外文翻译基于PLC的多层停车场的研究与设计
基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统毕业设计
基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统摘要本文提出一种运用可编程控制器（PLC）对停车场进出及停放指示进行管理的方案。
本停车场由16位停车位、入口检测器、出口检测器、道闸管理系统、七段数码管用来显示车库内车辆数、尚有车位指示灯、车位已满指示灯等部分组成。
采用PLC的自动控制系统，由于PLC具有可靠性、易操作性、灵活性等优点，因此，本控制系统与传统停车场相比，大大提高了设计效率，维护周期短、调试方便、成本较低、易操作、可靠性高，有很强的实用价值。
关键词：PLC；停车场管理；车位控制Based on PLC control system of parking SpacesAbstractThis paper proposes a kind of using the programmable controller (PLC) and parking for parking and manages the instructions. This parking occupies by 16 parking space, entrance detector, export detector, the management system, the digital works to display the seventh in the garage parking lights and a number of vehicles, the parking is full already indicator components. Adopting PLC automatic control system, PLC is due to the reliability, easy operation, flexibility, therefore, the advantages of the control system and the traditional parking, compared to improve the design efficiency greatly, maintenance cycle is short, convenient, low cost, easy operation, high reliability, has great practical value.Key words: PLC; Parking management;Parking control目录第1章停车场的概论……………………………………………………………………1.1 停车场的种类………………………………………………………………………1.2 停车场管理模式的发展……………………………………………………………第2章可编程控制器（PLC）简介及发展趋势………………………………………2.1 PLC的起源……………………………………………………………………………2.2 PLC的特点……………………………………………………………………………2.3 PLC发展的方向………………………………………………………………………2.4 PLC选型及简介………………………………………………………………………2.5 PLC总结…………………………………………………………………………………………第3章硬件系统的设计……………………………………………………………………3.1七段数码管的设计……………………………………………………………………3.2车位传感器……………………………………………………………………………3.3道闸管理系统…………………………………………………………………………3.4车位指示板……………………………………………………………………………第4章软件系统的设计…………………………………………………………………4.1 PLC外部输入输出点（I/O）…………………………………………………………4.2 车辆进库……………………………………………………………………………4.3 车辆出库……………………………………………………………………………4.4车辆进出库梯形图……………………………………………………………………4.5软件程序………………………………………………………………………………第5章课题总结及展望.............................................5.1课题总结………………………………………………………………………………5.2展望……………………………………………………………………………………致谢……………………………………………………………………………………………参考文献………………………………………………………………………………………基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统第1章停车场的概论1.1 停车场的种类停车场的形式经历了从露天、平面、人工收费到地下、自动计费停车场到塔式、立体、智能取车、自动计费的发展历程。
PLC中英文资料外文翻译
附录外文资料PLC technique discussion and future development Along with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only;And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculationses of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output to order the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but theexportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and datas, the ROM can can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part that the people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipmentses, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. Newtechnique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the datas to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workses .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in can'ting have an error margins in a datas deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipmentses, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver,its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contain a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiationses are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out the data. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the oscular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of oscular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to depositted the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop tostart up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does the affair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipments always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, that is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops alloperations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again.Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work.Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break off to rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some datas of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establishtime that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass all se hardwares link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain.The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.摘自《可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展》中文翻译可编程控制器技术讨论与未来发展随着时代的发展,当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈;单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景,也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象.人们在生产实践中看到,自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证,同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度,减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等,熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作,可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为,通过人脑与计算机协调工作,以人机结合的模式,为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制，那已经是时代的过去，如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到；而PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题，通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制，使得自动化走向了新的高潮。
毕业设计(论文)基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统设计
基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统设计系别：机电与自动化学院专业班：电气工程及其自动化0708班******学号：***********指导教师：***2011年6月基于PLC的停车场车位控制系统设计Design of Control System for Parking Spaces Based on PLC摘要随着汽车工业的迅猛发展，我国汽车拥有量急剧增加，很多城市出现了“停车难”问题，停车场成为交通系统中重要的一部分。
停车场车位控制系统是以计算机和PLC作为控制器，实现对车辆进出停车场的自动登记、收费、计数以及车位引导的一种停车系统。
本课题针对小区停车问题设计出了一个基于PLC的中小型停车场车位控制系统。
该系统从功能上来说分为停车场外部的出入控制系统和停车场内部的车位引导系统。
出入控制系统主要负责统计停车场内剩余车位的数量并将其显示以控制车辆的出入，主要包括传感器、PLC计数系统、七段数码显示、红绿指示灯，道闸栏栅等；车位引导系统则是负责当车进入停车场后引导车停在最优的位置，主要包括传感器、PLC控制器、计算机控制系统、LED显示屏等。
本文主要介绍了停车场控制系统各个部分主要实现功能、设备组成以及在硬件电路上的选择，同时阐述了PLC的输入输出分配，重点介绍了PLC外部硬件电路接线和软件编程设计，本文中软件编程语言用的是梯形图，直观易懂。
整个系统设计思路清晰，结构紧凑，各部分原理简明通俗，对停车场车位控制系统的设计具有一定的参考价值和实际意义。
关键词：停车场可编程控制器车位引导AbstractWith the rapid development of the automobile industry, China's automobile ownership has soared. Many cities appeared "parking" problem, and parking become an important part of transport system. Parking lot control system is a parking system which is controlled by computer or PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) to realize the automatic registration, charges, count, and parking guidance.This article introduces a parking location system based on PLC to solve the actual problem. The system can be divided into two parts based on function, one which is out of the lot is designed to control the cars in and out, the other which is in the lot is designed to lead the car parking. Access control system includes sense organ、counter system, seven-segment display、green-red light system and so on; Parking guidance system is responsible for when the car into the car in the parking lot after guiding the optimal location, mainly including sensors, PLC controller, computer control system, the LED display and so on.This article mainly introduced the parking lot control system parts mainly realizes function, composition of equipment and the choice of hardware circuit, and expatiates the input and output distribution, the PLC is mainly introduced PLC external hardware circuit wiring and software programming design, this article software programming language used is the ladder diagram, straightforward. The whole system has a compact frame and in-focus consecution, its element can be understood easily, in a word the system can be referenced by kindred system.Key words：parking lot programmable logic controller (PLC) parking guidance目录摘要 (I)Abstract ............................................................................................................................... I I 绪论 .. (1)1 可编程控制器（PLC）简介 (2)1.1 PLC定义与发展现状 (2)1.2 PLC工作原理 (2)1.3 PLC的优点 (4)1.4 PLC编程语言 (5)1.5 PLC发展趋势 (5)2 基于PLC的停车场车位系统总体设计 (6)2.1 系统所实现的功能 (6)2.2 系统设计方案 (6)2.2.1 系统总体设计方案 (6)2.2.2 各子系统实现功能 (8)2.3 系统设计方法 (9)2.3.1 入口控制系统设计方法 (9)2.3.2 出口系统设计方法 (10)2.3.3 车辆显示系统设计方法 (11)2.3.4 车位引导系统设计方法 (12)2.4 系统组成总体框图 (12)3 控制系统的硬件设计 (14)3.1 控制系统选取 (14)3.2 出入口系统硬件组成 (14)3.2.1 入口系统组成 (15)3.2.2 出口系统组成 (15)3.2.3 出入口系统硬件电路图 (16)3.2.4 出入口系统硬件配置 (19)3.3 停车场车位引导系统硬件组成 (22)3.3.1 信息采集系统 (22)3.3.2 信息处理模块 (24)3.3.3 信息发布模块 (24)3.3.4 信息传输模块 (24)3.3.5 车位引导系统硬件配置 (24)4 系统软件设计 (26)4.1 系统软件总体设计 (26)4.1.1 软件总体流程 (26)4.2 停车场车位控制程序设计 (27)4.2.1 PLC程序输入输出符号表 (27)4.2.2 系统子系统软件 (27)结论 (34)致谢 (35)参考文献 (36)绪论近年来，我国的汽车产业飞速发展，汽车保有量持续攀升，而中国目前的停车场建设相对滞后，“停车难”问题凸显。
基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文原文THE 6 LAYERS STEREO GARAGE DESIGN BASED ON OMRON PLCZhuoran Zhang Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail: Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan Department of Electrical & Engineering Wuhan Polytechnic University Wuhan, China E-mail:maozhe998@ Abstract—with the development of the modern society, the number of the vehicles in these cities has been increasing with an exponential speed; especially the private cars, putting a great pressure on urban transportation and parking slot. This article is mainly concerned about the entire structure, running procedure and electrical system design including hardware and program design ideas for lifting-traversing stereo garage, which will not only shorten the developing period but also orient parking to centralization and automation direction; Owning some reference value.Keywords- Stereo Garage, Omron PLC, DesignInsufficient parking slots is resulted from the development of the cities, economy and transportation of the cities, the traditional garages are always making the use of the nature vacancy, in a community, the ratio between parking slots and residents is approximately 1:1, one parking slot for a family at least, in order to solve the contradiction that the parking slots using precious commercial land, the stereo mechanical garages with the advantage of the average parking slot takes of less area have been gradually in front of us. Compared with the traditional underground parking garage, the stereo garages have more advantages. First of all, the stereo garages can save more area. The traditional ways must be amassed driving path for vehicles, averagely, a car will take up 40m2 If we take multi-layers garage (6 layers) in to consideration, it is possible for 13 cars to park in the area of 50m2, which will save lots of land resources and land construction expenditure. Meanwhile, the stereo garage could guarantee the safety of the people and their cars. If there is anybody in the garage or the cars are not fully stopped, the system controlled by electrical equipment will not run either. It means that, in the scale of the management, the mechanical garage could separate the people and vehicles, which makes it more systematically. Especially for underground garages, install this kind of garage will save a large area of illumination system, so it is also emerge conservation and environment protection.Ⅰ.THE CLASSIFICATION AND IMPLEMENT BACKDROP OF THE STEREO GARAGEA.THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STEREO GARAGEAccording to the present development of the stereo garage, the stereo garage is including lifting-traversing, roadway stacking, vertical lifting, vertical circulating, circle level circulation; The concept of the stereo garage is all from automatic logistic material transmitting system. [3]The purpose of the stereo garage is to solve the parking problem in developed cities, that is make use of limited area to park more vehicles so as to save land resources of the cities and manage thestatic transportation of the urban. This article gives out a way to design lifting-traversing stereo garage based on Omron PLC CP1H, which could extend to solve relevant projects.B. A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LIFTING-TRAVERSING STEREO GARAGE.The modularization concept is imported in lifting-traversing stereo garage. It can be designed into two to five layers or half underground type, the number of the slot is from tens to hundreds. This kind of garage is suitable for both above ground and underground, the characteristics could be generalized as less occupation of land, simple structure, flexible configuration, lower cost in construction, decoration and fire protection and short period of construction; Safe and convenient for saving and taking cars; Smoothly operation, lower noise during running. [4]It is also appropriate for commercial, bureau and residential use. The safety equipment mainly is photoelectrical sensors, limiting displacement protector and emergency switch.C. THE ENTIRE FRAME OF THE SYSTEMAs the fig. l representing, besides the central controller PLC, the stereo garage system could be divided into three sections: I. Mechanical System; It includes column, beam, carrying board, vehicle frame, hooks and etc. II. Electrical System; this section is the core of this article, which controls the whole system to operate. III. Touching Panel; it is the port from which operators and the system exchanging messages, operators could not only operate the system, but also in the situation of the malfunction, it could let operator enter the manual or debugging mode.Figure 1. The structure of the system Figure 2. Touch Screen (Auto running and Manual) • THE MAIN HARDWARE OF THE SYSTEMWe mainly use the Omron PLC CPH1, on considering the control requirement and the cost, we adopting CP1HX40DR-A PLC, the programming ways are ladder diagram or ST instruction list. The instruction length is 1 to 7 steps per instruction, each I/O relays has 1600 ports, USB 1.1 for communication.The display part, we import screen of WEINVIEW MT6056i series, the screen material is TFT, 5.6 inches, and the resolution is 320x234, with USB2.0 port supporting downloading. The frequency of the CPU is 400 MHz, 128RAM.D.THE SYSTEM STR UCTURE AND FUNCTIONSThe mechanical parts cooperating with electrical system are carrying board, hooks and chains. There are 6 slots on each layer besides 7 slots on the top layer, totally 37 slots, the purpose for one slot empty on each layer is that making enough space for carrying board to move. The carrying boards of the first floor only design to traverse, also the top floor carrying boards are only supposed to lift. The other carrying boards among these floors are designed to life and traverse. In this way, this system could achieve the saving and taking from any slots among these 6 layers.In addition, this system has a touch screen system, which switches between auto run andmanual debugging mode. Under the auto run mode, it could select a certain slot to accomplish saving and taking behavior, at the same time, monitoring the operation of the system. (Green words "System Running" in auto mode without malfunction). When failure occurs, the system seized and on screen flashing yellow failure code with red backdrop, with the help of the failure code, the professional operator could recognize and eliminate the failures promptly and accurately. On considering more authorities are given in manual debugging mode, to preclude unprofessional persons enter the mode by chance, before enter the mode, there is a cipher verification, in which the sequence could be set by ourselves. This would protect the system from potential dangers.Figure 2 is the graph of system auto running, manual and debugging.Ⅱ. THE COMPOSURE OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMA. STRONG ELECTRICITY SYSTEMThe strong power system includes power supply, protection and driving mechanism, here is electronic motors. Installing XJ3-D on the forepart of the power supply wire, which is used to protect phase sequence of the three-phase voltage, so that guarantee the right rotation of the motors. Moreover, the motors on some layers use the same three-phase voltage.B.THE SET OF THE MOTORSThere are 6 traversing motors on the first layer, 6 traversing motors for 2 to 5 layers each, and so it is with lifting motors for 2 to 5 layers. The top layers have only 7 lifting motors. After setting the motors, mark every motor. For example, the motor driving the third slot of the second layer, we mark it with "23", the relay before the motor are named KM23. Here series connect all the motors' thermal protection, any motor's problem will stop the system. In this way, it has no influence on the stability of the system, but lowers the cost. At the same time, make it easier to find the problems. (What we need to do is press the thermal protection switch one by one).C .WEAK POWER SYSTEMThe weak power system is also the control system, which are mainly the PLC mode and its 5 extended modules, also the sensors. As the figure below, on the right is the input part, DC 24V, on the left, is the output section, AC 220V, to connect with contactors and drive them. These device's functions have close relationships with the entire system's control requirements. On the above of the graph, the protection equipment are emergency switch, installed beside the touching panel, emergency only, trigger it, the system stops; Front and back photoelectrical sensors, which are used to detect people or unidentified objects breaking into the system, if this happens, the system would stop then response with photoelectrical failure, the goal is to protect the people and the vehicles. The phase sequence protection has been illustrated before; Over current protection normally activated under the motor stuck; All the margin switches series connected, cult the main power when any carrying board exceed the limiting position.Limit switches including up ones and down ones or left and right limit switches. In order to achieve the controlling requirements, the level limit switches are installed on the both side of the each slot frame, while the vertical limit switches are installed on the chain which attached to the motor. It is necessary to point out that the first layer only installed down and left right limit switches, the top layer only installed up switches these switches could sense the position of thecarrying boards, helping to finish the lifting and traversing control; Hook position sensors is to fix the vehicles and sense the slot empty or not.The output points"00 04 05 06 07" are to select different phase for each layer, so control the motors' rotation ways.Figure 3. PLC Modules (Segment)There are other 4 extended modules, which only give more I/O ports to the system, similar to this main part.Ⅲ. OPERATION PROCEDUREA. TAKING PROCEDUREAs far as the first layer concerned, it is only designed to traverse, so as to make space to upper layer's carrying boards to move downward. So do the other layers, which are designed to traverse. When traversing meet the requirements, lifting mechanism will run to put the carrying board down, finishing the saving and taking procedure. During the procedure the photoelectrical sensors are open and will behave as fore part has explained. In figure 2A, is the taking condition, at this time "Loading" will flash until the taking procedure finishes.When we enter "51", the system will distinguish whether the operation is a taking or a saving according to the hook of the 51 slot. Then prints the message responded to the state of the hook on the screen, the operator could confirm the operation or cancel it. On confirming, the 51 carrying board will wait for its downward boards to finish the traversing move then moving down. Inaddition, a timer is added to this control module in order to preclude level limit switches malfunction, resulting into the traversing move time up. If the time for traversing move exceeds the set time, the system will warn the operator "traversing move time up" which displays on the screen, the operator could check out the failure. The up limit switches are used to sense whether the carrying boards are stopped at their routine slots, which the level switches can't finish. Maybe one carrying board stuck between two layers. Only do all the upper layers' carrying boards stop at their routine slots, the selected carrying board's lifting move is activated. A timer is also set into the lifting control, with the same function as traversing timer. The elevator carries the vehicle down to the ground, release the hook, now the photoelectrical signal shut down, and waiting for the owners to take their vehicle. On driving away the vehicle and operator's confirming the photoelectrical signal resumes, the carrying board back to its slot from the down way.Figure 4. The flowchart of the taking and saving procedureB. SAVING PROCEDUREThe saving process is based on taking procedure, so they are familiar; the only difference is the hook move.Ⅳ. SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING AND PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTA.SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LANGUAGEIn this system, we choose Omron CX-ONE 3.0 to program the PLC. The language for programming is classic ladder diagram. On considering the stereo garages are installed in different condition and requirement of different users, the scale of the stereo garages should be flexible, for example different layers or slots. In order to meet the different scales requirements, the program is modularized, only need to change the I/O ports, the logical relations in the ladder diagram are fixed. In this way, it is not only with highly compatibility but also shortens the period to develop relevant designs and make it easier to debugging and repair.B.MODULARIZED PROGRAMConditional jumps are widely used in the programming; the entire program consists of different modules, on certain conditions, the program jumps.As illustrated before, there are only two movements for a carrying board, lifting or traversing, beside the boards of first and top layers. The condition for the fifth could traverse is all the upper layers slots' up limiting switches closed. Then "Traverse OK" is activated, and then the program will make analysis of the operation until meet set conditions, the program jumps. For the lifting movements are always with the downward movements, so program the downward standards, the system will run. The entire program is programmed with this method, above the passage, is only a traversing OK and vertical move OK module. Similarly, modules of a fixed slot, for example slot "21". "21 Traversing Move", "21 Vertical Move"; for whole system, "Emergency Stop and Protection", "Button Select", "System Monitor" and "Debugging" modules, which cooperate with each other to accomplish the control and monitor.Figure 5. Monitoring and Display module (Segment)Fig. 5 is the segment program of the monitoring module, all the motors' protection series connected, so are the phase sequence protection and margin switches. Any of them change; PLC will transfer messages to the screen, which displays. Meanwhile, cults off the main KM, the system stops.Ⅵ.A BRIEF SUMMARYThis paper introduces lift shifting type six floors of three-dimensional garage design methodbased on Omron CP1HX40DR-A controller, completing the requirements of three-dimensional garage for city vehicle management toward the direction of automation and centralization. This design can be used to restore occupied pavement, reduce preempting, and ensure safety, in addition that it could reduce traffic congestion time, reducing the injury. On this basis, the problem has been thoroughly eliminated, including various vehicles disorderly stopping and parting in disorder, and the appearance of parking places with dirty, disorderly and poor, thus protecting vehicles away from lost, being damaged and stolen. Finally, the road is giving back to the vehicles and pedestrians, the lawn to the green space, the environment of the neat civilization life to the modern metropolis.The development cycle has been greatly shortened, based on the design about three-dimensional garage design of PLC controller. This is also a kind of inevitable of the electrification, digital and automation advancement. The thoughts and methods of this design can be applied to other scale garage and relevant problems of design.REFERENCES[1] [1] Huo Gang. Application and programmer of the CP1HPLC. China Machine Press [M], 2009.1[2] [2] Omron Power program. Omron Corporation (China), 2008[3] [3] BoSen Ren.General situation of Chinese mechanical parking equipment. Celebrated manufacturers of parking equipment and peripherals directory [J] :PP5-7[4] [4] Lekang Yu Dongxiao Zuo.The development of mechanical parking. [J] Technology and management of construction machinery. 1999 1:PP 30-32[5] [5] Fuen Zhang … Younai Wu.Principle … design … set up and maintenance of AC variable speed elevator. [M] China Machine Press 1999中文译文基于欧姆龙可编程序控制器的6层立体车库设计Zhuoran Zhang 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：Harry zzr@Zhe Mao, Hailing Wan 电气工程武汉理工大学武汉，中国电子邮件：maozhe998@摘要：随着现代社会的快速发展，许多城市的车辆数量正在一直以指数的速度快速增加，特别是私家车。
外文翻译---基于PLC电梯控制系统的设计与实践
翻译部分英文原文Design and Practice of an Elevator Control System Based on PLCAbstractThis paper describes the development of 2 nine-storey elevators control system for a residential building.The control system adopts PLC as controller,and uses a parallel connection dispatching rule based on"minimum waiting time"to run 2 elevators in parallel mode.The paper gives the basic structure,control principle and realization method of the PLC control system in detail. It also presents the ladder diagram of the key aspects of the system.The system has simple peripheral circuit and the operation result showed that it enhanced the reliability and performance of the elevators.1.IntroductionWith the development of architecture technology,the building is taller and tallerand elevators become important vertical transportation vehicles in high-rise buildings.They are responsible to transport passengers, living,working or visiting in the building,comfortable and efficiently to their destinations.So the elevator control system is essential in the smooth and safe operation of each elevator.It tells the elevator in what order to stop at floors,when to open or close the door and if there is a safety-critical issue.The traditional electrical control system of elevators is a relay-controlled system.It has the disadvantages such as complicated circuits,high fault ratio and poor dependability;and greatly affects the elevator’s running quality.Therefore,entrusted byan enterprise,we have improved electrical control system of a relay-controlled elevator in a residential building by using PLC.The result showed that the reformed system is reliable in operation and easy for maintenance.This paper introduces the basic structure,control principle and realization method of the elevator PLC control system in detail.2.System structureThe purpose of the elevator control system is to manage movement of an elevator in response to user’s requests.It is mainly composed of 2 parts:2.1.Electric power driving systemThe electric power driving system includes:the elevator car,the tractionmotor,door motor,brake mechanism and relevant switch circuits.Here we adopted a new type of LC series AC contactors to replace the old ones,and used PLC’s contacts to substitute the plenty of intermediate relays. The circuits of traction motor are reserved.Thus the original control cabinet’s disadvantages,such as big volume and high noise are overcome efficiently.2.2.Signal control systemThe elevator’s control signals are mostly realized by PLC.The input signals are:operation modes,operation control signals,car-calls,hall-calls,safety/protect signals, door open/close signal and leveling signal,etc.All control functions of the elevator system are realized by PLC program,such as registration,display and elimination of hall-calls or car-calls,position judgment of elevator car, choose layer and direction selection of the elevator,etc.The PLC signal control system diagram of elevator is showed in Figure 1.Figure 1 PLC signal control system diagram2.3.RequirementsThe goal of the development of the control system is to control 2 elevators in a 9-storey residential building.For each elevator,there is a sensor located at every floor.We can use these sensors to locate the current position of the elevator car.The elevator ar door can be opened and closed by a door motor.There are 2 sensors on the door that can inform the control system about the door’s position.There is another sensor on the door can detect objects when the door is closing.The elevator car’s up or down movement is controlled by a traction motor.Every floor,except the first and the top floor,has a pair of direction lamps indicating that the elevator is moving up or down.Every floor,has a seven segment LED to display the current location of the elevator car.The first step for the development of the elevator control is to define the basicrmally,the elevators behavior is defined as follows.(1)Running with a single elevatorGenerally,an elevator has three operation states: normal mode,fire-protection mode and maintenance mode.The maintenance mode has the highest priority. Only the maintenance mode is canceled can the other operation modes be implemented.The next is fire-protection mode,the elevator must return to the bottom floor or base station immediately when the fire switch acts.The elevator should turn to normal operation mode when the fire switch is reset.Under normal operation mode,the control system’s basic task is to command each elevator to move up or down,to stop or start and to open and close the door.But is has some constraints as follows:Each elevator has a set of 9 buttons on the car control panel,one for each floor.These buttons illuminate when they are pressed and cause the elevator to visit the corresponding floor.The illumination is canceled when the corresponding floor is visited by the elevator.Each floor,except the first and the top floor,has two buttons on the floor control panel,one to request an up-elevator,one to request a down-elevator.These buttons illuminate when they are pressed.The illumination is canceled when an elevator visits the floor,then moves in the desired direction.The buttons on the car control panel or the floor control panel are used to control the elevator’s motion.The elevator cannot pass a floor if a passenger wants to get off there.The elevator cannot stop at a floor unless someone wants to get off there.The elevator cannot change direction until it has served all onboard passengers traveling in the current direction, and a hall call cannot be served by a car going in the reverse direction.If an elevator has no requests,it remains at its current floor with its doors closed.(2)Parallel running with two elevatorsIn this situation,there are two elevators to serve the building simultaneously.It runs at 7am to 9am and 5pm to 7pm every day.When an elevator reaches a level,it will test if the stop is required or not.It will stop at this level when the stop is required.At the same time,to balance the number of stops,the operation of two elevators will follow a certain dispatching principle.An elevator doesn’t stop at a floor if another car is already stopping,or has been stopped there.The normal operation of elevators is implemented by cooperation of its electric power driving system and logic control system.3.Software designDue to the random nature of call time,call locations and the destination of passengers,the elevator control system is a typical real-time,random logic control system. Here we adopted collective selective control method with siemens PLC S7-200 CPU226 and its extension modules. There are 46 input points and 46 output points in the system.The I/O points are showed in Table1 and Table 2.Table 1 Input pointsTable 2 Output pointsAbout software designing,we adopt the modularized method to write ladder diagram programs.The information transmission between modules is achieved by intermediate register bit of PLC.The whole program is mainly composed of 10 modules: hall-call registration and display module,car-call registration and display module,the signal combination module,the hall-call cancel module,the elevator-location display module,the floor selection module,the moving direction control module,the door open/close module,the maintenance operation module and the dispatching module under parallel running mode.The design of the typical modules is described as follows:3.1.Hall-call registration and displayThere are two kinds of calls in an elevator:hall-call and car-call.When someone presses a button on the floor control panel,the signal will be registered and the corresponding lamp will illuminate.This is called hall-call registration.When a passenger presses a button in the elevator car, the signal will be registered and with the corresponding lamp illuminated.This is called car-call registration.Figure2 shows the ladder diagram of up hall-calls registration and display.The self-lock principle is used to guarantee the calls’continuous display.Figure 2 up hall-call registration and display3.2.The collective selection of the callsHere the collective selection control rules are used.As showed in Figure3,M5.1-M5.7,M6.0 and M6.1 are auxiliary relays in PLC.They denote the stopping request signal of 1st to 9th floor respectively.The auxiliary relay M6.2 denotes the elevator driver’s operation signal.When there is a call in a certain floor,the stopping signal of corresponding floor will output.When the elevator is operated by the driver,the hall-calls will not be served. And the elevator cannot pass a floor at which a passenger wishes to alight.3.3.The cancellation of the callsThe program of this module can make the elevator response the hall-calls which have the same direction as the car’s current direction,and when a hall-call is served, its registration will be canceled.The ladder diagram of up hall-calls’cancellation is showed in Figure4.Figure 3 The combination of the callsFigure 4 The cancellation of up callsIn Figure4,the auxiliary relay M4.0 is the up moving flag of the elevator.When the current direction of the elevator is up,M4.0’s contacts are closed;on the contrary, when the current direction of the elevator is down,M4.0’s contacts are opened.M0.1 to M0.7 denotes the car-calls’ stopping request signal of floor 2 to floor 8 respectively.This program has two functions:(1)Make the elevator response the normal down hall-calls when it is moving down,and when a down hall-call is served,its registration is canceled.(2)When the elevator is moving up,the corresponding floor’s down hall-call it passing by is not served and the registration is remained.The cancellation of down hall-calls is reversed with up hall-calls.3.4.Elevator’s directionThe elevator may be moving up or down,depending on the combination of hall-calls and car-calls.The following ladder diagram in Fig.5 illustrates that the elevator will move up.Figure 5 Up moving of the elevatorFigure5 shows that when the calls corresponding floor is higher than the elevator’s current location,the elevator will go up.Here the auxiliary relay M4.0 is used as the up-moving flag.When the elevator is moving up,the up-moving lamp is illuminated,so the M4.0 is connectedon.When the elevator arrives the top floor,the up-moving lamp is off and the timer starts.After 0.2s,the M4.0 is disconnected,the up-moving display is off.Here we used M4.0 to replace Q3.1 which can ensure the cancellation’s reliability.3.5.Elevator’s floor-stoppingFigure6 shows the ladder diagram of the elevator’s floor-stopping function.As showed in Figure6,M6.4 is the flag of floor-stopping signal.M6.6 is the floor-stopping signal sent by the driver.M7.0 is the fire signal sent by the fire switch.And M6.7 is the forced speed changing signal. When either of these contacts act,the system should send out the floor-stopping signal.4.Minimum waiting time algorithmIn traffic of elevator systems,there are two types of control task usually.The one is the basic control function to command each elevator to move up or down,to stop or start and to open and close the door.The other is the control of a group of elevators.The main requirements of a group control system in serving both,car and hall calls,should be:to provide even service to every floor in a building;to minimize the time spent by passengers waiting for service;to minimize the time spent by passengers to move from one floor to another;to serve as many passengers as possible in a given time[1].Figure 6 The elevator’s floor-stoppingThere are many dispatching algorithms for elevator’s group control.Such as Nearest-neighbor Algorithm[2], which the elevator always serve the closet request next; Zoning Algorithm[3] which by analyzing the traffic of elevator system with unequal floor and population demand to dispatch the elevator;and Odd-even rule, which an elevator only serves the odd floor and the other only serves the even floor.The Nearest-neighbor Algorithm minimizes the length of the elevator’s empty move to the next request.it usually has very small average waiting times,but individual waiting times can become quite large[2].The Zoning Algorithm usually used in buildings which has heavy traffic situations,such as the office building at lunch time.Compared to the office building and shopping mall, the traffic flow of residential buildings is relatively low and even in every floor.Secondly,people usually think of elevators as purely functional objects and the experience of riding an elevator is time waited for most of them. Furthermore,there exist immense problems when attempting to satisfy all requirements.Considering all of the reasons above,we adopted the “minimum waiting time”algorithm to realize the 2 elevators’parallel running[4].4.1.Evaluation functionThe goal of the“minimum waiting time”algorithm is to predict the eachelevator’s response time according to all calls,and select the elevator which has the shortest response time to serve.When there is a call,the system calculates out the function values of each elevator according the evaluation function showed in(1)and(2):J(*)=Min[J(1),J(2),…,J(n)] (1)J(i)=Tr(i)+KTd(i)+KTo(i)i=1,2,...,n (2)J(i)is the evaluation index of each elevator;Tr(i) denotes the time of the elevator directly moving to the destination corresponding the latest call from its current floor;To(i)denotes the additional acceleration and deceleration time of a floor-stop of the elevator;Td(i) denotes the average time of the passenger boarding and alighting the elevator;and K is the sum of hall-calls and car-calls.But when a hall-call and a car call corresponds the same floor,the K is only calculated one time.4.2.Calculation of minimum waiting timeIn equation(2),K is a certain value,To and Td can be obtained by means of statistics.Tr=T*L,where T denotes the average time of the elevator passing by one floor;L denotes the desired floors of the elevator from current floor to the hall-call floor.In order to calculate the L value,we defined the 2 elevators are A and B respectively;YA,YB denotes the current floor of elevator A and B respectively.H is the corresponding key value when a hall-call button is pressed,and H=floor number of the hall-call.We defined 4 tables for the PLC realization:up hall-call registration table,down hall-call registration table,car-call registration table of A and car-call registration table of B.When a certain call button is pressed,its floor value is recorded in corresponding table.Here we take elevator A as an example.First,define the variable MA,MB and MW.Where MA,MB denotes the extreme value of car-calls with same direction of A or B’s movement respectively.When elevator A is up-moving,set MA is equal to the maximum value in car-call registration table A;when elevator A is down-moving,set MA is equal to the minimum value in car-call registration table A.MW denotes the extreme value of hall-calls with same direction of A’s movement.When elevator A is up-moving and up-hall-call value≥YA,set MW=0;otherwise,set MW is equal to the minimum value in up-hall-call registration table A.When elevator A is down-moving and up-hall-call value≤YA,set MW=0;otherwise,set MW is equal to the maximum value in down-hall-call registration table A.Thus,we can determine the L value according to YA,H, MA and MW.There are 3 situations:(1)When the hall-call’s direction is opposite to elevator A’s movement:L=|YA-MA|+|MA-H|(3)(2)When the hall-call’s direction is same as elevator A’s movement and it is in the front of elevator A:L=|YA-H|(4)(3)When the hall-call’s direction is same as the elevator A’s movement and it is in the back of elevator A:L=|YA-MA|+|MA-MW|+|H-MW|(5)So the i-th floor’s minimum waiting time can be calculated by(6)as follows:Time(i)=TL(i)+KTd(i)+KTo(i)i=1,2,...,n(6)When the calls change during the operation of elevators,the system calculates the minimum waiting time of each elevator.Then it allocates the current call to the elevator which has small value.When the each elevator has the same value,then the current call is prior to elevator A.When an elevator is wrong or not in service,the system can exit the dispatching algorithm and turns to a single elevator running mode.4.3.Algorithm realizationCompared with single elevator running mode,the parallel running mode is mainly different at the processing method about hall-calls.The former uses collective selective control method,and the latter uses dispatch rule combined with collective selective control method.Here the system is to control a 9-storey building,so we choose two Siemens S7-200 PLCs(CPU226)and its Extensive Modules to control the single elevator respectively.And by using PPI Protocol to realize the communication between 2 PLCs.The PPI Protocol adopts master-slave communication mode,so we defined elevator A as the master and elevator B as the slave.By communication program,the 2 PLCs can exchange the massage such as the current position, hall-calls or car-calls and moving direction.Then by using“minimum waiting time”algorithm,the system realizes the optimal operation of 2 elevators.Figure7 shows the ladder program of the car-calls extreme value calculation of elevator A.In Figure7,VB121～VB130 is the register address of elevator A’s car-call corresponding to each floor,Q3.1 is the up-moving lamp of elevator A,and the car-calls extreme value is saved in VB120.Figure 7 The car-calls extreme value calculation of elevator A5.ConclusionsIn this paper,we have improved an old elevator control system by using PLC,and realized the group control of 2 elevators.The new control system has been operated for 1 year,and its operation scenarios are as follows:(1)Down–PeakThis traffic condition concerns people out of the building in the morning between 7am to 9am.(2)Up–PeakThis condition concerns people entering the building between 5pm to 7pm.(3)OtherIt covers the day from 6:00 to 0:00 except the two situations above.And in this situation,there is only one elevator running.The results are expressed via an average waiting time and maximum waiting time(both given in seconds)are collected in Tables 3 and 4.Table 3Average and maximum waiting time(before reformed)Due to the nonparallel running before the reform,so the average waiting time and maximum waiting time of down–peak and the up–peak are very longer than the reformed.The practice results have showed the better performance of the improved control system.References[1]Ricardo Gudwin,Fernando Gomide,Marcio(1998).“A Fuzzy Elevator Group Controller With Linear Context Adaptation”.IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence.V ol.12,No.5,pp.481-486.[2]Philipp Friese,Jorg Rambau(2006).“Online-optimization of multi-elevator transport systems with reoptimization algorithms based on set-partitioning models”.Discrete Applied Mathematics.No.154,pp.1908-1931.[3]Zheng Yanjun,Zhang Huiqiao,Ye Qingtai,Zhu Changming.(2001).“The Research on Elevator Dynamic Zoning Algorithm and It's Genetic Evolution”.Computer Engineering and Applications,No.22,pp.58-61.[4]Xiaodong Zhu,Qingshan Zeng(2006).“A Elevator Group Control Algorithm for Minimum Waiting Time Based On PLC”.Journal of Hoisting and Conveying Machiner,No.6, pp.38-40中文译文基于PLC电梯控制系统的设计与实践摘要本文介绍了二组9层电梯的住宅楼宇控制系统的发展。
基于PLC的立体车库控制系统毕业设计
天津职业技术师范大学本科生毕业设计基于PLC的立体车库控制系统Design of Cubic Garage Control System Based on PLC专业班级：学生姓名：指导教师：学院：摘要随着中国社会的飞快成长，买车已经是很普遍的事。
城市里已经建成的停车场远不够用，导致将车停放在路边的行为越来越泛滥。
通过形式各异的立体车库和停车场以及地下车库的对比，很多地方都突出立体车库优点。
日本已经与30、40年前开展了立体车库的研究。
若使用双层立体车库，可让每平方米土地得到充分的使用，与地下车库相比，可以减少冬季采暖以及通风管道等设备，而立体车库使用中的用电量与前者对比而言，立体车库用电量较低。
本文介绍了升降横移式立体车库的工作原理，选择二层三列式立体车库作为研究对象，本文简单介绍了立体车库的背景、优点；对升降横移式立体车库的组成、运动方式作了深入分析；确定了以西门子s7-200PLC作为控制系统核心的控制系统；使用组态王软件对系统进行监控，保证使用安全性；做出PLC的I/O分配，并完成了程序流图，完成立体停车库控制系统设计。
关键词：立体车库；PLC；控制系统ABSTRACTWith the rapid development of Chinese society, it is a common thing for people buying car. Since the lacking of parking lot, more and more people begin to park their car at the road side. The comparison among stereo garage with various forms, parking lot and underground parking lot manifests the advantage of stereo garage from many aspects. Jan has researched the stereo garage since about 35 years ago. The double-layer stereo garage can take full use of every square meter’s land and it can decrease the uses of ventilate equipment and heating equipment in winter as well as has lower electricity consumption while comparing to underground parking lot.This thesis, setting double-layer and three-stand stereo garage as research object, explains the work principle of lifting and transferring stereo garage; simply introduces the background and advantage of stereo garage; deeply analyzes the composition and operation method of lifting and transferring stereo garage; confirms the control system setting on the core of Siemens s7-200PLC; employs Kingview software to monitor the system for ensuring its safety; conducts I/0 distribution of PLC; accomplishes the program flow chart; as well as couplets the control system design for stereo garage.Key words: cubic garage; PLC；control system目录第一章研究立体车库的意义 (1)1.1立体车库的研究背景 (1)1.2立体车库的优点 (1)1.3立体车库的分类及其特点 (2)1.3.1横移类机械式停车设备 (2)1.3.2垂直循环类机械式停车设备 (2)1.3.3堆垛类机械式停车设备 (2)1.4本课题主要研究内容 (3)第二章升降横移式立体车库 (4)2.1升降横移式立体车库的简述 (4)2.2升降横移式立体车库的结构及组成部分 (4)2.3PLC的选择 (4)2.4PLC核心控制部分 (6)2.52×3式升降横移式立体停车库的运动分析 (7)第三章升降横移式立体车库控制原理及控制系统组成 (10)3.1升降横移式立体车库的系统控制原理 (10)3.2升降横移式立体车库的硬件组成 (11)3.3升降横移式立体车库的检测部分 (13)3.4升降横移式立体车库的安全措施 (14)3.5升降横移式立体车库的通信设备 (15)第四章基于组态王的监控设计 (16)4.1组态王介绍 (16)4.2组态王使用方法 (16)第五章升降横移式立体车库PLC控制的控制程序 (19)5.1程序控制流程图 (19)5.2PLC的I/O点分配表及硬件连线图 (20)5.3PLC的编程 (20)总结 (22)参考文献 (23)致谢 (24)附录 (25)第一章研究立体车库的意义1.1立体车库的研究背景随着中国社会的飞快成长，买车已经是很普遍的事。
智能停车场设计研究外文文献翻译
毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：SV Srikanth. The research of intelligent parking lot design[J], Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, 2016: 48-57.原文The research of intelligent parking lot designSV SrikanthAbstractCars have brought a lot of convenience, and also brought a lot of inconvenience to people, many cities in the "parking" problem. The traditional manual management of the parking lot has not meet the actual demand, exist in most traditional parking fee management confusion, the overall operation efficiency is low. Therefore, efficient, safe and reasonable management, quick and convenient intelligent parking lot management system has become many large comprehensive buildings and necessary facilities in residential area. Intelligent parking lot has become a hot research topic in the intelligent building technology. Most of many senior residential district of the city, shopping malls, entertainment, hotel, units parked car number is more, such as the emergence of a high degree of automation intelligent parking lot management system, not only effectively resolve disorderly parking place caused traffic chaos, but also can promote the regularized development of traffic facilities, in addition, the commuting time of large amount of car, parking efficiency is low, brought inconvenience to the owner. Intelligent parking lot to embolden manage system is the use of advanced technology and highly automated mechanical and electrical equipment, and connecting with the user's demand to the management of charging on parking lot, and traffic management experience and development of the system. System provides an efficient way of management, to provide users with more convenient, more efficient service.Keywords: intelligent parking lot; RS485; Ethernet1 IntroductionSince entering the 21st century, the development of the society as a whole to promote the improvement of the people's living standard, therefore, in the city of private cars gradually became the most household items. After the purchase of vehicles, people in the travel convenience at the same time, also need to be the problem of parking difficulty, even in formal parking lot, also often can't reasonable, effective management and use of limited parking Spaces. Therefore, parking lot intellectualized management became practical to improve the efficiency of parking research subject. In fact, with the sharp increase in vehicles, parking? A corresponding increase in the number of, car park management cost of manpower and material resources is increasingly expensive, it also become the intelligent parking lot management outside the brother of one reason. As a result, the intelligent parking lot management style has become the trend of social development. Due to the subject can effectively improve the efficiency of vehicle management and improve the safety coefficient of the parking lot, so also can reflect its high practical application value.2 Intelligent parking lot management system designs2.1 Intelligent parking lot was compared with the traditional parking lotTraditional parking lot management system completely free operating by management personnel, management personnel of the most concern is the parking the car in and out of the parking lot of the time, so that the charging, and because the human problems, there is also less charge, leakage phenomenon, efficiency and security of the parking lot and consider less.Aimed at the lack of these aspects of the traditional parking lot, this paper puts forward the intelligent parking lot management system, vehicle in and out of the system can through the automatic identification of related technologies, and related to the vehicle information was saved in the system, such as the number of vehicles in and out of the parking lot, every car into the playing time for billing, fees, etc. At the same time to avoid the less charge, leakage problem. To improve the running efficiency of the parking lot. Intelligent parking lot management system operation process is as follows: when the car into the parking lot, system start the camera and intake of vehicle image, after computer processing to getthe vehicle type, size, license plate, color and other information, the information with that of the card only to the user and deposited in the database. When vehicles leave the parking lot, the user card is consistent with the license plate number or vehicle images and related information to release. The system is to adopt "a car one card" management model, namely from vehicles into the parking lot has to leave the parking lot, related to the car all the data associated with the ID number of the card, through the only? ID number, we can be the user information, vehicle type, license plate, color, image, vehicles into the playing time, stop time, should be paid with unified information in the database, such as easy to Chad and storage.2.2 The composition of the intelligent parking lot management systemIntelligent parking lot management system consists of a data processing system, the entry control system, vehicle equipment system, user management system; export control system of five parts. Relevant data of each system should be treated by a data processing system. Entrance control system include: access card reader antenna, gateway machine, automatic gate entrances camera, vehicle detector, transceiver card system; Vehicle equipment systems including parking space detection module and LED display in Chinese; User management system including user management and billing charges. Electronic tags: using RFID technology, for each car into the parking lot, the electronic label can be combined with the existing wireless card or RFID handset, stored with the vehicle model, plates, color information, etc., at the same time, the realization of automatic management of consumption.Entrance card reader antenna: rf signal transmission between the device and reading and writing labels. Inward and outward automatic alarm machine, automatic alarm and automatic machines have induction and button control a variety of ways, with functions of sensing detecting anti hit, main function is to motor vehicles in and out management. Under normal circumstances, the gate rail down, the door closed, a ban on vehicle access. When legal vehicles into the controller on the open ring alarm relay control lift rail of the crane, vehicle to allow access. Brake down after the vehicle automatic reset, such as road, is in the process of the traffic through, will stop falling back, in case you hit a car. Quick way between installed in the entrance to aparking lot, distance control machine 3 m or so. By the box body, motor, clutch, mechanical transmission parts, between rods, such as electronic control parts. Inward and outward camera: the camera in and out of the parking lot, vehicles, intake of related processing image through system.Vehicle detector: this detector is surrounded by a group of induction coil and current digital circuit board, and the alarm or control machine, coil respectively to make sweet in the park underground 20 cm, as long as there is traffic on the road, the coil will generate induced current signal, after dealing with the vehicle detector to control the machine or alarm signal control, generally speaking, the import and export with two vehicle detector, the alarm pole in front of the detector is lost to the working state of the host signal.3 The relevant technology of the intelligent parking lotAccording to the actual needs of this paper the design of the intelligent parking lot, this paper adopted ZigBee technology as intelligent parking lot of the wireless communication technology. This chapter makes a brief introduction of ZigBee technology and its agreement, and put forward mainly CC2530 chip controller hardware module design, Z - Stack is analyzed the working process of the protocol Stack, implements the communication system of license plate number, state of parking space and lighting information such as packaging and send. Close range wireless communication technology was first used in industrial production, however, as the daily communication requirements continue to increase, especially in recent years, a variety of the huge popularity of digital communication equipment, represented by the Bluetooth and wi-fi at close range wireless communication technology is also began to enter the ordinary people every aspect of life. It is generally believed that close range wireless communication of information is a way to send and receive radio waves, and send and receive the two sides apart at close range (generally think that ina few meters).3.1 The infrared transmission techniqueCould say that, in all of these close range wireless communication technology, the use of infrared transmission technology history is most long, is also the mostwidely used. In ordinary daily life, we often can see there is the case of using the infrared transmission technique, the more common is a TV set, and the remote control of air conditioning, etc.Because use analog signal transmission, almost no other similar signal on its interference, thus the transmission stability is better. And now the development of the technology is very developed, the price is cheaper also. Due to the infrared transmission point-to-point transmission characteristics of direct connection, its security is also high. But the technology is also there is a short transmission distance, high requirements for communication Angle, can't penetrate obstacles such as defects.3.2 Bluetooth technologyEricsson first proposed the Bluetooth technology, and then set up the Bluetooth technology alliance specification its technical standards. Were identified in 1999 put forward the technical standard of 2.4 GHz as its working frequency, and began the business promotion. Compared with was very widely used infrared technology, Bluetooth technology adopted different from mouth to mouth way of transmission, and the relative speed has improved a lot. Sold on the market at present most is the Bluetooth device using version 2.0, along with the rising of wireless transmission, Bluetooth technology is also constantly updated, the latest Bluetooth version 4.0, the main technique is characterized by high speed and low power consumption.3.3 ZigBee technologyZigBee protocol is set by the ZigBee alliance, the first official version of the agreements are released in 2004.The main characteristics of this technology is low cost, less power consumption, the number of nodes, network topology diversity, simple structure and high safety. At present the technology mainly used in the digital home, building automation, industrial and agricultural automatic control, intelligent transportation, health care and remote monitoring of the environment and disaster areas.3.4 The wi-fi technologyWi-fi is Wireless Fidelity short for Wireless Fidelity ().It is called the IEEE 802.11 standard, b is the wi-fi alliance manufacturers as a brand product certificationtrademark. The wi-fi technology has a very wide range of applications, in addition to the daily life can see laptops, tablets and smart phones and other equipment through the connected wi-fi Internet conveniently, some airports and stations, many hotels, restaurants and schools and even more developed cities also often provide wi-fi hotspots, to facilitate the users.3.5 UWB technologyUWB is Ultra - wideband (UWB), the main characteristics of this technology is low power consumption and high speed transmission. It uniquely adopted the pulse signal as a way to transfer data.UWB already has more than 50 years of history, was first used in military field, but was not published until 2002, the United States, the technology and its application in commercial field.UWB technology characteristics of high-speed transmission, determines it is particularly suited to be used to transmit large capacity of multimedia data such as had video. The characteristics of the wireless transmission can also help the original electronic equipment cable transmission mode between upgrade for the wireless transmission mode, make their connection between all kinds of smart devices become more convenient and flexible, the future may result in the "smart home", "digital office", etc. To get more extensive application in the scene.译文智能停车场设计研究SV Srikanth摘要汽车给人们的交通生活带来了很多方便之处，也给人们带来了许多不便，很多城市出现了“停车难”问题。
基于PLC立体车库监控系统的设计毕业设计(含外文翻译)
垂直循环式：分为大型循环和小型循环两种。它们具有省地（占地面积小）、方便（一次按键即可完成存取车）、迅速（调车时间短）、灵活（设置灵活）、可靠（维修量少）、经济（节约大量土地购置费）、节能（不需强制通风和大面积照明）的特点。
Key words:ParkingPLCMCGS
1
近年来，随着我国经济的飞速发展，人均收入水平的提高。私家车的数量也随之日益猛增，特别是在一些高档小区，住户拥有2辆或2辆以上的私家车已经变得相当普遍。然而在许多的新建小区住房与车位的配比基本是1:1，甚至有些还只达到50%-80%。而买房人的超前意识和备用心理让车位成为抢手货，车位的价格也就水涨船高。这就导致买房者在买房时势必会考虑的很多的问题。如何解决停车站位的面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，已然成为开发商吸引买房者的一个重要措施。机械式立体车库的出现对于这个问题起到很好的解决。目前其有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、简易升降类、垂直升降式、垂直循环式、平面移动式、箱型水平循环式、多层循环式。
论文描述了多层升降横移式立体车库的运行原理和结构特点，介绍了其控制系统的硬件组成、控制软件的设计。在此基础上，利用MCGS组态软件进行上位机监控，设计监控画面，实现了对车库运行过程及车库状态的监测。
关键词：立体车库PLCMCGS
Design of Monitoring System Based on PLC for Cubic Garage
Cubic garage, which takes the single-layer plane parking lot as the core, is the multi-dimensional space parking garage. It uses programmable controller (Programming Logic Controller, also called PLC) to realize multiple monolayer plane stops by controlling the berth space position the change.In this project, an automatic control system is designed to control the three-dimensionalcubic garagebased ona programmable logic controller (PLC)S7-200 of Siemens.It realizes various of functions by the THFLT-1cubic garagemode. Thecharacteristicsand application ofcubic garageis briefly introduced in this paper. The system component, the work principle, how to control stepper motor and how to programmable are also introduced in detail. On this basis, this design realizes the real-time monitoring program forcubic garagemode by MCGS software.
停车场的管理外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
密级
分类号
编号
成绩
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Management of parking lot
译文标题停车场的管理
作者所在系别机电工程学院
作者所在专业车辆工程
作者所在班级B13141
作者姓名邸宝龙
作者学号201322244
指导教师姓名孟立新
指导教师职称副教授
完成时间2017 年 3 月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
基于PLC立体车库监控系统的设计毕业设计(含外文翻译)
在PLC的存储器中，设置了一片区域来存放输入信号和输出信号的状态，它们分别称为输入过程映像寄存器和输出过程映像寄存器。
在读取输入阶段，PLC把所有外部数字量输入电路的1/0状态（或称ON/OFF状态）读入输入过程映像寄存器。外接的输入电路闭合时，对应的输入过程映像寄存器为1状态，梯形图中对应的输入点的常开触点接通，常闭触点断开。外接的输入电路断开时，对应的输入过程映像寄存器为0状态பைடு நூலகம்梯形图中对应的输入点的常开触点断开，常闭触点接通。
简易升降式：设备的结构简单，操作容易，可充分利用地下空间，面积利用率在2倍以上，多用于住宅、办公楼周边。
垂直循环式：分为大型循环和小型循环两种。它们具有省地（占地面积小）、方便（一次按键即可完成存取车）、迅速（调车时间短）、灵活（设置灵活）、可靠（维修量少）、经济（节约大量土地购置费）、节能（不需强制通风和大面积照明）的特点。
垂直升降式：这种设备的类型很多、其最大的优点是平面和空间利用率最高，几乎停放一辆车只需一平方米建筑面积，还具有高性能、省电、噪音小、存（取）快、安全可靠、操作简单、维护方便等优点，最适宜建在高度繁华的城市中心区和车辆停放的集聚点，如大型商场、饭店、医院等[2]。
而升降横移式是目前立体车库中使用最多的。其具有特点为：
表23plc地址分配输入变量变量标注输出变量变量标注i00轴左限位q00轴脉冲i01轴右限位q01y轴脉冲i02y轴上限位q03轴方向i03y轴下限位q05y轴方向i04键盘值输入一位q06货台前伸i05键盘值输入二位q07货台后退i06键盘值输入三位q10就绪i07键盘值输入四位q11取出i10货台到位限位q12放置i11货台回位限位q13十位显示i12货台是否有车q14bcd输出显示一位i13手动自动q15bcd输出显示二位i15号车库q16bcd输出显示三位i16号车库q17bcd输出显示四位i17号车库i20号车库i21号车库i22号车库i23号车库i2415i25号车库i26号车库i2710号车库253plc16根据io地址分配表结合系统的功能分析系统的输入输出接线图如图29所示
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent parking systemAbstractThe basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the first step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, specific rules are defined. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules arederived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic 1.IntroductionEvery day a significant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have significant influence on a chosen parking search strategy. During the last four decades numerous parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak, 1991; Polak and Axhausen, 1990; Young et al., 1991a,b; saltzman, 1997; Shoup, 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et al., 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport, etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong influence on the driver's final decision about the parking placeDuring the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) havestarted to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the benefits of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems significantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to find vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their final destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to find a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip. The proposed ‘‘intelligent’’parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination of simulation, optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes ‘‘real-time’’ decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposedmethodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows:1. Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.2.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternativesof public transportation . Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time. The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle significantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown . Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airportoperators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: (a) that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scientific techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: (a) variable demand over time; (b) variable asset utilization; (c) perishable assets; (d) limited resources; (e) market segmentation; (f) adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; (g) direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; (h) selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:· Parking demand is variable over time.· Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be ‘‘sold’’ (used by clients).·Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by drivers· Market segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat ina rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.· Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.· Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.Introducing and developing parking reservation system (created in an Internet and cell phone environ-ment) would present further improvement in modern parking technologies. Drivers would be advised and guided before beginning of the trip, as well as during the trip. Parking reservation system should be coupled with the parking revenue management system. In this way, parking operators and traffic authorities would be able to implement different parking strategies. Once the driver is allowed to park, it is possible to implement internal garage guidance system that guides the driver to an empty parking place.4.Introducing parking revenue management systemLet us assume that we have parking reservation system. Drivers make their requests for parking at random moments of time (by phone from home, by cell phone while driving, through the Internet, etc.).A certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-firmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply, the answer could be ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’’.Reservation system should be flexible enough allowing some drivers to appear right before wished beginning of parking, looking for an emptyspace in a garage, even though they do not have a confirmed reservation. Would it be good to have few different parking tariffs? The answer is obviously ‘‘Yes’’. Drivers paying lower parking tariffs could be disabled and senior citizens, people who reserve parking space few days in advance, or HOV drivers. Drivers paying higher tariffs could be solo drivers, long term parking drivers, or drivers showing up and asking for parking without making reservation in advance. Obviously, there is a lot of possible parking pricing strategies.The stochastic nature of reservation generation and cancellation, the stochastic nature of driver show-up during reserved time slot, variety of parking tariffs, and the need to respond to drivers' requests in real time, indicate that the management of parking garage revenues represents a complex problem.In the past 30 years a relatively large number of papers have been devoted to different aspects of the air-line seat inventory control problem (Littlewood, 1972; Belobaba, 1987; Brumelle and McGill, 1993; Teodorovic et al., 2002). The model proposed in this paper is highly inspired by the developed airline yield management stochastic and/or deterministic models.Let us assume that we have few different parking tariffs. The simplest reservation system (similar to some airline reservation systems in the past) could be ‘‘distinct tariff class parking space inventories’’ (Fig. 1(a)),indicating separate parking spaces in the garage for each tariff class. In this case, once the parking space is assigned to a tariff class, it may be booked only in that tariff class or else remains unsold. There are certain advantages, as well as certain disadvantages in the case of distinct parking space inventories. In this case users paying lower tariffs would be relatively well ‘‘protected’’. In other words, this system would pay a lot of attention to the disabled person, senior citizens,people who reserve parking space few days in advance, and HOV drivers. Obvious disadvantage of the distinct parking space inventories is the fact that very often some parking spaces assigned to lower tariff users would be empty even the higher tariff users demand is very high. In other words, it would be possible to reject some drivers even all parking spaces in garage are not occupied.In case of a ‘‘nested reservation system ’’, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. For example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes (Fig. 1(b)). As we can see from Fig. 1(b), all parking spaces are always available to class1. There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. If we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.In this research (like in the paper of Teodorovic ´ et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on theBL1BL2BLmCBL1=CBL2BLm (a)(b)Fig.1‘‘request-by-request’’ basis. In the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is ‘‘real-time’’ decision making about each driver request. The developed model is called an ‘‘intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system.译文：智能停车场系统摘要：本文讨论停车预订系统和停车收入管理系统的基本概念.拟议的智能停车空间的库存控制系统，基于模糊逻辑和整数规划技术相结合，使“上线”决定是否接受或拒绝新的驱动程序的停车要求。
基于PLC控制的多层立体车库研究
基于PLC控制的多层立体车库研究摘要：随着当前城市生活中人手一台轿车的普及性，交通堵车和停车难就成为当前城市生活常见通病，而集现代信息技术、电气一体化技术、机械技术于一身的多层立体车库就是源于此起步发展起来的。
该新型车库主要是以单层平面停车为基础，实现多平面多层空间停车的立体性车库，相关人员就能够借助可编程控制器来实现停车场空间车位变动，有效实现多重单层平面停车效能。
下面笔者就简要分析基于PLC控制的多重立体车库的设计与实现。
关键词：PLC控制；多层立体车库；设计实现；研究早在30多年前，日韩、德国以及台湾等地就有立体停车设备的应用，而我国在经过经济快速萌芽、高速增长后，人们也对生活品质有了更高的追求，尤其是衣食住行中的行。
然而过多的交通设备和运行车辆无疑给我国交通系统和停放车辆带去极大的阻碍，也就使得我国停车场也逐步开始转向更加节省空间和资源的立体化停车储存发展，可以说这还是停车行业发展必然趋势，其在市场占有地位比重也会越来越高。
据相关数据表明，双层立体车库能够提高其地面空间利用率到90%多，而多层立体车库，平均每50平米地面面积能存放多大40多辆车，而且该停车场操作也很方便。
鉴于其具备如此显著的优势，我国诸多现代化城市都开英勇发展多层立体车库，如北京印尼驻华大使馆就建立了三层立体升降停车库，充分满足驻华大使馆停车需求。
本文笔者主要结合PLC控制系统，引入管理自动化理论，设计开发出集监控、管理和控制于一体的综合自动信息控制体系，下面笔者就详细阐述。
1.基于PLC控制的多层立体车库设计思路当前立体车库行业主要有升降横移、垂直/多层/水平循环、简易/垂直升降、平面移动以及巷道堆垛等等类型，且规格多样以适应不同空间场地条件需求，这些立体停车设备安全可靠性和运作管理效率都极高，本文主要采用了便于PLC 和计算机使用控制的多层垂直循环立体模式，能够适用于地面、地下或者独立于建筑物内，因此其规划设计工作也颇为受益。
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)智能停车场最近几年来汽车的动态平衡与静态管理已成为许多专家学者重点研究的新课题。
智能停车场系统为了保证车辆安全和交通方便，迫切需要采用自动化程度高、方便快捷的停车场自动管理系统，提高停车场管理水平。
现阶段的目标就是要提供满足人们工作、生活、娱乐环境更科学、规范、有效快捷、安全、方便的智能停车场自动管理系统。
停车场管理系统正在向大型化、复杂化、集成化和高科技化方向发展，智能停车场系统已经被纳入智能建筑的一个重要子系统，并且正与智能建筑的其它子系统进一步高度集成。
智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供—种高效管理服务的系统。
新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合，提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统。
它依靠高科技，以人为本，采用图形人机界面操作方式，提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间，促进了人文环境的健康发展。
1 目前国内外停车场主要有以下几种类型1．1 机械式停车场机械式停车场是国内停车场主要的一种，机械式停车场是指停车场完全由机械停车设备如曳引驱动机、导向轮、载车板、横移装置、控制柜、召唤操作盘、升降回转装置、搬运器等构成。
分为升降横移类、垂直循环类、水平循环类、多层循环类、平面移动类、垂直升降类、简单升降类等类型。
因其停车方式多样独特，具有很强的应用性。
它的主要优点有占地面积小，选型多样、可具体结合场地特点设计，也可与其他方式相结合来实施，自动化程度高，操作使用方便，管理和维护也较为容易，具有定量存车的特点。
1．2 平面停车场系统智能停车场系统平面停车场系统因其主要采取感应式IC卡读卡方式，所以也叫感应式停车场系统。
停车场设计外文翻译整理版
Parking Structures Functional DesignGreg ForceParking Structures:Recommended Practice for Design and Construction, Chapter 2, Parking Structures Functional Design. The United States of America:PCI committee on parking structures. Page 1～6.停车场结构功能设计格雷格力停车场结构的设计和施工建议做法，第2章，停车场结构功能设计。
美国：停车场结构PCI委员会。
1～6页。
2 停车场功能设计2.1 介绍本章概述了多层停车场的许多非结构性方面的设计。
停车场对于车辆的行驶、存取和行人的出行来说是种独特的交通设施，这种特性在车辆与行人的交流发生在相对密封的停车空间里时显得尤为突出。
由于这种独特性，停车设计专业方面的相关咨询已不断发展。
对于停车场细节的完整性以及工程的完成质量，项目所有人或开发商能留住一个合格的停车场顾问是非常重要的。
功能设计包括车辆和行人流通的开发以及停车位的布局。
这其中也包含了操作的和安全功能的设计。
对于自助型的停车场功能设计包括：停车场类型循环系统安全防护街道出入口设计车位配置照明收费控制／操作系统行人流通图形与标牌2.1.1停车场类型2.1.1.1操作类型两种普遍的停车场包括服务型和自助型。
在服务型停车场里，车主将车辆停放在入口处，由服务人员泊车。
当车主返回取车时，服务人员检索找到车辆并驾驶到出口处交给车主。
服务型停车场通常凭借堆叠停放来最大化停车数量（图2-1）。
这种停车场通常位于地价高昂的大城市。
如今，在北美最常见的是自助型停车场，车主自行存取车辆（图2-2）。
本章只讨论自助型停车场的功能设计方法。
2.1.1.2建筑规范类型建筑模型规范通常将停车场分为两类：开放式停车场和停车库。
立体车库外文翻译与原文
附件2：外文文献译文与原文专业班级：电气124 姓名：陈威驰学号：2012013850基于密码的旋转多层停车场系统作者：Nayab Suhail Hamirani, Imdad Ali Ismaili,Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah摘要：在人口稠密地区和较大的城市，由于交通拥挤，停车成为了一个大问题。
使用旋转立体停车系统能够有效地减轻这个问题。
使用停车系统能够在更少的空间获得更安全的停车场。
为了降低成本并获得更小的空间和最佳的性能，我们使用ATMEL单片机作为主处理器，同时借助LCD和电机分别用于显示和旋转楼层。
密码锁定系统用来区分用户并检测停车场还剩下多少自由空间。
随着市场的全球化，汽车的数量也上升到了无法控制的局面。
设计这个系统模型的初衷就是为了解决这个问题，同时本项目中嵌入密码锁定系统也可以提高车辆停车的安全性。
关键词:基于密码的安全性；单片机；直流齿轮电机；普通IC；快速PCB1．引言本项目的目的是设计一种自动多层停车场系统，帮助普通民众将车停放在更小更安全的地方。
由于现代人口密集，以前的一些停车位被用作一些基础设施的建设，在大企业和公寓需要一个可以避免空间浪费的创新设计。
但是，这类项目的开发一直有个问题，虽然这些停车场是多层的，可是并不安全。
因此为了能够使用密码锁设备我们使用了微控制器，同时我们还使用了旋转楼层以保证最佳的设计。
本项目基于圆形建筑而不是正方形或长方形的建筑物，之所以这么选择是因为通过使用圆形建筑形状我们可以停放更多的车辆，但是使用其他形状的建筑物像正方形和矩形就很难这么做[1]。
在提案中，我们需要的器件包括两个电机，不同的操作开关，一个振荡器，一个按钮和液晶显示屏[6]。
2．项目研究现状在信息时代，我们可以看到人口已经增长到了一个不可控制的程度。
为了弥补这个问题我们设计了很多的大型项目。
但是很多项目都不安全，从人类的利益和缓解停车危机的角度出发我们设计了多层旋转停车场，这个设计可以有效的处理安全问题。
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附录：英文资料PLC-based control of multi-storey parking study and designOverview of parking、1The application of parking facilities for over 30 years history of the older, better Japan, South rapid of has well known, China's economy experienced 30 years Korea, Taiwan, Germany, is growth, the quality of public life increasing demands, Community Map in the line to a new level. Subsequent transport situation is tense, Japan and Canada, which includes both dynamic and static. As the city high-rise buildings built by the level of housing reform, like parking shift from an already occupied a parking in static traffic in the three-dimensional surface parking,in with the traditional, position. Underground parking garage, compared increasingly important many ways is the first section shows the superiority of the advantages of the past, underground garage vehicular access due Leave generous, the average car would occupy 40 square meters of area, If using double-parking garage, the ground can increase the utilization rate of 80% -90%, if the use of multi-floor (21 floor) Three-dimensional garage, then the land area of 50 square meters civil the of cost save land resources and reduce 40 will be placed on the vehicles that can tobuild For example, the Indonesian Embassy in Beijing did not engineering development.multi-storey parking before the plane can only put five cars are now built three-dimensional lifting is . It to meet the Embassy requirements class and after garage can park 13 cars, the basicthe as has been hailed and generally considered good prospects for parking equipment industry21st century, one of the most popular industry.Lifting and transferring the concept garage、2Parking equipment has provided a total of 9 categories: lifting and class (PSH), simple lifting class (PJS), vertical lifting type (PCS), the vertical circulation category (PCX), flat mobile class type level the of circulating reactor (PPY), tunnel stack class (PXD), multi-cycle class (PDX), (PSX), vehicle lift (PQS), there are dozens of specifications, can be applied to a different space, equipment. automation efficiency of high site conditions, is a high security , high reliability, Especially in these types of lifting and 9 classes (PSH) parking most widely used. Used to set the rising and falling or sliding vehicle access to vehicles, parking garage equipment category called lifting and garage. Lifting and transferring garage modular design, each unit can be designed asa two, three, four, five, half-underground, and other means, the number of parking spaces from size, in the pattern classes more parking, vary and hundreds. few to As the lifting transferringIts parking is common garage. such site, strong adaptability to the therefore, use of equipment working principle is: Each car parking spaces are presented board, set the required access to the vehicle by vehicle plate upward and downward, sliding movement to reach the ground floor, the driver entered the garage, access to vehicles, complete the access process. The upper or lower parking spaces need to traverse the space through the middle layer, will contain the vehicle plate up or down to ground level, the pilot before entering the garage or out a car into the garage. Figure 1 is lifting and parking equipment, engineering example class diagram.class transferring lifting and Figure 1 PSH-based three-tier parking equipmentdiagramthree lifting and transferring parking system3、Lifting and transferring parking garage is a typical cross-disciplinary integration of mechanical and electrical products, mechanical assembly, electronics, information technology in one. Lifting transmission car and transferring parking mainly by the steel parts, panels containing part, the system, control system, security system, five components, shown in Figure 2. Three mechanical parking equipment is lifting and machinery of a type of parking equipment, this type of garage equipment in the middle of each layer, the ground floor are to remain free parking, ground floor only do sliding movement on the ground while doing Traversing the second floor done-and-down movement, the ground layer only do Movement. Run-time, ground floor direct access to cars; on the floor the second floor access vehicles, need to correspond through the ground floor containing the car sliding to the space station, the lift reached the ground floor to achieve; the ground three car access is required the second floor by floor, the ground floor of loading corresponding to the of The layer. movement the station after traversing same time, lift reaches the ground spaceuser by the translation reset, is not reset. Parking parking required general principles: down specification and design, automatic and manual operation mode of two points, can be switched on and off during normal operation in the garage to use automated means, in equipment maintenance PLC controlled by manually used manually. Both automatic and debugging and can be programmable controller, so devices can guarantee the safe operation of any manner. Equipment There are several safety devices to ensure safety of people and vehicles, such as anti-fall safety the device, power-off braking device, and devices, limit prevent excessive volume Automatic wrong break phase protection.3.1 The main frame partequipment class and Embassy Beijing Actual projects: Indonesia lifting transferring parking, overall structure simple, generous, give people lightweight sprightly feeling. Main steel structure uses H steel, channel steel, plate welding molding, use bolt connected framework struture strength and stiffness. Order steel part appearance beautiful and anti corrosion, antirust ability, steel some surface overall parking equipment painting before adopted mechanical derusting processing so protective level reached higher grade. In addition, the second set of equipment can be assembledand combined, can be installed to ensure reliable quality, favorable transport and reducing on-site installation time.3.2 Car plates containingof the δ2.3mm Set Set car plates are used to carry inventory of vehicles. car plates from bending sheet δ4.5mm of galvanized galvanized sheet bending forming, girder around edge forming. Edge beam and set vehicles with no plate bolt connection, set car plates to ensure rigidity and strength. Resistance of loading plate with vehicle and stopper.3.3 Drive SystemParking equipment drive system uses chain or rope traction drive transmission. The car parking facilities containing the upper plate by the lift motor gear driven by a chain-driven roller, then roll sliding, plate. Two-story frame structure with movements through the rope-driven of loading respectively, each sliding frame with lifting and sliding the two motors, both frame by sliding the and the rising motor vehicles to reach also traverse motor can be set through the lifting track other compared with cars. The transmission mode level, falling ground achieving access to methods, has run a smooth, safe and reliable maintenance and convenient, while its environmental containing motor vehicle plate by a to also superior the other drive. The lower performance is Drive movement. the traverse track the through chain drive wheel drive along reducer to walk noise, low light weight, as a whole, small size, and motor assembly gear reducer, motor brake maintenance-free, life, long-term and stable reliable performance, long using long-term grease, quality superior.Figure 2 PSH-based three-tier parking equipment lifting and transferring the major part of class3.4 Control SystemControl, the main control object is sliding down a small motor and large motor vehicles to make by power to achieve access of to use button operation, to them according the requirements changing the phase sequence of loading platform to achieve the right and left or up and down. variousits and light as: such garage, the within devices auxiliary various control to Second,specified to the up or down cars To security facilities. ensure the board can traverse and set vehicles, board of loading the using location, a limit switch positioning. To determine whether using optical switches. General small garage can use button operations can also use touch screen is garage circuit and All operation. input and output switching capacity of lifting transferring simple, less demanding on the environment, with its anti-interference ability of PLC and isolationanti-interference an additional longer transformers can meet the requirements, it may no have measures in other so that the exact garage system can orderly work.Core part of the control system PLC control (PLC), has strong anti-interference, strong stability, of set The system reliability, modularity and other structural features. control system is the mechanical parking control system applicable in the area. The control system detects a device with high sensitivity and accuracy and reliability of work and feedback in a timely manner. Contactor output unit is sensitive, reliable, advanced technology, easy maintenance, overload and short circuit protection complete links.buttons, The control system of the switches, breakers, contactors, circuit trip host PLC,and Fuji, Mitsubishi, LG the and other key components, using Japanese photoelectric switches other imported electronic components.3.5 Operating systemparking button box, or touch mechanical screen operation. Usually Operating manual for the spaces on both fixed number, the depositTake vehicles, a layer of vehicle operation without the need for control box, drivers can be entered directly into the vehicle or out of loading platform, to access the vehicle's purpose; three-in access to vehicles, first of all, the operator select the number of parking spaces, After confirmation, press the corresponding buttons, start the corresponding transmission, PLC program can automatically make the selected audience of loading the corresponding three-layer, layer (ground floor and out of cars), and first to the left or to the the right move to stay out of space, and then three-set car plate fell to the ground through the transmission layer, so as to achieve the purpose of access toof select number the same to floor vehicles. Similarly, the second in the access vehicles, first then press the appropriate buttons confirmation, and to start the corresponding parking spaces, transmission, PLC program can automatically select the second floor of the car plate containing a layer under the corresponding (ground floor and out of cars), first to the left or right to stay out of space, and then the second floor of loading plate through the transmission fell to the ground floor, so as to achieve the purpose of access to vehicles. Deposit car or pick up the car after pressing the confirm button, car automatic reset, wait for the next operation command. Need manual operation, can be combined into a manual button to move the operation, that is, hold down the button and equipment operation, release the button device to stop, step by step operation is complete access tovehicles. Interface shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 user interface3.6 Safety SystemWith power, phase, phase and phase sequence protection; time delay; anti-people, foreign body mistakenly entered the infrared detection devices; vehicle location; prevent the fall of loadingplate device; emergency stop devices.4、Conclusion and OutlookA programmable controller as lifting and transferring control of the garage the core unit, whichis taken into account a variety of objective factors of the case put forward. Programmablecontroller with its good control performance, small size, powerful, short development cycle andthe characteristics of strong anti-interference, is widely used in the garage of the control system. Centralized parking many advanced modern technology, high-tech garage, which lifting and transferring convenient parking garage, access speed, garage flexible structure, low cost, has become in the future parking the main form of development. If the PC-PC as the control system, through flexible, friendly interface to Internet as an information channel can be realized on the parking garage remote network control and management.附录：英文资料翻译基于PLC的多层停车场的研究与设计1、立体停车库发展概况立体停车库设备的应用已有30多年的历史了发展较早、较好的有日本、韩国、台湾省、德国等众所周知，我国经济在经历了近30年的高速增长之后，大众对生活质量的要求日益提高，“衣食住行”中的“行”提高到一个新的高度。