1958年日内瓦公海公约(附英文)
1958年日内瓦公海公约
1958年日内瓦公海公约简介本公约于1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦召开的第一次联合国海洋法会议上通过,1962年9月30日生效。
参加本公约的国家共有五十多个。
本公约各缔约国,希望编纂有关公海的国际法规则,承认1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行的联合国海洋法会议所采纳的下列各项规定作为普遍宣告的既定的国际法原则,兹协议如下:第1条“公海”一词系指不包括在一国领海或内海内的全部海域。
第2条公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声称将公海的任何部分置于其主权之下。
公海自由是在本公约和其他国际法规则所规定的条件下行使的。
公海自由对沿海国和非沿海国而言,除其他外,包括:(1)航行自由;(2)捕鱼自由;(3)铺设海底电缆和管道的自由。
(4)公海上飞行自由;所有国家行使这些自由以及国际法的一般原则所承认的其他自由时,都应适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益。
第3条1.为了与沿海国平等享受公海自由,各无海岸国均应有权自由进入海洋。
为此,位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的国家,应通过与后者的共同协议并根据现行国际公约:(a)在互惠基础上,给予该无海岸国自由过境;并且(b)在进出海港和使用海港方面,给予悬挂该无海岸国旗帜的船舶以对本国船舶或任何其他国家船舶的同等待遇。
2.位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的各国,如果不是现行国际公约的缔约国,应通过与后者相互协议,并考虑沿海国或过境国的权利和该无海岸国的特殊情况,解决有关过境自由和在港平等待遇的一切问题。
第4条每个国家,不论是否是沿海国,悬挂其旗帜的船舶均有权在公海上行驶。
第5条1.每个国家应确定对船舶给予其国籍、船舶在其领土内登记以及船舶悬挂本国旗帜的权利的条件。
船舶具有被授权悬挂其旗帜的国家的国籍。
国家和船舶之间必须具有真正的联系,特别是,一国必须对悬挂其国旗的船舶有效地行使行政、技术和社会问题上的管辖和控制。
2.每个国家应向给予悬挂本国旗帜权利的船舶颁发相应的文件。
1958年联合国在日内瓦进行第一次联合国海洋法会议
第九章海洋法填空题1、1958年联合国在日内瓦举行第一次联合国海洋法会议,制定了四个公约它们是(1)(2)《公海公约》(3)《公海捕鱼和生物资源养护公约》和(4) 。
2、《联合国海洋法公约》于年在联合国海洋法第次会议上通过,在1994年开始生效。
3、《海洋法公约》规定,领海宽度从领海基线起,不超过海里,我国法律规定,我国的领海宽度为海里。
4、领海基线有两种,即与。
我国采用法划定领海。
5、领海与内水的主要区别是,外国船舶在领海享有的权利。
6、《海洋法公约》规定,从领海基线起,毗连区的宽度不超过海里,专属经济区的宽度不超过海里。
我国专属经济区的宽度为海里。
7、用于国际航行的海峡实行一种特殊的航行通过制度叫做制度。
8、在群岛水域中适用两种国际航行制度,即和。
9、公海陆空指不包括国家的、、或群岛国的群岛水域内的全部海域。
10、《海洋法公约》规定的公海自由的内容包括(1) 自由,(2) 自由(3) 自由(4) 自由(5) 自由和(6)科学研究自由。
11、《海洋法公约》规定,国际海底区域及其资源是人类的任何国家不应对它主张或行使主权。
答案:填空题1、《领海及毗连区公约》/ 大陆架公约2、1982 / 19943、12 / 124、正常基线/ 直线基线/ 直线基线5、无害通过6、24 / 200 / 2007、过境通行8、无害通过制/ 群岛海道通过制9专属经济区、领海、内水10、航行/ 飞越|捕鱼/ 铺设海底电缆和管道/ 建造人工岛屿和其它设施11、共同继承财产第九章海洋法一、简述海域的划分情况二、简述无害通过制和国境通行制的异同三、简述相邻相向国家之间大陆架和专属经济区的划分四、简述国家在公海上的权利五、沿海国在毗连区中具有哪些管制权?六、简述公海上的管辖权七、试述领海的概念及其法律地位。
八、试述大陆架的定义、宽度及其法律地位。
九、何为无害通过制度十、简述用于国际航行的海峡的航行制度。
十一、简述沿海国在专属经济区的权利和义务。
大陆架公约及英文版
大陆架公约(1958年4月29日订于日内瓦)[本公约于1964年6月10日生效]本公约当事各国,议定条款如下:第1条本条款称“大陆架”者谓:(a)邻接海岸但在领海以外之海底区域之海床及底土,其上海水深度不逾二百公尺,或虽逾此限度而其上海水深度仍使该区域天然资源有开发之可能性者;(b)邻接岛屿海岸之类似海底区域之海床及底土。
第2条1.沿海国为探测大陆架及开发其天然资源之目的,对大陆架行使主权上权利。
2.本条第一项所称权利为专属权利,沿海国如不探测大陆架或开发其天然资源,非经其明示同意,任何人不得从事此项工作或对大陆架有所主张。
3.沿海国对大陆架之权利不以实际或观念上之占领或明文公告为条件。
4.本条款所称天然资源包括在海床及底土之矿物及其他无生资源以及定着类之有生机体,亦即于可予采捕时期,在海床上下固定不动,或非与海床或底土在形体上经常接触即不能移动之有机体。
第3条沿海国对于大陆架之权利不影响其上海水为公海之法律地位,亦不影响海水上空之法律地位。
第4条沿海国除为探测大陆架及开发其天然资源有权采取合理措施外,对于在大陆架上敷设或维持海底电缆或管线不得加以阻碍。
第5条1.探测大陆架及开发其天然资源不得使航行、捕鱼或海中生物资源之养护受任何不当之妨害,亦不得对于以公开发表为目的而进行之基本海洋学研究或其他科学研究有任何妨害。
2.以不违反本条第一项及第六项之规定为限,沿海国有权在大陆架上建立、维持或使用为探测大陆架及开发其天然资源所必要之设置及其他装置,并有权在此项设置与装置之周围设定安全区以及在安全区内采取保护设置及装置之必要措施。
3.本条第二项所称之安全区得以已建各项设置及其他装置周围五百公尺之距离为范围、自设置与装置之外缘各点起算之。
各国船舶必须尊重此种安全区。
4.此种设置气装置虽受沿海国管辖,但不具有岛屿之地位。
此种设置与装置本身并无领海,其存在不影响沿海国领海界限之划定。
5.关于此项设置之建立必须妥为通告、并须常设警告其存在之装置。
1958年日内瓦公海公约(附英文)
【法规名称】1958年日内瓦公海公约(附英文)【颁布部门】【颁布时间】 1958-04-29【效力属性】有效【正文】1958年日内瓦公海公约(附英文)简介本公约于1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦召开的第一次联合国海洋法会议上通过,1962年9月30日生效。
参加本公约的国家共有五十多个。
本公约各缔约国,希望编纂有关公海的国际法规则,承认1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行的联合国海洋法会议所采纳的下列各项规定作为普遍宣告的既定的国际法原则,兹协议如下:第1条“公海”一词系指不包括在一国领海或内海内的全部海域。
第2条公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声称将公海的任何部分置于其主权之下。
公海自由是在本公约和其他国际法规则所规定的条件下行使的。
公海自由对沿海国和非沿海国而言,除其他外,包括:(1)航行自由;(2)捕鱼自由;(3)铺设海底电缆和管道的自由。
(4)公海上飞行自由;所有国家行使这些自由以及国际法的一般原则所承认的其他自由时,都应适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益。
第3条某一无海岸国之间的国家,应通过与后者的共同协议并根据现行国际公约:(a)在互惠基础上,给予该无海岸国自由过境;并且(b)在进出海港和使用海港方面,给予悬挂该无海岸国旗帜的船舶以对本国船舶或任何其他国家船舶的同等待遇。
2.位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的各国,如果不是现行国际公约的缔约国,应通过与后者相互协议,并考虑沿海国或过境国的权利和该无海岸国的特殊情况,解决有关过境自由和在港平等待遇的一切问题。
第4条每个国家,不论是否是沿海国,悬挂其旗帜的船舶均有权在公海上行驶。
第5条1.每个国家应确定对船舶给予其国籍、船舶在其领土内登记以及船舶悬挂本国旗帜的权利的条件。
船舶具有被授权悬挂其旗帜的国家的国籍。
国家和船舶之间必须具有真正的联系,特别是,一国必须对悬挂其国旗的船舶有效地行使行政、技术和社会问题上的管辖和控制。
2.每个国家应向给予悬挂本国旗帜权利的船舶颁发相应的文件。
日内瓦公约主要内容
日内瓦公约主要内容《日内瓦公约》(Geneva Convention)是世界上历史最悠久,最广泛的国际公约系列之一,因发源于瑞士城市日内瓦而得名,规定了在战争中的某些关系的人道主义准则。
《日内瓦公约》的最初框架制定于1864年,成为今日国际共识的全面性人道条约。
1949年,四部分的日内瓦公约,更修订的《日内瓦公约修正公约》,以及协助伤残人员改善生活的国际协议,都被收录于公约中来对更广泛的问题规章进行整体性修订。
日内瓦公约被广泛认可,民族自决和宗教信仰自由也都被确认,它还给人们带来了许多重要的权利和义务,给国际上也带来了实质性的利益,有效地抑制了战争及其最极端形式的发生。
《日内瓦公约》一共由四部分组成,依次是:(1)《关于治安和战争的国际公约》(The Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and the Sick in armed forces in the Field),1966年以前,是以立足1949年的原版为基础,规定了改善陆军、海军和空军的伤残人员的生活的措施及规定。
(2)《关于处理战争犯的国际公约》(The Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War),1949年签定,对战俘的安全保障作出了细则。
《日内瓦公约》也有一些更新修订版本,如:于 1929 年签订的《关于民兵的日内瓦公约》,作为《日内瓦公约》的一部分,它主要规定了被俘虏民兵的待遇及一些其它分项规定;1973 年签定的《血性免疫》公约,它主要规定了“禁止攻击或摧毁公共设施,以及支持联合国的决议”;1980 年签定的《关于限制或禁止开发、生产和储存化学武器的公约》(Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Stockpiling of Chemical Weapons),主要旨在限制使用化学武器的行为。
领海及毗连区公约
领海及毗连区公约(1958年4月29日订于日内瓦)[本公约于1964年9月10日生效]本公约当事各国议定条款如下:第一编领海第一节总则第1条1.国家主权及于本国领陆及内水以外毗连本国海岸之一带海洋,称为领海。
2.此项主权依本条款规定及国际法其他规则行使之。
第2条沿海国之主权及于领海之上空及其海床与底土。
第二节领海之界限第3条除本条款另有规定外,测算领海宽度之正常基线为沿海国官方承认之大比例尺海图所标明之海岸低潮线。
第4条1.在海岸线甚为曲折之地区,或沿岸岛屿罗列密迩海岸之处,得采用以直线连接酌定各点之方法划定测算领海宽度之基线。
2.划定此项基线不得与海岸一般方向相去过远,且基线内之海面必须充分接近领陆方属内水范围。
3.低潮高地不得作为划定基线之起迄点,但其上建有经常高出海平面之灯塔或类似设置者,不在此限。
4.遇有依第一项规定可适用直线基线方法之情形,关系区域内之特殊经济利益经由长期惯例证明实在而重要者,得于确定特定基线时予以注意。
5.一国适用直线基线办法不得使他国领海与公海隔绝。
6.沿海国应将此项直线基线在海图上标明,并妥为通告周知。
第5条1.领海基线向陆一方之水域构成一国内水之一部分。
2.依第4条划定直线基线致使原先认为领海或公海一部分之水面划属内水时,在此水域内应有第14条至第23条所规定之无害通过权。
第6条领海之外部界限为每一点与基线上最近之点距离等于领海宽度之线。
第7条1.本条仅对海岸属于一国之海湾加以规定。
2.本条款所称海湾指明显之水曲,其内向深度与曲口阔度之比例使其中之水城.成陆地包围状,而不仅为海岸之弯曲处,但水曲除其面积等于或大于以连贯曲口之线为直径画成之半圆形者外,不得视为海湾。
3.测定水曲面积,以水曲沿岸周围之低潮标与连接其天然入口各端低潮标之线间之面积为准。
水曲因有岛屿致曲口不止一处者,半圆形应以各口口径长度之总和为直径画成之。
水曲内岛屿应视为水曲水面之一部分,一并计入之。
1958年日内瓦领海和毗连区公约(附英文)
【法规名称】1958年日内瓦领海和毗连区公约(附英文)【颁布部门】【颁布时间】 1958-04-29【效力属性】有效【正文】1958年日内瓦领海和毗连区公约(附英文)简介本公约于1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦召开的第一次联合国海洋会议上通过,1965年9月10日生效。
参加本公约的国家共有四十多个。
本公约各缔约国,兹协议如下:第Ⅰ部分领海第Ⅰ节总则第1条1.国家主权扩展于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接其海岸的一带海域,称为领海。
2.此项主权根据本公约的各项规则和国际法的其他规则行使。
第2条沿海国的主权扩展于领海的上空及其海床和底土。
第Ⅱ节领海界限第3条除本公约另有规定外,测算领海宽度的正常基线是沿海国官方承认的大比例尺海图所标明的沿岸低潮线。
第4条1.在海岸线极为曲折的地方,或者如果紧接海岸有一系列岛屿,则测算领海宽度的基线的划定可采用连接各适当点的直线基线法。
2.此种基线的划定不应在任何明显的程度上偏离海岸的一般方向,而且基线内的海域必须充分接近陆地领土,使其受内水制度的支配。
3.除非在低潮高地上筑有永久高于海平面的灯塔或类似设施,直线基线的划定不应以低潮高地为起讫点。
4.在依据本条第1款可以采用直线基线法之处确定特定基线时,对于有关地区所特有的、并经长期惯例清楚地证明为真实而重要的经济利益,可予以考虑。
5.一国不得采用直线基线法而致使另一国领海同公海隔断。
6.沿海国必须在海图上明确地标出直线基线,并将该海图适当予以公布。
第5条1.领海基线向陆一侧的水域构成国家内水的一部分。
2.如果根据第4条确定直线基线的效果使原来被认为是领海或公海的一部分的水域被包围成为内水,则在此种水域内应存在本公约第14条至第23条所规定的无害通过权。
第6条领海的外部界限是一条其每一点同基线上最近点的距离等于领海宽度的线。
第7条1.本条仅涉及海岸属于一国的海湾。
2.在本公约各条中,海湾是指明显的水曲*,其凹入程度和曲口宽度的比例,使其具有被陆地环抱的水域,而不仅为海岸的弯曲。
日内瓦公海公约(1958-4-29)
日内瓦公海公约本公约各缔约国,希望编纂有关公海的国际法规则,承认1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行的联合国海洋法会议所采纳的下列各项规定作为普遍宣告的既定的国际法原则,兹协议如下:第1条“公海”一词系指不包括在一国领海或内海内的全部海域。
第2条公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声称将公海的任何部分置于其主权之下。
公海自由是在本公约和其他国际法规则所规定的条件下行使的。
公海自由对沿海国和非沿海国而言,除其他外,包括:(1)航行自由;(2)捕鱼自由;(3)铺设海底电缆和管道的自由。
(4)公海上飞行自由;所有国家行使这些自由以及国际法的一般原则所承认的其他自由时,都应适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益。
第3条1.为了与沿海国平等享受公海自由,各无海岸国均应有权自由进入海洋。
为此,位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的国家,应通过与后者的共同协议并根据现行国际公约:(a)在互惠基础上,给予该无海岸国自由过境;并且(b)在进出海港和使用海港方面,给予悬挂该无海岸国旗帜的船舶以对本国船舶或任何其他国家船舶的同等待遇。
2.位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的各国,如果不是现行国际公约的缔约国,应通过与后者相互协议,并考虑沿海国或过境国的权利和该无海岸国的特殊情况,解决有关过境自由和在港平等待遇的一切问题。
第4条每个国家,不论是否是沿海国,悬挂其旗帜的船舶均有权在公海上行驶。
第5条1.每个国家应确定对船舶给予其国籍、船舶在其领土内登记以及船舶悬挂本国旗帜的权利的条件。
船舶具有被授权悬挂其旗帜的国家的国籍。
国家和船舶之间必须具有真正的联系,特别是,一国必须对悬挂其国旗的船舶有效地行使行政、技术和社会问题上的管辖和控制。
2.每个国家应向给予悬挂本国旗帜权利的船舶颁发相应的文件。
第6条1.船舶应只悬挂一国的旗帜航行,而且除国际条约或本公约各条明确规定的例外情形外,在公海上应受该国的专属管辖。
除所有权确实转移或登记变更的情况外,船舶在航行期间或在挂靠港,不得变更其旗帜。
关于保护平民的日内瓦公约英文全文
关于保护平民的日内瓦公约英文全文The Geneva Conventions: Protecting Civilians in Times of War IntroductionIn times of armed conflict, it is of utmost importance to ensure the safety, well-being, and dignity of civilians caught in the crossfire. The Geneva Conventions, a set of international treaties enacted to protect those not participating directly in hostilities, serve as a cornerstone of humanitarian law. This essay will explore the significance of the Geneva Conventions, their principles, and the measures they lay out to safeguard civilians during times of war. Historical ContextThe Geneva Conventions were born out of the horrors witnessed during the two World Wars. The devastation caused by these conflicts prompted the international community to take action to prevent the recurrence of such atrocities. The First Geneva Convention was adopted in 1864 and focused on the protection of wounded soldiers on the battlefield. Over time, subsequent conventions were established to extend protection to prisoners of war and civilians.Principles of the Geneva ConventionsThe Geneva Conventions consist of four fundamental principles that underline the necessity to protect civilians during armed conflicts. These principles are:1. Humanity: The primary objective of the Geneva Conventions is to alleviate the suffering of individuals affected by armed conflicts and to ensure respect for their dignity.2. Distinction between combatants and non-combatants: TheGeneva Conventions explicitly state that civilians shall be spared from the effects of hostilities and shall not be deliberately targeted.3. Prohibition of unnecessary suffering: The conventions prohibit any acts that cause unnecessary suffering to civilians or combatants. This includes torture, cruel treatment, and outrages upon personal dignity.4. Proportionality: The use of force must be proportionate to the military advantage sought and must not cause disproportionate harm to civilians.Protection Measures for CiviliansThe Geneva Conventions outline specific measures to protect civilians during times of war. Some of these vital provisions include:1. Protection from direct attacks: Under the Geneva Conventions, civilians are immune from direct attacks. Parties to the conflict must distinguish between military targets and civilians to ensure that non-combatants are not harmed.2. Protection of medical personnel and facilities: Medical personnel, hospitals, and ambulances are granted special protection under the Geneva Conventions. Attacking these individuals or facilities is strictly prohibited.3. Protection of civilian property: The Conventions mandate that civilian property, including homes and infrastructure, should not be targeted unless it is being used for military purposes.4. Measures to ensure basic needs: Parties to the conflict must ensure that civilians have access to essential goods, such as food, water, and healthcare. They should also ensure that civilians are not subjected to starvation or employed in dangerous or harmful labor.5. Ensuring the safety of children: The Conventions emphasize the need to protect children affected by armed conflicts, including prevention of child recruitment and provision of education and healthcare services.Implementation and EnforcementAlthough the Geneva Conventions represent a crucial framework for protecting civilians, their implementation and enforcement remain significant challenges. This is due to factors such as non-compliance by parties to the conflict, lack of enforcement mechanisms, and the complex nature of modern conflicts. However, various international organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, play a significant role in promoting compliance and raising awareness about the importance of the Conventions.ConclusionThe Geneva Conventions stand as the cornerstone of international humanitarian law, protecting civilians during times of armed conflict. Their principles and measures, focusing on the dignity and well-being of civilians, have played a crucial role in preventing the indiscriminate targeting and suffering of non-combatants. While challenges remain in the implementation and enforcement of these Conventions, it is essential for the international community to promote their adherence and ensure that civilians are protected, respected, and valued, even in the darkest times of war.Sure! Here is more content related to the Geneva Conventions, expanding on the importance of their implementation, challenges they face, and the role of international organizations in promoting compliance.Importance of ImplementationThe implementation of the Geneva Conventions is of utmost importance to ensure the protection and rights of civilians during times of armed conflict. These conventions provide a framework for states to uphold their obligations and responsibilities towards non-combatants, including women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. By implementing these conventions, states can demonstrate their commitment to promoting human rights and achieving peace and stability in war-torn regions.Implementation of the Geneva Conventions also helps prevent the escalation of conflicts and reduces the risk of reprisals. When parties to the conflict adhere to the principles and provisions of the Conventions, it builds trust and facilitates negotiations for peace and reconciliation. Furthermore, the implementation of these Conventions helps maintain the rule of law, prevent further human rights abuses, and hold perpetrators accountable for their actions.Challenges in ImplementationDespite the significance of the Geneva Conventions, several challenges hinder their effective implementation. One primary challenge is the non-compliance by parties to the conflict. In many instances, armed groups and non-state actors fail to recognize the Conventions or deliberately violate their provisions. This non-compliance leads to a disregard for civilian protection, resulting in the indiscriminate targeting, displacement, and suffering of non-combatants.Another challenge lies in the enforcement of the Conventions.While the Conventions are legally binding for states that have ratified them, there is a lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. International bodies such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) play a crucial role in prosecuting individuals responsible for war crimes, but their jurisdiction is limited. The willingness of states to hold their own accountable for violations is necessary to ensure enforcement.The changing nature of armed conflicts poses additional challenges to the implementation of the Conventions. Modern conflicts often involve non-state armed groups, asymmetric warfare, and the use of unconventional weapons. These factors make it difficult to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, leading to increased civilian casualties. Additionally, conflicts in urban areas and the use of tactics such as terrorism further complicate the protection of civilians.Role of International OrganizationsVarious international organizations play a significant role in promoting compliance with the Geneva Conventions and ensuring the protection of civilians. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is at the forefront of this effort. The ICRC works on the ground in conflict-affected areas, providing humanitarian assistance, advocating for respect of the Conventions, and facilitating dialogue between parties to the conflict. Their efforts include training armed forces on the principles of the Conventions and engaging in direct dialogue with non-state armed groups to educate them about international humanitarian law. Furthermore, other international organizations, such as the UnitedNations (UN) and its agencies, also contribute to the implementation of the Conventions. The UN Commission on Human Rights monitors and reports violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, including those pertaining to the Geneva Conventions. The UN Security Council can impose sanctions or authorize military interventions to protect civilians in situations of armed conflict.Regional organizations, such as the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU), also play an essential role in implementing and enforcing the Geneva Conventions through their peacekeeping missions and mediation efforts. These organizations provide support to states and promote regional mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution.ConclusionThe Geneva Conventions are crucial for protecting civilians during times of armed conflict, upholding their rights, and minimizing unnecessary suffering. Their principles and provisions ensure that non-combatants are not targeted, medical personnel and facilities are protected, and basic needs are met. Despite challenges in implementation and enforcement, the Geneva Conventions provide a vital framework for states to uphold their obligations and responsibilities towards civilians.International organizations, such as the ICRC, the UN, and regional bodies, play a significant role in promoting compliance with the Conventions. Through their humanitarian work and advocacy, these organizations contribute to the protection of civilians, the enforcement of the Conventions, and theestablishment of peace and stability in conflict-affected regions. It is imperative for the international community to support and strengthen these efforts to ensure that the principles and provisions of the Geneva Conventions are upheld in all situations of armed conflict.。
日内瓦公海公约
日内瓦公海公约本公约各缔约国,希望编纂有关公海的国际法规则,承认1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行的联合国海洋法会议所采纳的下列各项规定作为普遍宣告的既定的国际法原则,兹协议如下:第1条“公海”一词系指不包括在一国领海或内海内的全部海域。
第2条公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声称将公海的任何部分置于其主权之下。
公海自由是在本公约和其他国际法规则所规定的条件下行使的。
公海自由对沿海国和非沿海国而言,除其他外,包括:(1)航行自由;(2)捕鱼自由;(3)铺设海底电缆和管道的自由。
(4)公海上飞行自由;所有国家行使这些自由以及国际法的一般原则所承认的其他自由时,都应适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益。
第3条1.为了与沿海国平等享受公海自由,各无海岸国均应有权自由进入海洋。
为此,位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的国家,应通过与后者的共同协议并根据现行国际公约:(a)在互惠基础上,给予该无海岸国自由过境;并且(b)在进出海港和使用海港方面,给予悬挂该无海岸国旗帜的船舶以对本国船舶或任何其他国家船舶的同等待遇。
2.位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的各国,如果不是现行国际公约的缔约国,应通过与后者相互协议,并考虑沿海国或过境国的权利和该无海岸国的特殊情况,解决有关过境自由和在港平等待遇的一切问题。
第4条每个国家,不论是否是沿海国,悬挂其旗帜的船舶均有权在公海上行驶。
第5条1.每个国家应确定对船舶给予其国籍、船舶在其领土内登记以及船舶悬挂本国旗帜的权利的条件。
船舶具有被授权悬挂其旗帜的国家的国籍。
国家和船舶之间必须具有真正的联系,特别是,一国必须对悬挂其国旗的船舶有效地行使行政、技术和社会问题上的管辖和控制。
2.每个国家应向给予悬挂本国旗帜权利的船舶颁发相应的文件。
第6条1.船舶应只悬挂一国的旗帜航行,而且除国际条约或本公约各条明确规定的例外情形外,在公海上应受该国的专属管辖。
除所有权确实转移或登记变更的情况外,船舶在航行期间或在挂靠港,不得变更其旗帜。
国际法辞条:《公海公约》
国际法辞条:1958年《公海公约》
1958年4月29日在日内瓦第一次联合国海洋法会议上通过的关于公海法律制度的公约。
1962年9月30日生效。
截至1976年10月,有56个国家和政府实体正式送达批准书加入公约。
共37条。
公约主要内容包括:①公海定义。
公海是指不包括在一国领海或内水水域之海洋的全部海域。
②公海法律地位。
公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声明其将公海任何部分归其主权支配的意图。
公海自由适用于有海岸国和无海岸国,包括:航行自由;捕鱼自由;铺设海底电缆和管道自由;公海上空飞行自由;为了与有海岸国平等享受公海自由,无海岸国应有进入海洋的自由。
③公海的法律制度。
公海上的船舶管理制度。
所有船舶在公海上航行或停泊,必须具有国籍,必须悬挂船旗国旗帜,如悬两国以上国旗航行权宜换用,视同无国籍船舶。
军舰和政府公务船 如港务监督、防疫、边防、海关船 在公海航行或停泊,具有完全的豁免权,他们除受本国政府管辖外,任何国家不得对其行使管辖权。
各国应采取有效措施防止并惩治贩奴的船舶,取缔公海上或不属任何国家管辖之区域的海盗行为。
军舰、军用航空器或经授权之船舶或航空器有权拿捕海盗船或航空器,逮捕其人员、扣押其财物,并处以刑罚。
军舰对公海上的外国商船疑有不法行为的,可登临该船,而对违犯其法律规章的船舶亦可进行紧追。
各国都有权在公海海底铺设电缆和管道,但这种铺设海底电缆和管道的做法应不影响国际海底区域的法律地位。
每一国家均应参照现行有关的条约规定,制定规章,以防止因船舶或管道排泄油料或因开发和勘探海床和底土而污染公海。
1958纽约公约(中英文版)
1958纽约公约(中英文)Convention onthe Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral AwardsDone at New York, 10 June 1958; entered into force, 7 June 1959(United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 330, p. 38, No. 4739)承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约 (1958年6月10日订于纽约)Article I第一条1. This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal. It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought.一、仲裁裁决,因自然人或法人间之争议而产生且在声请承认及执行地所在国以外之国家领土内作成者,其承认及执行适用本公约。
本公约对于仲裁裁决经声请承认及执行地所在国认为非内国裁决者,亦适用之。
2. The term "arbitral awards" shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted.二、“仲裁裁决”一词不仅指专案选派之仲裁员所作裁决,亦指当事人提请仲裁之常设仲裁机关所作裁决。
大陆架公约(1958)
1958年《大陆架公约》(1958年4月29日日内瓦海洋法会议通过)(1964年6月10日生效)本公约各缔约国同意如下:第一条为了本公约各条款的目的,“大陆架”一词是用以指:1、邻接海岸但在领海范围以外,深度达200米或超过此限度而上覆水域的深度容许开采其自然资源的海底区域的海床和底土;2、邻近岛屿海岸的类似的海底区域的海床的底土。
第二条一、沿海国为了勘探和开采自然资源的目的,对大陆架行使主权权利。
二、第一款所指的权利是专属性的,即:如果沿海国不勘探大陆架或开采其自然资源,任何人未经沿海国的明示同意,均不得进行这种活动,或对大陆架提出权利主张。
三、沿海国对大陆架的权利不决定于有效或象征的占领或任何明文公告。
四、本公约各条款所指的自然资源包括海床和底土的矿物和其他非生物资源,以及属于定着种的生物,即在可收获阶段在海床上或海床下不移动或除与海床或底土经常实体接触外不能移动的生物。
第三条沿海国对大陆架的权利不影响上覆水域作为公海的法律地位,也不影响此项水域上空的法律地位。
第四条沿海国家除了勘探大陆架和开采其自然资源有权采取合理措施外,对于在大陆架上铺设或维持海底电缆或管道不得加以阻碍。
第五条一、勘探大陆架和开采其自然资源不应使航行、捕鱼或海洋生物资源的养护受到任何不当的干涉,或使以公开发表为目的的基础海洋学或其他科学研究受到任何干涉。
二、在本条第一和第六两款规定的限制下,沿海国有权在大陆架上建造和维持或经营为勘探大陆架和开采其自然资源所必要的装置或其他设施,并在此种装置及设施周围设立安全区和该区内采取保护这种装置和设施的必要措施。
三、第二款所指的安全区得伸延到已建立的这种装置及其他设施周围从其外缘算起500米的距离。
所有国籍的船舶均须尊重这些安全区。
四、这种装置及设施虽受沿海国的管辖,不具有岛屿的地位。
这种装置及设施没有自己的领海,而且其存在也不影响沿海国领海的划界。
五、任何这种装置的建造必须妥为通知,并对其存在必须维持永久性的警告方法。
日内瓦领海及毗连区公约 英文版
GENEVA CONVENTION ON TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE, 1958 Whole documentTHE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTIONHAVE AGREED as follows:PART I-TERRITORIAL SEASection I. GeneralArticle 11. The sovereignty of a State extends, beyond its land territory andits internal waters, to a belt of sea adjacent to its coast, described asthe territorial sea.2. This sovereignty is exercised subject to the provisions of these Articles and to other rules of international law.Article 2The sovereignty of a coastal State extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil.Section II. Limits of the Territorial SeaArticle 3Except where otherwise provided in these Articles, the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water linealong the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognised bythe coastal States.Article 41. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into,or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediatevicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points maybe employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.2. The drawing of such baselines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain tobe subject to the regime of internal waters.3. Baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently abovesea level have been built on them.4. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under the provisions of paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, of economic interests peculiar to the region concerned, thereality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by a long usage.5. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off from the high seas the territorial sea ofanother State.6. The coastal State must clearly indicate straight baselines on charts, to which due publicity must be given.Article 51. Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial seas form part of the internal waters of the State.2. Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with Article 4 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which previously had been considered as part of the territorial seas or of thehigh sea, a right of innocent passage, as provided in Articles 14 to 23,shall exist in those waters.Article 6The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point ofwhich is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.Article 71. This Article relates only to bays the coasts of which belong to a single State.2. For the purposes of these Articles, a bay is a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain landlocked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded asa bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of thesemi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.3. For the purpose of measurement, the area of an indentation is that lying between the low-water mark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low-water marks of its natural entrance points. Where, because of the presence of islands, an indentation has more than one mouth, the semi-circle shall be drawn on a line as long as the sum totalof the lengths of the lines across the different mouths. Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area ofthe indentation.4. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed twenty-four miles, a closing line may be drawn between these two low-water marks, and the waters enclosed thereby shall be considered as internal waters.5. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds twenty-four miles, a straight baseline of twenty-four miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of thatlength.6. The foregoing provisions shall not apply to so-called "historic" bays, or in any case where the straight baseline system provided for in Article 4 is applied.Article 8For the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermost permanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system shall be regarded as forming part of the coast.Article 9Roadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea. The coastal State must clearly demarcate such roadsteads and indicate them on charts together with their boundaries, to which due publicity must be given.Article 101. An island is a naturally-formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high-tide.2. The territorial sea of an island is measured in accordance with the provisions of these Articles.Article 111. A low-tide elevation is a naturally-formed area of land which is surrounded by and above water at low-tide but submerged at high-tide. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, the low-water line on that elevation may be used as the baselinefor measuring the breadth of the territorial sea.2. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distance exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial sea of its own.Article 121. Where the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of thetwo States is measured. The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or otherspecial circumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States ina way which is at variance with this provision.2. The line of delimitation between the territorial seas of two States lying opposite to each other or adjacent to each other shall be marked on large-scale charts officially recognised by the coastal States.Article 13If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be astraight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-tide line of its banks.Section III. Right of Innocent PassageSubsection A. Rules applicable to All ShipsArticle 141. Subject to the provisions of these Articles, ships of all States, whether coastal or not, shall enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.2. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea, for the purpose either of traversing that sea without entering internal waters, or of proceeding to internal waters, or of making for the high seas from internal waters.3. Passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or by distress.4. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with these Articles and with other rules of international law.5. Passage of foreign fishing vessels shall not be considered innocent if they do not observe such laws and regulations as the coastal State may make and publish in order to prevent these vessels from fishing in the territorial sea.6. Submarines are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.Article 151. The coastal State must not hamper innocent passage through the territorial sea.2. The coastal State is required to give appropriate publicity to any dangers to navigation, of which it has knowledge, within its territorial sea.Article 161. The coastal State may take the necessary steps in its territorialsea to prevent passage which is not innocent.2. In the case of ships proceeding to internal waters, the coastal State shall also have the right to take the necessary steps to prevent any breach of the conditions to which admission of those ships to those waters is subject.3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the coastal State may, without discrimination amongst foreign ships, suspend temporarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreignships if such suspension is essential for the protection of its security. Such suspension shall take effect only after having been duly published.4. There shall be no suspension of the innocent passage of foreign ships through straits which are used for international navigation between one part of the high seas and another part of the high seas or the territorial sea of a foreign State.Article 17Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage shall comply with the laws and regulations enacted by the coastal State in conformity with these Articles and other rules of international law and, in particular, with such laws and regulations relating to transport and navigation.Subsection B. Rules applicable to Merchant ShipsArticle 181. No charge may be levied upon foreign ships by reason only of their passage through the territorial sea.2. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. These charges shall be levied without discrimination.Article 191. The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State should not be exercised on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed on board the ship during its passage, save only in the following cases:(a) If the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal State; or(b) If the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country or the good order of the territorial sea; or(c) If the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the captain of the ship or by the consul of the country whose flag the ship flies; or(d) If it is necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs.2. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal Stateto take any steps authorised by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article,the coastal State shall, if the captain so requests, advise the consular authority of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such authority and the ship's crew. In cases of emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.4. In considering whether or how an arrest should be made, the local authorities shall pay due regard to the interests of navigation.5. The coastal State may not take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered the territorial sea, if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port,is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters.Article 201. The coastal State should not stop or divert a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea for the purpose of exercising civiljurisdiction in relation to a person on board the ship.2. The coastal State may not levy execution against or arrest the shipfor the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect ofobligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in thecourse or for the purpose of its voyage through the waters of the coastal State.3. The provisions of the previous paragraph are without prejudice tothe right of the coastal State, in accordance with its laws, to levyexecution against or to arrest, for the purpose of any civil proceedings,a foreign ship lying in the territorial sea, or passing through theterritorial sea after leaving internal waters.Subsection C. Rules applicable to Government Ships other thanWarships Article 21The rules contained in subsections A and B shall also apply to government ships operated for commercial purposes.Article 221. The rules contained in subsection A and in Article 18 shall applyto government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.2. With such exceptions as are contained in the provisions referred toin the preceding paragraph, nothing in these Articles affects theimmunities which such ships enjoy under these Articles or other rules of international law.Subsection D. Rule applicable to WarshipsArticle 23If any warship does not comply with the regulations of the coastalState concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for compliance which is made to it, the coastal State may require the warship to leave the territorial sea.PART II-CONTIGUOUS ZONEArticle 241. In a zone of the high seas contiguous to its territorial sea, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a) Prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b) Punish infringement of the above regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond twelve miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.3. Where the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its contiguous zone beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of the two Statesis measured.PART III-FINAL ARTICLESArticle 25The provisions of this Convention shall not affect conventions orother international agreements already in force, as between States Parties to them.Article 26This Convention shall, until October 31, 1958, be open for signatureby all States Members of the United Nations or of any of the specialised agencies, and by any other State invited by the General Assembly to become a Party to the Convention.Article 27This Convention is subject to ratification. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Article 28This Convention shall be open for accession by any States belonging to any of the categories mentioned in Article 26. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.Article 291. This Convention shall come into force on the thirtieth dayfollowing the date of deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification or accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession.Article 301. After the expiration of a period of five years from the date on which this Convention shall enter into force, a request for the revisionof this Convention may be made at any time by any Contracting Party by means of a notification in writing addressed to the Secretary-General.2. The General Assembly of the United Nations shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect of such request.Article 31The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States Members of the United Nations and the other States referred to in Article 26:(a) of signatures to this Convention and of the deposit of instruments of ratification or accession, in accordance with Articles 26,27 and 28.(b) of the date on which this Convention will come into force, in accordance with Article 29.(c) of requests for revision in accordance with Article 30.Article 32The original of this Convention, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall send certified copies thereof to all States referred to in Article 26.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorised thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.DONE AT GENEVA, this twenty-ninth day of April one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight.。
1958年日内瓦海洋法公约
__________________ 《1958年日内瓦海洋法公约》作者: 图利奥·特雷韦斯著国际海洋法法庭法官意大利米兰大学教授1据《最后文件》 记载,1958年4月29日联合国海洋法会议将以下四项公约和一项任择议定书开放供会员国签署:《领海及毗连区公约》;《公海公约》;《捕鱼及养护公海生物资源公约》;《大陆架公约》;以及《关于强制解决争端的任择议定书》。
这些公约和议定书的生效日期分别为:《领海及毗连区公约》,1964年9月10日;《公海公约》,1962年9月30日;《捕鱼及养护公海生物资源公约》,1966年3月20日;《大陆架公约》,1964年6月10日;《关于强制解决争端的任择议定书》,1962年9月30日。
截至2008年7月23日,分别有52个、63个、38个、58个和38个国家加入上述公约和议定书。
上述公约和议定书是1958年2月24日至4月27日举行的第一次联合国海洋法会议取得的成果。
联合国大会于1957年通过第1105 (XI) 号决议决定举行的海洋法会议, 是此前一段时期工作的累积结果。
1930年国际联盟主持召开的海牙国际法编纂会议是海洋法工作的前身。
会议审议了领水问题。
会议未就领海宽度达成一致,但在报告中提出了13个条款草案,在一定程度上就领海问题的诸多方面达成了一致。
这些条款为今后的工作奠定了基础。
在联合国框架内,国际法委员会表示,自从1949工作开始以来,公海和领海制度等的编纂条件已经成熟。
特别报告员在经委员会指定后,着手就海洋法的诸多方面提出了报告。
到1956年工作结束时,国际法委员会和密切关注委员会工作的大会,已就海洋法的一些方面拟订了条款草案。
到1956年,各项规定作为涉及海洋法整体的一整套条款草案在提交大会的最后报告中系统提出。
最后报告成为1958年日内瓦会议的主要基础。
日内瓦会议的任务是,“审查海洋法,不仅注意问题之法律方面,而同时兼顾其技术、生物、经济及政治方面,并将工作之成果订为一项或数项国际公约,或酌量情形载入其他适当文书”(第1105(XI)号决议)。
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1958年日内瓦公海公约(附英文)【颁布时间】1958-04-29【时 效 性】有效 简介 本公约于1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦召开的第一次联合国海洋法会议上通过,1962年9月30日生效。
参加本公约的国家共有五十多个。
本公约各缔约国, 希望编纂有关公海的国际法规则, 承认1958年2月24日至4月27日在日内瓦举行的联合国海洋法会议所采纳的下列各项规定作为普遍宣告的既定的国际法原则, 兹协议如下: 第1条“公海”一词系指不包括在一国领海或内海内的全部海域。
第2条公海对所有国家开放,任何国家不得有效地声称将公海的任何部分置于其主权之下。
公海自由是在本公约和其他国际法规则所规定的条件下行使的。
公海自由对沿海国和非沿海国而言,除其他外,包括: (1)航行自由; (2)捕鱼自由; (3)铺设海底电缆和管道的自由。
(4)公海上飞行自由; 所有国家行使这些自由以及国际法的一般原则所承认的其他自由时,都应适当顾及其他国家行使公海自由的利益。
第3条 1.为了与沿海国平等享受公海自由,各无海岸国均应有权自由进入海洋。
为此,位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的国家,应通过与后者的共同协议并根据现行国际公约: (a)在互惠基础上,给予该无海岸国自由过境;并且 (b)在进出海港和使用海港方面,给予悬挂该无海岸国旗帜的船舶以对本国船舶或任何其他国家船舶的同等待遇。
2.位于海洋与某一无海岸国之间的各国,如果不是现行国际公约的缔约国,应通过与后者相互协议,并考虑沿海国或过境国的权利和该无海岸国的特殊情况,解决有关过境自由和在港平等待遇的一切问题。
第4条每个国家,不论是否是沿海国,悬挂其旗帜的船舶均有权在公海上行驶。
第5条 1.每个国家应确定对船舶给予其国籍、船舶在其领土内登记以及船舶悬挂本国旗帜的权利的条件。
船舶具有被授权悬挂其旗帜的国家的国籍。
国家和船舶之间必须具有真正的联系,特别是,一国必须对悬挂其国旗的船舶有效地行使行政、技术和社会问题上的管辖和控制。
2.每个国家应向给予悬挂本国旗帜权利的船舶颁发相应的文件。
第6条 1.船舶应只悬挂一国的旗帜航行,而且除国际条约或本公约各条明确规定的例外情形外,在公海上应受该国的专属管辖。
除所有权确实转移或登记变更的情况外,船舶在航行期间或在挂靠港,不得变更其旗帜。
2.悬挂两国或两国以上的旗帜航行并视方便而换用旗帜的船舶,对任何其他国家不得声称属其中任一国籍,并可视同无国籍的船舶。
第7条以上各条规定不影响雇用于政府间组织从事公务并悬挂该组织旗帜的船舶。
第8条 1.公海上的军舰有不受船旗国以外的任何其他国家管辖的完全豁免权。
2.本公约各条中,“军舰”一词系指属于一国海军和具有辨别军舰国籍的外部标志,由该国政府正式委任并名列于海军名册的军官指挥,并配备受过正规海军训练的船员的船舶。
第9条由一国所有或经营并专用于政府非商业性服务的船舶,在公海上应有不受船旗国以外任何其他国家管辖的完全豁免权。
第10条 1.为保障海上安全,各国对悬挂本国旗帜的船舶应采取必要的措施,特别是关于: (a)信号的使用,通信的维持和碰撞的防止; (b)船舶的人员配备和船员的劳动条件,考虑所适用的国际劳工文件; (c)船舶的构造、装备和适航。
2.各国采取上述措施时,需要符合被普遍接受的国际标准,并采取保证其得到遵循所必需的任何措施。
第11条 1.船舶在公海上发生碰撞或任何其他航行事故,涉及船长或任何其他为船舶服务的人员的刑事或纪律责任时,对此种人员的任何刑事诉讼或纪律处罚程序,只能向船旗国或此种人员所属国的司法行政当局提出。
2.在纪律问题上,只有发给船长证书或适任证书或许可证的国家,才有权在经过适当的法律程序后宣告撤销该证书,即使证书持有人不是颁发证书的国家的国民。
3.除船旗国当局以外的任何当局,即使作为一种调查措施,也不得下令扣押或滞留船舶。
第12条 1.每个国家应责成悬挂该国国旗航行的船舶的船长,在不严重危及其船舶、船员或旅客安全的情况下, (a)救助在海上发现的任何有生命危险的人; (b)如果获悉有遇难者需要救助,在可以合理地期待其采取救助行动时,尽从速前往救助; (c)在碰撞后,对他船、其船员和旅客进行救助,并在可能情况下,将自己船舶的名称、船籍港和将停靠的最近港口通知他船。
2.每个沿海国应促进有关海上和上空安全的适当和有效的搜寻和救助服务的建立和维持,并应在需要时,为此目的通过相互的地区性安排与邻国合作。
第13条每个国家应采取有效措施,防止和惩罚准予悬挂其国旗的船舶运输奴隶,并防止为此目的而非法使用其国旗。
在任何船舶上避难的任何奴隶,不论该船悬挂何国国旗,均应当然获得自由。
第14条所有国家应尽最大努力进行合作,以制止在公海上或在任何国家管辖范围以外的任何其他地方的海盗行为。
第15条下列行为中的任何行为构成海盗行为: (1)私人船舶或私人航空器的船员或机组成员或乘客为私人目的,对下列对象所实施的任何非法的暴力或扣留行为,或任何掠夺行为: (a)在公海上对另一船舶或航空器,或对另一船舶或航空器上的人员或财物; (b)在任何国家管辖范围以外的地方对船舶、航空器、人员或财物; (2)明知船舶或航空器成为海盗船舶或航空器的事实,而自愿参与其活动的任何行为; (3)教唆或故意便利本条第(1)和(2)款所述行为的任何行为。
第16条军舰、政府船舶或政府航空器的船员或机组成员发生叛变并控制该船舶或航空器而实施第15条所述的海盗行为,视同私人船舶所实施的行为。
第17条如果处于主要控制地位的人员意图利用船舶或航空器实施第15条所指的各种行为之一,该船舶或航空器视为海盗船舶或航空器。
如果该船舶或航空器被用以实施任何这种行为,在该船舶或航空器仍在犯有这种行为的人员的控制之下时,上述规定同样适用。
第18条船舶或航空器虽已成为海盗船舶或航空器,仍可保留国籍。
国籍的保留或丧失由原来给予其国籍的国家的法律予以确定。
第19条在公海上或在任何国家管辖范围以外的任何其他地方,每一国家均可扣押海盗船舶或航空器,或为海盗所夺取并在海盗控制下的船舶,和逮捕船上或航空器上人员并扣押船上或航空器上财物。
扣押国的法院可判定应处的刑罚,并可决定对船舶、航空器或财产所应采取的行动,但不影响善意的第三者的权利。
第20条如果扣押涉及海盗行为嫌疑的船舶或航空器无适当的理由,扣押国应向船舶或航空器所属的国家承担因扣押而造成的任何灭失或损害的赔偿责任。
第21条由于海盗行为而进行的扣押,只能由军舰、军用航空器或为此目的而授权的其他政府船舶或航空器执行。
第22条 1.除依据条约授权采取干涉行为的情况外,军舰在公海上遇到外国商船,除非具有合理根据认为有下列嫌疑,否则,登临该船均属不正当: (a)该船从事海盗行为;或者 (b)该船从事奴隶贩卖;或者 (c)该船虽然悬挂某一外国旗帜或拒绝展示其旗帜,而事实上与该军舰属于同一国籍。
2.在上述的(a)、(b)和(c)项规定的情况下,军舰可驶近该船以查核该船悬挂其旗帜的权利。
为此,军舰可派一艘由一名军官指挥的小艇到该涉嫌的船舶。
如果检验船舶文件之后仍有嫌疑,该军舰可进一步在该船上进行检查,但检查须尽可能审慎进行。
3.如果经证明嫌疑无根据,而且被登临的船舶并未犯有能证明嫌疑成立的任何行为,则对该船可能遭受的任何灭失或损害应予以赔偿。
第23条 1.沿海国主管机关有充分理由认为某外国船舶违反该国的法律和规章时,可对该船进行紧追。
此项追逐须在该外国船舶或其小艇之一在追逐国的内水、领海或毗连区内时开始,而且只有追逐未曾中断,才可在领海或毗连区外继续进行。
当外国船舶在领海或毗连区内接获停驶命令时,发出命令的船舶并无必要也在该领海或毗连区内。
如果外国船舶是在《领海与毗连区公约》第24条所定义的毗连区内,追逐只有在设立该区所保护的权利遭到侵犯的情况下才可进行。
2.紧追权在被追逐的船舶进入其本国领海或第三国领海时立即终止。
3.除非追逐的船舶以可用的实际方法认定,被追逐的船舶或其小艇之一或作为一队进行活动而以被追逐的船舶为母船的其他船艇是在领海界限内,或者根据情况在毗连区内,否则紧追不认为已经开始。
只有在外国船舶可视听的距离内给出视听停驶信号后,紧追方可开始。
4.紧追权只可由军舰、军用飞机或为此目的而经专门授权的其他政府船舶或飞机行使。
5.在飞机进行紧追时: (a)应比照适用本条第1款至第3款的规定; (b)发出停驶命令的飞机,除非其本身能逮捕该船舶,否则须积极追逐船舶直到其所召唤的沿海国船舶或另一飞机前来接替追逐为止。
飞机只发现船舶犯法或有犯法嫌疑,如果该飞机本身或由其他飞机或船舶接着无间断地进行追逐时,未命令该船停驶和进行追逐,则不足以构成在公海上逮捕船舶的理由。
6.在一国管辖范围内被逮捕并被押解到该国某一港口以便主管当局审讯的船舶,不得仅以在航行中由于情况需要而曾被押解通过公海的一部分为理由而要求释放。
7.在无正当理由行驶紧追权的情况下,在公海上被命令停驶或被逮捕的船舶,对于可能因此遭受的任何灭失或损害应获得赔偿。
第24条各国应考虑现有有关条约规定,制定规则,以防止船舶或管道溢油,或因开发或勘探海床和其底土而对海洋造成的污染。
第25条 1.各国应考虑主管的国际组织可能制定的标准和规定,采取措施,防止因倾倒放射性废物对海洋的污染。
2.在为防止与放射性物质或其他有害物质有关的活动造成的海洋或海洋上空的污染而采取措施方面,所有国家应与主管的国际组织合作。
第26条 1.所有国家均有权在公海海床上铺设海底电缆和管道。
2.除行使为勘探大陆架及开发其自然资源而采取合理措施的权利外,沿海国不得妨碍此种电缆或管道的铺设或维护。
3.在铺设此种电缆或管道时,有关国家应充分注意海底已有的电缆或管道,特别是不得妨碍对现有电缆或管道进行修理的可能性。
第27条每一国家均应制定必要的法律措施,规定悬挂该国旗帜的船舶或受其管辖的人故意或因疏忽行为而破坏或损害公海海底电缆,致使电报或电话通信中断或受阻的行为,以及类似的破坏或损害海底管道或高压电缆的行为,均为应予处罚的行为。
此种规定不适用于只是为了保全自己的生命或船舶的合法目的而行事的人,在采取避免破坏或损害的一切必要预防措施后,仍然发生的任何破坏或损害。
第28条每一国家应采取必要的立法措施,规定受其管辖的公海海底电缆或管道的所有人如果在铺设或修理该电缆或管道时,造成另一电缆或管道的破坏或损害,应负担修理的费用。
第29条每一国家应采取必要的立法措施,确保船舶所有人在其能证明因避免损害海底电缆或管道而损失锚、网或其他渔具时,应由电缆或管道所有人予以补偿,但船舶所有人事先须采取一切合理的预防措施。