B6M1 period1
利用六进制触发器的阶梯波发生器的设计与实现
利用六进制触发器的阶梯波发生器的设计与实现首先，让我们清楚地定义一下要解决的问题。
我们想设计一个利用六进制（十六进制）触发器的阶梯波发生器。
在这种情况下，我们通常指的是一种可以生成一系列电平（在这种情况下，有16个可能的电平）的电路。
这种电平逐渐上升，直到达到最大值，然后又返回最小值，形成一种阶梯波形。
在数字电路设计中，这通常是用一个计数器实现的，该计数器可以连续计数，然后在达到最大值时回到零。
对于此任务，我们可以使用集成电路（IC）如74HC193。
74HC193 是一个四位二进制可上下计数器，由四个翻转触发器和相应的控制电路组成，可以在正脉冲或负脉冲到来时进行加一或减一操作。
这是一个基本的电路设计，用于生成十六个电平的阶梯波形：1. 首先，将74HC193的四个数据输入（D0，D1，D2和D3）全部接地。
2. 然后，使用一个时钟信号（例如555计时器产生的方波）驱动74HC193的UP计数输入。
3. 当计数器计数到15（十六进制的F）时，用输出Q0至Q3来驱动一个四位到十六线优先编码器（如74HC154）。
这样，每一个计数都会产生一条选通线（Y0到Y15）。
4. 然后，将这些选通线连接到一个电阻分压器网络，以生成不同的电平。
例如，可以将电阻与VCC和地线之间连接，然后在每个连接点取电压。
这样，每次选通线激活时，都会在输出端得到不同的电压。
5. 这个电压就是你的阶梯波形。
当计数器达到最大计数值（十六进制的F）时，它将自动复位为0，并开始新的计数周期，从而生成一个重复的阶梯波形。
请注意，此设计仅是一种可能的实现方式。
具体的电路设计可能会根据你的具体需求而有所不同，包括所需的电压范围、阶梯的数量、步进速度等因素。
根据你的需求，我会假设你可能需要一些具体的步骤来创建这个电路。
下面是一些详细步骤：1. 获取所需的组件: 你需要一块面包板，一片74HC193 IC，一个555计时器IC，一片74HC154 IC，各种电阻器，一些跳线，一个电源和一个示波器或多用表以检查输出。
第05章思考题和习题解答
第5章思考题和习题解答5.1 什么叫中断源？8031单片机有几个外部中断源？几个内部中断源？答：引起中断的原因，或能发出中断请求的来源，称为中断源。
MCS-51单片机有5个中断源，其中外部中断0（INT0）和外部中断1（INT1）是外部中断源，定时器∕计数器0（T0）、定时器∕计数器1（T1）和串行口的中断是内部中断源。
5.2 8031单片机5个中断源的中断程序入口地址分别是多少？8031响应中断的最短时间是多少？答：8031单片机5个中断源的中断入口地址是固定的，如下所列：中断源中断入口地址外中断0 0003H定时器0 000BH外中断1 0013H定时器1 001BH串口中断0023H8031在响应中断过程中，对中断请求标志位的查询需要1个机器周期；子程序调用指令LCALL 以转到相应的中断服务程序入口需要2个机器周期，因此外部中断响应的最短时间为3个机器周期。
5.3 说明什么情况下可在中断入口地址开始直接编写中断服务程序，而不需要跳转。
答：由于MCS-51单片机各中断源入口地址之间只相隔8个字节，因此，当中断服务程序不超过8个字节时，就可以在中断入口地址开始直接编写中断服务程序，而不需要跳转。
5.4 试写出设定INT0和定时器0的中断请求为高优先级和允许它们中断的程序。
如果INT0和定时器0同时有中断请求时，试问MCS-51先响应哪个中断请求？为什么？答：可用字节操作指令对IE和IP进行设置：MOV IE，#83H ；同时置位EA、ET0和EX0MOV IP，#03H ；置位PX0和PT0也可用位操作指令进行设置，此处从略。
因为本题中外中断0和定时器0同为高优先级，当它们同时发中断请求时，系统则按硬件设定的自然优先级顺序响应中断，因此MCS-51先响应外中断0的中断请求。
5.5 MCS-51单片机外部中断申请有几种方式？为什么外部中断一般不用电平触发方式？答：MCS-51单片机外部中断请求申请信号可以是低电平触发方式，也可以是负脉冲触发方式。
英隨頓公司PL6型号微型电路保护器产品说明说明书
SG62211Description• H igh-quality miniature circuit breakers for commercial and residential applications • Contact position indicator red - green• Guide for secure terminal connection• 3-position DIN rail clip, permits removal from existing busbar system• C omprehensive range of accessories can be mounted subsequently• Rated currents up to 63 A• Tripping characteristics B, C, D• R ated breaking capacity 6 kA according to IEC/EN 60898-1Rated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic BSG454111PL6-B1/116474012/1201.5PL6-B1,5/116473612/1201.6PL6-B1,6/116473712/1202PL6-B2/128651612/1202.5PL6-B2,5/116474112/1203PL6-B3/116474312/1203.5PL6-B3,5/116474212/1204PL6-B4/128651712/1205PL6-B5/116474412/1206PL6-B6/128651812/1208PL6-B8/116474512/12010PL6-B10/128651912/12012PL6-B12/116473812/12013PL6-B13/128652012/12015PL6-B15/116473912/12016PL6-B16/128652112/12020PL6-B20/128652212/12025PL6-B25/128652312/12032PL6-B32/128652412/12040PL6-B40/128652512/12050PL6-B50/128652612/12063PL6-B63/128652712/1201-poleSG514111PL6-B1/1N1649038/801.5PL6-B1,5/1N1649018/801.6PL6-B1,6/1N1649028/802PL6-B2/1N1649078/802.5PL6-B2,5/1N1649068/803PL6-B3/1N1649118/803.5PL6-B3,5/1N1649108/804PL6-B4/1N1649138/805PL6-B5/1N1649148/806PL6-B6/1N1060258/808PL6-B8/1N1649158/8010PL6-B10/1N1060268/8012PL6-B12/1N1649048/8013PL6-B13/1N1060278/8015PL6-B15/1N1649058/8016PL6-B16/1N1060288/8020PL6-B20/1N1649088/8025PL6-B25/1N1649098/8032PL6-B32/1N1649128/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG515111PL6-B1/21648036/601.5PL6-B1,5/21648016/601.6PL6-B1,6/21648026/602PL6-B2/22865506/602.5PL6-B2,5/21648066/603PL6-B3/21648086/603.5PL6-B3,5/21648076/604PL6-B4/22865516/605PL6-B5/21648096/606PL6-B6/22865526/608PL6-B8/21648106/6010PL6-B10/22865536/6012PL6-B12/21648046/6013PL6-B13/22865546/6015PL6-B15/21648056/6016PL6-B16/22865556/6020PL6-B20/22865566/6025PL6-B25/22865576/6032PL6-B32/22865586/6040PL6-B40/22865596/6050PL6-B50/22865606/6063PL6-B63/22865616/602-poleSG622111PL6-B1/31648684/401.5PL6-B1,5/31648664/401.6PL6-B1,6/31648674/402PL6-B2/32865844/402.5PL6-B2,5/31648714/403PL6-B3/31648734/403.5PL6-B3,5/31648724/404PL6-B4/32865854/405PL6-B5/31648744/406PL6-B6/32865864/408PL6-B8/31648754/4010PL6-B10/32865874/4012PL6-B12/31648694/4013PL6-B13/32865884/4015PL6-B15/31648704/4016PL6-B16/32865894/4020PL6-B20/32865904/4025PL6-B25/32865914/4032PL6-B32/32865924/4040PL6-B40/32865934/4050PL6-B50/32865944/4063PL6-B63/32865954/403-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG647111PL6-B1/3N1650023/301.5PL6-B1,5/3N1650003/301.6PL6-B1,6/3N1650013/302PL6-B2/3N1650073/302.5PL6-B2,5/3N1650063/303PL6-B3/3N1650093/303.5PL6-B3,5/3N1650083/304PL6-B4/3N1650103/305PL6-B5/3N1650113/306PL6-B6/3N1060353/308PL6-B8/3N1650123/3010PL6-B10/3N1060363/3012PL6-B12/3N1650033/3013PL6-B13/3N1650043/3015PL6-B15/3N1650053/3016PL6-B16/3N1060373/3020PL6-B20/3N1060383/3025PL6-B25/3N1060393/3032PL6-B32/3N1060403/3040PL6-B40/3N1060413/3050PL6-B50/3N1069033/3063PL6-B63/3N1069043/303+N-poleSG266121PL6-B1/41664893/301.5PL6-B1,5/41664873/301.6PL6-B1,6/41664883/302PL6-B2/41664963/302.5PL6-B2,5/41664953/303PL6-B3/41664993/304PL6-B4/41665013/305PL6-B5/41665033/306PL6-B6/41665053/308PL6-B8/41665073/3010PL6-B10/41664903/3012PL6-B12/41664913/3013PL6-B13/41664923/3015PL6-B15/41664933/3016PL6-B16/41664943/3020PL6-B20/41664973/3025PL6-B25/41664983/3032PL6-B32/41665003/3040PL6-B40/41665023/3050PL6-B50/41665043/3063PL6-B63/41665063/304-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic CSG454110.16PL6-C0.16/116474612/1200.25PL6-C0,25/116474712/1200.5PL6-C0,5/116474812/1200.75PL6-C0,75/116474912/1201PL6-C1/116475412/1201.5PL6-C1,5/116475012/1201.6PL6-C1,6/116475112/1202PL6-C2/128652812/1202.5PL6-C2,5/116475512/1203PL6-C3/116475712/1203.5PL6-C3,5/116475612/1204PL6-C4/128652912/1205PL6-C5/116475812/1206PL6-C6/128653012/1208PL6-C8/116475912/12010PL6-C10/128653112/12012PL6-C12/116475212/12013PL6-C13/128653212/12015PL6-C15/116475312/12016PL6-C16/128653312/12020PL6-C20/128653412/12025PL6-C25/128653512/12032PL6-C32/128653612/12040PL6-C40/128653712/12050PL6-C50/128653812/12063PL6-C63/128653912/1201-poleSG514110.16PL6-C0.16/1N1649168/800.25PL6-C0,25/1N1649178/800.5PL6-C0,5/1N1649188/800.75PL6-C0,75/1N1649198/801PL6-C1/1N1649228/801.5PL6-C1,5/1N1649208/801.6PL6-C1,6/1N1649218/802PL6-C2/1N1060298/802.5PL6-C2,5/1N1649258/803PL6-C3/1N1649298/803.5PL6-C3,5/1N1649288/804PL6-C4/1N1060308/805PL6-C5/1N1649318/806PL6-C6/1N1060318/808PL6-C8/1N1649328/8010PL6-C10/1N1060328/8012PL6-C12/1N1649238/8013PL6-C13/1N1060338/8015PL6-C15/1N1649248/8016PL6-C16/1N1060348/8020PL6-C20/1N1649268/8025PL6-C25/1N1649278/8032PL6-C32/1N1649308/801+N-poleRated 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SG515110.16PL6-C0.16/21648116/600.25PL6-C0,25/21648126/600.5PL6-C0,5/21648136/600.75PL6-C0,75/21648146/601PL6-C1/21648176/601.5PL6-C1,5/21648156/601.6PL6-C1,6/21648166/602PL6-C2/22865626/602.5PL6-C2,5/21648206/603PL6-C3/21648226/603.5PL6-C3,5/21648216/604PL6-C4/22865636/605PL6-C5/21648236/606PL6-C6/22865646/608PL6-C8/21648246/6010PL6-C10/22865656/6012PL6-C12/21648186/6013PL6-C13/22865666/6015PL6-C15/21648196/6016PL6-C16/22865676/6020PL6-C20/22865686/6025PL6-C25/22865696/6032PL6-C32/22865706/6040PL6-C40/22865716/6050PL6-C50/22865726/6063PL6-C63/22865736/602-poleSG622110.16PL6-C0.16/31648764/400.25PL6-C0,25/31648774/400.5PL6-C0,5/31648784/400.75PL6-C0,75/31648794/401PL6-C1/31648824/401.5PL6-C1,5/31648804/401.6PL6-C1,6/31648814/402PL6-C2/32865964/402.5PL6-C2,5/31648854/403PL6-C3/31648874/403.5PL6-C3,5/31648864/404PL6-C4/32865974/405PL6-C5/31648884/406PL6-C6/32865984/408PL6-C8/31648894/4010PL6-C10/32865994/4012PL6-C12/31648834/4013PL6-C13/32866004/4015PL6-C15/31648844/4016PL6-C16/32866014/4020PL6-C20/32866024/4025PL6-C25/32866034/4032PL6-C32/32866044/4040PL6-C40/32866054/4050PL6-C50/32866064/4063PL6-C63/32866074/403-poleRated 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SG647110.16PL6-C0.16/3N1650133/300.25PL6-C0,25/3N1650143/300.5PL6-C0,5/3N1650153/300.75PL6-C0,75/3N1650163/301PL6-C1/3N1650193/301.5PL6-C1,5/3N1650173/301.6PL6-C1,6/3N1650183/302PL6-C2/3N1069053/302.5PL6-C2,5/3N1650223/303PL6-C3/3N1650243/303.5PL6-C3,5/3N1650233/304PL6-C4/3N1069063/305PL6-C5/3N1650253/306PL6-C6/3N1069073/308PL6-C8/3N1650263/3010PL6-C10/3N1069083/3012PL6-C12/3N1650203/3013PL6-C13/3N1069093/3015PL6-C15/3N1650213/3016PL6-C16/3N1069103/3020PL6-C20/3N1069113/3025PL6-C25/3N1069123/3032PL6-C32/3N1069133/3040PL6-C40/3N1069143/3050PL6-C50/3N1069153/3063PL6-C63/3N1069163/303+N-poleSG266120.16PL6-C0.16/41665083/300.25PL6-C0,25/41665093/300.5PL6-C0,5/41665103/300.75PL6-C0,75/41665113/301PL6-C1/41665143/301.5PL6-C1,5/41665123/301.6PL6-C1,6/41665133/302PL6-C2/41665213/302.5PL6-C2,5/41665203/303PL6-C3/41665253/303.5PL6-C3,5/41665243/304PL6-C4/41665273/305PL6-C5/41665293/306PL6-C6/41665313/308PL6-C8/41665333/3010PL6-C10/41665153/3012PL6-C12/41665163/3013PL6-C13/41665173/3015PL6-C15/41665183/3016PL6-C16/41665193/3020PL6-C20/41665223/3025PL6-C25/41665233/3032PL6-C32/41665263/3040PL6-C40/41665283/3050PL6-C50/41665303/3063PL6-C63/41665323/304-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage6 kA, Characteristic DSG454110.5PL6-D0,5/116476012/1201PL6-D1/116476512/1201.5PL6-D1,5/116476112/1201.6PL6-D1,6/116476212/1202PL6-D2/128654012/1202.5PL6-D2,5/116476612/1203PL6-D3/116476812/1203.5PL6-D3,5/116476712/1204PL6-D4/128654112/1205PL6-D5/116476912/1206PL6-D6/128654212/1208PL6-D8/116477012/12010PL6-D10/128654312/12012PL6-D12/116476312/12013PL6-D13/128654412/12015PL6-D15/116476412/12016PL6-D16/128654512/12020PL6-D20/128654612/12025PL6-D25/128654712/12032PL6-D32/128654812/12040PL6-D40/128654912/1201-poleSG514110.5PL6-D0,5/1N1649338/801PL6-D1/1N1649368/801.5PL6-D1,5/1N1649348/801.6PL6-D1,6/1N1649358/802PL6-D2/1N1649438/802.5PL6-D2,5/1N1649428/803PL6-D3/1N1649478/803.5PL6-D3,5/1N1649468/804PL6-D4/1N1649488/805PL6-D5/1N1649498/806PL6-D6/1N1649508/808PL6-D8/1N1649518/8010PL6-D10/1N1649378/8012PL6-D12/1N1649388/8013PL6-D13/1N1649398/8015PL6-D15/1N1649408/8016PL6-D16/1N1649418/8020PL6-D20/1N1649448/8025PL6-D25/1N1649458/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG515110.5PL6-D0,5/21648256/601PL6-D1/21648286/601.5PL6-D1,5/21648266/601.6PL6-D1,6/21648276/602PL6-D2/22865746/602.5PL6-D2,5/21648316/603PL6-D3/21648336/603.5PL6-D3,5/21648326/604PL6-D4/22865756/605PL6-D5/21648346/606PL6-D6/22865766/608PL6-D8/21648356/6010PL6-D10/22865776/6012PL6-D12/21648296/6013PL6-D13/22865786/6015PL6-D15/21648306/6016PL6-D16/22865796/6020PL6-D20/22865806/6025PL6-D25/22865816/6032PL6-D32/22865826/6040PL6-D40/22865836/602-poleSG622110.5PL6-D0,5/31648904/401PL6-D1/31648934/401.5PL6-D1,5/31648914/401.6PL6-D1,6/31648924/402PL6-D2/32866084/402.5PL6-D2,5/31648964/403PL6-D3/31648984/403.5PL6-D3,5/31648974/404PL6-D4/32866094/405PL6-D5/31648994/406PL6-D6/32866104/408PL6-D8/31649004/4010PL6-D10/32866114/4012PL6-D12/31648944/4013PL6-D13/32866124/4015PL6-D15/31648954/4016PL6-D16/32866134/4020PL6-D20/32866144/4025PL6-D25/32866154/4032PL6-D32/32866164/4040PL6-D40/32866174/403-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage SG647110.5PL6-D0,5/3N1650273/301PL6-D1/3N1650303/301.5PL6-D1,5/3N1650283/301.6PL6-D1,6/3N1650293/302PL6-D2/3N1650373/302.5PL6-D2,5/3N1650363/303PL6-D3/3N1650413/303.5PL6-D3,5/3N1650403/304PL6-D4/3N1650433/305PL6-D5/3N1650453/306PL6-D6/3N1650463/308PL6-D8/3N1650473/3010PL6-D10/3N1650313/3012PL6-D12/3N1650323/3013PL6-D13/3N1650333/3015PL6-D15/3N1650343/3016PL6-D16/3N1650353/3020PL6-D20/3N1650383/3025PL6-D25/3N1650393/3032PL6-D32/3N1650423/3040PL6-D40/3N1650443/303+N-poleSG266120.5PL6-D0,5/41665343/301PL6-D1/41665373/301.5PL6-D1,5/41665353/301.6PL6-D1,6/41665363/302PL6-D2/41665443/302.5PL6-D2,5/41665433/303PL6-D3/41665483/303.5PL6-D3,5/41665473/304PL6-D4/41665503/305PL6-D5/41665523/306PL6-D6/41665533/308PL6-D8/41665543/3010PL6-D10/41665383/3012PL6-D12/41665393/3013PL6-D13/41665403/3015PL6-D15/41665413/3016PL6-D16/41665423/3020PL6-D20/41665453/3025PL6-D25/41665463/3032PL6-D32/41665493/3040PL6-D40/41665513/304-poleSpecifi cations | Miniature Circuit Breakers PL6Description• High selectivity between MCB and back-up fuse due to low let-throughenergy• Compatible with standard busbar• T win-purpose terminal (lift/open-mouthed) above and below• B usbar positioning optionally above or below• M eets the requirements of insulation co-ordination, distance between con-tacts ≥ 4 mm, for secure isolation• S uitable for applications up to 48 V DCAccessories:Auxiliary switch for subsequent installation ZP-IHK286052ZP-WHK286053 Tripping signal switch for subsequent installation ZP-NHK248437 Remote control and automatic switching device Z-FW/LP248296Shunt trip release ZP-ASA/..248438, 248439 Undervoltage release Z-USA/..248288-248291 Compact enclosure KLV-TC-2276240KLV-TC-4276241 Additional terminal 35 mm2Z-HA-EK/35263960 Switching interlock Z-IS/SPE-1TE274418Technical DataPL6ElectricalIEC/EN 60898-1Design according toCurrent test marks as printed onto the deviceRated voltage U n AC: 230/400 VDC: 48 V (per pole, max. 2 poles)Rated frequency50/60 HzRated breaking capacity according to IEC/EN 60898-1I cn 6 kACharacteristic B, C, DBack-up fuse max. 100 A gLSelectivity class3Rated impulse withstand voltage U imp 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)Enduranceelectrical components≥ 10,000 switching operationsmechanical components≥ 20,000 switching operationsLine voltage connection at will (above/below)Minimal voltage12 V AC/DCMechanicalFrame size45 mmDevice height80 mmDevice width17.5 mm per pole (1MU)Mounting quick fastening with 3 lock-in positions on DIN rail IEC/EN 60715 Degree of protection IP20Upper and lower terminals open mouthed/lift terminalsTerminal protection fi nger and hand touch safe, DGUV VS3, EN 50274Terminal capacity1-25 mm2Terminal torque2-2.4 NmBusbar thickness 0.8 - 2 mmMounting independent of positionConnection diagramsDimensions (mm)Tripping Characteristics (IEC/EN 60898-1)Quick-acting (B), slow (C), very slow (D)Tripping characteristic BTripping characteristic CTripping characteristic DTRIPPING CURRENTTRIPPING CURRENTTRIPPING CURRENT1-pole1+N-pole2-pole3-pole3+N-pole4-pole1P2P3P+N4P1P+N3PEffect of the Ambient Temperature on Thermal Tripping Behaviour Effect of Power FrequencyEffect of power frequency on the tripping behaviour I MA of the quick releaseLoad Capacity of Series Connected Miniature Circuit BreakersPower frequency f [Hz]162/35060100200300400I MA (f)/I MA (50 Hz) [%]91100101106115134141Adjusted rated current values according to the ambient temperatureNumber of devices (n) 1-poleLet-through Energy PL6Let-through Energy PL6, Characteristic B, 1-pole Let-through Energy PL6, Characteristic C, 1-poleLet-through Energy PL6, Characteristic D, 1-poleProspective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards DII-DIV fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link DII-DIV *)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.0 3.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.8 3.6 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801001)<0.51)0.6 1.0 2.8 5.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards D01-D03 fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link D01-D03*)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.0 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)2)PL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.50.7 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)1)2)2)2)PL6D01-D03 gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801001)<0.51)0.60.8 2.2 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)Short Circuit Selectivity PL6 towards NH-00 fuse linkIn case of short circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL6 and the upstream fuses up to the specifi ed values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link NH-00*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link NH-00*)Short circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link NH-00*)1) Selectivity limit current I s under 0.5 kA 2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)0.5 1.0 2.5 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.3 2.3 4.3 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.6 4.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.5 2.0 3.3 4.3 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)0.6 1.0 2.5 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.0 1.5 2.1 3.6 5.0 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.2 1.7 2.8 3.8 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.50.8 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.3 5.7 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)1)2)2)2)PL6NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.3 2.1 3.1 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)1)<0.51)0.71.0 1.62.23.8 5.2 6.02) 6.02) 6.02) 6.02)。
单片机课堂例题
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
GATE
C/T
M1
M0
GATE
C/T
M1
M0
T1控制
TMOD＝10H
T0控制
中断方式：
ORG 0000H
LJMP MAIN
ORG 001BH
AJMP LOOP
MAIN: MOV TMOD，＃10H
MOV TH1，＃0FFH
MOV TL1，＃083H
SETB EA
SETB ET1
sbit K3=P1^6;
code uchar
seg7code[10]={0xc0,0xf9,0xa4,0xb0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xf8,
0x80,0x90};
code uchar seg7bit[6]={0x01,0x02,0x04,0x08,0x10,0x20};
main()
{
KEY3接P1.6。KEY0按下个位显示“1”，KEY1按下
十位显示“2”， KEY2按下百位显示“3” KEY3按
下千位显示“4”
C4
C1
C2
30PF
30PF
X1
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R19
R20
R21
10k10k10k10k10k10k10k10k
U1
10uF
19
XTAL1
CRYSTAL
VREF--标准电压, DAC0832:-10V~+10V
• 分析：
DELAY: MOV
• 1VDx=51；2VDx=102
R7,#N
上升段：
单片机原理及应用课后习题答案、很全的张毅刚主编
“单片机原理及应用”习题解答第一章2－4：在MCS－51单片机中，如果采用6MHz晶振，1个机器周期为（）。
答：2us。
析：机器周期为振荡周期的1/6。
2－6：内部RAM中，位地址为30H的位，该位所在字节的字节地址为（）。
答：26H2－7：若A中的内容为63H，那么，P标志位的值为（）。
答：0析：P为偶校验位，因为A中1的个数为偶数，所以P=0。
2－8：判断下列说法是否正确：A、8031的CPU是由RAM和EPROM所组成。
B、区分片外程序存储器和片外数据存储器的最可靠的方法是看其位于地址范围的低端还是高端。
C、在MCS-51中，为使准双向的I/O口工作在输入方式，必须保证它被事先预置为1。
D、PC可以看成使程序存储器的地址指针。
答：错、错、对、对2－9：8031单片机复位后，R4所对应的存储单元的地址为（），因上电时PSW=（）。
这时当前的工作寄存器区是（）组工作寄存器区。
答：04H、00H、02－11：判断以下有关PC和DPTR的结论是否正确？A、DPTR是可以访问的，而PC不能访问。
B、它们都是16位的存储器C、它们都有加1的功能。
D、DPTR可以分为两个8位的寄存器使用，但PC不能。
答：对、对、对、对2－13：使用8031芯片时，需将/EA引脚接（）电平，因为其片内无（）存储器。
答：低、程序2－14：片内RAM低128个单元划分为哪3个主要部分？各部分的主要功能是什么？答：工作寄存器区、位寻址区、数据缓冲区2－15：判断下列说法是否正确A、程序计数器PC不能为用户编程时直接使用，因为它没有地址。
B、内部RAM的位寻址区，只能供位寻址使用，而不能供字节寻址使用。
C、8031共有21个特殊功能寄存器，它们的位都是可以用软件设置的，因此，是可以进行位寻址的。
答：对、错、错2－16：PC的值是A、当前正在执行指令的前一条指令的地址B、当前正在执行指令的地址C、当前正在执行指令的下一条指令的地址D、控制器中指令寄存器的地址答：C2－17：通过堆栈操作实现子程序调用，首先就要把（）的内容入栈，以进行断点保护。
OASIS-E Manual
OASIS-EPART ONETHANK YOU TO OUR SPONSOR!12Objectives•Connect the IMPACT Act of 2014 with the evolution ofOASIS•Compare and contrast measures for ReconciledMedication List to Provider and Reconciled MedicationList to Patient•List three best practice strategies to prepare for successin transfer of health information3OASIS Evolution and the IMPACT Act of 2014Data collected is used for:•Quality improvement initiatives•Payment reform•Quality reporting•Public reportingStandardized data:•Improves communication between post-acute care settings•Helps to coordinate care between settings•Facilitates discharge planning•Improves patient outcomesOASIS Evolves•To comply and facilitate with items above4OASIS-E ManualTable of ContentsCHAPTER 1:OASIS GUIDANCE MANUAL INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 2:DATA ACCURACY AND CORRECTION OF THE OASIS ASSESSMENTS CHAPTER 3:ITEM ‐BY ‐ITEM GUIDE TO THE OASIS ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT Section A:ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION ‐PATIENT TRACKING Section A:ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION Section B:HEARING, SPEECH, AND VISION Section C:COGNITIVE PATTERNS Section D:MOOD Section E:BEHAVIORSection F:PREFERENCES FOR CUSTOMARY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES Section G:FUNTIONAL STATUSSection GG:FUNTIONAL ABILITIES AND GOALS Section H:BLADDER AND BOWEL Section I:ACTIVE DIAGNOSES Section J:HEALTH CONDITIONSSection K:SWALLOWING/NUTRITIONAL STATUS Section M:SKIN CONDITIONS Section N:MEDICATIONSSection O:SPECIAL TREATMENTS, PROCEDURES, AND PROGRAMS Section Q:PARTICIPATION IN ASSESSMENT AND GOAL SETTING Appendix A:GLOSSARY AND COMMON ACRONYMS Appendix B:OASIS ‐E ITEMS, TIMEPOINTS, AND USES Appendix C:OASIS ‐E INSTRUMENTSAppendix D:DESCRIPTION OF CHANGES FROM OASIS ‐D TO OASIS ‐E Appendix E:REFERENCES AND RESOURCESAppendix F:OASIS AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENTOASIS-E Layout of Chapter Three•Item Intent•Time Points Item(s) Completed •Response-Specific Instructions •Coding Instructions •Coding TipsData Sources moved hereParts of Response-Specific Instructions moved hereOASIS-D LayoutItem Intent Time PointsResponse-Specific Instructions Data Sources/Resources56OASIS-E Glossarydefinitions fromitem instructions•New item terms(e.g.,DisorganizedThinking,Category Cue,Health InformationExchange)7OT and OASIS Manual Update•Effective January 1, 2022, OTs may conduct the SOCcomprehensive assessments including OASIS for Medicare patientswhen the physician’s referral order does not include skilled nursing,but does include PT and/or SLP, along with OT. Any disciplinequalified to perform OASIS assessments (RN, PT, SLP, OT) maycomplete subsequent OASIS assessments (e.g., transfers,recertifications, resumptions of care, discharge) after the SOC.8Retired Static Q&AsQ6. Does information documented in OASIS have to be backed up with documentation elsewhere in the patient's records? [Q&A EDITED 10/18;Q&A EDITED 12/12]A6. There is no regulatory requirement that OASISassessment data be duplicated elsewhere in the patient record.[Q&A RETIRED 05/22]OASIS-D to OASIS-E•Standardization across PAC settings touniformly collect SDoH items and to enable calculation of standardized, cross-setting quality measures, pursuant to the provisions of IMPACT Act •Standardized assessment data elements are assessment items and response options that are harmonized across four PAC assessment instruments, and to which aligned standards and definitions apply.OASIS-D Revision: Main reason for revising OASIS is to increase standardization across PAC settings to enable calculation ofstandardized, cross-setting QMs, pursuant to the provisions of the IMPACT Act✓New sections and items ✓Different time point versions ✓Removal of some items ✓Revision of some items ✓Updated skip patterns91011New IMPACT items added for OASIS-E:A1005 –A2124: New Identification Information itemsB0200Hearing and B1300Health Literacy added; M1200 changes to B1000-Vision with revised responses C0100 –C1310: New Cognitive Patterns items; BIMS and CAM used for assessmentD0150 –D0160 New/revised Mood items; PHQ 2-9 added replacing M1730 with D0150. D0700Social Isolation item addedJ0510 -J0520: New Health Conditions items for effect of pain on sleep and therapy. M1242 changes to J0530with revised responses and time period for considerationK0520: New Swallowing and Nutritional Status items. M1030 Parenteral nutrition changes to K0520 and is revised N0415: New Medication items to identify specific high risk drug classes patient is takingO0110: Identifies special treatments, procedures, and programs patient uses (i.e. chemotherapy, radiation, oxygen, suction, trach care, ventilator/BiPAP/CPAP , IV meds, transfusions, dialysis, etc.)OASIS-E Items RemovedItems RemovedM2016Patient/CG Drug Education Intervention M0140Race/Ethnicity M1200VisionM1730Depression Screening M1910Falls Risk AssessmentM1242Frequency of Pain Interfering M1051Pneumococcal VaccineM1056Reason Pneumococcal Vaccine not Received M2401 Row ADiabetic Foot Care1112Removed From Follow-upNo Longer Collected at Follow-upM1610Urinary Incontinence or Urinary Catheter Presence M1620Bowel Incontinence FrequencyM1630Ostomy for Bowel EliminationM1021Primary DiagnosisM1023Other DiagnosesM1400When is patient dyspneic or SOBM1311Current Number of Unhealed PU at Each StageM1322Current Number of Stage 1 PUM1324Stage of Most Problematic Unhealed PU that is Stageable M1330Stasis UlcerM1332Current Number of Stasis UlcersM1334Status of Most Problematic Stasis Ulcer ObservableM1340Surgical WoundM1342Status of Most Problematic Surgical Wound Observable M2030Management of Injectable MedicationsM2200Therapy Need •D1 Optional items at Follow-up are now removed in OASIS-EFollow-up Item Removal and Best Practice•Primary and secondary diagnoses‒Diagnosis alignment with continued care delivery/POC‒Communication process for claim update•M1400 Dyspnea/SOB –Star, VBP‒‘Pulse check’‒Re-evaluate interventions (e.g., Is therapy needed for breathsupport?)•M13xx Wound items –PAC cross-setting measure, PAEs‒‘Pulse check’‒Evaluate wound care effectiveness1314Transfer of Health InformationQuality Process MeasureTransfer of Health Information•Meets the mandate of the Improving Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 (IMPACT Act)•Improve:‒Care coordination ‒Quality of care •Aid in med reconciliation •Help subsequent providers•Mitigate adverse outcomes related to meds •Critical for safe and effective transitions and DCsRationaleA ccurately communicatingthe existence of and providing for the transfer of health information and carepreferences of an individual to the individual, familycaregiver of the individual, and providers of services furnishing items and services to the individual when the individual transitions from a PAC provider to anotherapplicable setting, including a different PAC provider, a hospital, a critical access hospital, or the home of the individual.1516Transfer of Health InformationW h e n•Begins withDCs andTransfers on or after January 1, 2023W h a t•Identify if the HHA provided a current reconciled med list to specificproviders/ to patientH o w•OASIS-E data set –Transfer and Discharge data set •Not risk adjusted •Public reporting quarterlyReconciled Medication List to Provider Reconciled Medication List to PatientReconciled Medication List at Transfer•TOH measure captured at the end of a quality episode •RFA 6 and RFA 7 triggers A2120Gateway1718Reconciled Med List to at TransferCode 0, No, if at transfer or discharge to a subsequent provider, your agency did not provide the patient’s current reconciled medication list to the subsequent provider.Code 1, Yes, if at transfer or discharge to a subsequent provider, your agency did provide the patient’s current reconciled medication list to the subsequent provider.A2120 only : Code 2, NA, if at transfer to a subsequent provider, your agency was not made aware of the transfer timely and was, therefore, unable to provide the patient’s current reconciled medication list to the subsequent provider.Dash is not a valid response for this item.At TransferReconciled Medication List at Discharge•TOH measure captured at the end of a quality episodeGateway One M0100 Reason for Assessment1920M2420 Discharge DispositionReview of New Guidance•Code 1: Choose when Codes 2, 3, 4, and UK do not apply•Code 2: Another MCR certified HHA•Code 3:Non-institutional hospice•Code 4: Unknown because moved to another geographic location •Code UK: Unknown but not due to geographic location21Reconciled Med List at DischargeGateway Two M2420 Discharge Disposition22Reconciled Med List at DischargeGateway Two M2420 Discharge DispositionRoute of Transmission•Guidance is the same2324Route GuidanceCode A. Electronic Health Record•Both discharging and receiving provider have direct access to acommon EHR system•Patient has direct access to their med information through a patientportal•Checking this route does not require confirmation that provider orpatient has accessed the med list25Route GuidanceCode B. Health Information Exchange•HIE is used to electronically exchange the current reconciled list toprovider or patient•HIE may be a regional health data system•An EHR may generate and exchange a med list through a HIE ‒Select both Code A and Code B in this instance•Direct Messaging (Direct Exchange) by a health information serviceprovider (HISP) that ‘pushes’ information to an HER‒Select both Code A and Code B in this instance26Route Guidance Code C. Verbal •Verbally communicated (e.g., in-person, telephone, videoconference)Code D. Paper Based•Paper based method (e.g., printout, fax, e-fax)•An interface that allows documents from agency EHR to be electronically faxed to the subsequent providerCode E. Other Methods•Method not listed in the above (e.g., texting, email, CDs)Calculation Reconciled Med List to Provider Quality episodes that at the time ofDC/Transfer, the agency provided a currentreconciled med to the subsequent providerNumber of traditional (MCR Part A, Part B), MCR Advantage and MCD covered HH quality episodes ending in DC/Transfer to specified providers •Short-term general hospital•SNF •Intermediate care •Home under care of another organized HH or hospice •Hospice in an institutional facility•Swing bed•IRF•LTCH•MCD nursing facility•Inpatient psych•Critical access hospitalDenominator Numerator2728Calculation Reconciled Med List to Patient Quality episodes that at the time of DC/Transfer, the agency provided a currentreconciled med to the patient, family, and/orcaregiverNumber of traditional (MCR Part A, Part B),MCR Advantage and MCD covered HH quality episodes ending in DC to a private home/apartment, board/care, assisted living, group home, or transitional living •Private home/apartment •Board/care•Assisted living•Group home•Transitional livingDenominatorNumeratorMeans of Providing a Current Reconciled Med List •Providing the current reconciled medication list at the time of transfer or discharge can be accomplished by any means, including active means (e.g., by mail, electronically or verbally) and more passive means (e.g., a commonelectronic health record (EHR), giving providers access to the portalDefinition2930Contents of a Reconciled Med List•List of the patient’s current medications at the time of discharge that was reconciled by the agency prior to the patient’s discharge•Be guided by current standards of care and any applicable regulations and guidelines (e.g., CoPs) in determining what information should be included in a current reconciled medication list•Defining the completeness is left to the discretion of the providers and patient who are coordinating this careCoding TipsContents of a Reconciled Med List•Current prescribed and over-the-counter medications•Nutritional supplements,vitamins, and/or homeopathicand herbal products•Administered by any route at thetime of discharge or transfer*This information serves as guidance and asstated prior, the completeness of themedication list is left to the discretion of the providers and patient ExamplesDemographics: name, DOB, active diagnosesKnown allergies, sensitivities, and reactionsMedications: name, strength, dose, route, frequency, purpose, special instructions For patient: consumer‐friendly terminology and plain language31 32Item/Measure Coding•Patients that are not taking any prescribed or OTC medsat the time of DC‒Clearly document patient is taking no meds at time of DC‒Clearly communicate and document to the patient, family,and/or CG that the patient is taking no medications at DC •At the time of transfer/discharge: Period of time as closeto the actual time of transfer or discharge as possible(may be based on agency, State, or Federal guidelinesfor data collection)33CoPs for Home HealthInterpretive Guidelines•Transfer and Discharge §484.50(d)(1) The HHA must ensure timelytransfer of patient information to the alternate entity to facilitate continuityof care, i.e., the HHA must ensure that patient information is provided tothe alternate entity prior to or simultaneously with the initiation of patientservices at the new entity•Coordination of Care, Written information to the patient §484.60(e)(2) TheHHA must prepare and provide to the patient and his or her caregiver (ifany) written information regarding the patient’s medication regimen asbased on the results of the medication review conducted at §484.55(c)(5).The medication administration instructions must be written in plainlanguage that does not use medical abbreviations34Accuracy Strategies•Review current policies and procedures•Develop and revise transfer and discharge processes‒Is your current medication reconciliation process effective? Areyour clinicians compliant with this process?•Educate on best practice to reconcile medications‒Med reconciliation should be a top priority‒Develop clinician habits now!•Assess OASIS competency•Monitor compliance35Scenarios36Scenario One Mrs. Sparrow is discharged from an acute hospital following a right hip fracture with a home health referral for skilled nursing, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. On Day 7, the patient experiences an additional fall and sustains a right arm fracture. She is readmitted to the acute hospital, transferred to SNF three days later, and remains inpatient until the end of her episode. On Day 8, the clinician is notified of the transfer, updates the patient’s reconciled medication list in the patient portal, and completes RFA 6Transfer to an inpatient facility –patient not discharged from agency .6Scenario One (continued)M0100 Response 6 will require the completion of the Transfer data set timepoint that includes M2120 Provision of Current Reconciled Medication List to Subsequent Provider at Transfer .What is the appropriate code for M2120?Rationale: The reconciled medication list was updated in the patient portal. Code 1 requires provision of the list to the subsequent provider .3738Scenario One with Different Clinician Action On Day 8, the clinician is notified of the transfer, updates the patient’s reconciled medication list in the patient portal and the shared organizational EHR, and completes RFA 6 Transfer to an inpatient facility –patient not discharged from agency .1Code 1 for A2120requires the clinician tocode A2122 Route of Current ReconciledMedication List to Subsequent ProviderScenario TwoMr. Ross is discharged from skilled nursing April 8th. The nurse reconciles the medication list and updates the medication chart in the home. Physical therapy continues to see the patient and discharges the patient to home with goals met on April 29th . One day prior, the PTA had visited the patient, reconciled and updated the patient medication chart in the home. On the day of discharge, the PT reconciles and updates the med list in the patient portal.93940Scenario Two (continued)M0100 Code 9 will require the completion of the Discharge data settimepoint that includes M2420 Discharge Disposition1Rationale: Discharge disposition is not another skilled HHA or non-institutional hospice, and is known to the clinician, therefore Code 1 is appropriate.41Scenario Two (continued)Code 1 for M2420 will require the clinician to respond toA2123 Provision of Current Reconciled Medication List toPatient at Discharge1Rationale: PT reconciled and updated the med list on day of DC. PTAreconciled and updated the med list the day prior to DC.42Scenario Two (continued)Code 1 for M2123 will require the clinician to respond to A2124 Route of Current Reconciled Medication List Transmission to PatientRationale: The med list was reconciled and updated in the home by the PTA and within the patient EHR portal by the PT. Additional What if Scenarios•Patient is discharged to home. Eight days after DC, the patient is mailed a reconciled med list.•Patient’s med list reconciled and updated in the home one week prior to discharge to home. No additional reconciliation is performed at DC visit.What is the definition of at the time of transfer/discharge foryour agency ?4344QUESTIONS? 45。
数据手册_HR6P72L_Datasheet_C V2.1
海尔 MCU 芯片使用注意事项
关于芯片的上/下电 海尔 MCU 芯片具有独立电源管脚。当 MCU 芯片应用在多电源供电系统时，应先对 MCU 芯片上电，再 对系统其它部件上电；反之，下电时，先对系统其它部件下电，再对 MCU 芯片下电。若操作顺序相反则
可能导致芯片内部元件过压或过流，从而导致芯片故障或元件退化。具体可参照芯片的数据手册说明。
关于芯片的 ESD 防护措施
海尔 MCU 芯片具有满足工业级 ESD 标准保护电路。建议用户根据芯片存储/应用的环境采取适当静电防护 措施。应注意应用环境的湿度；建议避免使用容易产生静电的绝缘体；存放和运输应在抗静电容器、抗静 电屏蔽袋或导电材料容器中；包括工作台在内的所有测试和测量工具必须保证接地；操作者应该佩戴静电 消除手腕环手套，不能用手直接接触芯片等。
关于芯片的初始化
海尔 MCU 芯片具有各种内部和外部复位。对于不同的应用系统，有必要对芯片寄存器、内存、功能模块 等进行初始化，尤其是 I/O 管脚复用功能进行初始化，避免由于芯片上电以后，I/O 管脚状态的不确定情况 发生。
关于芯片的管脚
海尔 MCU 芯片具有宽范围的输入管脚电平，建议用户输入高电平应在 VIHMIN 之上，低电平应在 VILMAX 之 下。避免输入电压介于 VIHMIN 和 VILMAX 之间，以免波动噪声进入芯片。对于未使用的输入管脚，应通过电 阻上拉至电源电平或下拉至地。对于未使用的管脚，建议用户设为输出状态，并通过电阻接至电源或地。 对未使用的管脚处理因应用系统而异，具体遵循应用系统的相关规定和说明。
上海海尔集成电路有限公司
HR6P72L 数据手册
目录
内容目录
第 1 章 芯片简介 .................................................................................................... 10
5.IFS新加坡
Exchange Rates Singapore Dollars per SDR: End of PeriodMarket Rate....................................aa 2.3608 2.5273 2.5373 2.3786 2.3071 2.2775 2.2168 2.2913 2.3228 2.3208 2.2775 2.2692Singapore Dollars per US Dollar: End of Period (ae) Period Average (rf)Market Rate....................................ae 1.7365 1.7008 1.6338 1.6642 1.5336 1.4412 1.4392 1.5172 1.5326 1.4909 1.4412 1.3799 Market Rate....................................rf 1.7906 1.7422 1.6902 1.6644 1.5889 1.5071 1.4149 1.5322 1.5245 1.5174 1.4542 1.4093Index Numbers (2000=100): Period AveragesMarket Rate....................................ahx96.398.9102.0103.6108.5114.4122.0112.5113.1113.6118.5122.3 Nominal Effective Exchange Rate.....nec100.898.497.998.7102.8104.7108.3105.0104.3103.8105.8106.7 Real Effective Exchange Rate............rec97.994.393.392.194.295.7101.395.494.795.397.599.7 Fund Position Millions of SDRs: End of Period Quota..............................................2f.s862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5 SDRs...............................................1b.s130.2139.6188.9199.6210.3221.7240.2213.1215.8219.1221.7224.0 Reserve Position in the Fund............1c.s351.3379.3283.4121.886.456.7113.075.859.558.356.755.1 of which: Outstg.Fund Borrowing...2c————————————Total Fund Cred.&Loans Outstg........2tl————————————International Liquidity Millions of US Dollars Unless Otherwise Indicated: End of PeriodTotal Reserves (see notes)................1l.d82,22196,245112,579116,172136,260162,957174,193137,728144,056152,450162,957177,462 SDRs.............................................1b.d177207293285316350370322327341350368 Reserve Position in the Fund..........1c.d4785644401741309017411590919091 Foreign Exchange..........................1d.d81,56795,474111,846115,712135,814162,517173,649137,291143,639152,018162,517177,003 Monetary Authorities: Other Liabs.... 4..d7147419171,0881,1981,2941,2041,2101,2401,2771,2941,353 Deposit Money Banks: Assets...........7a.d53,50152,82761,84870,717109,779128,498154,866120,583118,505121,085128,498152,505 Deposit Money Banks: Liabs.............7b.d58,28759,84067,69669,56498,773124,645145,00999,255104,950111,792124,645145,671 Other Banking Insts.: Assets.............7e.d431617312445362442424544 Other Banking Insts.: Liabs...............7f.d2115910109891011 ACU: Foreign Assets........................7k.d346,865359,009403,436440,483478,485610,448595,005506,014518,120567,565610,448652,559 Foreign Liabilities........................7m.d387,285404,383464,025490,509534,585711,836667,884572,266589,367645,450711,836775,914 Monetary Authorities Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodForeign Assets.................................11142,721163,190183,844193,601209,747235,692251,318209,813221,484227,446235,692246,045 Claims on Central Government.........12a5,8086,3957,0397,0106,6086,5026,8606,4096,4067,0016,5026,702 Reserve Money................................1419,96420,65321,83523,39625,75728,06134,12325,52726,59226,93528,06128,733 of which: Currency Outside DMBs..14a12,36012,83813,69414,58515,28516,66918,99715,74516,07816,19416,66917,356 Foreign Liabilities.............................16c1,2401,2611,4981,8111,8371,8651,7321,8361,9011,9051,8651,866 Central Government Deposits...........16d94,40494,39198,497107,772108,712108,948132,711107,749102,213104,566108,948112,997 Other Items (Net).............................17r32,92153,28069,05367,63280,050103,31989,61281,11197,184101,040103,319109,151 Deposit Money Banks Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of Period Reserves..........................................207,6337,7988,1738,81310,46311,29815,2029,73310,56310,79211,29811,360 Foreign Assets.................................2192,90589,848101,048117,688168,357185,191222,883182,949181,621180,526185,191210,442 Claims on Central Government.........22a42,62145,55645,05843,75050,73859,93466,69655,05257,79063,49459,93464,202 Claims on Private Sector..................22d169,048178,253186,128189,798199,051232,752268,094205,031212,269220,093232,752245,143 Demand Deposits.............................2423,46825,88430,46831,50136,95847,27056,70639,70343,68344,74747,27051,520 Time and Savings Deposits...............25144,480156,106162,816173,712210,127233,620257,707224,396233,852233,198233,620244,405 Foreign Liabilities.............................26c101,215101,776110,602115,768151,479179,639208,697150,589160,847166,670179,639201,011 Central Government Deposits...........26d1,7681,8131,8473,0803,1234,1642,0993,3673,0613,1764,1643,506 Other Items (Net).............................27r41,27635,87634,67435,98826,92224,48147,66534,71020,80027,11224,48130,705 Monetary Survey Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodForeign Assets (Net).........................31n133,172150,001172,792193,710224,787239,379263,772240,337240,357239,397239,379253,610 Domestic Credit...............................32121,310134,001137,881129,707144,563186,076206,840155,377171,192182,845186,076199,545 Claims on Central Govt. (Net)........32an–47,743–44,253–48,247–60,092–54,488–46,676–61,255–49,655–41,078–37,248–46,676–45,599 Claims on Private Sector................32d169,052178,254186,129189,799199,051232,752268,094205,031212,269220,093232,752245,143 Money.............................................3435,82838,72244,16246,08652,24363,93975,70355,44859,76160,94163,93968,876 Quasi-Money...................................35144,480156,106162,816173,712210,127233,620257,707224,396233,852233,198233,620244,405 Other Items (Net).............................37r74,17389,173103,696103,619106,981127,895137,200115,870117,936128,102127,895139,873 Money, Seasonally Adjusted.............34..b35,58738,61444,27446,45552,91164,92076,96455,14659,21861,94164,92068,594 Money plus Quasi-Money.................35l180,308194,828206,978219,798262,370297,559333,410279,844293,613294,139297,559313,281 Other Banking Institutions Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodFinance CompaniesCash................................................401,6084756226519691,1601,2701,2051,0518361,1601,163 Foreign Assets (41752728513765513765626560)Claims on Private Sector..................42d10,7526,6326,8547,8257,96610,1309,7138,3628,7379,56110,13010,221 Time and Savings Deposits...............459,8535,5285,6666,3567,13610,0739,9617,8928,4769,11510,07310,298 Foreign Liabilities.............................46c32291415151412131515 Capital Accounts..............................47a2,1111,4061,4441,6581,6931,7351,7221,7281,7011,7271,7351,774 Other Items (Net).............................47r468198392502128–468–663–30–337–396–468–642 Nonbank Financial Institutions Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of Period Cash................................................40..s4,0814,0494,3754,5335,0214,4136,1396,6055,0215,7134,4135,072 Foreign Assets.................................41..s12,88016,80917,779. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Claims on Central Government.........42a.s8,28010,24713,068. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Claims on Private Sector..................42d.s25,59229,35433,888. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Fixed Assets.....................................42h.s2,3422,3442,1722,0812,3663,4513,1692,3582,4092,2543,4513,455 Incr.in Total Assets(Within Per.)........49z.s6,0989,5958,21711,7399,30915,206–15,7745,0546,4493,305398–5,641 Money (National Definitions)Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodM1..................................................59ma35,82838,72344,16246,08652,24363,93975,70455,44859,76160,94163,93968,876 M2..................................................59mb180,308194,829206,978219,798262,370297,559333,411279,844293,613294,139297,559313,280 M3..................................................59mc188,815200,044212,183225,700268,749306,755342,388286,754301,275302,682306,755322,708 Interest Rates Percent Per AnnumMoney Market Rate.........................60b.96.74 1.04 2.28 3.46 2.72 1.31 3.23 2.50 2.65 2.48 1.48 Treasury Bill Rate.............................60c.81.64.96 2.04 2.95 2.34.87 2.92 2.07 2.24 2.14 1.24 Eurodollar Rate in Singapore............60d 1.80 1.22 1.67 3.63 5.23 5.27 2.81 5.36 5.36 5.40 4.97 3.02 Savings Rate....................................60k.61.28.23.24.26.25.23.25.25.25.25.24 Deposit Rate....................................60l.91.51.41.44.57.53.42.57.52.52.51.45 Lending Rate...................................60p 5.37 5.31 5.30 5.30 5.31 5.33 5.38 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.382.2243 2.2290 2.2168 2.2243 2.2167 2.2230 2.2290 2.2037 2.2427 2.2168 2.2713 2.2615Market Rate....................................aa 1.3616 1.4314 1.4392 1.3616 1.3676 1.4160 1.4314 1.4807 1.5072 1.4392 1.5082 1.5412Market Rate....................................ae 1.3662 1.3968 1.4872 1.3676 1.3588 1.4029 1.4287 1.4772 1.5067 1.4778 1.4880 1.5178Market Rate....................................rf 126.2123.5115.9126.0126.9122.9120.7116.7114.4116.6115.8113.6Market Rate....................................ahx 109.3109.3107.9110.0110.3108.6108.9108.1107.9107.9105.5. . . .Nominal Effective Exchange Rate.....nec 102.2101.6101.8102.3102.3100.9101.5101.6102.0102.0100.0. . . .Real Effective Exchange Rate............rec 862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5862.5Quota..............................................2f.s 225.7228.3240.2225.7225.7228.3228.3228.3240.2240.2240.2241.0SDRs...............................................1b.s 65.663.0113.065.665.662.263.063.0113.0113.0111.0111.2Reserve Position in the Fund............1c.s ———————————— of which: Outstg.Fund Borrowing...2c ————————————Total Fund Cred.&Loans Outstg........2tl 176,651168,803174,193176,651174,964170,100168,803162,174165,676174,193167,094. . . .Total Reserves (see notes)................1l.d 369356370369366358356340357370362354 SDRs.............................................1b.d 10798174107106989894168174167163 Reserve Position in the Fund..........1c.d 176,175168,349173,649176,175174,492169,644168,349161,740165,151173,649166,565. . . . Foreign Exchange..........................1d.d 1,3221,2611,2041,3221,3171,2781,2611,2211,1511,2041,155. . . .Monetary Authorities: Other Liabs.... 4..d 160,073152,662154,866160,073160,611157,397152,662142,225140,534154,866145,664. . . .Deposit Money Banks: Assets...........7a.d 148,458141,141145,009148,458146,878148,626141,141132,861133,840145,009134,552. . . .Deposit Money Banks: Liabs.............7b.d 3735363735353534353634. . . .Other Banking Insts.: Assets.............7e.d 1111101111111111131010. . . .Other Banking Insts.: Liabs...............7f.d 633,421645,177595,005633,421651,754631,087645,177638,573597,333595,005578,292. . . .ACU: Foreign Assets........................7k.d 750,288744,614667,884750,288763,533739,734744,614723,154674,878667,884643,641. . . . Foreign Liabilities........................7m.d 241,455243,288251,318241,455240,314242,326243,288241,662251,634251,318253,532. . . .Foreign Assets.................................116,9866,6626,8606,9866,7666,8626,6626,8606,8606,8606,669. . . .Claims on Central Government.........12a 29,32732,53534,12329,32729,58431,13232,53533,18632,34934,12334,867. . . .Reserve Money................................1417,56218,19618,99717,56217,65017,97618,19618,59718,76318,99720,204. . . . of which: Currency Outside DMBs..14a 1,8001,8051,7321,8001,8011,8101,8051,8081,7361,7321,743. . . .Foreign Liabilities.............................16c 122,778122,926132,711122,778120,982124,947122,926122,303127,355132,711130,001. . . .Central Government Deposits...........16d 94,53692,68489,61294,53694,71291,30092,68491,22497,05489,61293,591. . . .Other Items (Net).............................17r 11,73112,91015,20211,73111,98613,08412,91014,03013,35015,20214,527. . . .Reserves..........................................20217,956218,521222,883217,956219,652222,874218,521210,593211,813222,883219,690. . . .Foreign Assets.................................2165,15560,89766,69665,15562,20764,02960,89760,50764,16166,69665,036. . . .Claims on Central Government.........22a 254,388264,632268,094254,388258,420260,601264,632268,670267,360268,094267,073. . . .Claims on Private Sector..................22d 55,45457,72856,70655,45455,43155,55257,72856,65455,62856,70663,017. . . .Demand Deposits.............................24242,684249,051257,707242,684247,401244,257249,051256,334257,418257,707254,692. . . .Time and Savings Deposits...............25202,141202,029208,697202,141200,870210,455202,029196,728201,724208,697202,931. . . .Foreign Liabilities.............................26c 3,2642,5362,0993,2642,9742,5332,5362,6052,1422,0992,199. . . .Central Government Deposits...........26d 45,68745,61647,66545,68745,58947,79145,61641,47939,77247,66543,487. . . .Other Items (Net).............................27r 255,470257,975263,772255,470257,294252,936257,975253,719259,987263,772268,548. . . .Foreign Assets (Net).........................31n 200,487206,730206,840200,487203,438204,013206,730211,129208,884206,840206,579. . . .Domestic Credit...............................32–53,902–57,902–61,255–53,902–54,983–56,589–57,902–57,542–58,476–61,255–60,495. . . . Claims on Central Govt. (Net)........32an 254,388264,632268,094254,388258,420260,601264,632268,670267,360268,094267,073. . . . Claims on Private Sector................32d 73,01675,92475,70373,01673,08173,52875,92475,25174,39175,70383,221. . . .Money.............................................34242,684249,051257,707242,684247,401244,257249,051256,334257,418257,707254,692. . . .Quasi-Money...................................35140,256139,729137,200140,256140,250139,163139,729133,263137,062137,200137,214. . . .Other Items (Net).............................37r 72,24577,18076,96472,24573,06574,22177,18075,77975,64476,96481,992. . . .Money, Seasonally Adjusted.............34..b 315,700324,975333,410315,700320,482317,785324,975331,585331,809333,410337,913. . . .Money plus Quasi-Money.................35l9511,2751,2709511,2271,3781,2751,4451,4141,2701,301. . . .Cash................................................405151515148495150525151. . . .Foreign Assets.................................4110,0909,9019,71310,09010,0479,9459,9019,8359,8309,7139,621. . . .Claims on Private Sector..................42d 10,04310,1099,96110,04310,13410,22310,10910,19510,1869,9619,838. . . .Time and Savings Deposits...............451516151515161616191515. . . .Foreign Liabilities.............................46c 1,6971,7201,7221,6971,7141,7051,7201,7331,7401,7221,726. . . .Capital Accounts..............................47a –663–618–663–663–541–572–618–614–649–663–606. . . .Other Items (Net).............................47r 5,1596,2506,1395,159. . . .. . . .6,250. . . .. . . .6,139. . . .. . . .Cash................................................40..s . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Foreign Assets.................................41..s . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Claims on Central Government.........42a.s . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Claims on Private Sector..................42d.s 3,4463,4473,1693,446. . . .. . . .3,447. . . .. . . .3,169. . . .. . . .Fixed Assets.....................................42h.s –611–3,823–5,698. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Incr.in Total Assets(Within Per.)........49z.s 73,01775,92575,70473,01773,08073,52875,92575,25174,39175,70483,221. . . .M1..................................................59ma 315,700324,976333,411315,700320,481317,785324,976331,584331,809333,411337,913. . . .M2..................................................59mb 325,082334,097342,388325,082329,677326,919334,097340,622340,866342,388346,732. . . .M3..................................................59mc 1.29 1.44 1.04 1.25 1.13 1.19 2.00 1.25.81 1.06.69.69Money Market Rate.........................60b .72.89.63.47.35.87 1.46.87.57.44.34.34Treasury Bill Rate.............................60c 2.83 3.15 2.26 2.82 2.83 2.83 3.78 3.09 2.22 1.47 1.18 1.26Eurodollar Rate in Singapore............60d .24.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.23.22.22.21Savings Rate....................................60k .41.40.41.41.40.39.41.43.41.39.38.37Deposit Rate....................................60l 5.385.385.385.385.385.385.385.385.385.385.385.38Lending Rate...................................60pPercent Per AnnumInterest RatesMillions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodMoney (National Definitions)Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodNonbank Financial Institutions Finance CompaniesMillions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodOther Banking Institutions Millions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodMonetary SurveyMillions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodDeposit Money BanksMillions of Singapore Dollars: End of PeriodMonetary AuthoritiesMillions of US Dollars Unless Otherwise Indicated: End of PeriodInternational LiquidityMillions of SDRs: End of PeriodFund PositionIndex Numbers (2000=100): Period AveragesSingapore Dollars per US Dollar: End of Period (ae) Period Average (rf)Singapore Dollars per SDR: End of PeriodExchange RatesPrices, Production, Labor Index Numbers (2000=100): Period AveragesShare Prices.....................................6276.673.093.5108.7125.9168.5128.9154.3169.9173.6176.2147.0 Wholesale Prices..............................63† 97.098.9104.0† 114.0119.7120.1129.1114.3119.1121.5125.4127.6 Consumer Prices..............................64100.6101.1† 102.8103.2104.3106.5113.4104.5105.0107.2109.1111.4 Manufacturing Production................66ey96.0† 98.5112.2122.8137.4† 145.4139.4† 135.3141.3156.6148.5151.9Number in Thousands: Period AveragesLabor Force......................................67d1,6681,7061,733. . . .1,8811,918. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Employment....................................67e1,5741,6051,632. . . .1,7971,842. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Unemployment................................67c941610. . . .8476. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .5 Unemployment Rate (%)..................67r 5.6 5.9 5.8. . . . 3.6 3.0. . . . 3.4 4.0 2.1 2.3 2.6 Intl. Transactions & Positions Millions of Singapore Dollars Exports............................................70223,901251,096335,615382,532431,559450,587476,798106,430110,199116,848117,110118,687 Imports, c.i.f....................................71208,324222,819276,894333,191378,924395,980450,89390,51497,629100,169107,668109,9422000=100Volume of Exports...........................72† 100.1116.5155.4† 173.5191.8207.9217.2198.5203.3215.0214.5218.2 Volume of Imports...........................73† 90.196.0117.4† 134.3148.5158.1174.7148.1156.5158.7168.6171.8 Export Prices (Survey).......................76† 94.090.690.8† 92.794.691.192.390.291.291.491.891.5 Import Prices (Survey)......................76.x† 99.6100.0101.6† 106.9109.9107.9111.1105.3107.4108.8110.0110.3 Balance of Payments Millions of US Dollars: Minus Sign Indicates DebitCurrent Account, n.i.e......................78ald11,17021,59318,25622,22329,80039,106. . . .9,7269,81012,0367,490. . . . Goods: Exports f.o.b......................78aad140,776161,702199,393232,512275,288303,136. . . .70,15773,20878,04881,723. . . . Goods: Imports f.o.b......................78abd–121,972–132,266–168,330–195,477–231,855–254,036. . . .–57,736–61,660–63,580–71,060. . . . Trade Balance..............................78acd18,80429,43631,06337,03643,43349,099. . . .12,42011,54814,46810,663. . . . Services: Credit..............................78add29,52536,28846,80452,94061,10069,829. . . .16,01716,95717,72319,131. . . . Services: Debit...............................78aed–33,436–40,081–50,143–55,630–63,744–72,419. . . .–17,082–17,791–18,052–19,493. . . . Balance on Goods & Services.......78afd14,89325,64327,72534,34540,78946,510. . . .11,35610,71414,13810,301. . . . Income: Credit...............................78agd14,17517,42121,53527,23932,20042,982. . . .10,00611,40910,84610,724. . . . Income: Debit................................78ahd–16,445–20,064–29,663–38,097–41,780–48,690. . . .–11,242–11,920–12,516–13,060. . . . Balance on Gds, Serv. & Inc.........78aid12,62322,99919,59723,48731,20840,802. . . .10,12010,20412,4697,965. . . . Current Transfers, n.i.e.: Credit......78ajd127131136138145152. . . .37383839. . . . Current Transfers: Debit.................78akd–1,581–1,538–1,477–1,402–1,553–1,847. . . .–431–432–470–514. . . . Capital Account, n.i.e......................78bcd–160–168–184–202–231–259. . . .–60–63–72–63. . . . Capital Account, n.i.e.: Credit........78bad. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Capital Account: Debit...................78bbd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Account, n.i.e....................78bjd–10,304–17,815–8,516–12,673–14,105–18,388. . . .–8,562–2,448–7,313162. . . . Direct Investment Abroad...............78bdd–2,329–2,695–10,803–6,943–12,241–12,300. . . .–1,692–3,778–2,968–3,907. . . . Dir. Invest. in Rep. Econ., n.i.e........78bed7,20011,66419,82813,93024,74324,137. . . .8,6696,3825,0343,937. . . . Portfolio Investment Assets............78bfd–13,363–14,346–7,050–8,335–17,795–22,600. . . .–3,180–6,495–4,852–8,200. . . . Equity Securities...........................78bkd–6,069–7,356–5,658–10,467–9,029–19,425. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................78bld–7,295–6,990–1,3932,132–8,767–3,175. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment Liab., n.i.e......78bgd2194,3061,5865,0408,8546,007. . . .4,2495,6542,657–6,952. . . . Equity Securities...........................78bmd–4422,1392,3833,8386,8396,743. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................78bnd6612,167–7971,2022,015–736. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives Assets............78bwd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives Liabilities.......78bxd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment Assets................78bhd–8,539–21,058–28,276–32,221–53,370–67,704. . . .–23,548–18,519–18,555–6,579. . . . Monetary Authorities...................78bod——. . . .—. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................78bpd——. . . .—. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................78bqd1,18510,657–5,288–9,233–28,928–9,046. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................78brd–9,724–31,716–22,988–22,988–24,441–58,658. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment Liab., n.i.e..........78bid6,5084,31416,20015,85735,70454,072. . . .6,94014,30811,37021,862. . . . Monetary Authorities...................78bsd——————. . . .————. . . . General Government....................78btd——. . . .—. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................78bud–349–9,0094,4193,01423,43320,859. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................78bvd6,85713,32211,78112,84212,27133,212. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Net Errors and Omissions.................78cad5513,0932,6362,9661,543–818. . . .–117–1,302–6781,096. . . . Overall Balance............................78cbd1,2566,70312,19312,31517,00719,640. . . .9865,9953,9748,685. . . . Reserves and Related Items..............79dad–1,256–6,703–12,193–12,315–17,008–19,640. . . .–986–5,995–3,974–8,685. . . . Reserve Assets...............................79dbd–1,256–6,703–12,193–12,315–17,008–19,640. . . .–986–5,995–3,974–8,685. . . . Use of Fund Credit and Loans........79dcd——————. . . .————. . . . Exceptional Financing....................79ded——————. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . International Investment Position Millions of US Dollars Assets.............................................79aad415,026472,931551,616608,014753,460879,864. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Direct Investment Abroad...............79abd90,80697,140117,510126,304147,931169,862. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment.......................79acd69,49491,109105,337130,725172,780196,673. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................79add32,63542,99953,15974,321103,388120,641. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................79aed36,85948,11052,17856,40469,39276,032. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives......................79ald——————. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment...........................79afd172,594188,813216,477235,125296,474350,585. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................79agd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................79ahd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................79aid. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................79ajd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Reserve Assets...............................79akd82,13195,869112,293115,859136,275162,743. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Liabilities.........................................79lad333,278374,726439,039464,787592,663725,181. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Dir. Invest. in Rep. Economy...........79lbd135,720153,120182,255186,948210,775232,818. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment.......................79lcd45,70461,05973,52986,400133,094173,112. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................79ldd33,85447,71959,94372,715113,621153,857. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................79led11,85013,34013,58613,68619,47319,255. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives......................79lld——————. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment...........................79lfd151,853160,546183,254191,439248,794319,250. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................79lgd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................79lhd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................79lid. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................79ljd. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .151.4130.986.2144.2143.3134.0115.487.884.786.285.478.0Share Prices.....................................62137.0140.1111.8142.6145.1140.5134.7122.7109.7103.1104.3. . . .Wholesale Prices..............................63112.9114.3115.0112.8114.1114.3114.3115.5115.2114.4114.3. . . .Consumer Prices..............................64133.4139.4132.9142.7135.5132.8149.8132.2138.3128.3103.8. . . .Manufacturing Production................66ey . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Labor Force......................................67d . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Employment....................................67e 55. . . .5556. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Unemployment................................67c 4.0 2.8. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Unemployment Rate (%)..................67r 124,777130,232103,10342,13845,16841,83643,19639,10734,02929,95826,427. . . .Exports............................................70118,500122,405100,04640,26443,13438,15641,11538,56232,51428,97025,637. . . .Imports, c.i.f (71)221.4228.0199.7219.5232.8220.5230.4219.1198.6179.9160.3. . . .Volume of Exports...........................72178.8180.4166.8177.6187.6168.1185.7183.5164.0151.5132.9. . . .Volume of Imports...........................7394.896.186.896.997.995.794.690.186.584.083.2. . . .Export Prices (Survey).......................76114.2116.9103.3117.2118.8117.3114.4108.6102.598.899.7. . . .Import Prices (Survey)......................76.x . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Current Account, n.i.e......................78ald . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Goods: Exports f.o.b......................78aad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Goods: Imports f.o.b......................78abd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Trade Balance..............................78acd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Services: Credit..............................78add . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Services: Debit...............................78aed . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Balance on Goods & Services.......78afd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Income: Credit...............................78agd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Income: Debit................................78ahd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Balance on Gds, Serv. & Inc.........78aid . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Current Transfers, n.i.e.: Credit......78ajd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Current Transfers: Debit.................78akd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Capital Account, n.i.e......................78bcd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Capital Account, n.i.e.: Credit........78bad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Capital Account: Debit...................78bbd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Financial Account, n.i.e....................78bjd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Direct Investment Abroad...............78bdd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Dir. Invest. in Rep. Econ., n.i.e........78bed . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment Assets............78bfd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................78bkd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................78bld . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment Liab., n.i.e......78bgd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................78bmd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................78bnd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives Assets............78bwd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives Liabilities.......78bxd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment Assets................78bhd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................78bod . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................78bpd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................78bqd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................78brd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment Liab., n.i.e..........78bid . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................78bsd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................78btd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................78bud . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................78bvd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Net Errors and Omissions.................78cad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Overall Balance............................78cbd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Reserves and Related Items..............79dad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Reserve Assets...............................79dbd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Use of Fund Credit and Loans........79dcd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Exceptional Financing....................79ded . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Assets.............................................79aad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Direct Investment Abroad...............79abd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment.......................79acd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................79add . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................79aed . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives......................79ald . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment...........................79afd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................79agd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................79ahd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................79aid . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Sectors...............................79ajd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Reserve Assets...............................79akd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Liabilities.........................................79lad . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Dir. Invest. in Rep. Economy...........79lbd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Portfolio Investment.......................79lcd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Equity Securities...........................79ldd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Debt Securities.............................79led . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Financial Derivatives......................79lld . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Other Investment...........................79lfd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Monetary Authorities...................79lgd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . General Government....................79lhd . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . Banks..........................................79lid . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .Other Sectors...............................79ljdMillions of US DollarsInternational Investment Position Millions of US Dollars: Minus Sign Indicates DebitBalance of Payments2000=100Millions of Singapore DollarsIntl. Transactions & Positions Number in Thousands: Period AveragesIndex Numbers (2000=100): Period AveragesPrices, Production, Labor。
日语财务词汇
' g. P2 p0 ]4 R* L" ~letter of Credit 商業信用状 信用証
: e/ C" B! O8 \5 p. _+ wApplication for issuing L/C L/C開設申請 申請開立信用証0 f1 p; k* N: A* i
usance L/C ユーザンス L/C 遠期信用証4 j* j6 _6 A% w
collection commission 取りたて手数料 託収手続費* [6 Z, ?9 M( Z) y8 g
at sight draft 一覧払い手形 即期匯票3 Z. s% g$ a* U. S+ S
銀行発行小切手 本票
$ ~4 j; Q- J N+ H; q5 j 手形交換所 票据交換所% A/ l4 i: B7 I9 T8 n; x7 f# t' l, r! M
amendment L/C L/C アメンド 修改信用証
6 p1 v( I8 y: [( i# h2 N( E; vtransferable letter of credit 譲渡可能信用状 可転譲信用証$ U, V% L7 K$ R5 W) ^: d- S3 P
confirmed letter of credit 確認信用状 保兌信用証
; X- l3 u3 E! ^" {% Q 手形振出日 出票日
! Q7 R E& B4 _ `8 A5 Jdraft 手形送金 票匯; |7 e: E/ P. O& S* ]- E
correspondent arrangement コルレス契約 通匯合同,代理協定/ Z/ P4 v% e; i9 a8 ]; ]
B字头贴片三极管B系列
贴片三极管B系列(SMD)贴片元件参数索引1234567890A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 贴片元件查询-代换资料表示符号实际元件生产厂类型封装参数及代换型号SOT323 npn RF fT 9GHzNB MRF957 MotSOD323Varicap 18pF 1VISieB BAS16-03WB BB555 Sie I SCD80 Varicap 18pF 1VSOD323 4.3V 0.3W zenerIPhiB0 BZX399C4V3SOT23HP2810 schottkyB0 HSMS-2810 HP CSOT323 HP2810 schottkyB0 HSMS-281B HP CB08 SST6908 Sil ZQ 2N6908 prot n-ch jfetB09 SST6909 Sil ZQ 2N6909 prot n-ch jfetB1 BZX399C1V8ISOD323 1.8V 0.3W zenerPhiSOT23HP2811 schottkyB1 HSMS-2811 HP KSOT23schottky sw diodeB1 BAS40 MotCB10 SST6910 Sil ZQ 2N6910 prot n-ch jfetSOD323 2.0V 0.3W zenerIPhiB2 BZX399C2V0SOT23BSX20 12V fT 400MHz swNB2 BSV52 PhiB2p BSV52 Phi N SOT23BSX20 12V fT 400MHz swSOT23BSX20 12V fT 400MHz swB2t BSV52 Phi NSOT23dual HP2810 schottkyB2 HSMS-2812 HP DSOT323 dual HP2810 schottkyB2 HSMS-281C HP DB3 BZX399C2V2ISOD323 2.2V 0.3W zenerPhiSOT23dual ca HP2810 schottkyB3 HSMS-2813 HP ASOT323 dual ca schottkyB3 MMBD717L MotASOD323 2.4V 0.3W zenerIPhiB4 BZX399C2V4SOT23R BSX20RB4 BSV52R PhiSOT23dual cc HP2810 schottky B4 HSMS-2814 HP BSOD323 2.7V 0.3W zenerIPhiB5 BZX399C2V7SOT143 dual HP2810 schottkyB5 HSMS-2815 HP SB6 BZX399C3V0ISOD323 3.0V 0.3W zenerPhiSOT23dual ca 30V schottkyAB6 BAT54A MotSOD323 3.3V 0.3W zenerIB7 BZX399C3V3PhiSOT143 HP2810 ring quadB7 HSMS-2817 HP RQSOD323 3.6V 0.3W zenerIPhiB8 BZX399C3V6SOT143 HP2810 bridge quadB8 HSMS-2818 HP BQSOD323 3.9V 0.3W zenerIB9 BZX399C3V9PhinpngpSC90NB9 2SC4617 MotB26 BF570 Phi SOT23PSOT89npn AF 45V comp BCX51 BA BCX54 SieSOT23BCY78-viiBA BCW61A PhiNBAp BCW61A Phi N SOT23BCY78-viiSOT23BCY78-viiBAt BCW61A Phi NBA DAN217 Roh D 80V 100mA dualSOD323 4.7V 0.3W zenerIPhiBA BZX399C4V7SOT23BCY78-viiiBB BCW61B PhiNBBs BCW61B Sie N SOT23BCY78-viiiBBp BCW61B Phi N SOT23BCY78-viiiSOT23BCY78-viiiBBt BCW61B Phi NNQSOT143 Dual pin shunt switch BB BAR81 SieISOD323 5.1V 0.3W zenerBB BZX399C5V1PhiSOT343 Dual pin shunt switch BBs BAR81W Sie NQSOT23BCY78-ixBC BCW61C PhiNBCs BCW61C Sie N SOT23BCY78-ixBC BCX54-10 SieSOT89npn hfe100PPhiSOD323 5.6V 0.3W zenerIPhiBC BZX399C5V6BCp BCW61C Phi N SOT23BCY78-ixSOT23BCY78-ixBCt BCW61C Phi NSOT23BCY78-xBD BCW61D Phi NBDs BCW61D Sie N SOT23BCY78-xBDp BCW61D Phi N SOT23BCY78-xBDt BCW61D Phi N SOT23BCY78-xPSOT89npn hfe160 comp BCX51-16 BD BCX54-16 SieBD BZX399C6V2 Phi I SOD323 6.2V 0.3W zenerESOT2340V 0.4A schottky diode BD ZHCS400 ZetSOT23schottky sw diodeCBE BAS70 MotPSOT89npn AF 60V comp BCX52 BE BCX55 SieISOD323 6.8V 0.3W zenerPhiBE BZX399C6V8SOT23low noise BCW61NBF BCW61FF SieSOD3237.5V 0.3W zenerIPhiBF BZX399C7V5SOT23BCY79-viiBG BCX71G Phi NBGs BCX71G Sie N SOT23BCY79-viiBGp BCX71G Phi N SOT23BCY79-viiBGt BCX71G Phi N SOT23BCY79-viiSOT89npn hfe 100PBG BCX55-10 SiePhiBG BZX399C8V2 Phi I SOD3238.2V 0.3W zenerBH BCX71H Phi N SOT23BCY79-viiiBHs BCX71H Sie N SOT23BCY79-viiiBHp BCX71H Phi N SOT23BCY79-viiiBHt BCX71H Phi N SOT23BCY79-viiiSOT223 npn amp 80V 150mAPBH BCP56 MotPSOT89npn AF 80VBH BCX56 SieSOD3239.1V 0.3W zener iBH BZX399C9V1 Phi ISOT23BCY79-ixNBJ BCX71J PhiSOT23BCY79-ixBJs BCX71J Sie NSOT23BCY79-ixBJp BCX71J Phi NBJt BCX71J Phi NSOT23BCY79-ixSOD32310V 0.3W zenerBJ BZX399C10 PhiIPSOT223 npn amp 80V 150mABK BCP56-10 MotSOT23BCY79BK BCX71K PhiNBKs BCX71K Sie N SOT23BCY79BKp BCX71K Phi N SOT23BCY79SOT23BCY79BKt BCX71K Phi NSOT89npn hfe 100PBK BCX56-10 SieSOD32311V 0.3W zenerIBK BZX399C11 PhiDLSOT363 2x schottky detector diodes BL MBD54DW MotSOT223 npn amp 80V 150mAPBL BCP56-16 MotPSOT89npn hfe 160BL BCX56-16 SieSOD32312V 0.3W zenerIBL BZX399C12 PhiSOT143 MMIC amp 9dB @1GHzBL BGA310 SieGQSOT343 ****************** BLs BGA420 Sie HQSOT23100v pnp comp BSS64BM BSS63L MotNBMp BSS63 Phi N SOT23100v pnp comp BSS64BMt BSS63 Phi N SOT23100v pnp comp BSS64SOT89npn hfe 160BM BCX55-16 Sie PSOT143 MMIC amp 11dB @1GHzBM BGA312 Sie GQBM BZX399C13 Phi I SOD32313V 0.3W zenerSOT343 ****************** BMs BG427 Sie HQBNs BCW61FN Sie N SOT23low noise BCW61SOD32315V 0.3W zenerBN BZX399C15 Phi ISOT143 MMIC amp 16dB @1GHzGQBN BGA318 SieSOT23BCX78, BCY78-viiBO BCW61AR Phi NSOT23BCY78-viiiBP BCW61BR PhiNISOD32316V 0.3W zenerBP BZX399C16 PhiBQ BZX399C18 Phi I SOD32318V 0.3W zener in SOD323 BQ 2PB709AQ Phi N SC-59 PNP 45V 0.1A hfe 160-260SOT23BCY78-ixNBR BCW61CR PhiBR 2SC2412K Roh N npn 50V 150mA min hfe 180above2SC2412KUMTBR 2SC4081 RohN2SC2412KaboveNEM3BR 2SC4617 RohSOT323 gp pnp 45VNBR MSB1218A MotSOD32320V 0.3W zenerBR BZX399C20 PhiIBR 2PB709AR Phi N SC-59 pnp45V 0.1A hfe 210-340BR1 BSR30 Phi P SOT89pnp 70V 1A 1.35W hfe 40-120 BR2 BSR31 Phi P SOT89pnp 70V 1A 1.35W hfe 100-300 BR4 BSR33 Phi P SOT89pnp 90V 1A 1.35W hfe 100-300SOT23BCY78-xRBS BCW61DR PhiSOD32322V 0.3W zenerIBS BZX399C22 PhiBS 2PB709AS Phi N SC-59 pnp 45V 0.1A hfe 290-460BS1 BST60 Mot P SOT89pnp darlington 0.5A 60VBS2 BST61 Mot P SOT89pnp darlington 0.5A 80VBS3 BST62 Mot P SOT89pnp darlington 0.5A 90VBS3 BSP62 Mot P SOT89pnp darlington 0.5A hfe 2000ISOD32324V 0.3W zenerBT BZX399C24 PhiBT2 BSP16 Mot P SOT223 pnp –300V 1ABT2 BST16 Phi P SOT89pnp –300V 1ABU BCX71GR Phi NSOT23BCX79-viiSOD32327V 0.3W zenerBU BZX399C27 Phi ISOD32330V 0.3W zenerIBV BZX399C30 PhiSOT23R BCX79-viiiBW BCW71HR Phi NBW BZX399C33 Phi I SOD32333V 0.3W zenerSOT23R BCX79-ixBX BCW71JR PhiNSOD32336V 0.3W zenerIBX BZX399C36 PhiSOT23R BCX79-xNBY BCW71KR PhiSOD32339V 0.3W zenerBY BZX399C39 PhiISOD32343V 0.3W zenerBZ BZX399C43 PhiI。
Jitter及其测试技术介绍
Jitter及其测试技术介绍本文主要介绍时间抖动（jitter）的概念及其分析方法。
在数字通信系统，特别是同步系统中，随着系统时钟频率的不断提高，时间抖动成为影响通信质量的关键因素。
一、时间抖动的概念在理想情况下，一个频率固定的完美的脉冲信号（以1MHz为例）的持续时间应该恰好是1us，每500ns有一个跳变沿。
但是这种信号并不存在。
如图1所示，信号周期的长度总会有一定变化，从而导致下一个沿的到来时间不确定。
这种不确定就是抖动。
抖动是对信号时域变化的测量结果，它从本质上描述了信号周期距离其理想值偏离了多少。
在绝大多数文献和规范中，时间抖动（jitter）被定义为高速串行信号边沿到来时刻与理想时刻的偏差，所不同的是某些规范中将这种偏差中缓慢变化的成分称为时间游走（wander），而将变化较快的成分定义为时间抖动（jitter）。
1.1．时间抖动的分类抖动有两种主要类型：确定性抖动和随机性抖动。
确定性抖动是由可识别的干扰信号造成的，这种抖动通常幅度有限，具备特定的（而非随机的）产生原因，而且不能进行统计分析。
随机抖动是指由较难预测的因素导致的时序变化。
例如，能够影响半导体晶体材料迁移率的温度因素，就可能造成载子流的随机变化。
另外，半导体加工工艺的变化，例如掺杂密度不均，也可能造成抖动。
1.2．时间抖动的描述方法可以通过许多基本测量指标确定抖动的特点，基本的抖动参数包括：1)周期抖动（period jitter）测量实时波形中每个时钟和数据的周期的宽度。
这是最早最直接的一种测量抖动的方式。
这一指标说明了时钟信号每个周期的变化。
2)周期间抖动（cycle-cycle jitter）测量任意两个相邻时钟或数据的周期宽度的变动有多大，通过对周期抖动应用一阶差分运算，可以得到周期间抖动。
这个指标在分析琐相环性质的时候具有明显的意义。
3)时间间隔误差（timer interval error，TIE）测量时钟或数据的每个活动边沿与其理想位置有多大偏差，它使用参考时钟或时钟恢复提供理想的边沿。
M1-U1 Let’s try to speak English as much as possible.
advice
一条建议 两条建议
给他一条建议 a piece of advice two pieces of advice a piece of advice give him _______________
你给她一些建议好吗？ advice Would you please give her some __________?
Hale Waihona Puke match将A与B配对 match A with B
请将图片与单词配对起来。 match with Please _____ the pictures ____ the new words.
pronunciation
你的发音很棒！ pronunciation Your ______________ is very good!
write down
• write down these words =write these words down • write it/them down
write down it/ them
mistake
make a mistake make some mistakes
犯错误
因为他写错了很多地方，所以他英语测验不 及格了。 mistakes He made many ____________ , so he failed his English exam.
read aloud in the morning
It’s a good idea to write new words in groups.
read English newspapers
It’s a good idea to read English newspapers.
六年级英语课课练答案
六年级课课练答案Unit 1Period 1A 1 a 2 a 3 b 4 bB 1 T 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 TC was, large/big, strong, wanted, help, weak, let, caught, bit, saw, made, got, becamePeriod 2A 略B 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 aC 1 f 2 9 3 d 4 b 5 c 6 h 7 a 8 eD happy, good, well, loudly, sadly, happyE help, happened, caught, worry, bite, made, get, outF 1 c 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 bPeriod 3A 略B 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 TC 1 excitedly 2 loudly 3 visited, was 4 did, get 5 sadly, findD a 4 b 2 c l d 3Period 4A 略B sad, hungry, fast, high, loudly, bite, strong, greatC 1 e 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 dD 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 bE 1 singing, happily 2 talk, loudly, library3 poured, hot, water, into, gave4 From, then, on, became, friendsF 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 TUnit 2Period 1A 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 aB 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 TC good, listens, clean, tidy, helps, bad, late, bed, sleepyPeriod 2A 略B 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 FC 1 early 2 tidy 3 fast 4 sleepy 5 in orderD Wake, sleepy, late, exciting, earlyPeriod 3A 略B 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 bC 1 Does, play, well, he, does 2 Does, go, early, gets, early3 every, morning, a, good, habit4 is, putting, in, order, bedroom5 showed, us, aroundD 1 for horse short sport2 took football book good3 thirsty birthday hurt dirtyE 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 bPeriod 4A 略B 1 4 5 6C 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 c 7 b 8 bD 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 FE 略Unit 3Period 1AB 1 × 2 √ 3 × 4√ 5 × 6 √C 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 aPeriod 2A 略B 1 × 2 √ 3 × 4 × 5 √C 1 a lot of 2 some 3 some 4 a little 5 a fewD 1 potatoes 2 water 3 tomatoes 4 milk 5 juiceE 1 a little sweet food2 some meat, eggs and milk3 a lot of fruit and vegetables4 a lot of rice, noodles and breadPeriod 3A 略B 1 b 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 aC 1 flower now how mouth2 know slow row coat3 brush country cut butD 1 noodles, me 2 apples, some 3 some4 too, much, meat, some, rice5 healthy, dietE 1 b 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 cPeriod 4A 略B healthy, fruit, strong, meat, fish, much, sweet, water, ice, cream, littleC 1 c 2 a 3 a 4 c 5 aD 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 aE 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5a 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 aUnit 4Period 1A a 2 b 6 c 5 d 3 e 1 f 4B 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 aC 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 FPeriod 2A 略B 1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 bC 1 Can, mustn't 2 can 3 can 4 mustn'tD 1 mustn't/shouldn't/can't 2 can3 mustn't, walk, quickly4 mustn't, run, skateE follow, look, for, wait, lights, cars, bikes, left, right, left, withF 1 b 2 c 3 c 4 cPeriod 3A 略B 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 aC 略D 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 cE 2 1 3 7 5 6 4F 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 TPeriod 4A 略B policeman, rules, carefully, road, street, look, right, green, quickly, playC 1 Can, can't 2 must, must 3 Must, mustD 1 can't/shouldn't/mustn't walk2 in the library/on the metro/in a bookshop; we can't/shouldn't/mustn't eat or drink there3 in the street/on the road; we can't/shouldn't/mustn't turn left4 in the library/reading room; we can't/shouldn't/mustn't talk loudly thereE five, thirty, play, football, sign, can't/mustn't/shouldn't, afterF 略Unit 5Period 1A 1 b 2 a 3d 4 cB 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 cC 2 4 3 1Period 2A 略B 1 F 2 F 3 T 4 TC party, Sunday, snacks, drinks, fruit, toys, clown, balloonsD 1 draw 2 having 3 bring 4 are, clean 5 meet 6 play, safeE 1 watching 2 is singing 3 to go, him 4 toys 5 quicklyF 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 cPeriod 3A 略B 1 a 2 b 3 b 4 c 5 aC 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 aD 4 1 3 5 2E do, visit, How, metro, live, next, buy, books, meet Period 4A 略B 1T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 FC 1 going, to, party 2 What, going, to, do, at3 is, going, to, tell4 Who, is, buy, snacks5 children, going, to, Christmas, at, Nancy’sD 1 What, to, do 2 is, not, any 3 Where, you4 Are, they, No, aren't5 What, time, does, beginE 1 They are talking about their summer holiday plans.2 She is going to Qingdao.3 Nancy is.4 They are going to have a party.5 On the twenty-fifth of August.Unit 6Period 1A a l b 3 c 4 d 6 e 2 f 5B 1 b 2 b 3 c 4 a 5 aC l before 2 comes, from 3 look, for, magazines4 Australian, football, exciting5 visitorsPeriod 2A 略B 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 FC 1 will go, wants, to find 2 comes, Australia, Australian3 excited4 be, are reading5 visitD 2 5 1 6 3 4E 1 c 2 b 3 c 4 c 5 aPeriod 3A 略B Football, US, UK, 11/eleven, egg, run, exciting, loveC 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 cD 1 windy, are flying 2 to come, us 3 help4 cloudy5 be6 smoking7 rainsE l c 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 cPeriod 4A 略B 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 FC l pear hair there pair2 hear here ear tearD 1 will, tell, Australia 2 will, learn, cooking, Internet3 What, will, tomorrow, library4 wants, to, outE 1 It is Saturday.2 No, she doesn't.3 No, she doesn't.4 Because she wants to fly kites tomorrow.5 She will watch TV.Unit 7Period 1A a l b 4 c 3 d 5 e 2 f 6B 1c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 cC talking, about, plans, go, back, stay, visit, train, family, parentsPeriod 2A 略B 1 F 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 F 6 TC 1 f 2 c 3 b 4 d 5 a 6 eD 1 will talk, our 2 will go 3 will be 4 Australian, writes, me5 to know, lookedE 1F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 T 6 FPeriod 3A 略B 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 TC 1 c 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 cD 1 are, planning, excited 2 Will, to, play, football3 excited, about4 How, will, take, plane5 travel, aroundE works, go, will, visit, take, night, because, show, have Period 4A 略B 1 visit, grandparents, farm, help2 Saturday, bought, lost, asked, carC 1 first he bird 2 father sister teacher3 joy enjoy toy4 doctor box longD 1 Where, will, go 2 Will, visit, No, won't3 How, long, will4 some, photos, to, you5 How, willE holiday, will, picnic, second, piano, third, sixth, fourth, fifth, do, homework, film, swimmingUnit 8Period 1A 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 a 6 bB 1 talking, dreams 2 dentist, teeth 3 astronaut, Moon4 dancing, healthy5 writer, childrenC 1 F 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 FPeriod 2A 略B 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 dC did, make, Making, has, astronaut, future, fly, comeD 1 asking, his 2 Swimming, makes, healthy3 doesn't want4 playing, player5 teacher, study6 come7 to beE 1 a 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 a 6 bPeriod 3A 略B 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 TC 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 b 6 bD 1 What, do, want, to, be, scientist 2 likes, singing, will, singing3 policeman, be, brave4 to, walk, Moon5 Everyone, hasE summer, want, on, help, excited, sport, basketball, children, piano, alsoPeriod 4A 略B 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 bC 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 eD 1 What, do, want, to, be 2 Who, wants3 Does, want, Yes, does4 will, not5 is, going, toE 1 David, Boy, 13/Thirteen, Room 304, Building 6, No.12 Jincheng Road, 5288012 Lucy, Girl, 12/Twelve, Room 502, Building 27, No. 258 Beijing Road, 836853Test for Unit 1A 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 aB 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 aC 1 a 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 cD playing, happily, good, at, for, loudly, excited, hits, hole, waterE 1 season team 2 ready breakfast3 too moon4 cook lookF 1 h 2 b 3 g, d 4 e 5 i 6 a 7 c 8 fG 1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 b 9 a 10 aH a d b c f eI animals, playground, running, excitedly, cheering, loudly, first, happy J 1 old, slowly 2 high, naughty 3 fast 4 big, strong 5 littleK 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 c 5 cL 略Test for Unit 2A 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 cB 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 cC 1 a 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 aD good, bad, goes, early, well, listens, quiet, late, ten, sleepyE 1 work world 2 short forty3 have habit4 last askF 1 g 2 c 3 e 4 h 5 b 6 d 7 f 8 i 9 aG 1 a 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 c 6 a 7 a 8 b 9 b 10 bH 1 clean and tidy 2 brush my teeth 3 gets up early4 looks sleepy5 before dinner6 got to school7 on the floor 8 puts her things in orderI 1 g 2 e 3 c 4 d 5 b 6 a 7 h 8 fJ student, early, lessons, afternoon, homework, has, dinner, After, plays, reading K I F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 FL 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 aM 略Test for Unit 3A 1 a 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 aB 1 a 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 aC 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 FD milk, bread, little, lunch, noodles, fish, eats, likesE lot, rice, fruit, water, some, fish, few, eat, much, teethF 1 a lot of, some 2 a few, grapes 3 a lot of4 a lot of5 are, tomatoes6 any, someG 1 a 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 b 6 a 7 c 8 b 9 c 10 aH 1 like eating sweets 2 drinks/has some tea3 eat a lot of vegetables4 drink/have too much cola5 eats/has a lot of ice cream at a timeJ 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 FK 1 c 2 b 3 b 4 a 5 cL 略Test for Unit 4A 1 b 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 cB 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 bC 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 TD many, get, wear, eat, drink, keep, clean, ballE 1 safely 2 mustn't, safe 3 safety 4 easy 5 easily 6 Can, can't 7 MustF c, d, b, e, aG 1 He's riding a bike on the left side of the street/road.He must ride on the right of the street/road.2 She's reading.No, she shouldn't.3 He's crossing the road when there is a red man.He should stop and wait for the green light.H 1 a 2 e 3 b 4 f 5 h 6 c 7 d 8 gI 6 4 2 3 1 5 8 7J quiet, clean, loudly, write, draw, drinkK 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 TL 略Mid-term testA 略B 略C 略D 1 a 2 c 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 b 10 aE 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 aF 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 cG sisters, girls, breakfast, vegetables, order, well, English, swimming, never, helpH 1 shout about 2 cousin country3 stop cross4 potato colaI 1 g, j 2 e 3 h 4 c, k 5 a 6 d 7 f 8 i 9 b 10 lJ 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 b 8 b 9 c 10 bK 1 d 2 h 3 f 4 b 5 g 6 c 7 a 8 eL 1 c 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 b 6 c 7 a 8 b 9 a 10 bM 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 aN 略Test for Unit 5A 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 cB a 3 b 5 c l d 6 e 2 f 4C 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 FD Sunday, friends, balloons, snacks, cake, fruit, make, saladE 1 pig 2 far 3 make 4 good 5 greenF 1 at, party 2 bring, from 3 likes, playing4 When, have5 What, puttingG 1 a 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 c 6 b 7 b 8 c 9 c 10 bH 1 bring, from 2 balloons 3 begin 4 buy, snacks, drinks5 fun6 this/tomorrow, play, with7 soonI 1 n 1 f 2 d 3 a 4 b 5 e 6 cJ 1 What, going 2 doesn't, like 3 are4 Spring, favourite5 like, fruit/snacksK 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 a 8 c 9 a 10 bL 1 Tim's birthday is coming this Sunday.2 Jim, Liu Tao, Yang Ling, Su Hai and Nancy are coming to the party.3 Jim is Tim's best friend.4 He is going to make a fruit cake.5 He likes toy cars.Test for Unit 6A a 3 b 6 c 5 d 2 e 1 f 4B 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 bC 1 T 2 F 3 T 4 T 5 FD country, beautiful, interesting, runs, fashion, food, trains, three, blueE 1 Yes 2 Yes 3 No 4 No 5 Yes 6 Yes 7 No 8 Yes 9 Yes 10 NoF 1 will, ask, friend, Australia 2 will, many, exciting3 Do, kangaroos, Yes, do4 has, fresh, air, view, fair5 will, cook, make, potatoG 1 Who, is 2 When, will 3 will, visit 4 is 5 What, will, doH 1 c 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 a 9 b 10 cI 1 c 2 d 3 a 4 e 5 b 6 h 7 j 8 i 9 f 10 gJ 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 cK 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 TL 略Test for Unit 7A a 4 b l c 3 d 5 e 6 f 2B 1 a 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 b 6 aC 1 a 2 c 3 a 4 b 5 cD weekends, homework, dance, wash, clean, garden, busy, learnE 1 can, plans, National, Japan 2 sunny, summerF 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 c 7 c 8 c 9 bG 1 talked, about, plans 2 will, go, back3 Will, next, week, won't, by, train4 visited, many, places5 interesting, excited, about6 How, longH 1 How, long, did, study 2 What, are, talking, about3 Will, go, Yes, will4 don't, have, same5 comes, from6 will, watch, this/tomorrowI 1 b 2 e 3 a 4 c 5 dJ city, visit, train, hot, summer, T-shirts, friend, show, Bund, holidayK 1 c 2 c 3 b 4 a 5 bL 略Test for Unit 8A a 2 b 6 c 4 d 5 e 3 f 1B 1 a 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a 6 cC 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 cD 16/sixteen, artist, summer, restaurant, school, cleaning, dishes, dreamE 1 Put it on, please.2 I looked for it here and there.3 Would you like an apple?4 Nice to meet you5 There is a football under the chair.F 1 cooking, cooked 2 writing, writer3 are talking4 does not careG 1 will, go, dentist 2 should, careful3 asked, about, told, what4 WalkingH 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 c 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 aI 1 c 2 d 3 b 4 e 5 aJ teacher, taught, students, asked, before, said, father, laughed, know, because K 1 He went to the Space Museum.2 He watched a video.3 Because there is no gravity in space.4 They cannot talk or open their mouths.5 They sleep in sleeping bags.6 Because he thinks the astronaut's job is interesting.L 略Final testA 略B 略C 略D 1 b 2 a 3 c 4 a 5 aE 1F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 FF 1 a 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 bG well, fast, work, quiet, bedroom, quickly, begin, tidy, goodH 1 No 2 Yes 3 Yes 4 Yes 5 No 6 No 7 Yes 8 No 9 No 10 YesI 1 are, going, to, have, party, next 2 never, goes3 Australia, an; interesting, country4 wants, to, to5 talking, about, travelling, plans, withJ 1 traveller, around 2 Will 3 mustn't 4 buy 5 Australia, English 6 places 7 bit, sharp K 1 b 2 c 3 a 4 c 5 b 6 b 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 a L 1 is coming, will, give 2 exciting, excited 3 will go 4 won't5 is asking6 writer, writingM 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 c 5 c 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 c N 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 TO 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 b。
微处理器基础知识-天津大学
指令流水线
大部分单片机, 其取指和执行过程是顺序进行的. 指令流水线的引入，允许取指令和执行可以同步进行. 使得指令可以在一个指令周期内执行. 程序分支例外 (如 GOTO, CALL 或直接修改PC)，这需两 个指令周期.
Tcy4
Tcy0
Tcy1
Tcy2
Tcy3
Fetch 1 Execute 1 1. MOVLW 55h Fetch 2 Execute 2 2. MOVWF PORTB Fetch 3 Execute 3 3. CALL SUB_1 Fetch 4 4. BSF PORTA, BIT3
Program Counter
Data Bus
Clock/Counter
Memory
Program Bus
Instruction Reg
Program
STACK1
STACKn
RAM
File Registers
T0CKI
I/O Ports
Addr Mux
Direct Addr 000000 0000110
INDF 00H
bank1
80H
bank2
100H
bank3
180H
FSR
04H
84H
104H
184H
SFR－程序计数器相关寄存器 PCL和PCLATH
内部数据总线 <8> 5
PCLATH <5>
5
8
PCH <5>
PCL <8>
13-位程序指针
bank0 PCL PCLATH 02H 0AH
bank1 82H 8AH
Indirect Data Address
高中英语b6m1重点单词
高中英语b6m1重点单词本文将对高中英语B6M1单元的重点单词进行详细介绍。
该单元主要涉及各种场景和话题，如健康和生活方式、饮食习惯、运动和身体保健等。
以下是该单元的重点单词，并提供每个单词的定义和用法。
1. habit [ˈhæbɪt] 习惯- a regular tendency or practice, especially one that is hard to give up- I have a habit of drinking coffee every morning.2. allergic [əˈlɜ:dʒɪk] 过敏的- having an allergy- She is allergic to peanuts and can't eat them.3. balanced [ˈbælənst] 平衡的- in a state of equilibrium, equal distribution, or equal amounts of certain things- A healthy diet should be balanced and include all the necessary nutrients.4. consume [kənˈsju:m] 消费，消耗- to use up or eat or drink something- The average person consumes about 2 liters of water per day.5. ingredient [ɪnˈɡri:diənt] 成分，原料- any of the foods or substances that are put together to make a particular dish- This cake recipe requires just five ingredients.6. nutrition [nju:ˈtrɪʃ(ə)n] 营养- the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth- A well-balanced diet is essential for good nutrition.7. portion [ˈpɔ:ʃ(ə)n] 部分- a part of a whole or an amount of something, especially when it is divided among several people- Can I have a smaller portion of fries, please?8. digestion [daɪˈdʒestʃən] 消化- the process of breaking down food in the body into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used- The food goes through the process of digestion in the stomach and intestines.9. moderate [ˈmɒd(ə)rət] 适度的，中等的- not too much or too little; average in amount or intensity- Regular exercise at a moderate intensity is good for your health.10. overcome [ˌəʊvəˈkʌm] 克服，战胜- to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem, difficulty, or fear- She finally overcame her fear of speaking in public.11. reduce [rɪˈdju:s] 减少，降低- to make something less in size, quantity, or degree- We need to reduce our carbon footprint to protect the environment.12. strengthen [ˈstreŋθən] 加强，壮大- to make or become stronger- Regular exercise can help strengthen your muscles.13. consult [kənˈsʌlt] 咨询，商议- to seek information or advice from someone, especially an expert or professional- You should consult a doctor if you have any concerns about your health.14. motivate [ˈməʊtɪveɪt] 激励，鼓励- to provide someone with a reason for doing something; to inspire or stimulate- The coach's pep talk motivated the team to work harder.15. decrease [dɪˈkri:s] 减少，降低- to become or make something smaller or less in amount, degree, or intensity- The price of this product has decreased over the years.16. avoid [əˈvɔɪd] 避免- to stay away from or try not to do something- I try to avoid eating fast food because it's not healthy.17. benefit [ˈbenɪfɪt] 好处，益处- something that is advantageous or good; an advantage or profit gained from something- Regular exercise has many benefits, including improved cardiovascular health.18. prevent [prɪˈvent] 防止，预防- to stop something from happening or someone from doing something- Regular handwashing can help prevent the spread of germs.19. increase [ɪnˈkri:s] 增加，提高- to become or make something greater in size, quantity, degree, or value- The number of people participating in this event has increased significantly.20. essential [ɪˈsenʃ(ə)l] 重要的，必要的- absolutely necessary; extremely important- Sleep is essential for our overall well-being.21. lifestyle [ˈlaɪfstaɪl] 生活方式- the way in which a person or group lives- Leading a healthy lifestyle includes regular exercise and a balanced diet.22. fitness [ˈfɪtnəs] 健身，健康- the condition of being physically fit and healthy- She goes to the gym three times a week to improve her fitness.23. workout [ˈwɜ:k.aʊt] 锻炼- a session of exercise that is designed to develop physical fitness- He had a intense workout at the gym this morning.24. aerobics [eəˈrəʊbɪks] 有氧运动- a system of physical exercises to music that increases the heart rate and breathing rate to improve fitness- She attends aerobics classes to stay in shape.25. yoga [ˈjəʊɡə] 瑜伽- a system of exercises for mental and physical health- Practicing yoga can help reduce stress and improve flexibility.26. meditation [ˌmedɪˈteɪʃən] 冥想- the practice of focusing one's mind for a period of time, often to achieve a state of relaxation or mindfulness- He starts his day with a meditation session to clear his mind.27. nutritionist [njuˈtrɪʃənɪst] 营养师- a person who studies or is an expert in nutrition- The nutritionist advised her to eat more fruits and vegetables.28. dietitian [daɪˈɪʃən] 饮食专家- a person who is qualified to advise on matters of food and nutrition- The dietitian created a meal plan for the patient with special dietary needs.29. vegetarian [ˌvedʒɪˈtɛəriən] 素食主义者- a person who does not eat meat or fish- She decided to become a vegetarian for ethical and health reasons.30. vegan [ˈviːɡən] 纯素食主义者- a person who does not eat or use any animal products- He follows a strict vegan diet, which means no meat, dairy, or eggs.31. organic [ɔːrˈɡænɪk] 有机的- relating to or derived from living organisms- Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.32. supplement [ˈsʌplɪmənt] 补充品- something that is added to something else in order to improve it or complete it- He takes a daily multivitamin supplement for overall health.33. protein [ˈprəʊtiːn] 蛋白质- a substance present in food that is necessary for the body to grow and repair itself- Lean meats are a good source of protein.34. carbohydrate [ˌkɑːbəʊˈhʌɪdreɪt] 碳水化合物- a substance that occurs in food and provides energy for the body- Rice and pasta are examples of carbohydrates.35. fiber [ˈfaɪbə] 纤维- a substance in plants that cannot be digested by humans and helps with the movement of food through the body- Eating enough fiber is important for digestive health.36. calcium [ˈkælsiəm] 钙- a mineral that is important for the health of bones and teeth- Dairy products like milk and cheese are rich in calcium.37. iron [ˈaɪən] 铁- a mineral that is essential for the production of red blood cells- Spinach is a good source of iron.38. magnesium [mæɡˈniːziəm] 镁- a mineral that is important for many processes in the body,including muscle and nerve function- Nuts and seeds are high in magnesium.39. potassium [pəˈtæsiəm] 钾- a mineral that is important for the regulation of fluid balance and muscle contractions- Bananas are a good source of potassium.40. zinc [zɪŋk] 锌- a mineral that is necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system- Oysters are a rich source of zinc.以上是高中英语B6M1单元的重点单词及其定义和用法。
单片机原理及接口技术课后答案李朝青第三版定稿版
单片机原理及接口技术课后答案李朝青第三版精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】第一题 8051单片机内包含哪些主要逻辑功能部件？1.CPU2.ROM3.RAM4.Timer/Counter5.UART（串口）（通用异步串行接收机发送机）6.4个8bits Port（并口）7.Int0，int1（外部中断）第二题8051的/EA端有什么用处？1.EA端Enable Address（外部程序存储器地址允许输入端）2.低电平有效3.EA=0（低电平有效）时，只允许访问外部存储器4.EA=1时，可以访问内部和外部存储器5.EA还有复用功能，Vpp（Pulse of Programming）（编程脉冲）（固化编程电压输入端）第三题8051的存储器分为那几个空间怎样区别不同空间的寻址1.ROM（片内ROM和片外ROM统一编址）（使用MOVC）（数据传送指令）（16bits地址）（64KB）2.片外RAM（MOVX）（16bits地址）（64KB）3.片内RAM（MOV）（8bits地址）（256B）什么是普林斯顿结构哈佛结构1.普林斯顿结构，ROM和RAM统一编址2.哈佛结构，ROM和RAM分开编址第四章8051片内RAM的空间是怎样分配的？1.片内RAM有256B2.低128B是真正的RAM区3.高128B是SFR（特殊功能寄存器）区真正的RAM区可以分成那几个部分？1.4个工作寄存器区（R0~R7）2.位寻址区3.真正的RAM区第五题简述布尔处理存储器的空间分配，片内RAM中包含哪些可位寻址单元？1.片内RAM区从00H~FFH（256B）2.其中20H~2FH（字节地址）是位寻址区3.对应的位地址是00H~7FH第六题如何简洁地判断8051正在工作？1.用示波器观察8051的XTAL2端是否有脉冲信号输出（判断震荡电路工作是否正常）2.ALE（地址锁存允许）（Address Latch Enable）输出是fosc的6分频3.用示波器观察ALE是否有脉冲输出（判断 8051芯片的好坏）4.观察PSEN（判断8051能够到EPROM 或ROM中读取指令码）5.因为/PSEN接外部EPROM（ROM）的/OE端子6.OE=Output Enable（输出允许）第七题 8051如何确定和改变当前工作寄存器组？1.PSW（程序状态字）（Program Status Word）中的RS1和RS02.可以给出4中组合3.用来从4组工作寄存器组中进行选择4.PSW属于SFR（Special Function Register）（特殊功能寄存器）第十题 8051的/EA信号有什么功能在使用8031的时候，EA信号引脚应该如何处理1.EA=Enable Address（外部程序存储器地址允许输入端）2.EA=0（低电平有效）只允许访问外部存储器3.EA=1内外ROM都可以访问4.因为8031没有片内ROM5.只能访问片外的EPROM6.应该使EA=0（有效）第十二题内部RAM第128B单元划分成那几个主要部分各部分主要功能是什么1.当前工作寄存器组（4组）（00H~1FH）2.位寻址区（20H~2FH）3.真正的RAM区（30H~7FH）第十三题使单片机复位有哪几种方法？复位后机器的初始状态如何？1.上电复位2.上电复位+手动复位3.脉冲复位4.复位会重置一些寄存器第十四题开机复位后，CPU使用的是哪组工作寄存器它们的地址什么什么1.8051有4个工作寄存器组2.分别从R0~R73.分别位于 00H~07H，08H~0FH，10H~17H，18H~1FH4.开机复位后，默认使用寄存器组0第十五题 PSW的作用是什么作用是什么1.PSW是一个SFR（特殊功能寄存器）2.位于片内RAM的高128B3.具体地址D0H（00H~FFH）（片内RAM的编址）（8bits编址方法）4.PSW=Program Status Word（程序状态字）PSW的常用标志位有哪些？1.CY=Carry（进位标志位）2.AC=Auxiliary Carry（辅助进位标志位）（半进位标志位）3.F0用户标志位4.RS1，RS0，用来选择当前工作寄存器组（R0~R7）（4选1）5.OV=Overflow（溢出标志位）6.P=Parity（奇偶校验位）第十五题位地址7CH和字节地址7CH如何区别位地址7CH在片内RAM中什么地方1.片内RAM的地址从00H~FFH2.其中20H~2FH（字节地址）是位寻址区（bits）3.位地址从00H~7FH4.位地址7CH位于字节地址2FH5.可以从寻址方式来区分6.位地址使用位寻址方式7.字节地址使用直接寻址，间接寻址第十七题 8051的时钟周期，震荡周期有什么关系？1.震荡周期2.时钟周期=状态周期（state）3.时钟周期=2*振荡周期4.机器周期=6*时钟周期=12*震荡周期5.指令周期=1~4个机器周期第十八题一个机器周期的时序如何划分？1.一个机器周期=12个震荡周期=6个时钟周期（状态周期）2.S1P1，S1P2，S2P1，S2P2，S3P1，S3P2，S4P1，S4P2，S5P1，S5P2，S6P1，S6P23.其中s=state（状态），p=phase（相位）第十九题什么叫做堆栈SP是什么它的作用是什么8051堆栈的容量不能超过多少个字节？1.Stack（堆栈）2.具有FILO，LIFO的特性3.SP=Stack Pointer（堆栈指针）4.SP是栈顶指示器评论这张1．微处理器，RAM,ROM,以及I/O口，定时器，构成的微型计算机称为单片机。
一种永磁辅助同步磁阻电机
专利名称：一种永磁辅助同步磁阻电机专利类型：实用新型专利
发明人：姚雪渊
申请号：CN202121858441.7
申请日：20210810
公开号：CN215646396U
公开日：
20220125
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本实用新型公开了一种永磁辅助同步磁阻电机，涉及电机技术领域，包括：定子和与定子配合的转子，定子包括定子铁芯，定子铁芯周向设有多个齿部，齿部上设有辅助槽，辅助槽的数量满足：k+1≠m×NP，NP＞1，其中，k为辅助槽的数量，NP为齿槽转矩周期数，m为正整数。
本实用新型通过定子铁芯周向设有多个齿部，齿部上设有辅助槽，并限定辅助槽的数量满足：
k+1≠m×NP，NP＞1，其中，k为辅助槽的数量，NP为齿槽转矩周期数，m为正整数，辅助槽的数量在符合上述公式的情况下，可以有效的避开一些会使放大，从而增大齿槽转矩的辅助槽的数量k，充分保证设置辅助槽时，可以有效改变一个齿距内齿槽转矩的周期数，降低齿槽转矩的幅值，达到减小转矩脉动的作用。
申请人：杭州首力电气科技有限公司
地址：310000 浙江省杭州市余杭区仓前街道欧美金融城7幢4123室
国籍：CN
代理机构：杭州裕阳联合专利代理有限公司
代理人：盛影影
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Operating Manual Model 60648 Digital Electronic To
Operating ManualModel 60648Digital Electronic Torque WrenchThis manual will help you to use the many features of your new digital torque wrench. Before operating the torque wrench, please read this manual completely, and keep it nearby for future reference.FEATURES● Interchangeable head● Digital torque value readout● +/- 2% accuracy● CW and CCW operation● Peak hold and track mode selectable● Buzzer and LED indicator for the 9 pre-set target torques● Water contact indicator● Engineering units (ft-lb, in-lb, N-m, kg-cm) selectable● Stores up to 50 data files for recall and joint torque auditing● Auto Sleep after about five minutes idle● (2) AAA Batteries included MAINTENANCE AND STORAGECAUTION: 1.Over-torque(110%ofMax. torque range)could cause breakageor los s of accuracy.2.Do not shake violentlyor drop wrench.3.Do not use th e wrenchas a hammer.4.Do not leave th e wrench in any place exposed toexcessive heat, humidity, or direct sunlight.5.Do not use th e wrench in water(not waterproof).6.If the wrench gets wet, wipe it with a dry towelas soon as possible. The salt in seawater can beespecially damaging.7.Do not use organic solvents, such as alcohol orpaint thinner when cleaning the wrench.8.Keep th e wrench away from magnets.9.Do not expose th e wrench to dust or sand as thiscould cause serious damage.10.Do not apply excessive force to the LCD panel.11.Apply torque slowly and grasp the center of thehandle. Do not apply load to the end of thehandle.BATTERY MAINTENANCE1.When the wrench is not used for an extendedperiod of time, remove the battery.2.Keep a spare battery on hand when going on along trip or to cold areas.3.Do not mix battery types or combine usedbatteries with new ones.4.Sweat, oil and water can prevent a battery’sterminal from making electrical contact.To avoid this, wipe both terminals beforeloading a battery.5.Dispose of batteries in a designated disposal area.Do not throw batteries into a fire.ATTENTION:To maintain accuracy, a o ne-yearperiodic recalibration is recommended.Please contact your local dealer f orcalibration details.2NAMES AND FUNCTIONS OF PARTS131. Head Insert2. Sensor Yoke3. LCD Readout4. Communication Part5. UP/DOWN Button6. Buzzer7. Power ON/CLEAR Button8. Unit/Setting Button9. Pre-setting Nu mberSelection Button 10. Anti-Slip Handle11. Jaw Adjuster12. Battery Cover13. LED Indicator14. Torque Value15. Units (ft-lb, in-lb, N-m, kg-cm)16. Pre-Setting Number17. Peak/Track Mode18. Water Indicato rViewing Window3SPECIFICATIONSBEFORE USINGModel No.Max. TorqueSquare Drive(inches)Length6064862.7 ft. lb.85 N-m3/83.1-62.7 ft. lb.4.2~85 N-m 10.6 in.270 mmAccuracy *1CW ：±2%CCW ：±3%Data memory test Pre-Set s Bright LED 6LED s (1 Red+5 Green)Operation Mode Peak hold/Track Unit Selection ft-lb, in -lb (N-m, kg-c m )Gear Teeth 52Button 5BatteryAAA x 2 (included)Operating Temperature Storage Temperature 4οF ~ 158οF (-20℃ ~ 70℃)Humidity Up to 90% non-condensingDrop Test 1 m Vibration Test *210G Environmental T est *3Pass Environmental T est *4Pass50All ModelsTorque Measurin g Range914οF ~ 140οF (-10℃ ~ 60℃)CAUTIONS:During communication period (Send appears), the sleep function is disabled.⏹Press together will reset the wrench.⏹If the wrench does not function normally,p resstogether to reset the wrench.*1: The accuracy of the readout is guaranteed from 20% to 100% of maximum range + /- 1 in-crement. The torque accuracy is a typical value. Calibration point is at the middle line of the black circle area on the rubber grip. To maintain accuracy, calibrate the wrench for a constant time period (one year).*2: Horizontal and vertical test.*3: Environmental test: a. Dry heat b. Cold c. Damp heat d. Change of temperature e. Impact (shock) f. Vibration g. Drop *4: Electromagnetic compatibility test: a. Electrostatic discharge immunity (ESD) b. Radiated susceptibility c. Radiated emissionBEFORE USING THE WRENCH ⏹Remove the battery c over .⏹Insert two AAA batteries matching the -/+ polarities of the battery to the battery compartment.⏹Replace the battery c over and fasten it tightly according to the following figures.atteryoverATTENTION:When opening the battery cover of your wrench, you can see a view ing window for the water contact indicator .Through this viewing window,you can check if th e wrench is damaged by water penetration (the water contact indicator turns red ).⏹Press to power on the digital torque wrench.You can pressto reset the digital torque wrench before using it.ATTENTION:If an external force is applied to the torque wrench during the power-on/reset or wake up period, an initial torque offset will exist in the memory.4⏹The wrench will auto sleep after about 5 minutesof being idle for power saving. Press to wake up the wrench from sleep mode.ATTENTION:p ress together to reset the wrench.⏹If the battery serial voltage is in low voltage status, the wrench will display a battery symbol and then turn off after a while.If you use a different head with the wrench, the reading on the display will be different for the different length of the head. Please refer to the following explanation.⏹Reference dimension for each model ：-060-085D : The set torqueD1: The actual torque applied to the nut.L1: The extended length L2: The normal lengthL3: The length from the fitting pin to thecalibration point.D = D1 * (L3+L1) / (L3+L2)applied more than 110% of The maximum The “Pre-setting *Note1,2,3Pre-setting No.:M1PressPressPre-setting No.:M2‧‧‧Unit Selection/Setting Pre-setting No.Power On/Clear Up/Down ButtonPre-setting No.:M2Pre-setting No.:M9SETUP5Pre-settingTorqueValueDecrease Target Torque ValuePressPressIncrease Target Torque ValuePre-settingUnit: N-mPressUnit Selection: kg-cmUnit Selection: in-lbUnit Selection: ft-lbPressPressSet Peak/TrackM odePressSet Peak/Track M odeRecord No.Track ModeLong PressPeak Hold ModeClear RecordPressPressfor Selection6TRACK MODE OPERATION TRACK MODE OPERATION((((((((Apply TorqueCurrent Torque ValueCurrent Torque Value*Note((…((…))…)) ((…((……))…))Red LEDApproached Target TorqueSetting Target TorqueGreen LEDReach 80% of Target TorqueReach Target TorqueReach 80% ofTarget Torqueismore than 110% of When 80% of the target torque is reached, the green LED will begin to flash and the alarm tone will beep intermittently.When the target torque is approached, the alarm will change toPEAK MODE OPERATION PEAK HOLD MODE OPERATIONRed LEDApproached Target TorqueReach Target TorqueCurrent Torque(Peak Hold)((…((…))…)) ((…(())…))Reach 80% of Target TorqueFlashingApply TorqueReach 80% of Target TorqueRecording*Note is more than 110% of is full and the next value record cannot be the “Peak Hold Mode Recorded Value Review clear the m e mory records.When 80% of the target torque is reached, the green LED 7Peak Hold Mode Recorded Value Reviewshow and you can go on to the next step.If the record is empty, it will show.This function is not supported on all model typeCommunication mode is for uploading record Communication mode is also for calibration of wrench. Please contact your local dealer for more information.PressSet Peak/Track ModeAuto ChangeRecordNo.*Note 2Record ValuePress*Note3*Note 1Clear RecordPressPeak Hold /Track Mode(Exit)(Clear)Peak Hold Mode Recorded Value Review8。
B类设备介绍
CCUB主控板端口
CCUB主控板接口说明
CCUB主控板指示灯
H837/H838ASPB-64 路POTS 业务板
H838ASPB 的功能、规格和原理
• • • • • • • • • • • • • H838ASPB 的功能和规格如下： 支持64 路POTS 业务接入。 所有端口支持反极性。（反极性表示可带公用电话） 支持内外线测试。 支持环路导通测试。 支持接口防护功能。 支持单板电源关断功能。 支持模拟用户电路的BORSCHT 功能。 H838ASPB 基本原理介绍如下： 防护模块：主要实现单板对雷击的防护和隔离。 用户线接口模块：完成64 路POTS 业务的接入。 编解码模块：对语音信号进行编解码，将模拟信号转换为数字信号。 MCU 模块：用于处理H838ASPB 单板与主控板之间的高层协议，单板业务端口 的管理。 电源模块：为单板内各功能模块提供工作电源。 时钟模块：为单板内各功能模块提供工作时钟。 。
• 接口模块实现对信号进行隔离，满足单板热插拔要求，并提供单板硬 件管理信息。 • 控制模块完成对单板的软件加载、运行控制、管理等功能。 • 电源模块为单板内各功能模块提供工作电源。 • 时钟模块为单板内各功能模块提供工作时钟。
• •
H835ADLE-32 路ADSL2+业务板
H835ADLE 的功能、规格和原理
• • • • • • • H835ADLE 的功能和规格如下： 支持32 路ADSL2+ over POTS 业务接入。 支持Annex A、Annex B、Annex L、Annex M、Annex J 传输模式。 支持SELT（Single Ended Loop Testing 单端环路测试）测试功能。 支持ADSL 线路多线对（2 线对/4 线对/6 线对/8 线对）绑定。 H835ADLE 基本原理介绍如下： 分离器模块实现ADSL2+信号和POTS 信号的分离。