒502. particularly ad. 特别,尤其503. respond vi. 回答,答复；反响504. response n. 回答,答复；反响505. sensible a. 明智的506. sensitive a. 敏感到,灵敏的507. tremble vi. 颤抖508. tremendous a. 巨大的；精彩的509. trend n. 趋向,倾向510. trial n. 审讯；试验511. apparent a. 显然的,明白的512. appetite n. 胃口；欲望513. deposit n. 存款,定金v.存放,储蓄514. deputy n. 副职,代表515. derive vt. 取得,得到；(from)起源于516. descend v. 下来,下降517. missile n. 导弹518. mission n. 使命；代表团519. mist n.薄雾520. noticeable a. 显而易见到521. notify vt. 通知,告知522. notion n. 概念；意图,想法523. resemble vt. 像,类似于524. reveal vt. 揭露525. revenue n. 收入,岁入；税收526. shelter n. 掩蔽处；住所527. shield n. 防护物,盾vt. 保护,防护528. vital a. 重要的；致命的,生命的529. vitally ad. 极度,非常；致命地530. urban a. 城市的531. urge vt. 鼓励,激励532. urgent a. 急迫的,紧急得533. usage n. 使用,用法536. violet a. 紫色的537. weed n. 杂草,野草538. welfare n. 福利539. whatsoever ad. 〔用于否认句〕任何540. whereas conj. 然而,但是,尽管541. essential a. 必不可少的；本质的542. estimate n./vt. 估计,估量543. evaluate vt. 评估,评价544. exceed vt. 超过,越出545. exceedingly ad. 非常,极其546. exclaim v. 呼喊,大声说547. exclude vt. 把...排斥在外,不包括548. exclusive a. 读有的,排他的549. excursion n. 远足550. flash vi. 闪光,闪耀551. flee vi. 逃走552. flexible a. 易弯曲的553. flock n. 羊群,〔鸟兽等〕一群；一伙人554. hardware n. 五金器具555. harmony n. ,融洽556. haste n. 急速,急忙557. hatred n. 憎恶,憎恨558. incident n. 事件,事变559. index n. 索引,标志560. infant n. 婴儿561. infect v. 传染562. inferior a. 劣等的,次的,下级的563. infinite a. 无限的564. ingredient n. 组成局部565. inhabitant n. 居民566. jail n. 监狱567. jam n. 果酱；拥挤,堵塞568. jewel n. 宝石569. joint a.连接的；共同的570. junior a. 年少的；资历较浅的571. laser n. 激光572. launch vt. 发动,发起573. luxury n. 奢侈；奢侈品574. magnet n. 磁铁,磁体577. manual a. 用手的,手工做的n. 手册578. manufacture vt./n. 制造,加工579. marine a. 海的；海产的580. mutual a. 相互的581. naked a. 裸露的582. negative a. 否认的,消极的583. neglect vt. 无视,忽略584. origin n. 起源,出身585. oval a. 椭圆形的n. 椭圆形586. outset n. 开始,开端587. presumably ad. 大概,可能588. prevail vi. 流行,盛行589. quit v. 停止590. quotation n. 引文,引语591. recreation n. 娱乐活动592. recruit vt. 招募,吸收〔新成员〕593. rival n. 竞争对手,敌手594. shuttle n. 梭子；航天飞机595. skim vt. 搬〔去〕,掠过；浏览596. sketch n. 草图；梗概597. slender a. 苗条的,修长的598. theme n. 主题599. textile n. 纺织品600. tropical a. 热带的,炎热的601. kneel vi. 跪602. label n. 标签604. mere a. 仅仅的,只不过的；纯粹的605. nuisance n. 令人讨厌的东西〔或人〕606. numerous a. 众多的,许多的607. parade n. v. 列队行进608. pants [pl.] n. 长裤；裤609. partial a. 局部的610. passport n. 护照611. prescribe vt. 开药,吩咐采用...疗法612. primitive a. 原始的,早期的613. ridge n. 脊,山脊,埂614. ridiculous a. 可笑的,荒漠的615. rigid a. 严格的；僵硬的616. withstand vt. 经受,承受617. witness n. 目击者；证据vt. 注意到；证明618. withdraw v. 收回,撤销619. slippery a. 滑的620. smash vt. 粉碎,打烂621. snap n./vt. 折断,拉断；快照622. software n. 软件623. solar a. 太阳的624. lunar a. 月的,月球的625. submerge vi. 潜入水中626. submit vi.(to)屈服,听从627. timber n. 木材,原木628. tissue n. 组织；薄纱,手巾纸629. title n. 题目,标题630. tone n. 语气,音调631. drift vi. 漂,漂流632. drip n. 滴633. durable a. 耐用的,持久的634. duration n. 持续,持续期间635. dusk n. 黄昏,薄暮636. leather n. 皮革637. legislation n. 法律,法规；立法638. leisure n. 闲暇；悠闲639. loose a. 松的,宽松的640. loosen v. 解开,放松641. earnest a. 认真的,诚挚的642. earthquake n. 地震643. echo n. 回音,回声644. elaborate a. 精心设计的,复杂的645. elastic n. 橡皮圈〔带〕a. 有弹性的646. elbow n. 肘647. electron n. 电子648. volcano n. 火山649. volume n. 卷,册；体积,容量650. fatigue n. 疲劳,劳累651. faulty a. 有错误的,有缺点的652. favorable a. 称赞道；有利的,顺利的653. favorite a. 最爱的n. 喜爱的人或物654. gallery n. 画廊655. gallon n. 加仑656. gap n. 间隔,差距657. garbage n. 垃圾,废物658. gaze v. 凝视,注视659. gear n. 齿轮,传动装置660. gene n. 基因661. lest conj. 唯恐,免得662. liable a. 可能的,大概的；(to)易于...的663. liberal a. 自由得664. liberty n. 自由665. license /license n. 许可证,执照666. moisture n. 潮湿667. motivate vt. 激励,激发668. motive n. 动机,目的669. generate vt. 生成,产生〔光、热、电等〕670. genius n. 天才,天赋671. genuine a. 真的,真诚的672. gasoline n. 汽油673. germ n. 微生物,细菌674. gesture n. 姿势,手势675. giant a. 巨大的n. 巨人,巨物676. glimpse n. 一瞥,一看677. glory n. 光荣,荣誉678. glorious n. 光荣的,极好的679. golf n. 高尔夫球运动680. hydrogen n. 氢681. oxygen n. 氧682. hostile a. 敌对的,敌意大683. household n. 家庭,户684. hook n. 钩685. holy a. 神圣地,圣洁的686. hint n. 暗示,示意687. hesitate v. 犹豫688. highlight vt. 强调,突出689. hence ad. 因此,所以；今后,从此690. herd n. 兽群,牧群。

磁控溅射原理

Sputter 磁控溅镀原理Sputter 在辞典中意思为：（植物）溅散。

此之所谓溅镀乃指物体以离子撞击时，被溅射飞散出。

因被溅射飞散的物体附著于目标基板上而制成薄膜。

在日光灯的插座附近常见的变黑现象，即为身边最赏见之例，此乃因日光灯的电极被溅射出而附著于周围所形成。

溅镀现象，自 19 世纪被发现以来，就不受欢迎，特别在放电管领域中尤当防止。

近年来被引用于薄膜制作技术效效佳，将成为可用之物。

薄膜制作的应用研究，当初主要为 Bell Lab.及 Western Electric 公司，于 1963 年制成全长 10m 左右的连续溅镀装置。

1966 年由 IBM 公司发表高周波溅镀技术，使得绝缘物之薄膜亦可制作。

后经种种研究至今已达“不管基板的材料为何，皆可被覆盖任何材质之薄膜”目的境地。

而若要制作一薄膜，至少需要有装置薄膜的基板及保持真空状况的道具（内部机构）。

这种道具即为制作一空间，并使用真空泵将其内气体抽出的必要。

一、真空简介：所谓真空，依 JIS（日本工业标准）定义如下：较大气压力低的压力气体充满的特定的空间状态。

真空区域大致划分及分子运动如下：真空划分低真空中真空高真空超高真空压 Pa 105～102 102～10-1 10 ～10 〈10-5 -1 -5力 Torr 760～1 1～10-3 10-3～10 〈10-7 -7分子运动状态粘滞流 viscous flow 中间流（过渡流） intermediate flow 分子流 molecular flow 分子流 molecular effusion真空单位相关知识如下：标准环境条件气体的标准状态压力（压强）p 帕斯卡 Pa 托 Torr 标准大气压 atm 毫巴 mbar 温度为 20℃，相对湿度为 65%，大气压力为： 1atm 101325Pa=1013.25mbar=760Torr 温度为 0℃，压力为：101325Pa 气体分子从某一假想平面通过时，沿该平面的正法线方向的动量改变率，除以该平面面积或气体分子作用于其容器壁表面上的力的法向分量，除以该表面面积。

蚀刻

9-1 前言蚀刻是将材料使用化学反应或物理撞击作用而移除的技术。

蚀刻技术可以分为『湿蚀刻』(wet etching)及『干蚀刻』(dry etching)两类。

在湿蚀刻中是使用化学溶液，经由化学反应以达到蚀刻的目的，而干蚀刻通常是一种电浆蚀刻(plasma etching)，电浆蚀刻中的蚀刻的作用，可能是电浆中离子撞击芯片表面的物理作用，或者可能是电浆中活性自由基(Radical)与芯片表面原子间的化学反应，甚至也可能是这两者的复合作用。

在航空、机械、化学工业中，蚀刻技术广泛地被使用于减轻重量(Weight Reduction)仪器镶板，名牌及传统加工法难以加工之薄形工件等之加工。

在半导体制程上，蚀刻更是不可或缺的技术。

9-2 湿蚀刻(Wet etching)湿蚀刻是将芯片浸没于适当的化学溶液中，或将化学溶淬喷洒至芯片上，经由溶液与被蚀刻物间的化学反应，来移除薄膜表面的原子，以达到蚀刻的目的。

湿蚀刻三步骤为扩散→反应→扩散出如图（一）所示图（一）以湿式法进行薄膜蚀刻时，蚀刻溶液（即反应物）与薄膜所进行的反应机制。

湿蚀刻进行时，溶液中的反应物首先经由扩散通过停滞的边界层(boundary layer)，方能到达芯片的表面，并且发生化学反应与产生各种生成物。

蚀刻的化学反应的生成物为液相或气相的生成物，这些生成物再藉由扩散通过边界层，而溶入主溶液中。

就湿蚀刻作用而言，对一种特定被蚀刻材料，通常可以找到一种可快速有效蚀刻，而且不致蚀刻其它材料的『蚀刻剂』(etchant)，因此，通常湿蚀刻对不同材料会具有相当高的『选择性』(selectivity)。

然而，除了结晶方向可能影响蚀刻速率外，由于化学反应并不会对特定方向有任何的偏好，因此湿蚀刻本质上乃是一种『等向性蚀刻』(isotropic etching)。

等向性蚀刻意味着，湿蚀刻不但会在纵向进行蚀刻，而且也会有横向的蚀刻效果。

横向蚀刻会导致所谓『底切』(undercut)的现象发生，使得图形无法精确转移至芯片，如图（二）所示。

高考英语690个阅读理解高频词汇

高考英语690个阅读理解高频词汇1.alterv.改变,改动,变更2.burstvi./n.突然发生,爆裂disposevi.除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)3.blastn.爆炸；气流vi.炸,炸掉consumev.消耗,耗尽splitv.劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的spitv.吐（唾液等）；唾弃spillv.溢出,溅出,倒出slipv.滑动,滑落；忽略slidev.滑动,滑落n.滑动;滑面;幻灯片4.bacterian.细菌5.breedn.种,品种v.繁殖,产仔budgetn.预算v.编预算,作安排candidaten.候选人6.campusn.校园7.liberala.慷慨的；丰富的；自由的transformv.转变,变革；变换transmitv.传播,播送；传递transplantv.移植8.transportvt.运输,运送n.运输(工具) shiftv.转移；转动；转变varyv.变化,改变；使多样化vanishvi.消灭,不见9.swallowv.吞下,咽下n.燕子suspicionn.怀疑,疑心suspiciousa.怀疑的,可疑的milda.温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的10.tendera.温柔的；脆弱的nuisancen.损害.妨害.讨厌(的人或事物)11.insignificanta.无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的12.acceleratevt.加速,促进absolutea.绝对的,无条件的；完全的13.boundaryn.分界线,边界braken.刹车,制动器v.刹住（车）catalogn.目录（册）v.编目vaguea.模糊的,不明确的vainn.徒劳,白费14.extincta.绝灭的,熄灭的extraordinarya.不平常的,特别的,非凡的15.extremea.极度的,极端的n.极端,过分16.agentn.代理人,代理商；动因,原因alcoholn.含酒精的饮料,酒精appealn./vi.呼吁,恳求appreciatevt.重视,赏识,欣赏approvev.赞成,同意,批准stimulatevt.刺激,激励acquirevt.取得,获得；学到accomplishvt.完成,到达；实行networkn.网状物；广播网,电视网；网络17.tiden.潮汐；潮流18.tidya.整洁的,整齐的19.tracevt.追踪,找到n.痕迹,踪迹torturen./vt.拷打,折磨wandervi.漫游,闲逛20.waxn.蜡21.weavev.织,编61.abusev.滥用,虐待；谩骂academica.学术的；高等院校的；研究院的62.academyn.（高等）专科院校；学会63.batteryn.电池（组）barriern.障碍；棚栏cargon.（船、飞机等装载的）货物64.careern.生涯,职业65.vesseln.船舶；容器,器皿；血管verticala.垂直的66.obligev.迫使,责成；使感激obscurea.阴暗,模糊extentn.程度,范围,大小,限度exteriorn.外部,外表a.外部的,外表的67.externala.外部的,外表的,外面的petroln.汽油68.petroleumn.石油69.delayvt./n.推迟,延误,耽搁decayvi.腐烂,腐朽70.decenta.像样的,体面的routen.路；路线；航线ruinv.毁坏,破坏n.毁灭,[pl.]废墟71.saken.缘故,理由72.satelliten.卫星73.scalen.大小,规模；等级；刻度templen.庙宇74.tediousa.乏味道,单调的, 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对...感到疑惑95.isolatevt.使隔离,使孤立issuen问.题,争论点.发行,(报刊)一期96.hollowa.空的,中空的,空虚道hookn.钩vt.钩住97.adequatea.适当地；足够adherevi.粘附,附着；遵守,坚持banvt.取缔,禁止98.capturevt.俘虏,捕获valida.有效的,有根据的；正当的valleyn.山谷,峡谷99.consistenta.坚固定；一致的,始终如一的100.continuousa.继续的,连续（不断）的101.continuala.不断地,频繁的explodev.爆炸；爆发；激增exploitv.剥削；利用,开采explorev.勘探102.explosionn.爆炸；爆发；激增explosivea.爆炸的；极易引起争论的103.remotea.遥远的,偏僻的removaln.除去,消除rendervt.使得,致使rendervt.呈递,归还,着色,汇报,致使,放弃,表演,实施vi.给予补偿n. 交纳,粉刷,打底116.precautionn.预防,防备,警惕idlea.懒散的,无所事事的117.identifyvt.认出,鉴定identifyn.身份；个性,特性povertyn.贫穷118.resistanta.(to)抵抗的,抗..的,耐.. 的119.resolvevt.解决；决定,决意barreln.桶120.bargainn.便宜货vi.讨价还价coarsea.粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的coachn.教练；长途公共汽车coden.准则,法规,密码coiln.线圈v.卷,盘绕encountervt./n.遭遇,遭到globen.地球,世界；地球仪globala.全球的；总的scanvt.细看；扫描；浏览scandaln.丑事,丑闻191.significancen.意义；重要性subsequenta.随后的,后来的virtuen.美德,优点192.virtuala.实际上的,事实上的orientvt.使适应,(to,toward)使朝向n.东方193.portionn.一部分194.targetn.目标,靶子vt.瞄准portablea.手提式的195.declinev.拒绝,谢绝；下降illusionn.错觉196.likelihoodn.可能,可能性stripen.条纹197.emphasizevt.强调,着重emotionn.情感,感情198.emotionala.感情的,情绪（上）的awfula.极坏的,威严的,可怕的awkwarda.笨拙的,棘手的cluen.线索,提示199.collisionn.碰撞,冲突devicen.装置,设备200.devisevt.发明,策划,想出inevitablea.不可避免的navala.海军的201.navigationn.航行202.necessityn.必需品；必要性previousa.先,前,以前的provisionn.[pl.]给养,口粮；准备,设备,装置203.pursuevt.追逐；追求；从事,进行stalea.不新鲜的,陈腐的substituten.代用品vt.代替deservevt.应受,应得,值得discriminationn.歧视；辨别力professionala.职业的,专门的securea.安全的,可靠的securityn.安全,保障204.scratchv./n.抓,搔,扒205.talentn.才能,天资；人才insurancen.保险,保险费insurevt.给...保险,保证,确保neverthelessad.仍然,然而,不过neutrala.中立的,中性的spotn.地点；斑点vt.认出,发现；玷污206.sprayv.喷,（使）溅散mediuma.中等的,适中的n.媒介物,新闻媒介207.median.新闻传媒208.auxiliarya.辅助的,备用的automatica.自动的petevi.竞争,比赛2petenta.有能力的,能胜任的competitionn.竞争,比赛distributevt.分发25.disturbvt.打搅,妨碍inferv.推论,推断26.integratev.(使)成为一体,(使)合并moista.潮湿27.moisturen.潮湿28.promotevt.促进；提升regionn.地区；范围；幅度registerv./n登.记,注册stablea.稳定的29.sophisticateda.老于世故的,老练的；很复杂的30.splendida.极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的cancelvt.取消,废除variablea.易变的,可变的prospectn.前景,前途；景象prosperityn.兴旺,繁荣aspectn.方面；朝向；面貌copevi.(with)（成功地）应付,处理31.coren.果心,核心32.maintainvt.维持,保持；坚持,主张mainlandn.大陆33.disciplinen.纪律；惩罚；学科domestica.本国的,国内的；家用的；34.constanta.不变的,恒定的n.常数35.cliffn.悬崖,峭壁36.authorityn.权威；当局audioa.听觉37.attituden.态度munityn.社区,社会commitvt.犯(错误,罪行..),干(坏事..)mentn./vt.评论distinguishvt.区分,辨别distressn.痛苦,悲伤vt.使痛苦facilityn.[pl.]设备,设施；便利,方便40.facultyn.能力,技能;系,学科/院;全体教员41.mixturen.混合,混合物moodn.心情,情绪；语气morala.道德上的,有道德的prominenta.突出的substancen.物质；实质substantiala.可观的;牢固的;实质的42.promptvt.促使a.敏捷的,及时的43.vivida.生动的44.vocabularyn.词汇（量）；词汇表venturen.风险投资,风险项目v.冒险；取于45.versionn.版本,译本；说法waistn.腰,腰部46.weldv./n.焊接47.yawnvi.打哈欠48.yieldvi.(to)屈服于:让出,放弃n.产量49.zonen.地区,区域50.strategyn.战略,策略strategica.战略（上）的,关键的tensea.紧张的v.拉紧n.时态tensionn.紧张（状态）,张力51.availablea.现成可用的；可得到的parablea.(with,to)可比较的, 类似的parativea.比较的,相对的dashvi.猛冲,飞奔datan.数据,资料54.divevi.跳水,潜水diversea.不同的,多种多样的entitlevt.给...权利,给...资格regulatevt.管理,调节releasevt./n.释放,排放；解释解脱exaggeratev.夸大,夸张evila.邪恶的,坏的shrinkvi.起皱,收缩；退缩subtractv.减（去）suburbn.市郊55.subwayn.地铁56.surveyn./vt.调查,勘测wealthya.富裕的57.adjustv.调整,调节attachvt.系,贴；使附属profitn.利润,益处v.有益于,有利于58.profitablea.有利可图的slopen.斜坡,斜面reinforcevt.增强,加强rejectvt.拒绝59.fatala.致命的；重大的faten.命运60.humblea.谦逊的；谦虚的illegala.不合法的,非法的awardvt.授予,判给n.奖品,奖金61.awarea.意识到62.columnn.柱,圆柱；栏,专栏comedyn.喜剧63.dumba.哑的；沉默的dumpvt.倾卸,倾倒deafa.聋的；不愿听的decoratevt.装饰,装璜principala.最重要的n.负责人,校长64.principlen.原则,原理priora.优先的,在前的priorityn.优先,重点prohibitvt.禁止,不准remarkablea.值得注意的,异常的,非凡的65.remedyn./vt.补救,医治,治疗repetitionn.重复,反复vaina.徒劳的,无效的undertakevt.承担,着手做；同意, uniquea.唯一的,独特的obstaclen.障碍（物）,妨碍odda.奇特的,古怪的；奇数的omitvt.省略66.opponentn.敌手,对手opportunityn.机会,时机orchestran.管弦乐队semestern.学期；半年semiconductorn.半导体seminarn.研讨会67.terminala.末端的,极限的n.终点68.territoryn.领土69.approximatea大.概的,大约v.近似arbitrarya.随意的,未断的architectn.建筑师avenuen.林荫道,大街370.architecturen.建筑学biologyn.生物学71.geographyn.地理（学）geologyn.地质学72.geometryn.几何（学）arithmeticn.算术73.algebran.代数74.entertainmentn.娱乐；招待,款待enthusiasmn.热情,热心entryn.进入,入口处；参赛的人或物75.environmentn.环境episoden.插曲,片段equationn.方程（式）restrainvt.阻止,抑制restraintn.抑制,限制resumev.（中断后）重新开始severea.严重的76.sexuala.性的77.simplicityn.简单；朴素simplifyvt.简化78.sorrown.悲哀,悲痛stuffn.原料,材料vt.填进,塞满temporarya.暂时的,临时的temptationn.诱惑,引诱terrorn.恐怖79.thrustv.挤,推,插80.treatyn.条约,协定81.arisevi.产生,出现,发生；起身arousevt.引起,激起；唤醒burdenn.重担,负荷bureaun.局,办事处marvelousa.奇迹般的,惊人的massivea.大的,大量的,大块的maturea.成熟的82.maximuma.最高的,最大的minimuma.最低的,最小的nonsensen.胡说,冒失的行动nucleara.核子的,核能的nucleusn.核83.retailn./v./ad.零售84.retainvt.保留,保持restrictvt.限制,约束sponsorn.发起者,主办者vt.发起,主办,资助85.spurn./vt.刺激,激励triumphn.胜利,成功tuitionn.学费86.twistvt.使缠绕；转动；扭歪undergraduaten.大学肄业生universala.普遍的,通用的；宇宙的87.universen.宇宙88.viaprep.经由,经过,通过vibratev.振动,摇摆virusn.病毒89.voluntarya.自愿的90.volunteern.志愿者v.自愿（做）votev.选举n.选票wagonn.四轮马车,铁路货车appointvt.任命,委派approachv.靠近,接近n.途径,方式91.appropriatea.适当的bunchn.群,伙；束,串bundlen.捆,包,束vt.收集,归拢ceremonyn.典礼,仪式chaosn.混乱,紊乱93.displayn./vt.陈列,展览equivalenta.相等的a.相等物erecta.竖直的v.建造,竖立faxn./vt.传真94.fertilea.肥沃的；多产的fertilizern.肥料95.gratefula.感激的96.gratituden.感激97.horrorn.恐怖98.horriblea.可怕的99.Internetn.国际互联网,因特网interpretv.翻译,解释interpretationn.解释,说明junglen.丛林,密林knotn.结vt.把...打成结leakv.漏,渗出100.leanvi.倾斜,倚,靠leapvi.跳跃101.modifyvt.修改102.nylonn.尼龙103.onionn.洋葱104.powdern.粉末105.applicablea.可应用的,适当的applicantn.申请人breadthn.宽度106.conservationn.保存,保护conservativea.保守的paralleln.平行线；可相比拟的事物107.passionn.热,情108.passivea.被动的,消极的patv./n.轻拍,轻打peakn.山峰,顶点109.phenomenonn.现象reluctanta.不情愿的,勉强的relyvi.(on,upon)依赖,指望relevanta.有关的,切题的reliablea.可靠的110.reliefn.轻松,宽慰；减轻reputationn.名气,声誉rescuevt./n.营救111.trianglen.三角（形）sequencen.连续；顺序shallowa.浅的112.shivervi/n.发抖113.shrugv./n.耸肩114.signaturen.签名115.sincerea.诚挚的,真诚的utilityn.功用,效用utilizevt.利用116.uttervt.说出a.完全的,彻底的variationn.变化,变动vehiclen.交通工具,车辆applausen.鼓掌,掌声appliancen.器具,器械consentn.准许,同意vi(to)准许, conquervt.征服117.defectn.缺点,缺陷delicatea.易碎的；娇弱的；精美的118.evolvev.演变119.evolutionn.演变,进化frownv./n.皱眉120.frustratevt.使沮丧guaranteevt./n.保证guiltya.内疚的；有罪的jealousa.妒忌的92.discountn.（价格）折扣jeansn.牛仔裤121.liquorn.酒,烈性酒4122.liter/litren.升123.modesta.谦虚道124.moleculen.分子125.orbitn.轨道v.(绕...)作轨道运行participatev.(in)参与,参加particlen.微粒126.particularlyad.特别,尤其respondvi.回答,答复；反应responsen.回答,答复；反应sensiblea.明智的127.sensitivea.敏感到,灵敏的tremblevi.颤抖128.tremendousa.巨大的；精彩的trendn.趋向,倾向129.trialn.审讯；试验130.apparenta.显然的,明白的appetiten.胃口；欲望depositn.存款,定金v.存放,储蓄deputyn.副职,代表derivevt.取得,得到；(from)起源于131.descendv.下来,下降missilen.导弹132.missionn.使命；代表团mistn.薄雾133.noticeablea.显而易见到notifyvt.通知,告知notionn.概念；意图,想法resemblevt.像,类似于revealvt.揭露134.revenuen.收入,岁入；税收sheltern.掩蔽处；住所shieldn.防护物,盾vt.保护,防护vitala.重要的；致命的,生命的vitallyad.极度,非常；致命地urbana.城市的135.urgevt.鼓励,激励136.urgenta.急迫的,紧急得usagen.使用,用法104.violeta.紫色的105.weedn.杂草,野草106.welfaren.福利107.whatsoeverad.用(于否定句)任何whereasconj.然而,但是,尽管essentiala.必不可少的；本质的estimaten./vt.估计,估量evaluatevt.评估,评价exceedvt.超过,越出exceedinglyad.非常,极其exclaimv.呼喊,大声说excludevt.把...排斥在外,不包括exclusivea.读有的,排他的excursionn.远足108.flashvi.闪光,闪耀109.fleevi.逃走110.flexiblea.易弯曲的flockn.羊群,(鸟兽等)一群；一伙人111.hardwaren.五金器具harmonyn.,融洽112.hasten.急速,急忙113.hatredn.憎恶,憎恨incidentn.事件,事变indexn.索引,标志114.infantn.婴儿115.infectv.传染116.inferiora.劣等的,次的,下级的118.inhabitantn.居民119.jailn.监狱120.jamn.果酱；拥挤,堵塞jeweln.宝石121.jointa.连接的；共同的juniora.年少的；资历较浅的lasern.激光unchvt.发动,发起luxuryn.奢侈；奢侈品magnetn.磁铁,磁体manuala.用手的,手工的n.手册manufacturevt./n.制造,加工marinea.海的；海产的mutuala.相互的121.nakeda.裸露的122.negativea.否定的,消极的neglectvt.忽视,忽略originn.起源,出身ovala.椭圆形的n.椭圆形outsetn.开始,开端presumablyad.大概,可能prevailvi.流行,盛行quitv.停止123.quotationn.引文,引语recreationn.娱乐活动recruitvt.招募,吸收（新成员）rivaln.竞争对手,敌手shuttlen.梭子；航天飞机skimvt.搬（去）,掠过；浏览sketchn.草图；梗概slendera.苗条的,修长的themen.主题124.textilen.纺织品125.tropicala.热带的,炎热的kneelvi.跪beln.标签210.merea.仅仅的,只不过的；纯粹的nuisancen.令人讨厌的东西（或人）211.numerousa.众多的,许多的paraden.v.列队行进pants[pl.]n.长裤；内裤partiala.部分的212.passportn.护照213.prescribevt.开药,吩咐采用...疗法primitivea.原始的,早期的ridgen.脊,山脊,埂ridiculousa.可笑的,荒漠的rigida.严格的；僵硬的withstandvt.经受,承受witnessn.目击者；证据vt.注意到；证明214.withdrawv.收回,撤销slipperya.滑的215.smashvt.粉碎,打烂snapn./vt.折断,拉断；快照softwaren.软件216.solara.太阳的217.lunara.月的,月球的submergevi.潜入水中submitvi.(to)屈服,听从timbern.木材,原木tissuen.组织；薄纱,手巾纸titlen.题目,标题218.tonen.语气,音调219.driftvi.漂,漂流220.dripn.滴221.durablea.耐用的,持久的infinitea.无限的durationn.持续,持续期间117.ingredientn.组成部分5WORD 格式专业资料整理高考英语690个阅读理解高频词汇百弗ETP 137.duskn.黄昏,薄暮138.leathern.皮革 139.legislationn.法律,法规；立法 140.leisuren.闲暇；悠闲141.loosea.松的,宽松的142.loosenv.解开,放松 143.earnesta.认真的,诚挚的144.earthquaken.地震643.echon.回音,回声 123.elaboratea.精心设计的,复杂的 124.elasticn.橡皮圈（带）a.有弹性的 125.elbown.肘647.electronn.电子127.volcanon.火山128.volumen.卷,册；体积,容量129.fatiguen.疲劳,劳累 130.faultya.有错误的,有缺点的 131.favorablea.称赞道；有利的,顺利的 132.favoritea.特别受喜欢的n.喜爱的 133.galleryn.画廊655.gallonn.加仑222.gapn.间隔,差距657.garbagen.垃圾,废物658.gazev.凝视,注视659.gearn.齿轮,传动装置660.genen.基因 661.lestconj.唯恐,免得662.liablea.可能的,大概的(to)易于...的 663.liberala.自由得664.libertyn.自由665.license/licensen.许可证,执照 666.moisturen.潮湿 667.motivatevt.激励,激发 668.motiven.动机,目的 669.generatevt.生成,产生(光.热.电等) 670.geniusn.天才,天赋671.genuinea.真的,真诚的672.gasolinen.汽油 673.germn.微生物,细菌674.gesturen.姿势,手势 675.gianta.巨大的n.巨人,巨物676.glimpsen.一瞥,一看677.gloryn.光荣,荣誉 678.gloriousn.光荣的,极好的679.golfn.高尔夫球运动 680.hydrogenn.氢681.oxygenn.氧682.hostilea.敌对的,敌意大683.householdn.家庭,户 684.hookn.钩 685.holya.神圣地,圣洁的686.hintn.暗示,示意687.hesitatev.犹豫 688.highlightvt.强调,突出689.hencead.因此,所以；今后,从此690.herdn.兽群,牧群 6。

普洛普.故事形态学-重点要点整理

普洛普.故事形态学-重点要点整理第一章问题的历史1、20世纪20年代的故事研究为什么会钻进死胡同①斯佩兰斯基将其归咎于材料不足②研究的方法没有数理科学那样严整的分类法、为学界认可的统一术语系统、薪火相传不断完善的研究方法，使得清晰严谨地提出问题并作出解答显得十分困难母庸置疑，我们周围的现象和对象可以或者从其构成结构方面、或者从其起源方面、或者从其所经历的变化和过程方面进行研究。

无论什么现象，只有在对其进行描述之后才可以去谈论它的起源，这也是无须任何证明就十分清楚的事然而，已有的故事研究主要还只是起源学方面的，大部分没有试着去做一个初步的系统描述。

在阐述故事是从何而来这个问题之前，必须先回答它是什么这个问题2、材料的分类把材料分成不同的部分，即对它进行分类，正确的分类是科学描述的初阶之一。

研究的正确性有赖于分类的正确性。

尽管分类是所有研究的基础，它本身也应该是一定的初步研究的结果然而大部分研究者始于从外部引入材料的分类，而不是根据实质从材料中得出来3、例：最常见的对故事的划分，就是把它们分成有神奇内容的故事、日常生活故事、动物故事。

但动物故事中也包含神奇的因素，动物们正是在神奇故事中发挥着很大的作用4、文特《民众心理》中的按故事类别进行的划分①神话寓言故事②纯粹的神奇故事③生物的故事和寓言④纯粹的动物寓言⑤起源故事⑥滑稽的故事和寓言⑦道德寓言寓言是一个形式范畴，不明确5、按情节划分①如同按类别划分一样，按情节划分也应该被置于新的轨道。

而故事有一个特点：一个故事的组成部分可以原封不动地搬入另一个故事，这一特征是故事专有的②不顾及这个特点，情节一般是这样定义的：取故事的某一个部分，加上一个介词“关于”，定义就出来了。

在决定性要素的选择上并无一个统一的原则6、P.M.沃尔科夫教授断定幻想故事的15个情节，按照划分原则分类①按照开场定义的②按照主人公的性格③按照主人公的数目……这种划分无章可循，不能算是准确意义上的科学的分类法，充其量是个用途有限的索引，其价值大可怀疑7、安吉·阿尔奈的故事索引阿尔奈编制的目录成了国际通用的，并对故事研究事业功绩赫赫，多亏他编写的索引，才有可能对故事进行破译。

Sputtering apparatus

专利名称：Sputtering apparatus发明人：Noriaki Tani,Kazuhiko Saito,Koukou Suu申请号：US09909852申请日：20010723公开号：US20020043457A1公开日：20020418专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：In order to provide technology where film deposition speed and Sr/Ticomposition ratio is constant even when forming dielectric films consecutively on aplurality of substrates using sputtering techniques, a sputtering apparatus of the present invention is provided with an opposing electrode located about the periphery of amounting table at an inner bottom surface of a vacuum chamber. Further, a multiplicity of holes are formed at the surface of the opposing electrode so that the surface area of the opposing electrode is large. Sputtered dielectric material becomes affixed to the surface of the opposing electrode so that a dielectric film is formed at this surface. The charge density of charge distributed at the surface of the opposing electrode is therefore small compared with the related art even when positive charge is distributed. The potential of the opposing electrode surface can therefore be kept substantially at earth potential. Discharges within the vacuum chamber are therefore stable because the potential of the surface of the opposing electrode is kept substantially at earth potential. It is therefore difficult for the fluctuations in film thickness distribution and film deposition speed and instabilities in the discharges that occur in the related art to occur.申请人：TANI NORIAKI,SAITO KAZUHIKO,SUU KOUKOU更多信息请下载全文后查看。

【高中英语】高考英语纲外词汇必备(18)

【高中英语】高考英语纲外词汇必备(18)高考英语纲外词汇必备，希望大家能从中获益！Spin v./n.纺，快速旋转spiritual a.精神的spit v.吐唾沫Split v.撕开spoken a.口语的spoonful n.一匙的量Spot n./v.斑点，污点spray n./v.水雾，喷雾器spy n./v.密探，间谍Squid n.鱿鱼squirrel n.松鼠stadium n. 露天体育场Starvation n.饥饿steady a.稳固的steak n.牛排，肉排，鱼排Steep a.险峻的step-mother n.继母steward n.男服务员Stewardess n.女乘务员stocking n.长统袜stomachache n.胃冬Stopwatch n.记秒表storage n.贮藏stove n.火炉，煤炉，电炉Strait n.海峡strawberry n.草莓stream n.小河String n.细绳，线，带studio n.工作室，演播室subtraction n. 算数中的减Successful a.成功的，有成就的 suck a.吸吮suffering n.痛苦，苦难Suite n.套间summary n.摘要，概要sunburnt a.晒黑的Sunglasses n.太阳眼镜，黑镜 sunlight n.日光，阳光sunrise n.黎蝗，拂晓Sunshine n.阳光superman n.超人supermarket n.超级市场Surgeon n.外科医生surround vt.围绕surrounding a.周围的Suspect n.犯罪嫌疑人swallow vt.吞下sweat n.汗，汗水Swift a.快的，迅速的swimming pool 游泳池swing vt./n.挥舞，摆动Swiss a.瑞士人的Switzerland n.瑞士sword n.剑，刀System n.体系table tennis n.乒乓球tablet n.药片Tank n.储水容量tanker n.油船感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

Sputter原理和流程课件(PPT44张)

提高Target的纯度,使其低氧化低雜質（Inclusion）提高Target密度（ Void ）提高Target表面平整度（Surface Finish）减小target晶粒的大小,提高均一性（Gain Size）
Nodule（ITO）
原因: w ITO靶材是由氧化銦及氧化錫熱燒結而成,若混合不均及壓結密度不足就易在濺鍍時產生節瘤
Crystal Growth Mechanism
Crystal Growth Mechanism
PVD Flow
機械流程
動作流程
機械流程
機械流程
機械流程
機械流程
機械流程
機械流程
Sputter Process Flow:
1、抽真空(粗抽)
- 760torr至10-3 torr 2、抽真空(細抽) - 10-3 torr至10-8 torr 3、到達底壓約10-7 torr後通Ar氣,使壓力控制在約數mtorr 4、加入電場(target為負極),點燃plasma, 開始鍍膜 5、膜厚度達到之後,停止電場 6、基板從S Chamber傳到T Chamber 7、基板送入L Chamber,破真空取出
Substrate Temperature Chamber Pressure Gas Flow Rate DC Power Magnet Scan Speed/Field

即溫度、壓力、氣體氣流之速率、DC功率密度、磁鐵掃描及範圍。
Sputtering
principle
•定義： •原理：濺鍍，即利用電漿所利用DC Power將通入產生的離子，藉著離的Process Gas解離成子對被濺鍍物體電極電漿，藉著離子對靶的轟擊，使電漿的氣的轟擊將靶材物質濺相内具有被鍍物的粒射飛散出來，而附著子來產生沉積薄膜的於目標基板形成膜。一種技術。

SPUTTER简介

系統概觀

此ARC-12M包含了一個渦輪分子Pump的真空系統，以及三個平面磁控管濺鍍Source(兩英吋1 個、四英吋2個)；1~3個DC電源供應器；一個 IBM的PC微處理控制系統；一個電源控制和表面電子裝配；和一個真空控制電子裝配。實驗時可以選擇DC或RF的電源供應，而電源和真空系統完全由電腦控制。

電源設定對兩英吋範圍0~250瓦特，四英吋範圍0~1000瓦特。基本壓力設定從10-7 到10-4 torr。操作壓力設定在1~99mtorr！
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

微系統實驗室sputter簡介簡介?本實驗室之arc?續薄膜沉積系統是能控制桌面最佳鍍膜的完備處?裝置是一台小巧結實並?于使用的系統
微系統實驗室
SPUTTER簡介
簡介

本實驗室之ARC連續薄膜沉積系統是能控制桌面最佳鍍膜的完備處理裝置，是一台小巧結實並易於使用的系統。使用前一定要閱讀操作手冊，並依操作手冊使用。特別注意維護及操作部分，若無依循使用手冊進行實驗，會導致儀器損壞。煩請大家多多配合！

高考英语阅读理解高频词.总结1.07甄选范文

高考英语阅读理解高频词.总结1.07高考英语阅读理解高频词1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更2.burst vi.n. 突然发生,爆裂3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)4.blast n. 爆炸；气流vi. 炸,炸掉5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的7.spit v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出9.slip v. 滑动,滑落；忽略10.slide v. 滑动,滑落n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种,品种v. 繁殖,产仔13.budget n. 预算v. 编预算,作安排14.candidate n. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transform v. 转变,变革；变换18.transmit v. 传播,播送；传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送n. 运输,运输工具5L0XoNEwbUfNnZ1。

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21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变22.vary v. 变化,改变；使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的d a. 温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌（的人或事物）30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的npwOypKqaifZ0Mj。

缑緶艦摈堊镗釘貰鐒镳娅鈦缀衅蛎种魷蕎趋覲绸殁宝绿郸诿镕嘗燈鲳騫驿鎵绊晝。

31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的；完全的33.boundary n. 分界线,边界34.brake n. 刹车,制动器v. 刹住（车）35.catalog n. 目录（册）v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳,白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的n. 极端,过分41.agent n. 代理人,代理商；动因,原因42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励47.acquire vt. 取得,获得；学到48.accomplish vt .完成,到达；实行work n. 网状物；广播网,电视网；网络50.tide n. 潮汐；潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪,找到n. 痕迹,踪迹53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织,编57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待；谩骂62. academic a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63. academy n. （高等）专科院校；学会64. battery n. 电池（组）65. barrier n. 障碍；棚栏66. cargo n. （船、飞机等装载的）货物67. career n. 生涯,职业68. vessel n. 船舶；容器,器皿；血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70. oblige v. 迫使,责成；使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度73. exterior n. 外部,外表a. 外部的,外表的74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽79. decent a. 像样的,体面的80. route n. 路；路线；航线81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟82. sake n. 缘故,理由83. satellite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小,规模；等级；刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的,87. tend vi.易于,趋向88. tendency n.趋向,趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的n. 极端HtaYhxODKoJ06XT。

PECVD工艺概论

⑨Utility供给—工作气体SiH4、PH3、NH3、H2、NF3、N2、 Utility供给—工作气体SiH Ar、高纯99.999%N CDA、 Ar、高纯99.999%N2、CDA、PCW(Process Cooling Water)、 Water)、DI(De_ionized Water)。
⑧真空系统—主要包括真空规(B-gauge：1mtorr~10torr和C真空系统—主要包括真空规(B-gauge：1mtorr~10torr和 gauge：10torr~760torr)以及各种valve（ gauge：10torr~760torr)以及各种valve（Vacuum valve and Throttle valve）。排出的气体在Scrubber处进行溶水 valve）。排出的气体在Scrubber处进行溶水或燃烧处理。
3.Multi&PVX膜层介绍及表征 3.Multi&PVX膜层介绍及表征
添加膜层图
3.1 4MASK工艺 4MASK工艺
首先，当今采用的5MASK工艺其工艺流程为：栅首先，当今采用的5MASK工艺其工艺流程为：栅极曝光光刻、有源层曝光光刻、S/D曝光光刻、极曝光光刻、有源层曝光光刻、S/D曝光光刻、 via曝光光刻、ITO曝光光刻五道工序。 via曝光光刻、ITO曝光光刻五道工序。 4MASK工艺指的是在5MASK基础上，将有源层 4MASK工艺指的是在5MASK基础上，将有源层曝光光刻和S/D曝光光刻两次光刻工艺掩膜板合曝光光刻和S/D曝光光刻两次光刻工艺掩膜板合一为一块掩膜板。

5.其它问题、建议及计划 5.其它问题、建议及计划
①SiNx：GH、GL； a-Si：AL、AH； SiNx：GH、GL； Si：AL、AH； ②Loadlock与TC之间关系 Loadlock与TC之间关系 ③产线内具体技术以及操作步骤，例如处理各种 Alarm等，以及控制软件的使用方法 Alarm等，以及控制软件的使用方法

AKT_SPUTTER_SIO2镀膜特性简介

三種控制方式均有其使用的時機與優缺點，以下一一介紹 1. P-control (定功率控制)：參數設定後，Generator輸出固定功率，隨著反應氣體的變化會改變其電壓&電流值(類似現行Cr Sputter DC Power)。此控制方式在本Case裡是用於抓SiO2『特性條件』與PM或因機況開過Chamber Presput時才會用到. ● 優點：膜厚較均勻. ● 缺點：n值(折射率)控制較不靈敏，不易調控膜層光學特性
SiO2鍍膜特性條件 — 遲滯曲線製作
• 而這種現象稱做『遲滯現象』（Hysteresis），或稱『滯後現象』，泛指一系統的狀態(主要多為物理系統)，不僅於當下系統的輸入有關，更會因其過去輸入過程之路徑不同，而有不同的結果。換句話說，一個系統經過某一輸入路徑之運作後，即使換回最初的狀態時，輸入同樣的值，狀態也不能回到最初始的結果。 • 本Case的遲滯現象是屬於『不可逆性』，故一旦發生至遲滯現象，即使設定同樣的O2 Flow，也不會因為SPUTTER鍍膜時間的長短，回到上次的紀錄值。
MF Generator 介紹
2. U-control (定電壓控制)：參數設定後，Generator輸出固定電壓值，隨著反應氣體的變化會改變輸出功率。此控制方式在本Case裡是用於生產時使用. ● 優點：可藉由調整輸出之電壓調整n值，同時又可藉由改變 O2 Flow 調變輸出功率調整膜厚，其最大優勢為不需依賴任何信號接獲及回饋機制，由使用者直接控制，無delay time，無複雜的幕後運作.對生產型設備而言，由於其高穩定度可減少照顧人力. ● 缺點：膜厚U%較差。
END
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英语四级核心词汇个大耳朵

英语四级核心词汇个大耳朵seek； pursue； go/search/hanker after； crave； court； woo； go/run after英语四年级核心词汇690个1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更2.burst vi.,n. 突然发生,爆裂3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理of4.blast n. 爆炸；气流 vi. 炸,炸掉5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂 a.裂开的7.spit v. 吐；唾弃8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出9.slip v. 滑动,滑落；忽略10.slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排14.candidate n. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transform v. 转变,变革；变换18.transmit v. 传播,播送；传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送 n. 运输,运输工具21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变22.vary v. 变化,改变；使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的d a. 温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌的人或事物30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的；完全的33.boundary n. 分界线,边界34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住车35.catalog n. 目录册 v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳,白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的n. 极端,过分41.agent n. 代理人,代理商；动因,原因42.alcohol n.含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励47.acquire vt. 取得,获得；学到48.accomplish vt .完成,到达；实行49work n. 网状物；广播网,电视网；网络50.tide n. 潮汐；潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织,编57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持61. abuse v.滥用,虐待；谩骂62. academic a.学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63. academy n. 高等专科院校；学会64. battery n. 电池组65. barrier n.障碍；棚栏66. cargo n. 船、飞机等装载的货物67. career n. 生涯,职业68. vessel n. 船舶；容器,器皿；血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70. oblige v. 迫使,责成；使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽79. decent a. 像样的,体面的80. route n. 路；路线；航线81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,pl.废墟82. sake n. 缘故,理由83. satellite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小,规模；等级；刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86.tedious a. 乏味道,单调的,87.tend vi.易于,趋向88. tendency n.趋向,趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的 n. 极端90. undergo v. 经历,遭受91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的92. adopt v. 收养；采用；采纳93. adapt vi. 适应,适合；改编,改写 vt. 使适应94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位；单身汉95. casual a. 偶然的,碰巧的；临时的；非正式的96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的100. optics n. 单、复数同形光学101. organ n. 器官,风琴102. excess n. 过分,过量,过剩103. expel v. 驱逐,开除,赶出104. expend v. 消费105. expenditure n. 支出,消费；经费106. expense n. 开销,费用107. expensive a. 花钱多的；价格高贵的108. expand v. 扩大,扩张；展开,膨胀109. expansion n. 扩大,扩充；发展,膨胀110. private a. 私人的,个人的111. individual a. 个别的,单独的n. 个人,个体112. personal a. 个人的,私人的；亲自的114. personnel n. 总称人员,员工；人事部门115. the Pacific Ocean 太平洋116. the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋117. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋118. the Antarctic Ocean 南冰洋119. grant vt. 授予,同意,准予119. grand a. 宏伟大,壮丽的,重大的120. invade v. 侵入,侵略,侵袭121. acid n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的；尖刻122. acknowledge v. 承认；致谢123. balcony n. 阳台124. calculate vt. 计算,核算125. calendar n. 日历,月历126. optimistic a. 乐观127. optional a. 可以任选的,非强制的128. outstanding a. 杰出的,突出的,显着129. export n. 出口物 v. 出口,输出130. import n. 进口物 v. 进口,输入131. impose vt. 把...加强on；采用,利用132. religion n. 宗教,宗教信仰133. religious a. 宗教的134. victim n. 牺牲品,受害者135. video n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的136. videotape n. 录像磁带 v. 把...录在录像带上137. offend v. 冒犯,触犯138. bother v. 打搅,麻烦139. interfere v. 干涉,干扰,妨碍140. internal a. 内部的,国内的141. beforehand ad. 预先,事先142. racial a. 人种的种族的143. radiation n. 放射物,辐射144. radical a.根本的；激进的145. range n. 幅度,范围 v. 在某范围内变动146. wonder n. 惊奇,奇迹 v. 想知道,对...感到疑惑147. isolate vt. 使隔离,使孤立148. issue n. 问题,争论点；发行,报刊一期149. hollow a. 空的,中空的,空虚道150. hook n. 钩 vt. 钩住151. adequate a. 适当地；足够152. adhere vi. 粘附,附着；遵守,坚持153. ban vt. 取缔,禁止154. capture vt. 俘虏,捕获155. valid a. 有效的,有根据的；正当的156. valley n. 山谷,峡谷157. consistent a. 坚固定；一致的,始终如一的158. continuous a. 继续的,连续的159. continual a. 不断地,频繁的160. explode v. 爆炸；爆发；激增161. exploit v. 剥削；利用,开采162. explore v. 勘探163.explosion n. 爆炸；爆发；激增164. explosive a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的165. remote a. 遥远的,偏僻的166. removal n. 除去,消除167. render vt. 使得,致使167. render解释比较长,可要仔细体会啊168. precaution n. 预防,防备,警惕169. idle a. 懒散的,无所事事的170. identify vt. 认出,鉴定171.identify n. 身份；个性,特性172. poverty n. 贫穷173. resistant a. to抵抗的,抗...的,耐 (174)resolve vt. 解决；决定,决意175. barrel n. 桶176. bargain n. 便宜货 vi. 讨价还价177. coarse a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的178. coach n. 教练；长途公共汽车179. code n. 准则,法规,密码180. coil n. 线圈 v. 卷,盘绕181. adult n. 成年人182. advertise v. 为...做广告183. advertisement n. 广告184. agency n. 代理商,经销商185. focus v. 使聚集 n. 焦点,中心,聚焦186.forbid vt. 不许,禁止187. debate n./v. 辩论,争论188. debt n. 欠债189. decade n. 十年190. enclose vt. 围住；把...装入信封191. encounter vt./n. 遭遇,遭到192. globe n. 地球,世界；地球仪193. global a. 全球的；总的194. scan vt. 细看；扫描；浏览195. scandal n. 丑事,丑闻196. significance n. 意义；重要性197. subsequent a.随后的,后来的198. virtue n. 美德,优点199. virtual a. 实际上的,事实上的200. orient vt. 使适应,to,toward使朝向 n. 东方201. portion n. 一部分202.target n. 目标,靶子 vt. 瞄准203. portable a. 手提式的204. decline v. 拒绝,谢绝；下降205. illusion n. 错觉206. likelihood n. 可能,可能性207. stripe n. 条纹208. emphasize vt. 强调,着重209. emotion n. 情感,感情210.emotional a. 感情的,情绪上的211. awful a. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的212. awkward a. 笨拙的,棘手的213.clue n. 线索,提示214. collision n. 碰撞,冲突215. device n. 装置,设备216. devise vt. 发明,策划,想出217. inevitable a. 不可避免的218. naval a. 海军的219. navigation n. 航行220. necessity n. 必需品；必要性221. previous a. 先,前,以前的222. provision n. pl.给养,口粮；准备,设备,装置223. pursue vt. 追逐；追求；从事,进行224. stale a. 不新鲜的,陈腐的225. substitute n. 代用品 vt. 代替226. deserve vt. 应受,应得,值得227. discrimination n. 歧视；辨别力228. professional a. 职业的,专门的229. secure a. 安全的,可靠的230. security n. 安全,保障231. scratch v./n. 抓,搔,扒232.talent n. 才能,天资；人才233. insurance n. 保险,保险费234. insure vt. 给...保险,保证,确保235. nevertheless ad. 仍然,然而,不过236. neutral a. 中立的,中性的237. spot n. 地点；斑点 vt. 认出,发现；玷污238. spray v. 喷,使溅散239. medium a. 中等的,适中的n. 媒介物,新闻媒介240. media n.新闻传媒241. auxiliary a. 辅助的,备用的242. automatic a. 自动的243. compete vi. 竞争,比赛244. competent a. 有能力的,能胜任的245. competition n. 竞争,比赛246. distribute vt. 分发247. disturb vt. 打搅,妨碍248. infer v. 推论,推断249. integrate v. into,with使成为一体,使合并250. moist a.潮湿251. moisture n. 潮湿252. promote vt. 促进；提升253.region n. 地区；范围；幅度254. register v./n.登记,注册255.stable a. 稳定的256.sophisticated a. 老于世故的,老练的；很复杂的257. splendid a. 极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的258. cancel vt. 取消,废除259. variable a. 易变的,可变的260. prospect n. 前景,前途；景象261. prosperity n.兴旺,繁荣262. aspect n. 方面；朝向；面貌263. cope vi. with成功地应付,处理264. core n. 果心,核心265. maintain vt. 维持,保持；坚持,主张266. mainland n. 大陆267. discipline n. 纪律；惩罚；学科268. domestic a. 本国的,国内的；家用的；家庭的269. constant a.不变的,恒定的 n. 常数270. cliff n. 悬崖,峭壁271. authority n. 权威；当局272. audio a. 听觉273. attitude n. 态度274. community n. 社区,社会275. commit vt. 犯错误,罪行等,干坏事等276. commentn./vt. 评论277. distinguish vt.区分,辨别278. distress n. 痛苦,悲伤 vt. 使痛苦279. facility n. pl. 设备,设施；便利,方便280. faculty n. 能力,技能；系,学科,学院；全体教员281. mixture n. 混合,混合物282. mood n. 心情,情绪；语气283. moral a. 道德上的,有道德的284. prominent a. 突出的285. substance n. 物质；实质286. substantial a. 可观的；牢固的；实质的287. prompt vt. 促使 a. 敏捷的,及时的288. vivid a. 生动的289. vocabulary n. 词汇量；词汇表290. venture n. 风险投资,风险项目 v. 冒险；取于291. version n. 版本,译本；说法292. waist n. 腰,腰部293. weld v./n. 焊接294.yawn vi. 打哈欠295. yield vi. to屈服于；让出,放弃 n. 产量296. zone n. 地区,区域297. strategy n. 战略,策略298. strategic a. 战略上的,关键的299. tense a. 紧张的v. 拉紧 n. 时态300. tension n.紧张状态,张力301. avenue n. 林荫道,大街302. available a. 现成可用的；可得到的303. comparable a. with,to可比较的,类似的304. comparative a.比较的,相对的305. dash vi. 猛冲,飞奔306. data n. 数据,资料307. dive vi. 跳水,潜水308. diverse a. 不同的,多种多样的309. entitle vt. 给...权利,给...资格310. regulate vt. 管理,调节311. release vt./n. 释放,排放；解释解脱312. exaggerate v. 夸大,夸张313. evil a. 邪恶的,坏的314. shrink vi. 起皱,收缩；退缩315. subtract v. 减去316. suburb n. 市郊317. subway n. 地铁318. survey n./vt. 调查,勘测319. wealthy a. 富裕的320. adjust v. 调整,调节321. attach vt. 系,贴；使附属322. profit n.利润,益处；v. 有益于,有利于323. profitable a. 有利可图的324.slope n. 斜坡,斜面325. reinforce vt. 增强,加强326. reject vt. 拒绝327. fatal a. 致命的；重大的328. fate n. 命运329. humble a.谦逊的；谦虚的330. illegal a. 不合法的,非法的331. award vt. 授予,判给 n. 奖品,奖金332. aware a.意识到333. column n. 柱,圆柱；栏,专栏334. comedy n. 喜剧335. dumb a. 哑的；沉默的336. dump vt. 倾卸,倾倒337. deaf a. 聋的；不愿听的338. decorate vt. 装饰,装璜339. principal a. 最重要的 n. 负责人,校长340. principle n. 原则,原理341. prior a. 优先的,在前的342. priority n. 优先,重点343.prohibit vt. 禁止,不准344. remarkable a. 值得注意的,异常的,非凡的345. remedy n./vt. 补救,医治,治疗346. repetition n. 重复,反复347. vain a. 徒劳的,无效的348. undertake vt. 承担,着手做；同意,答应349. unique a. 唯一的,独特的350. obstacle n. 障碍物,妨碍351. odd a. 奇特的,古怪的；奇数的352. omit vt. 省略353. opponent n. 敌手,对手354. opportunity n. 机会,时机355. orchestra n. 管弦乐队356. semester n. 学期；半年357. semiconductor n. 半导体358. seminar n. 研讨会359. terminal a. 末端的,极限的 n. 终点360.territory n. 领土361.approximate a. 大概的,大约 v. 近似362. arbitrary a. 随意的,未断的363. architect n. 建筑师364. architecture n. 建筑学365.biology n. 生物学366. geography n. 地理学367. geology n. 地质学368. geometry n. 几何学369. arichmetic n. 算术370. algebra n. 代数371. entertainment n. 娱乐；招待,款待372. enthusiasm n. 热情,热心373. entry n. 进入,入口处；参赛的人或物374. enviroment n.环境375. episode n. 插曲,片段376. equation n. 方程式377. restrain vt. 阻止,抑制378. restraint n.抑制,限制379. resume v. 中断后重新开始380. severe a. 严重的381. sexual a. 性的382. simplicity n. 简单；朴素383. simplify vt. 简化384. sorrow n. 悲哀,悲痛385.stuff n. 原料,材料 vt. 填进,塞满386. temporary a. 暂时的,临时的387. temptation n. 诱惑,引诱388. terror n. 恐怖389. thrust v. 挤,推,插390. treaty n. 条约,协定391. arise vi. 产生,出现,发生；起身392. arouse vt. 引起,激起；唤醒393. burden n. 重担,负荷394. bureau n. 局,办事处395. marveous a. 奇迹般的,惊人的396. massive a. 大的,大量的,大块的397. mature a. 成熟的398. maximum a. 最高的,最大的399. minimum a. 最低的,最小的400. nonsense n. 胡说,冒失的行动501. particle n. 微粒502. particularly ad. 特别,尤其503. respond vi. 回答,答复；反应504. response n. 回答,答复；反应505. sensible a. 明智的506. sensitive a. 敏感到,灵敏的507. tremble vi. 颤抖508. tremendous a. 巨大的；精彩的509. trend n. 趋向,倾向510. trial n. 审讯；试验511. apparent a. 显然的,明白的512. appetite n. 胃口；欲望513. deposit n. 存款,定金 v.存放,储蓄514. deputy n.副职,代表515. derive vt. 取得,得到；from起源于516. descend v. 下来,下降517. missile n. 导弹518. mission n. 使命；代表团519. mist n.薄雾520. noticeable a. 显而易见到521. notify vt. 通知,告知522. notion n. 概念；意图,想法523. resemble vt. 像,类似于524.reveal vt. 揭露525. revenue n.收入,岁入；税收526. shelter n.掩蔽处；住所527. shield n. 防护物,盾 vt. 保护,防护528. vital a. 重要的；致命的,生命的529.vitally ad. 极度,非常；致命地530.urban a. 城市的531. urge vt. 鼓励,激励532. urgent a. 急迫的,紧急得533. usage n. 使用,用法534. violence n. 强力,暴力535.violent a. 强暴的536. violet a.紫色的537. weed n. 杂草,野草538. welfare n. 福利539. whatsoever ad. 用于否定句任何540. whereas conj. 然而,但是,尽管541.essential a. 必不可少的；本质的542. estimate n./vt. 估计,估量543. 执行uate vt. 评估,评价544. exceed vt. 超过,越出545. exceedingly ad. 非常,极其546. exclaim v. 呼喊,大声说547.exclude vt. 把...排斥在外,不包括548. exclusive a. 读有的,排他的549. excursion n. 远足550. flash vi. 闪光,闪耀551. flee vi. 逃走552. flexible a. 易弯曲的553.flock n. 羊群,鸟兽等一群；一伙554. hardware n. 五金器具555. harmony n. 和谐,融洽556. haste n. 急速,急忙557. hatred n. 憎恶,憎恨558. incident n. 事件,事变559. index n. 索引,标志560. infant n. 婴儿561. infect v. 传染562. inferior a. 劣等的,次的,下级的563. infinite a. 无限的564. ingredient n. 组成部分565. inhabitant n. 居民566. jail n.监狱567. jam n. 果酱；拥挤,堵塞568. jewel n. 宝石569. joint a.连接的；共同的570. junior a. 年少的；资历较浅的571. laser n. 激光572. launch vt. 发动,发起573. luxury n. 奢侈；奢侈品574.magnet n. 磁铁,磁体575. male a.男性的,雄的576. female a. 女性的,雌的577. manual a. 用手的,手工做的 n. 手册578. manufacture vt./n. 制造,加工579. marine a. 海的；海产的580. mutual a. 相互的581. naked a. 裸露的582. negative a. 否定的,消极的583. neglect vt. 忽视,忽略584. origin n. 起源,出身585. oval a. 椭圆形的 n. 椭圆形586. outset n. 开始,开端587. presumably ad. 大概,可能588. prevail vi. 流行,盛行589. quit v. 停止590. quotation n. 引文,引语591. recreation n. 娱乐活动592. recruit vt. 招募,吸收新成员593. rival n. 竞争对手,敌手594.shuttle n. 梭子；航天飞机595.skim vt. 搬去,掠过；浏览596. sketch n. 草图；梗概597. slender a. 苗条的,修长的598. theme n. 主题599. textile n. 纺织品600. tropical a. 热带的,炎热的601. kneel vi. 跪602. label n.标签603. merchant n. 商人604. mere a. 仅仅的,只不过的；纯粹的605. nuisance n. 令人讨厌的东西或人606. numerrous a. 众多的,许多的607. parade n. 游行 v. 列队行进608. pantspl. n. 长裤；内裤609. partial a. 部分的610. passport n. 护照611. prescribe vt. 开药,吩咐采用...疗法612. primitive a. 原始的,早期的613. ridge n. 脊,山脊,埂614.ridiculous a. 可笑的,荒漠的615. ridid a. 严格的；僵硬的616. withstand vt. 经受,承受617. witness n. 目击者；证据 vt. 注意到；证明618. withdraw v. 收回,撤销619. slippery a. 滑的620.smash vt. 粉碎,打烂621. snapn./vt. 折断,拉断；快照622. software n. 软件623. solar a. 太阳的624. lynar a. 月的,月球的625. submerge vi. 潜入水中626. submit vi.to屈服,听从627. timber n. 木材,原木628. tissue n. 组织；薄纱,手巾纸629. title n. 题目,标题630. tone n. 语气,音调631. drift vi. 漂,漂流632. drip n. 滴633.durable a. 耐用的,持久的634. duration n. 持续,持续期间635. dusk n. 黄昏,薄暮636. leather n. 皮革637. legislation n. 法律,法规；立法638. leisure n. 闲暇；悠闲639. loose a. 松的,宽松的640. loosen v. 解开,放松641. tarnest a. 认真的,诚挚的642. earthquake n. 地震643. echo n. 回音,回声644. elaborate a. 精心设计的,复杂的645. elastic n. 橡皮圈带 a. 有弹性的646. elbow n. 肘647.electron n. 电子648. volcano n.火山649. volume n. 卷,册；体积,容量650. fatigue n. 疲劳,劳累651. faulty a. 有错误的,有缺点的652. favorable a. 称赞道；有利的,顺利的653. favorite a. 特别受喜欢的n. 喜爱的人或物654. gallery n.画廊655. gallon n. 加仑656. gap n. 间隔,差距657.garbage n. 垃圾,废物658. gaze v. 凝视,注视659. gear n. 齿轮,传动装置660. gene n. 基因661. lest conj. 唯恐,免得662. liable a. 可能的,大概的； to易于 (663)liberal a. 自由得664. liberty n. 自由665. licence/license n. 许可证,执照666. moisture n. 潮湿667. motivate vt. 激励,激发668.motive n. 动机,目的669. generate vt. 生成,产生670. genius n. 天才,天赋671. genuine a. 真的,真诚的672. gasoline n. 汽油673. germ n. 微生物,细菌674. gesture n. 姿势,手势675. giant a. 巨大的 n. 巨人,巨物676. glimpse n. 一瞥,一看677. glory n. 光荣,荣誉678. glorious n. 光荣的,极好的679. golf n. 高尔夫球运动680. hydrogen n. 氢681. oxygen n. 氧682. hostile a. 敌对的,敌意大683. household n. 家庭,户684. hook n. 钩685. holy a. 神圣地,圣洁的686. hint n. 暗示,示意687. hestiate v. 犹豫688. highlight vt. 强调,突出689.hence ad. 因此,所以；今后,从此690. herd n. 兽群,牧群。

伯特的基本分析思路

伯特的基本分析思路伯特认为社会网络是一种社会资本。

既然网络关系是一种投资,那么我们就需要一个有效率的网络:(1)效率,非重复性信息源可以带来较高效率(2)不需要把所有关系都建立起来,只需要打通主信息源就能够实现与其他信息的有效沟通。

而结构洞则正是建构有效率的网络结构的核心概念。

社会资本具有两种收益:(1)信息收益,取决于谁和何时得知这些机会并参与这种机会的分配;(2)控制收益,就是参与者被赋予的左右竞争对手的力量,控制收益需要行动者积极主动,动力就成了关键问题。

伯特在《结构洞》中提出,同质的重复的网络不会带来社会资本上的增加,能够带来这种收益的关系网络具有特殊的结构特征,在这种特殊的网络结构当中,处于拥有较大社会资本的结点上竞争者,更有可能得到较高的回报,这样的结构位置被博特称为“结构洞”。

波特用来测量网络位置的两个变量是“关系桥”或接近“关系桥”;使用交流频率的社会测量资料来测量网络密度,伯特考虑情感的紧密度来测量联系的强弱。

伯特的方法在经验分析时很有生命力,因为他假定行动者是受利益动机驱使的,网络由处在于竞争状态的变量界定。

伯特的创新之处在于他认为重要的因素不是关系的强弱,而是它们在已经建立的关系网络中是重复的还是非剩余的。

网络限制越多意味着结构洞越少;网络规模与结构洞的社会资本正相关;网络密度与结构洞的社会资本负相关;等级制与社会资本负相关。

另一个对伯特有重要影响的学者怀特,认为经济学只是关注交换,没有什么市场理论。

他在1981年的著名论文《市场从何而来?》中指出,市场是从社会网络发展而来的,市场秩序是生产经营者网络内部相互交往产生的暗示、信任和规则的反映。

但是过于抽象的模型分析和缺少语主流的对话使怀特的理论被没有受到持久的关注。

难能可贵的是,伯特并没有接受经济学家的傲慢的前提:市场过程不是社会学研究的合适对象,因为社会关系在现代社会中仅仅扮演一种磨擦和破坏者的角色。

通过研究经济网络特征会影响到置身其中的个体的竞争地位和收益,伯特实现了对经济分析的渗透和网络分析空间的开拓。

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