语言学教程第四版练习第一章

Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. 
1.All languages’languages’ have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics. 
A. morphology 
B. lexicogrammar 
C. syntax 
D. meaning 
2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? 
A.tree 
B.typewriter 
C.bowwow 
D.bang 
3.The function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees C entigrade is ___. 
Centigrade is ___. A.interpersonal B.emotive 
rmative 
D.performative 
4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely likely to to to say say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as as a a a means means means of of of controlling controlling controlling the the the forces forces forces which which which they they 
believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? 
A.interpersonal 
B.emotive 
rmative 
D.performative 
5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome 
the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)? 
A. Transferability 
B. Duality 
C. Displacement 
D. Arbitrariness 
6. 6. What What What language language language function function function does does does the the the following following following conversation conversation conversation play?(The play?(The play?(The two two two chatters chatters 
just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.) 
A ：A nice day, isn’t it?
B : 
R ight! I really enjoy the sunlight.Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 
7.------- refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. 
A.Performative 
petence 
C. Langue 
D. Parole 
8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists exists here here here and and and now. now. now. It It It couldn’t couldn’t couldn’t be be be sorrowful sorrowful sorrowful for for for some some some lost lost lost love love love or or or lost lost lost bone.bone. This 
indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- . 
A. Reference 
B. Productivity 
C. Displacement 
D.Duality 
9.--------- answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language. 
A. Psycholinguistics 
B. Anthropological linguistics 
C. Sociolinguistics 
D. Applied linguistics 
10.-------- 10.-------- deals deals deals with with with the the the study study study of of of dialects dialects dialects in in in different different different social social social classes classes classes in in in a a a particular particular 
region. 
A. Linguistic theory 
B. Practical linguistics 
C. Sociolinguistics 
D. Comparative linguistics II. II. M M ark ark the the the following following following statements statements statements with with with “T” “T” “T” if if if they they they are are are true true true or or or “F” “F” “F” if if if they they they are are 
false.(10%) 
1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first. 
2. 2. For For For learners learners learners of of of a a a foreign foreign foreign language, language, language, it it it is is is arbitrariness arbitrariness arbitrariness that that that is is is more more more worth worth worth noticing noticing 
than its conventionality. 
3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle 
generalizations and abstractions. 
4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer. 
5. 5. Interpersonal Interpersonal Interpersonal function function function is is is also also also called called called ideational ideational ideational function function function in in in the the the framework framework framework of of functional grammar. 
6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function. 
7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user. 
8.A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. 
9.Articulatory phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves. 10.The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description. 
III ．Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)
1. Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely, 
qualitative and q__________ research approaches. 2. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined combined into into into innumerable innumerable innumerable sentences sentences sentences based based based on on on limited limited limited rules. rules. rules. This This This feature feature feature is is 
usually termed as p__________. 
nguage nguage has has has many many many functions. functions. functions. W e W e can can can use use use language language language to to to talk talk talk about about about language. language. language. This This function is m__________function.
4.The 4.The claim claim claim that that that language language language originated originated originated by by by primitive primitive primitive man man man involuntary involuntary involuntary making making making vocal vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y ＿theory. 
5.P________ 5.P________ is is is often often often said said said to to to be be be concerned concerned concerned with with with the the the organization organization organization of of of speech speech speech within within 
specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language. 
6.Modern linguistics is d ＿ in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 
7.One 7.One general general general principle principle principle of of of linguistics linguistics linguistics analysis analysis analysis is is is the the the primacy primacy primacy of of of s___________over s___________over writing .
8.The 8.The description description description of of of a a a language language language as as as it it it changes changes changes through through through time time time is is is a a a d___________ d___________ linguistic study. 
9.Saussure 9.Saussure put put put forward forward forward the the the concept concept concept l__________ l__________ l__________ to to to refer refer refer to to to the the the abstract abstract abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 
10.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s c__________. IV IV. . Explain the following concepts or theories.
1.Design features 
2.Displacement 
petence 
4.Synchronic linguistics 
V . Answer the following question briefly.(10%)
1.Why 1.Why do 
do do people people people take take take duality duality duality as as as one one one of of of the the the important important important design design design features features features of of of human human languages? 
Can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features? 
2.How 2.How can 
can can we we we use use use language language language to to to do do things ? Please Please Please give give give two two two examples examples examples to to to show show show this this point. 
VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.(10%)
A 
B 
(1)language varieties 
a. phonetics (2)information retrieval 
b. phonology (3)shape of syllables 
c. morphology (4)emergence of language 
d. syntax (5)word formation 
e. semantics (6)production of speech 
f. pragmatics (7)immediate constituents 
g. psycholinguistics (8)reference ,force and effect 
h. sociolinguistics (9)denotation of words 
I. anthropological linguistics (10)cognition j. computational linguistics 
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).
1. 1. Language Language Language is is is ____________in ____________in ____________in that that that communicating communicating communicating by by by speaking speaking speaking or or or writing writing writing is is is a a purposeful act. 
2. Language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and and communication communication communication can can can only only only take take take place place place effectively effectively effectively if if if all all all the the the users users users share share share a a a broad broad understanding of human interaction. 
3.The features that define our human languages can be called_____________, which include____________, _____________, ______________, _____________. 
4.________is the opposite side of arbitrariness. 
5.The fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________. 
nguage is resourceful because of its_____________ and its___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language. 
7._______benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions. 
8.In Jakobson’s version, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________, ________________, ________________and metalingual function. 
9.When people use language to express express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in Jakobson’s version.
10.In functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely, _____________,____________________,__________________. 
11.Among Halliday’s three metafunctions ______________creates relevance to context. 
12.The________________function of language is primary to change the social status of persons. 
13.Please name five main branch of linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_____________
_____, _____________________and ____________________. 14.In________________phonetics,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds. 
15.In________________phonetics,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave 
16.________________is the minimal unit of meaning. 
17.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________. 
18.The 18.The study study study of of of how how how sounds sounds sounds are are are put put put together together together and and and used used used to to to convey convey convey meaning meaning meaning in in communication is called_________________. 19.The study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________. 
20.The study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________. 
21.The fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.
III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement. 1.The description of a language at some print in time is a_______________ study. 
A. descriptive 
B. prescriptive 
C. synchronic 
D. diachronic 
2. 2. According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentence because_______ 
A. he has come across all of them in his life 
B. he has internalized a set of rules about his language 
C. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language 
3.3.Saussure’s Saussure’s Saussure’s distinction distinction distinction between between between langue langue langue and and and parole parole parole is is is very very very similar similar similar to to to Chomsky’s Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance, but Saussure takes a 
____________view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of view 
A. sociological, psychological 
B. psychological, sociological 
C. biological, psychological 
D. psychological, biological 
4.The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word 
pen and the thing we write with indicates language is______ 
A. arbitrary 
B. rule-governed 
C. applied 
D. illogical 
5.We 5.We can can can understand understand understand and and and produce produce produce an an an infinitely infinitely infinitely large large large number number number of of of sentence sentence sentence including including sentences we never heard before, because language is______ 
A. creative 
B. arbitrary 
C. limitless 
D. resourceful 
6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker 
A. Duality 
B. Displacement 
C. productivity 
D. Arbitrariness 
7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a language 
A. Phonetics 
B. syntax 
C. Semantic 
D. Pragmatics 
8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words. 
A.Morphology 
B. syntax 
C. Semantic 
D. phonology 
9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning 
A.Duality 
B. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativity 
10.______of 10.______of language language language makes makes makes it it it potentially potentially potentially creative, creative, creative, and______ and______ and______ of of of language language language makes makes learning a language laborious 
A. Conventionality, arbitrariness 
B. Arbitrariness, replacement 
C. Arbitrariness, conventionality 
D. Conventionality, arbitrariness 
11.When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of language 
A.poetic 
B. creative 
C. phatic 
D. metalingual 
12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language. 
A. Chomsky 
B.Saussure 
C.Jacobson 
D. Halliday 
13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations. 
A.Interpersonal 
B. Textual 
C. Logical 
D. Ideational 
14.Interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship. 
A. social 
B. experiential 
C. textual 
D. personal 15.By_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society. 
A. e xperiential 
B. referential 
C. metalingual 
D. Interpersonal 
16.The 16.The study study study of of of the the the description description description and and and classification classification classification of of of speech speech speech sounds, sounds, sounds, words words words and and connected speech belongs to the study of_____. 
A.phonology 
B. phonetics 
C. morphology 
D. syntax 
17.In__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves. 
A.articulatory 
B. acoustic 
C. auditory 
D. sound 
18.French 18.French distinguishes distinguishes distinguishes between between between nouns nouns nouns like like like GARE(station)which GARE(station)which GARE(station)which is is is feminine feminine feminine and and nouns nouns like like like TRAIN TRAIN TRAIN which which which is is is masculine. masculine. This This shows shows shows that that that French French French is is is a a a language language which____. 
A.is illogical 
B. has grammatical gender 
C.has biological gender 
D. has two cases 
petence , in the linguistic sense of the word, is______. 
A.pragmatic skill 
B. intuitive knowledge of language 
C.perfect knowledge of language skill 
D. communicative ability 
20.French has Tu (means: you) aimer a (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean . This shows us that____. 
. This shows us that____. A. both languages are alike in expressing future time 
B. Both languages have a future tense but English requires more words 
C. English is loose while French is compact 
D. French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix 
21.Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_____ 
A. lexis 
B. syntax 
C. semantics 
D. pragmatics 
22.A(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech 
community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions. 
A. perfect language user 
B. ideal language user 
C. proficient user 
D. native language user 
IV IV. . Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.
e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary. a.They married and had a baby.
b.They had a baby and married.
2.Examine 2.Examine the the the way way way the the the following following following words words words are are are separated. separated. separated. Comment Comment Comment on on on the the the way way way of of separation in relation to Bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.
a.typical,success.ful.ly,organiz.action,hard.ly,wind.y,word
3.What is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar? What kind of linguistic concepts do they represent? 
a.Never put an a before an uncountable noun.
b.People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.
universal language?
4.How do you understand the sentence Music is a 
They are hunting dogs? What is 5.What are the two interpretations of the sentence 
the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentence? 
V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
1. Match the linguistic items in Column A with one relevant item in Column B. 
A B 
(1) emotive function a. contact(of communication element) 
(2) context(of communication element) b. imperatives and vocatives 
(3) conative function c. metalingual function 
(4) phatic function d. intonation showing anger 
(5) message (of communication function) e. referential function 
(6) code (of communication element) 
2. Match the sentences in Column B with the language functions in Column A. 
A B 
(1)informative function a. We have 15 people here. 
(2)interpersonal function b. Pass me the salt please. 
(3)performative function c. God! Damn it! 
(4)emotive function d. Dear sir; Johnny 
3. Match the linguistic items in Column B with the linguistic branches in Column A. 
A B 
(1)phonology a. morphology 
(2)phonetics b. phoneme 
(3)morphology c. entailment 
(4)semantics d. speech act 
(5)syntax e. synonymy 
(6)pragmatics f. word order in a sentence 
g. word formation 
h. conversational implicature 
i. speech organs 
j. sound waves 
4.Match the linguistic items in Column B with the linguistic branches in Column A. 
A B 
(1)psycholinguistics a. language acquisition 
(2)sociolinguistics b. dialect 
(3)anthropological linguistics c. corpus 
(4)computational linguistics d. emergence of language 
e. language and cognition 
f. computer translating 
g. biological foundation of language 
h. the divergence of language over 
thousands of years 
i. gender and language 。