中国和西方的酒文化英文

中国和西方的酒文化
Abstract
The wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human being s. People’s life becomes colorful with it. As regards the wine culture, there exists di fference between China and the western countries. The raw material and drinking c ustom is different in terms of geography. There also exist similarities. Both China a nd western countries have some beautiful legends about the origin of wine and the symbol wine of spirit, leading to the birth of romanticism and the development of mainstream belief. The development of world wine culture depends on the intercom munication of different nations. Thus, communicating with other nations is helpful a nd indispensable to the development of wine culture. Three methods can be done t o promote intercommunication. Nowadays, as we know, globalization is inevitable, s o is the intercommunication of wine culture between countries.
Key Words
Wine culture; cultural difference; habit of drinking
摘要
我们对于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用，有了它人们的生活变的多姿多彩。

关于酒文化，中国和西方存在着差异。

酿酒的原料和喝酒的习俗根据地理位置的不同而不同的。

尽管存在着差异，相似处也是有的。

中国和西方都有一些关于酒的起源的美丽传说；世界文化现象有着惊人的相似之处，酒已不仅仅是一种客观物质存在，而是一种文化象征，即酒神精神的象征；都导致了浪漫主义的诞生和主流信仰的发展。

酒文化的发展离不开各国的交流。

和其它国家的交流对酒文化的发展是有利的，也是比不可少的。

有三种方法可以增加国际间的交流。

众所周知，现在全球化是不可避免的趋势，国际间文化交流也会成为全球化。

关键词
酒文化；文化差异；饮酒习惯
Introduction
The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it ha s the character of fire. It will brighten the bright and fool the fool. People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars and the like, all like it since it appeared. Undoubtedly, the wine can be said as a riddle. P eople no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking wine. They regard drinking wine as an indispensable part of life. The formation way of wine culture is different in different countries. In China, the word for alcohol "jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages. Since long time ago China had h ave the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine. A legend in western countries about the origin of wine is also spread. The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearing of wine. The phrase "the wine culture" is put forward by the renowned economist professor Li in China. In 1994, Xiao jiacheng s aid that the wine culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the cente r. While we pride ourselves on the long history of wine culture we only to find that we depend excessively on the traditional wine culture .As a result we can not mak e any innovation.
There is no development and progress without innovation. In this case, we can lear n from the western countries. There are varied types of wine with different raw ma terials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy. Even the cocktail which appe ared later is confected based on some types of the wine. It is generally acknowledg ed that China is far away from the western countries. As a result, the way to drink is different. Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on t he way to drink. There is also some similarities of wine culture between China and western countries although the difference exists. For example, both China and weste rn countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of wine. The development of wine spirit accompanied with wine culture. While wine culture developed to a certai n degree, schools of ideology came into being. In order to push the development o f wine culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the wine culture.
I．The Difference and Similarities of Wine Culture in China and in Western Countries
A. The Difference of Wine Culture
1. The Materials
China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of y ears of history to brew wine. Today, China is also famous for its masterly technolog
y and distinctive style of wine and is more renowned for the long history and profo und culture. The world people gradually realized the great value of wine culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese wine since the foundation of China. In China, the word for alcohol "jiu" is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, f rom "pijiu"(beer) to liquors (just called "jiu") to grape wine ("putaojiu"). The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definit ely. The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century. Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own. The wine can be generally classified into two types, namely, yellow liquors (huangji u) or clear (white) liquor (baijiu). The yellow liquor is fermented wine that is brewe d directly from grains such as rice or wheat. Such liquor contains less than 20% al cohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration. This wi ne is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale t o consumers. Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu. W hite liquor (baijiu) are also commonly called shaojiu, which means "hot liquor" or "b urned liquor", either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consump tion and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain mor e than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation. There are a g reat many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored. There are a lar ge number 1.1. Feng Jiu-- this wine was dated back to Northern and Southern Dyn asties (5500 A.D.). It is the original Chinese white wine made from sorghum. Alcoh ol content by volume: 63--65%.
1.2. Zhu Ye Qing Jiu-- this wine is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more of selecte
d Chines
e herbal medicine. One o
f the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the wine a greenish color and its name. Alcohol content by volume: 46%.
1.3. Mao Tai Jiu-- this wine has a production history of over 200 years. It is name
d after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province. It is mad
e from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations o
f the brewin
g cycle. This wine is famous to the western world when the Chine se government se rved this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents. Alcohol content by volum e: 54--55%.
1.4. Gao Liang Jiu-- Gao LIang is the Chinese name for sorghum. Besides sorghum, the brewing process also use barley, wheat etc. The wine was or iginated from Da
Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty. Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum. Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%. Mei Gui Lu Jiu(rose essence wine)--a variety o f sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar. A lcohol co ntent by volume: 54--55%.
1.5. Wu Jia Pi Jiu-- a variety of guo liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese he rbal medicine added to the brewing. Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.
1.6. Da Gu Jiu-- originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history. This wi ne is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique process for a long pe riod in the cellar. Alcohol content by volume: 52%.
1.7. Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu-- a rice wine with over 100 years history. It is made of stea med rice and stored a long period after distillation. Alcohol content by volume: 3 0%.
1.8. Shuang Jing(double distillation) and San Jing(triple distillation) Jiu--two varieties of rice wine by distilling twice and three times respectively. Alcohol content by vol ume: 32% and 38--39% respectively.
San Hua(three flowers) Jiu -- a rice wine made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a tho usand years history. It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of sp ring water from Mount Elephant in the region. Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%.
1.9. Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine-- made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice wine distillation. The unique brewing technique uses another wine as raw material. The wine has an orange re d color. Alcohol content by volume: 18%.
1.10. Hua Diao Jiu-- a type of yellow wine originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. It is made of glutinous rice and wheat. Alcohol content by volume: 16%.
This is the raw material of wine in China. In western countries, the types of wine a re varied so is the raw material
Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits. Sylvius Docter, make r of this wine, was a professor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayto n University in the 17th century. He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry conta ined an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain c heaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally. Not only medicine but it is a new species of wine.
Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery. Qiniji u can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production. Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland) or (Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice. The two cases are both v ery tasty. It is basically made from malt. The flavor came from strawberry. It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.
London Qinjiu(Tom Gin) or (London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with m alt and grain as raw materials and primary products.
Joseph Bournemouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different fla vor.
British Qinijiu: This wine is not sweet and has not the original savor. The difference British and the United States is an important factor. The British Qinjiu has lower al cohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of loe alcohol distillati on. Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different. Whic h mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.
Whisky
The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation an d distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel. Although any cereal can be us ed to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, hushed wheat, and barl ey.
The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ir eland, Canada and the United States. Most of these areas have produced whiskey n amed its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisk y(Blended Scotch) and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)
of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as: The Types W hiskey: Scotch whisky, Single malt whiskey, Ir ish whiskey, Tennessee whiskey, Cana dian whiskey
Brandy
Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue. Distilled alcohol content is less than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.
"Cognac" Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy wine distilled from wine in Cognac, Fr ench. It named by the French government law.
Lyme wine (Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum wine where is aboun d in sugarcane. Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means exciteme nt. Rum is distilled wine made from sugarcane as the raw material. It is different f
or the difference of producing area and the way to make it. It can be div ided into three types according to the tint. It is one of the basic wines in confecting cocktail. The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies. Puerto Rico Rum (Puerto Rico) which is famous for its light wine.
Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States. Batavian Run (Batav ian) is spicy Java Lime liquor. It is special because of the speci al flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.
Hawaiian Rum (Hawaii) is the lightest available wine in the market which is made l ately. It is the best beverages with orange juice. With ice and quinine water, Rum i s the best beverages in the hot days.
At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them cel ebrate the happiness in their lives. In China, a banquet known as "jiuxi" means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have paus es for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when th e parents invite people in for a drink. When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a business, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in f or a drinking session. In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drin k are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music. Today, drinke rs just play simple finger guessing games along with a lot of heavy drinking. It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed. "If we are good friends, then bottom up; if not, then just take a sip" is a commo n phrased exchanged during gatherings. As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory. There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.
Korean "aged wine"
The wine is brewing before "Rosh Hashanah" which is equal to the New Year of Ha n people. Rice is the main material of aged wine with the mixture of Ballad, Salam anders and cinnamon and other kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It is a wine similar to "Su Tu Wine" with different prescription medicines. It is used to dri nk during the spring and to treat people. Drinking this kind of wine is believed to li ve longevity.
2. Major Holiday Drinking Customs
Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, s uch as the Dragon Boat Festival drink "calamus wine". Suspended drink "chrysanthe mum wine". In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after plantin
g the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time. Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve. It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous d inner of the year. Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family. In som e places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month. From the second day, people begin to drop around. The owner of the hou se takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wi ne with the guests.
" liquor of daughter in the south"
According to the earliest record by the "Southern Grasses" that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was several years old. Then they bury t he brewed wine when their daughter got married. This kind of wine was inherited i n Shaoxing and developed to be famous as "Huadiao jiu"
Another difference ex ists in the custom of drinking wine. As is known to us, China i s a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory. Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine. However, there still exists the c ommon character: encouraging people to drink. While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink. It is up to you to drink or not. No one would associat e toasting people with the face. It there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar; tomorrow you will buy for me.
Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows. Wine culture that cau sed great effect ion the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism. In t he west, fete is an important means of worship of wine. The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night. Women could communicate with any people. Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints. This tradition was handed down. As a result, w omen got almost the same status with the man in the west. The worship of wine c ame along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.
It was not the case in China. Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man. The gi rls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine. The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng. The status of women was gradual ly promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five. W omen have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.
B. The Similarities of Wine Culture
1. Having a Beautiful Legend about the Origin of the Wine.
Although there is much difference of wine culture between China and western count ries, we can not neglect the similarities. In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the wine. In China, some peo ple think that Du Kang invented the method to make wine with a history of 4000ye ars, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew wine. However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of wine. In the west, though ther e is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of wine was h anded down. It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word "poison" to prevent others from eating them. Ther e was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time. She opened it and drunk for a few mouths. She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to di e. Then she told the king the matter. A test is unavoidable. This, of course, is a b eautiful legend. But the wine, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.
2. The Wine is a Kind of Cultural Symbolism of Wine Spirit.
In the second place, the world culture has the surprising similarities. In the realm o f literature and art, the wine spirit is everywhere and affects the literature craftsme n deeply in that freeness, art and beauty is united. Freeness reaches art and art pr oduces beauty. To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channe l to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts. With out a doubt, wine occupies an important place in the culture and life of the Chines e people. Wine was intimately connected with most Chinese men of letters. It was also an inseparable part of the life of ordinary Chinese people. The banquets of anc ient emperors and kings could not take place without it. Every sort of wine vessel t hus became an important kind if sacrifice object. Inscript ions on bones and tortoise shells as well as bronze inscriptions preserve many records of Shang-era people w orshiping their ancestors with wine. There were many famous Chinese poets or artis t who crafted their masterpieces after getting "drunk". The famous poet Li Bai of t he Tang Dynasty (AD618-907) is known as the "Immortal of Wine" because of his l ove for alcohol. Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking. Early writers liked drinking and thought it as an elegant way to pass the time. Apart from the taste of the drink, they also concentrated on the process of drinking. They created many games to go with drinking sessions involving knowledge of history, literature, music and poetry. In ancient times, before a battle, a general would feast his soldiers with alcohol an
d meat. If they won th
e battle, they would be rewarded with good wine. I
f a warri or fell in battle, his fellows would scatter wine on the ground as part of a memoria l ceremony. Lastly, the similarities of ideology flows leads to the birth of Romanticis m and the development of the mainstream beliefs. In the west, the worship of Bac us who is the divinity of wine is strengthened in the fight against civilization. The worshiper of Bacus disgusted in the produce of civilization. They longed for intoxicat ion of the body and spirit. As a westerner put it, the great things of man in succes s mostly include the element of intoxication. The conflict between prudence and ent husiasm run through the history of the west, so does the worship of drinkin
g wine. Nicai theorize this kind of worship. The romanticism philosophy of the west came i nto being. In the east, wine culture brought the effect of romanticism. Romanticism stood up to realism all the time althoug
h it had not the theoretic philosophy. Poetr y is his primogenitor of romanticism in China. When it came to Liangjin, the romant ic tinge of wine culture reached its first climax. During the Tang Dynasty, it reache d its top. No matter representatives such as from L
i Bai, Li Shangyin or Bai Juyi to Su Shi, Xin Qiji og song Dynasty to Zheng Banqiao of Qing Dynasty added abunda nt color to the brilliant civilization of China.
3. The Development of the Mainstream, Beliefs
In the west, romanticism brought in mysticism of Christianity. In the ancient Greece, a great many of faith was associated with Bacus. The worship of the muzzy Bacus was the origin of mysticism in the west, which affected many philosophers and bro ught enlightenment and to the shapement of theology of Christianity. In the east, t he development of Taoism and Zen can not leave wine culture. Zhuang Zhou advoc ated the unity of heaven and man. He sings the absolutely free song with a cup in one hand and another hand writing poems after drinking wine. He would prefer to be the tortoise rather than the horse which was astrict by man. The essence and soul of the spirit of wine is in pursuit of absolute freeness and obliv ion of interest and honor and shame.
II. The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture
A. Launching International Communication Conference
The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of differ ent nations. On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture. At present, the research communication between professors and ex
perts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little. Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestio ns. It is an important and direct way to push the development of wine culture. Sec ondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations. Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.
B. Setting the Suitable Rules
As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well. Thus it is nec essary and important to set the suitable rules. Nations can communicate and behav e well with the restrictions.
C. Innovation
Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture. China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us. Meanwhile, we ind ulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional w ine cult ure excessively. Therefore, crisis is there. In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial. But what we should do innovate the wine culture. In my point of view, we should do as the following:
To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea. The consumption ps ychology of people is always changing. There is an increasing demand about the sa fety and sanitation of wine. The idea of green consumption occurs to people. As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the cons umer's shoes. Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology. The innovati on of culture can not; eave the development of technology. The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology. The i nnovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of b rewing wine v igorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine cult ure. Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm. The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdiv ided into three stages: "experimental management" "scientific management" and "cultural ma nagement". It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor' s scientific one. However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability o f man, which can not fit the demand of development. Thus, cultural management c ame into being. That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associate d with the leader of the enterprise. The runner of the wine firm is different from t he leader of the firm of making screwdriver. He should be an artist with high qualit y of culture and artistic taste. The fierce competition demands that they give directi
on and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling and plan of market. It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product. Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management. This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market. Transmitting culture is to exploit the market. The core of the wine market is health; safety and fashion which the enterprises n eed long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of mark et. It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinkin g wine in great amount. In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology. The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market. Promoting the additional value of wi ne culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advanta ge of economic. At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account. We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole proc ess and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of win e culture. Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progress ive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.
Conclusion
The wine is the best present that God has given. Wine culture comes along with th e birth of wine since wine appeared. Due to the difference of wine, regions and en vironment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference. At fir st, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits. After that, man gradual ly found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor. It was much bett er than sweet wine either in power or taste. Therefore, it is the mainstream to bre w wine with grain as the raw material. At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China. However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly. Man began to brew wine with grape. The wine made man intox icated and gradually became the mainstream of the west. And now, it refers to c ha mpagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material. Drinking wine in China is the co mmon phenomenon of different nations. Most of nations have its own characteristic。