F6-chapter 2

合集下载

SAS编程基础..

TANGJIE
2 35 169.2 60.8
GAOJUN
2 24 176.0 73.3
SUNHONG 2 27 158.3 49.9
;
PROC MEANS;
CLASS SEX;
VAR HEIGHT WEIGHT;
RUN;
❖ DATA STEP(数据步)
以DATA语句开始将数据读入SAS系统，建立SAS数据集
INPUT NAME $ V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6;
可以写成：
INPUT NAME $ V1-V6;
注意: 字符型变量NAME不包含在这个缩写清单中。这些变量要求类型相同，或全是数值型的或全是字符型的。
v1 1-2 v2 3-4 v3 5-6 可表示为（v1-v3）(3*2.) 或（v1-v3）(2.2.2.) 表示共有三个变量，每个变量有两位数据
观测(Observation，OBS)
描述被观测对象的单一整体（如一个人、一个实验动物等）某些所研究特性的一系列数据值称为一个观测，又称观察。在SAS数据集中每一行数据是一个观测。
变量(Variable)
变量指定了数据的某一特性。在SAS数据集中，每一个观测是由各个变量的数据值组成。在数据集中每一列数据是一个变量。
三、SAS语句
SAS语句是由SAS关键词<操作数><选择项> 组成，以分号（;）结束 1、语句格式：关键词<操作数><选择项> 例： data one two (keep=x);
2、SAS语句的类型可执行语句（X）例：PUT，IF，BY等定位语句（P）例：DATA等说明语句（D）例：LABEL等
回到程序编辑窗口，修改源程序，再执行如果程序编辑窗口没有显示刚刚执行的程序，

《商务英语视听说》下册教案

《商务英语视听说》下册教案一、教学目标1. 提高学生的商务英语听说能力，使他们在商务场合能够流利地使用英语进行沟通。

2. 培养学生对商务英语听说的兴趣，增强他们的学习积极性。

3. 帮助学生掌握一定的商务知识和交际技巧，提高他们的商务沟通能力。

4. 培养学生的团队合作精神，提高他们的综合素质。

二、教学内容1. Chapter 1: Business MeetingsTopics: Preparing for a meeting, Starting a meeting, Handling meeting procedures, Closing a meetingSkills: Listening for mn ideas, Taking notes, Participating in discussions, Giving presentations2. Chapter 2: Business PresentationsTopics: Preparing a presentation, delivering a presentation, Using visual ds, Handling questionsSkills: Listening for specific information, Summarizing, Analyzing, Evaluating3. Chapter 3: NegotiatingTopics: Preparing for negotiation, Establishing mon ground, Handling concessions, Closing a dealSkills: Listening for detls, Interpreting meaning, Persuading, Negotiating4. Chapter 4: Teleconferences and Video ConferencesTopics: Setting up a teleconference, Participating in a video conference, Using technology effectively, Handling technical problemsSkills: Listening over the phone, Non-verbal munication, Adapting to different munication styles5. Chapter 5: Business CorrespondenceTopics: Writing business letters, Writing es, Formatting documents, Proofreading and editingSkills: Listening for relevant information, Summarizing, Writing clearly and concisely, Proofreading三、教学方法1. 任务型教学法：通过模拟商务场景，让学生在实际操作中练习商务英语听说能力。

国际财务管理课后习题答案chapter-5

CHAPTER 5 THE MARKET FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF—CHAPTERQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1。

Give a full definition of the market for foreign exchange。

Answer： Broadly defined， the foreign exchange (FX) market encompasses the conversion of purchasing power from one currency into another，bank deposits of foreign currency, the extension of credit denominated in a foreign currency，foreign trade financing, and trading in foreign currency options and futures contracts。

2。

What is the difference between the retail or client market and the wholesale or interbank market for foreign exchange?Answer：The market for foreign exchange can be viewed as a two—tier market. One tier is the wholesale or interbank market and the other tier is the retail or client market. International banks provide the core of the FX market. They stand willing to buy or sell foreign currency for their own account。

chapter 2

二、汇率
1．汇率定义及标价
汇率：一国货币折算为他国货币的比率，也称汇价或兑换率直接标价法：外币×汇率=本币本币为标价货币，本币标明单位外币价格间接标价法：外币÷汇率=本币本币为基本货币，外币标明单位本币价格
美元标价法所有外汇市场上交易的货币都对美元报价
除英镑、爱尔兰镑等少数货币外，

一、外汇
1．外汇含义
动态外汇：国际间清偿债权、债务或转移资金的一种货币运动静态外汇狭义：以外币表示国际结算支付手段广义：所有以外币表示的资产包含外币表示的各种信用工具和有价证券
2．外币资产作为外汇的三要素(狭义外汇) 自由兑换性普遍接受性可偿性以外币计值的实物资产和无形资产 B股证券我国国家外汇管理局对外汇的界定
i=1
× A国同i国的贸易值
n
A国的全部对外贸易值
幻灯片 8
汇率制定角度：基本汇率 (basic rate)
套算汇率 (cross rate) 如某日，香港外汇市场 US$1=HK$7.7215 巴黎外汇市场 US$1=J￥110.20 则HK$1=J￥110.20/7.7215
外汇交割期限：即期汇率 (spot rate) 远期汇率 ( forward rate) 直接报价法与点数报价法远期差价（掉期率）：
7.0522
907.4000
本行情为卫星实时传输名称欧元美元美元日元英镑美元美元瑞朗澳元美元最近 117.11 今开 117.08 买入低卖出高 780 802 990 200 817 854 533 559 070 090 日期 20030227 20030227 20030227 20030227 20030227 代码 XEU JPY GBP CHF AUD

chapter_16 General Equilibrium and Economic Efficiency 平狄克微观英文版课件

Chapter 1
Slide 7
Two Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette Rentals
Price
Assume the government imposes a $1 tax on each movie ticket.
S*M
QV Q’V
DV
Number of Videos
Two Interdependent Markets: Movie Tickets and Videocassette Rentals
Price
$6.82 $6.75 $6.35
$6.00
The increase in the price of videos increases the
Chapter 1
Slide 20
Efficiency in Exchange
10F
6C
James’s Clothing
A: UJ1 = UK1, but the MRS is not equal. All combinations in the shaded
area are preferred to A.
Chapter 1
Slide 16
The Advantage of Trade
Individual Initial Allocation Trade Final Allocation
James 7F, 1C -1F, +1C 6F, 2C
Karen 3F, 5C +1F, -1C 4F, 4C
Karen’s MRS of food for clothing is 3. James’s MRS of food for clothing is 1/2. Karen and James are willing to trade: Karen trades 1C for 1F. When the MRS is not equal, there is gain from trade. The economically efficient allocation occurs when the MRS is equal.

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

语言学phonology音韵学

The oral cavity(口腔): the mouth It contains the lips, teeth, teeth (alveolar) ridge (齿龈/槽) tip of tongue, blade of tongue, front of tongue, back of tongue, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, epiglottis (会厌软骨). The nasal cavity (鼻腔): the nose Nasal resonance(共鸣) can be produced due to the lowering the soft palate (velum), resulting the production of nasals. The pharyngeal cavity/ pharynx ( 咽腔 ): between the top of the larynx (喉) and the soft palate) The throat (larynx) contains vocal cords/folds, ventricular folds （膨胀带）and glottis (the opening between the vocal cords), the movement of which determines the quality of voicing (voiced & voiceless(浊/ 清音) and pitch(音高).
Phonetics and phonology Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with the same aspect of language, the speech sounds. But they approach the subject from two different points of view. Phonetics studies the production and characteristics of all possible speech sounds, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. It is general, descriptive and classificatory. Phonology is the study of sound systems of languages, which is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. It studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.

《逻辑与计算机设计基础》(原书第五版)课后习题答案-chapter03_solutions-5th

If odd parity is chosen, then an alternative result for Z is:
Z X1 X 2 X3
X1 X2 X3 Z 0000 0011 0101 0110 1001 1010 1100 1111
3-7.+
ABCD 0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000
S0 BCD BCD AB ACD ABCD S1 AB AB ACD BCD S2 ABC ABD
A B C DWX Y Z
00000011
00010100
00100101
00110110
01000111
01011000
01101001
01111010
10001011
10011100
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Fujitsu PRIMERGY Linux安装后操作指南（适用于x86版本3.0）说明书

2005-11-01 Notes on Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (v.3 for x86) PrefaceAbout This ManualThis manual provides notes on PRIMERGY operation with Linux installed. Be sure to read this manual before using Linux.Intended ReadersThis manual is intended for persons who operate PRIMERGY.Organization of This ManualThis manual consists of the following chapters:Chapter 1 Notes on OperationThis chapter provides notes on operation after installation. Be sure to read this chapterbefore operating PRIMERGY with Linux installed.Chapter 2 Addition of Peripheral Devices and Option CardsThis chapter explains the procedures for adding peripheral devices and cards afterinstallation and provides notes on adding these options. Read this chapter as required.Chapter 3 OthersThis chapter explains other functions and provides other notes such as notes on limits.Operation VerificationThe operations of the products described in this manual have been confirmed by Fujitsu. Please note, however, that these operations are subject to change without prior notice.Support & ServiceA support service(SupportDesk Product basic service), available for a fee, provides customers usingLinux with an enhanced sense of security and confidence. Customers concluding a support and service agreement are entitled to receive support in such areas as assistance with queries regarding this manual and questions and problems that may come up during the installation and operation of this product.Please consider taking advantage of this service option by concluding a support and service agreement with us.CopyrightAll rights Reserved, Copyright (C) FUJITSU LIMITED 20051. Notes on Operation1.1 Assignment of Device NamesLinux assigns device names to a variety of devices, such as the hard disk drive, in the order that it recognizes them during its startup sequence. If the system is restarted after a device such as a hard disk drive or controller fails, the assigned device names may be changed because the system cannot recognize a device that has failed.Example: When hard disk drives are connected to SCSI ID 1, 2, and 3, device names /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, and /dev/sdc are assigned respectively to the disk drives. If /dev/sdb failsunder this condition, the device previously assigned /dev/sdc/ is moved up by one andrecognized as /dev/sdb after the system is restarted.If an assigned device is unexpectedly changed, it may prevent the system from starting or,in the worst case, may damage your data. If a device fault is detected, therefore, Fujitsurecommends starting the system in rescue mode and checking for hardware faults beforerestarting the system (*1). Repair the hardware fault, restore the system by means suchas the backup tape, and then restart the system.*1 For details on starting the system in rescue mode, see Section 1.4, "Starting theSystem in Rescue Mode."After starting the system, use the fdisk command to check whether the relevant hard diskdrive can be recognized, and take necessary steps such as checking for hardware errormessages in /var/log/messages.1.2 Installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (v.3 for x86) PackagesRed Hat Enterprise Linux provides installation types so that the optimum system can be constructed according to the use purpose. For this reason, packages required for your purposes might not be installed. If a required package has not been installed, log in as the root and install it by executing the following procedure:Install the necessary packages by using the installation CDs (1/4 to 4/4) that have beencreated according to the Installation Procedure included in the driver kit.# mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom# cd /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS# rpm -ivh <package_file>Example: To install package "make"# rpm -ivh make-3.79.1-17.i386.rpm# cd /# umount /mnt/cdrom# eject* Remove the CD.1.3 Installing and Setting Up Global Array Manager (GAM)Use Global Array Manager (GAM) as a RAID management tool in a system with a mounted onboard SCSI-RAID and SCSI-RAID card (PG-142E3).For details on installing GAM-Client (Windows), see "Outline of Installation Procedure for Global Array Manager-Client", which is an attachment.The GAM-Server (Linux) installation procedure is explained below.[Notes]1)The screen display may become unstable during GAM installation or GAM service startup.This is not an operational problem.2)Specify the port numbers shown below for GAM service.Take care when configuring firewall settings.Port numbers: 157,158(1)To install GAM-Server (Linux), insert the driver CD into the CD-ROM drive, and entercommands as follows:# mount -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom# cd /mnt/cdrom/UTY/GAM/Linux# rpm -ivh gam-server-6.02-21.i386.rpm# rpm -ivh gam-agent-6.02-21.i386.rpm- Enter the following only if onboard SCSI for RX200 S2# rpm -ivh 1030SNMPAgent-2.4-3.i386.rpm# sh ./insgam* Confirm that “GAM is installed successfully.” is displayed.# cd /# umount /mnt/cdrom# eject* Remove the CD.(2)For user accounts in Linux, create "gamroot" as a user account with GAM administratorauthority and then create user accounts (e.g., "gamuser") with user authority.(If a user account with user authority has already been created, another account need not be created.) # adduser gamroot# passwd gamrootChanging password for user gamrootNew-password <--- Enter a password.Retype new password <--- Re-enter the same password for confirmation.passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully* Create a user account with user authority in the same way as explained above.(3)Edit three lines as shown below in the /etc/sysconfig/gam file.Events can be posted to GAM-Client after this editing is completed.# vi /etc/sysconfig/gam[Before editing]START_GAMEVENT=nGAMEVENT_OPTIONS=""[After editing]START_GAMEVENT=y <--- Change "n" to "y".GAMEVENT_OPTIONS="-h ip-address" <--- Specify the IP address of the managementWindows system on which GAM-Client isinstalled.[Before editing]START_GAMEVLOG=n[After editing]START_GAMEVLOG=y <--- Change "n" to "y".(4)Restart the system.# shutdown -r now* The following message may be displayed after the system starts. It does not indicate an operational problem.[Message]gamagent: gamagent: Connection refusedgamagent connect failure1.4 Starting the System in Rescue ModeUsing only one of the installation CDs that have been created according to the Installation Procedure included in the driver kit, you can start the system in rescue mode. This may enable system recovery in the event of a problem that prevents the system from starting normally.This section explains only how to start the system as one that has minimum functionality.Start the system in rescue mode as follows:(1)Start the system from installation CD 1/4 that was created according to the InstallationProcedure included in the driver kit. Enter the appropriate response in the following window,and press the [Enter] key.(2)In the Choose a Language window, select "English" and select "OK."(3)In the Keyboard Type window, select "jp106" and select "OK."If an accessory keyboard such as of a flat display (PG-R1DP3) is used, select "us" here.(4)In the following window, select "Yes."(5)In the following window, select "Add Device."(6)In the Driver List window, select the drivers for the devices installed in the system, and select"OK." The following drivers must be selected:[onboard SCSI type for TX200 S2][onboard SCSI type or onboard SCSI-RAID type for RX200 S2]Two drivers must be selected. Select drivers as follows:1.Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI Logic Fusion MPT Base Driver (mptbase)"2.The Device Selection window is displayed. Select "AddDevice."3. A list of drivers is displayed. Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI Logic Fusion MPT SCSI Driver (mptscsih)"[SCSI-RAID card(PG-140D1/PG-142E3) for TX200 S2][onboard SCSI-RAID type for RX300 S2]Select the driver shown below, and select "OK.""LSI MegaRAID controller (megaraid2)"(7)Make sure that the selected driver is displayed in the following window, and select "Done."(8)The Setup Networking window is displayed. Select "No" because network settings need not beconfigured at this time.(9)Select "Continue" in the Rescue window.(10)If the root partition (/) in the existing Linux system has been mounted successfully under/mnt/sysimage, this is reported in the Rescue window. Select "OK."(11)When the prompt is displayed, enter the chroot command to change the root path to the harddisk drive.sh-2.05b# chroot /mnt/sysimage(12)This completes startup in rescue mode. To exit rescue mode, enter the exit command twice.sh-2.05b# exit <--- Exit from the chroot environment.sh-2.05b# exit <--- Exit from the rescue mode.1.5 Power-off at ShutdownPower is not automatically turned off at shutdown.When [Power down] is displayed on the console screen, press the power switch to turn off the power.Note that the power is automatically turned off when the system is shut down in an environment in which ServerView is installed.2. Addition of Peripheral Devices and Option Cards2.1 Adding a SCSI DiskThe number of LUNs is set to 1 by default. To add a SCSI disk, shared disk, or tape library, log in as the root and define the number of LUNs as shown below. Multiple LUN referencing is enabled after the system is started next.(1)Add the following lines to /etc/modules.conf:options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=N <--- Add* N is the number of LUNs. Define the appropriate number.(2)Enter the mkinitrd command to create initrd.To create initrd, enter the mkinitrd command appropriate for the type of kernel used.* Enter the following command to check the type of kernel used:# uname -r[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL (kernel for single CPU)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp (kernel for multi-CPU)]#cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp(3)Restart the system.Enter the following command to restart the system.# shutdown -r now2.2 Adding Option CardsIf any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the following table is added after system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup. This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.The table lists models and the option cards supported by them.TX200 S2 RX200 S2 RX300 S2PG-128 V -- -- SCSI cardPG-130L -- V V PG-140D1V V -- SCSI-RAID cardPG-142E3V V -- PG-1852 V V -- PG-1853 V -- -- PG-1853L -- V -- PG-1862 V V -- PG-1882 V -- -- PG-1882L -- V V PG-1892 V -- -- LAN cardPG-1892L -- V V PG-FC106V V V onboard Fibre-Channel cardPG-FC107V V VSCSI cardPG-128 -- -- V SCSI-RAID cardPG-142E3-- -- V PG-1852 -- -- V PG-1853 -- -- V PG-1862 -- -- V PG-1882 -- -- V LAN cardPG-1892 -- -- V PG-FC106-- -- V Raiser Card Fibre-Channel cardPG-FC107-- -- VV: Supported --: Not supported- TX200 S2 or RX300 S2If any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the above table is added after system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup. To add a fibre channel card, follow the steps below. Except for a fibre channel card, select "configure."To add a LAN card, configure network settings according to the instructions displayed in the window. Login as a root user at system startup, and perform the operations explained in Section 2.3, "Executing mkinitrd."This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.[A fibre channel card is added](1)If a fibre channel card is added after system installation,kudzu is automatically started at system startup.Always select "ignore ."(2)Add the following line to /etc/modules.conf.If SCSI or SCSI-RAID device is installed in the system,number the end of "scsi_hostadapter", as "2, 3, ...".options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=128 Add- RX200 S2If any of the option cards supported by the models listed in the above table is added after systeminstallation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup.To add a fibre channel card or LAN card, follow the steps below.Except for a fibre channel card and LAN card, select "configure." Login as a root user at system startup, and perform the operations explained in Section 2.3, "Executing mkinitrd."This section explains the operations that enable the system to automatically recognize the added card at each subsequent system startup.[A LAN card(PG-1852, PG-1862, PG-1882L or PG-1892L) is added](1)If any of the LAN cards supported by the models listed in the above table is addedafter system installation, kudzu is automatically started at system startup.Always select " ignore."(2)Add the following lines to /etc/modules.conf.[ PG-1852, PG-1853L,PG-1892L, or PG-1882L]alias eth0 e1000alias eth1 e1000alias eth2 e1000 <--- Add[ PG-1862]alias eth0 e1000alias eth1 e1000alias eth2 e1000 <--- Addalias eth3 e1000 <--- Add(3)Set up the network.[ PG-1852, ,PG-1853L ,PG-1892L, or PG-1882L]# netconfig -d eth0# netconfig -d eth1# netconfig -d eth2[ PG-1862]# netconfig -d eth0# netconfig -d eth1# netconfig -d eth2# netconfig -d eth3[A fibre channel card is added](1)If a fibre channel card is added after system installation,kudzu is automatically started atsystem startup.Always select "ignore ."(2)Add the following line to /etc/modules.conf.If SCSI or SCSI-RAID device is installed in the system,number the end of "scsi_hostadapter",as "2, 3, ...".options scsi_mod max_scsi_luns=128 Add2.3 Executing mkinitrd(1) Create initrd by executing the mkinitrd command.Create initrd by executing the mkinitrd command according to the kernel used.* Enter the following command to check the kernel used:# uname -rCommand execution examples are shown below.[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL (kernel for a single CPU)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL[2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp (kernel for multi-CPUs)]# cp /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.ELsmp.img.bak# mkinitrd -f /boot/initrd-2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp.img 2.4.21-32.0.1.EL smp(2) Restart the system.Restart the system as follows:# shutdown -r now3. Others3.1 Sound FunctionNo sound function is supported.3.2 PCI Hot Plug FunctionThe PCI hot plug function is not supported.3.3 Usable KernelsThe kernels that can be used vary depending on the hardware conditions.See the table below for the kernels that can be used.Note that middleware specifications might limit the kernel to be selected. In this case, select the kernel in accordance with the middleware specifications.Hardware conditionsKernel to be selectedMemory Number of logical CPUs (*1)for single CPU1CPU Kernel Up to 4 GB2 or more CPUs Kernel for multi-CPUMore than 4 GB and up to 8 GB No conditions Kernel for multi-CPU(*1) Even when only one CPU is installed, the number of logical CPUs is 2if Hyper Threading = Enabled.3.4 Distribution LimitationsOperation is not guaranteed if one of the following CPU, memory, and file system limitations is exceeded:Maximum number of logical CPUs: 16Maximum memory size: 8 GBFile system: Less than 1 TB3.5 Installation ProcedureFor information on the procedure for installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES (v.3 for x86), see the Installation Procedure included in the "Installation Kit" downloaded from Download Search.Attachment Outline of Global Array Manager Client Installation* Perform this operation only when an onboard SCSI-RAID or a SCSI-RAID card (PG-140D1 or PG-142E3) are mounted.* GAM-Client runs on Windows2000 and Windows2003. Prepare a management Windows system.1. Insert the driver CD into the CD-ROM drive in the management Windows system.2. Execute setup.exe in RHEL3¥UTY¥GAM¥Windows on the driver CD.3. When the "Welcome" window is displayed, click "Next."4. The "Software License Agreement" window is displayed. Read the statements and click "Yes" if youaccept the terms of this agreement.5. The "Select Components" window (Figure 1) is displayed. Confirm that the check box before "GlobalArray Manager Client" is selected. Clear the "Global Array Manager Server" and "SAN Array Manager Client" check boxes, and click "Next."Figure 1* "SAN Array Manager Client" is not supported. Do not install it.6.The "Choose Destination Location" window is displayed.Click "Browse," specify the location that you want as the installation destination, and click "Next."* If GAM-Client is already installed, a message confirmingwhether to overwrite is displayed. Click "OK" to continue.7. A dialog box for specifying the GAM-Client installation destination is displayed. Click "Next." and thesetup program starts copying files.8. The "Setup Complete" window is displayed.Click "Finish" to exit the GAM-Client installation wizard.-- END --。

Linear Algebra (chapter2)03

is called the coordinate vector of x (relative to B) or the B-coordinate vector of x.
§2.9 Dimension and Rank
Example 1 Let
. Then B is a basis for H =Span{v1,v2} because v1 and v2 are linearly independent. Determine if x is in H, and if it is, find the coordinate vector of x relative to B.
§2.8 Subspace of Rn
2. Column Space and Null Space of a Matrix Definition (1) The column space (列空间)of a matrix A is the set Col A of all linear combinations of the column of A. (2) The null space (零空间) of a matrix A is the set Nul A of all solutions to the homogeneous equation Ax = 0.
Then which shows that u + v is a linear combination of v1 and v2 and hence is in H. Also, for any scalar c, the vector cu is in H.
§2.8 Subspace of Rn
§2.8 Subspace of Rn

ACCA F6 四川大学工商管理学院课件Chapter1

The threshold income level
Salary Benefits assessable on all employees Benefits assessable only on ￡8,500 (or more) earners Total earnings (for test purposes) ￡ × × × ×
1 P11D employees

Most employees are taxed on benefits under the benefits code. Employees involve excluded employees and P11D employees. ―Excluded employees‖ are only subject to part of the provisions of the code. Excluded employee: an employee in lower paid employment (general earnings for the tax year is less than £8,500) (a) not directors, or (b) director with no material interest (< 5%) in the company P11D employee: not excluded employees. A P11D employee is one who is an employee earning at least £8,500 per annum or a director of a company (in most cases).
Expenses related to living accommodation （reference to 2.3）

2007年福特自由式快速参考指南说明书

FREESTYLE2007QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE2007FREESTYLE *7F9J-19G217-AA*7F9J-19G217-AAFEBRUARY 2006FIRST PRINTINGQUICK REFERENCE GUIDE624848121LOCATION OF SPARE TIRE AND TOOLSYour vehicle is equipped with a temporary spare tire,which is smaller than a regular tire,and designed for emergency use only.The jack,spare tire,jack handle,and lug nut wrench are under the carpeted floor panel in the rear of the vehicle.If the 3rd row seat is stowed in the floor,you will need to unstow it to access the spare tire and jack.FUSESIf your electrical components aren't working properly,a fuse may have blown.Please consult your Owner's Guide.FUEL PUMP SHUT-OFF SWITCHThis device stops the electric fuel pump from sending fuel to the engine when your vehicle has had a substantial jolt.After an accident,if the engine cranks but does not start,this switch may have been activated.The fuel pump shut-off switch is located in the front passenger footwell area in the right upper corner.For switch reset instructions,please consult your Owner's Guide.UNLEADED FUEL RECOMMENDATIONSFor optimum performance,use “Regular”unleaded fuel with a pump (R+M)/2octane rating of at least 87.We do not recommend the use of gasolines labeled “Regular”with octane ratings of 86or lower that are sold in high altitude areas.TIRE PRESSURESafe operation of your Freestyle requires that your tires be properly inflated.The Ford recommended inflation pressure is found on the Tire Label or the Certification Label located near the front door latch on the driver's side.At least once a month and before long trips,inspect each tire and check the air pressure with a digital or dial-type tire gauge.Don't forget the spare.Air pressure should be checked when the tires are cold.Inflate all tires to the inflation pressure recommended by Ford Motor Company.ROADSIDE ASSISTANCEIn addition to your New Vehicle Limited Warranty,Ford provides new vehicle owners with a complimentary roadside assistance program.This service is available 24hours a day,seven days a week,for three years or 36,000miles (60,000km).It covers changing a flat tire,jump starts,limited fuel delivery,lock-out assistance,winch out,and towing of your vehicle.United States (800)241-3673Canada (800)665-2006UNDERSTANDING THE CVTThe Continuously Variable Transaxle (CVT)is a fully automatic transmission that electronically monitors vehicle system inputs/outputs and driver demands to select the desired drive ratio.Unlike traditional automatic transmissions,the CVT continually adjusts the optimum overall drive ratio between engine and drive wheels for all operating conditions.As traditional automatic transmissions shift up or down in gears,the shifting in gear ratios is noticeable by increasing and decreasing engine RPM,which causes a slight energy loss as the gears change.The gear changes can be felt by the driver.With the CVT,there is no energy transfer loss from shifting because there is no gear shifting up or down.Accelerating up to vehicle operating speed is smooth and continuous,uninterrupted by gear shifting.The same holds true for coasting down to idle:smooth and continuous.Unlike traditional automatic transmissions,the CVT offers more responsive performance and increased fuel economy.The use of fluids other than the recommended fluid could seriously damage internal transmission components.Please consult your Owner’s Guide.REAR WINDOW BUFFETINGWhen one or both of your rear windows are fully open,you may experience a wind throb or buffeting noise.This is common among all vehicles and can be eliminated simply by lowering a front window two to three inches.POWER SIDE MIRRORSRotate the control clockwise to adjust theright mirrorand counterclockwise toadjust the leftmirror.Move the controlin thedirection you wish totilt themirror.Rotate thecontrol to thecenter position to lock the mirrors in place.REMOTE ENTRY SYSTEMYour vehicle is equipped with a remote entry system which allows you to lock or unlock the doors.It also allows you to activate a panic alarm with thekey in the 1(LOCK)or 2(ACC)position.The remote entry system can also control the memory seat/power mirrors/adjustable pedals feature (if equipped).Please consult your Owner's Guide.KEYLESS ENTRY KEYPADThe keyless entry keypad can be used to lock or unlock the doors without using a key.It can also control the memory seat,power mirrors,and adjustable pedals (if equipped).Please consult your Owner’s Guide.MEMORY FEATURE(IF EQUIPPED)This feature will allow you to set two positions for the driver's seat,power mirrors,and adjustable pedals (if equipped).Please consult your Owner's Guide.ADJUSTABLE PEDALS(IF EQUIPPED)The accelerator and brake pedal should only be adjusted when the vehicle is stopped and the gearshift is in the P (Park)position.Press thetop of the control to adjust thepedals away from you,or press the bottom of the control to adjust the pedals toward you.HOMELINK ®(IF EQUIPPED)The HomeLink Wireless Control System on the driver's visor provides a convenient way to replace up to three handheld transmitters with a single device.This feature willoperate most garage doors,entry gate operators,security systems,and home or office lighting.For programming,please consult your Owner's Guide.HEATED SEATS(IF EQUIPPED)Press the heated seat button to cycle through available settings of high heat (2lights),low heat (1light),and off (no lights).REVERSE SENSING SYSTEM(IF EQUIPPED)The Reverse Sensing System (RSS)sounds a tone to warn the driver of obstacles near the rear bumper when R (Reverse)is selected and the vehicle is moving at speeds less than 3mph (5km/h).The system is not effective at speeds above 3mph (5km/h)and may not detect certain angular or moving objects.CLIMATE CONTROLDual Zone Automatic Temperature Control (IF EQUIPPED)Driver and Passenger Side TemperatureSet desired cabin temperature with the blue and red buttons.Press to increase or decrease the temperature on the driver or passenger side of the cabin.Dual Control (IF EQUIPPED)Press DUAL to engage/disengage separate passenger side temperature control.For controls without a DUAL button,press and hold AUTO to engage/disengage separate passenger side temperature control.Automatic OperationSet desired cabin temperature.Then press AUTO for full automatic operation.The system will automatically adjust airflow temperature,front fan speed,airflow direction,A/C,and recirculated air based on the selected temperature to heat or cool the vehicle to the desired temperature as soon as possible.Defogging/DemistingPress Defrost to distribute outside air through the windshield defroster vents and demister vents.To reduce humidity build-up in the vehicle,do not drive with the climate control turned off.Also,do not drive with recirculated air selected unless the A/C is operating.Air Flow Direction Control (IF EQUIPPED)Press repeatedly to select desired airflow direction.Heated Seats (IF EQUIPPED)Press to cycle through available settings of high heat (2lights),low heat (1light),and off (no lights).Rear (IF EQUIPPED)Press to give rear passenger control of the auxiliary climate system.Press again to turn system off.Rear Temperature Control (IF EQUIPPED)Press to increase or decrease temperature to the rear of the vehicle.Rear Fan Speed Control (IF EQUIPPED)Press to increase or decrease the rear fan speed.18222120191416131517On/Off/Volume ControlPush to turn ON or OFF .Turn to increase or decrease volume.If the volume is set above a certain level and the ignition is turned off,the volume will come back on at a “nominal”level when the ignition switch is turned back on.Tune/Disc SelectorPress to go up or down the radio frequency band or to select a desired disc.Also use in MENU mode to select various settings.Bass/TreblePress MENU until Bass/Treble settings are displayed.Adjust using the SEEK control.Balance/FadePress MENU until Balance is displayed.Press to adjust the audio between the left and right speakers using the SEEK control.Press MENU again to display Fade.Press to adjust audio between the front and rear speakers using the SEEK control.MP3Track/Folder ModeIn Track mode,pressing SEEK will scroll through all tracks on the disc.In Folder mode,pressing SEEK will scroll only through tracks within a selected folder.CDPress to enter CD mode.If a CD is already loaded into the system,the CD will begin playing where it last ended.LOADPress LOAD to begin the CD load sequence.When the display prompts to select a slot,use the desired slot to load the CD.Press and hold LOAD to autoload up to 6CDs,one at a time,when the display prompts to load a CD.AM/FMPress to select AM or FM frequency bands.Setting Memory Presets To set a station:Select AM/FM frequency band,tune to a station,then press and hold a preset button until the sound returns.SCAN controlPress for a brief sampling of radio stations or CD tracks.Press again to stop.SEEK controlPress to access the next/previous strong station or track.Setting the ClockPress MENU until SELECT HOUR or SELECT MINS is e the up/down arrows and SEEK control to adjust the hours/minutes.Dual Play/Single PlayIf the vehicle has a DVD system,simultaneously press preset buttons 2and 4to switch between Dual Play and Single Play.Please consult your Owner's Guide for DVD system operation.117121098654321SEATINGFront Passenger Fold Flat Seat Back The front passenger seat back can be folded down to a horizontal position to allow room for a long load.Ensure that the seat is in the rearmost position and the headrestraint is fully down,prior to pulling the strap located on the back of the seat back.Adjusting 2nd Row Bucket and Bench Seats Lift the side handle to adjust the seat ing the same control will fold the seat back flat.Lifting the control (if equipped)located underneath the seat cushion will adjust the seat forward or backward.Accessing the 3rd Row Seats Ensure that the 2nd row seat adjustable head restraints (if equipped)are in the full down position and no objects such as books,purses,or briefcases are onthe floor in front of the 2nd row seats before folding them down.Place the front row seat in a forward position to allow the 2nd row seat to be fully ”tumbled.”Lift the handle once to fold the seat back flat.Lift the same handle a second time to “tumble”the seat forward to allow access to the 3rd row seat.Stowing the 3rd Row Bench or Split Bench Seat in TubMove the adjustable head restraint (if equipped)fully down.Ensure that the stowage tub is clear of objects prior to cycling.From the rear of the vehicle,foldthe seat back by pulling and holding the number 1strap while pushing the seat back forward.Release the strap after the seat back starts rotating forward.Release the cushion latches by pulling the number 2strap while pulling on the long strap located on the seat back,to rotate the seat all the way into the tub in the floor.ESSENTIALINFORMATION ADDITIONALFEATURESAUDIO SYSTEMPremium/Audiophile In-Dash 6-CD/MP3Sound System (IF EQUIPPED)1234567891011121719191820212213141615Max A/C OperationAutomatic Operation:Press AUTO for full automatic operation.Do not override A/C or recirculated air.Set the temperature to 60°F (16°C).Override Operation:Select air distribution.Select A/C and recirculated e recirculated air with A/C to provide colder airflow.Set temperature to 60°F (16°C).Set to highest front fan speed initially,then adjust to maintain comfort.Manual Override OperationSet desired cabin temperature.Adjust any of the following for personal comfort preferences:front fan speed,airflow direction,A/C,and recirculated air.Front fan speed,A/C,and recirculated air overrides will not turn off the AUTO indicator light.Airflow direction overrides will turn off the AUTO indicator light.ONE |HEADLAMP CONTROLTurning the headlamp control clockwise to the first position turns on the parkinglamps,instrument panellamps,license platelamps,and thetail lamps.Continuingto turn theheadlamp control tothe second positionturns on theheadlamps.To use theautolamp light-sensitive,automatic on-off control for the headlamps,turn the headlamp control counterclockwise.To turn autolamps off,turn the control clockwise to the O (OFF)position.To activate the high beams,simply pull the turn signal lever towards you to the second detent.Pull the lever towards you again to deactivate e the same lever to activate the “Flash to Pass”feature.Pull the lever towards you to the first detent to activate and release it to deactivate.TWO |FOGLAMP CONTROL (IF EQUIPPED)With the ignition on,the foglamps can be turned on when the headlamp control is in the parking lamp,headlamp,or autolamp position,and the high beams are not on.Simply pull the headlamp control towards you to turn on the foglamps.The foglamp indicator light will illuminate.The foglamps will not operate when the high beams are activated.THREE |PANEL DIMMERUse this control to adjust the brightness of the instrument panel and all applicable switches in the vehicle during headlamp and parking lamp operation.Move the control to the full upright position,past the detent,to turn on the interior lamps.FOUR |HOOD RELEASETo open the hood,pull the hood release handle under the bottom of the instrument panel,near the steering column.Go to the front of the vehicle and release the auxiliary latch located under the front center of the e the prop rod to support the raised hood.FIVE |SPEED CONTROLFor your speed control to work,you must press and release the ON button.Pressing and releasing the OFF button,disengages the system and turns it off.To set a desired speed,accelerate to the desiredspeed,press and release the SET+button,then take your foot off the accelerator pedal.You can increase speed using speed control by pressing and releasing the SET+button until you reach the desired speed,increasing speed by 1mph (1.6km/h)with each tap.You can decrease speed in the same way using the SET-button.Pressing the RSM(resume)button will automatically return the vehicle to the previously set speed.The RSM control will not work if the vehicle speed is below 30mph (48km/h)or if the OFF button was pressed.To disengage the speed control,press the OFF or CNCL button or press the brake.SIX |TIL T STEERING COLUMNTo adjust the steering wheel,push the adjustment lever down to unlock the steering column.While the lever is down,tilt the steering column to your desired position.While holding the steering column in place,pull the lever up to its original position to lock the steering column.Do not adjust while driving.SEVEN |STEERING WHEEL AUDIO CONTROLS (IF EQUIPPED)These controls allow you to adjust the radio and CD features from the steering wheel.Press MEDIA to select AM,FM1,FM2or CD.Press SEEK to access the next/previous strong station or track on a CD.Press VOL+/-to adjust volume and MUTE to mute the volume.EIGHT |WINDSHIELD WIPER /WASHERThe multifunction lever controls the windshield wiper modes,speeds,and the windshield washer.For intermittent operation,move the control up one position.You can then adjust the rotary control to the desired interval speed.For normal or low wiper speed,move the control up two positions from OFF.For high speed operation,move the control up three positions from OFF.For windshield washer control,pull the end of the lever toward you.Abrief pull causes a single swipe of the wipers without washer fluid.With a quick pull and hold,the wipers will swipe three times with washer fluid.A long pull and hold will activate the wipers and washer fluid for up to ten seconds.NINE |TRACTION CONTROL ™(IF EQUIPPED)This system helps you maintain the stability and steerability of your vehicle on slippery road surfaces such as snow,ice,or gravel.The system works closely with many of the elements already present in the Anti-lock Braking System.The system defaults to ON.However,should you become stuck,try switching the Traction Control™off.ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX SEVEN EIGHT NINETEN |THROTTLE CONTROL /TRANSMISSION LAMPThe throttle control /transmission lamp illuminates when a powertrain fault or an AWD fault (if equipped)has been detected.Contact your dealer as soon as possible.ELEVEN |ENGINE COOLANT LAMPThe engine coolant lamp Illuminates when the engine coolant is low.Stop the vehicle as soon as safely possible and let the engine cool.TWEL VE |ABS WARNING LAMPIn an emergency,apply continuous force to the brake pedal.Do not pump the brakes.Any pulsation or mechanical noise you may feel or hear is normal.If the lamp stays on or continues to flash,have your vehicle serviced.Normal braking is still functional unless the brake warning lamp is also illuminated.THIRTEEN |MESSAGE CENTER (IF EQUIPPED)With the ignition in the RUN position,the message center displays important vehicle information by constantly monitoring vehicle systems.You may select display features on the message center for a display of status,preceded by a brief indicator chime.The system will also notify you of potential vehicle problems with a display of system warnings.For more detailed information,please consult your Owner's Guide.FOURTEEN |CHECK ENGINE LAMPThe check engine indicator lamp illuminates when the ignition is first turned to the RUN position to check the bulb.If the lamp stays on or blinks,the On Board Diagnostics System has detected a malfunction.Drive in a moderate fashion (avoid heavy acceleration or deceleration)and have your vehicle serviced immediately.As the owner of this very capable,very versatile and most refined new Ford Freestyle,you really are…ready to go.And wherever you're going,you'll get there with confidence and style.Pack it for work,pack it for play...your new Ford Freestyle is ready to take you…well…just about anywhere.From tight city streets to snow-covered country roads,your adventures are about to begin.So,what are you waiting for?Let's go.This Quick Reference Guide was designed to help you quickly get to know your new Freestyle and its features.For the most detailed information,please consult your Owner's Guide.So,let's get started.The sooner you know more about your new Freestyle…the sooner you can get packing.ADVENTURES FREESTYLE2007QUICK REFERENCE GUIDEINSTRUMENT PANEL ANDINTERIORFEATURES。

test for chapter 2

I. For each question, there are four choices of answers. In some cases, only one choice is correct while in others there may be two or three correct ones. Choose ALL the correct ones. (25 points)C1. Which of the following is a vowel?A. [p]B. [f]C. [æ]D. [m]A2. Which of the following is the correct description of [f]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop3. Which of the following vowels is CV8?A. [a]B. [e]C. [u]D. [i]4. Which of the following words are likely to have stress in sentences?A. onB. wonderfulC. fireD. right5. Which of the following is called schwa?A. [a]B. [æ]C. [o]D. [ə]C6. Which of the followin g words involve “nasalization”?A. rapB. readC. runningD. wantC7. The sounds that are produced with no obstruction of the airstream at the vocal tract are known as ______.A. consonantsB. places of articulationC. vowelsD. manners of articulationD8. [g] is a ______.A. voiced bilabial stopB. voiceless bilabial fricativeC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiced velar stopA9. [ʊ] is a ______.A. high back rounded vowelB. high back unrounded vowelC. high middle vowelD. high back vowelA10. Which of the following is a broad transcription of the word rap?A. [ræp]B. [ɹæʔ]C. [ɹæpʰ]D. [ɹæp]B11. The basic unit of phonological analysis is the ______.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. soundD. minimal pairC12. conventionally a ________is put in slashes.a. allophoneb. phonec. phonemed. morphemeII. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (15 points) T1. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they are said to be complementarily distributed and must have phonetic similarity.F2. A closed syllable is one without a coda.F3. When dividing syllables, we normally put consonants in the coda position.T4. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.F5. the maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.F6. The initial sound of “peak” is aspirated while the second sound of “speak”is unaspirated. They are in free variation.III. Define the following terms. (20 points)Phonology:Phonology is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur”Phoneme:The smallest sound unit in a language that distinguishes meaning of a word from anotherallophone :Different members of the same phoneme are allophones.minimal pair:it is used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaningfree variation:The substitution of one sound for the other sound does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word. Maximal Onset Principle:When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.assimilation rule:Assimilation rules refer to a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound.IV. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points)1.The pronunciation of tell is [tel], but that of teller is [telə]. Discuss why thephoneme/l/ is realized as [l] and [l] respectively in this situation.(exercise p.349 number 5.(6);6;7)2.The following words contain different forms of the negative prefix in-. Formulatea rule.Irregular incomprehensible illiterateIngenious inoffensive inharmonicImpenetrable illegal incompetentIrresistible impossible irresponsibleImmobile illogical indifferentInconsistent innumerable inevitable3. Discuss the phonological rule that underlies the third person singular present tense forms of verbs in English. （2004 北京林业大学）1) He works eight hours a day, six days a week.[s]t,k2) The girl comes here every Saturday.3) She uses the computer at night.4. what are phonemes, phones and allophones? Explain their relationship with examples from english or chinese. (2005 北京外国语大学)5．Describe the following sounds./d / voiced alveolar stop/v / voiced labiodental fricative/ŋ/ velar nasal/a:/ low back tense unrounded vowel/ə /mid central lax unrounded vowel6. A phonetic symbol is actually a “cover term” for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features. Define each of the symbols below by marking a “+” or a “---” for each given feature: a “+”, if the property is present, a “---” , if it is absent:（略）。

Chapter Two 词汇记忆

Chapter Two词汇记忆一．发音记忆法英语是拼音文字，语音感很强，发好音是学好英语记忆单词的第一关，记一个单词时，我们常常首先默念一下这个单词的发音，如[gud]，然后才拼出这个单词的字母g-o-o-d。

记单词，不能一个个字母地死记硬背，而是要结合英语的发音及发音规则进行记忆。

英语单词记忆无外乎是要记住单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法，而最首要的就是发音，读不出单词的语音，怎么能拼写出字母来呢？所以记单词首先应从语音上下功夫，掌握国际音标和发音规律，以达到科学记忆。

例如：我们知道元音字母0在重读音节时读[əu]，根据这条规则，go，hope，note 等词，不用费什么劲就记住了。

另外还有一条发音规则在0之后，如果是m，n，v，th时，o可以读[ʌ]，根据这条规则，我们不会把mother，some，come，dove,等单词中的0写错。

注意：发音记忆法的关键是发音正确。

如果一个单词听也听不懂，说也不会说，要想记住它实在是太难了。

二．分类记忆法英语词汇极其丰富，如果能把单词分明别类的进行记忆，是大有好处的。

分类方法灵活多样，例如：1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）、Tuesday（星期二）、Wednesday（星期三）、Thursday（星期四）、Friday （星期五）、Saturday（星期六）、Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）、February（二月）、March（三月）、April（四月）、May（五月）、June （六月）、July（七月）、August（八月）、September（九月）、October（十月）、November （十一月）、December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）、summer（夏天）、autumn（秋天）、winter（冬天）（4）颜色(color)red 红色（的）、yellow黄色（的）、blue蓝色（的）、green绿色（的）、black黑色（的）、white白色（的）、orange橙黄色（的）、brown棕色（的）、褐色（的）、pink粉红色（的）、purple紫色（的）、gray灰色（的）（5）国家(country)China(中国)、Japan（日本）、England(英国)、India（印度）、Canada（加拿大）、America / the United States(美国)、Australia（澳大利亚）、Germany（德国）、Russia（俄罗斯）、France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）、Africa（非洲）、America（美洲）、Europe（欧洲）（7）动物(animal)lion（狮子）、tiger（老虎）、elephant（大象）、camel（骆驼）、cow（奶牛）、pig（猪）、fox（狐狸）、snake（蛇）、duck（鸭子）、chicken（鸡）、hen（母鸡）、bird（小鸟）、rabbit（兔子）、panda（熊猫）、deer（鹿）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（鱼）、ant（蚂蚁）、mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）、dog（狗）、cat（猫）、monkey（猴子）、pig （猪）（8）衣着clothes（衣服）、hat（帽子）、shirt（衬衫）、T-shirt（男衬衫）、coat（外套、上衣）、raincoat（雨衣）、uniform（制服）、skirt（裙子）、dress（连衣裙）、trousers（裤子）、jeans（牛仔裤）、sock（袜子）、shoe（鞋子）（9）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）、math（数学）、English（英语）、history（历史）、geography（地理）、biology（生物）、physics（物理）、chemistry（化学）、P.E.（体育）（10）亲属father（父亲）、mother（母亲）、parents（父母）、grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）、grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）、grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）、brother（哥、弟）、sister（姐、妹）、cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹、husband （丈夫）、wife（妻子）、son（儿子）、daughter（女儿）、uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）、aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）三．构词记忆法大家都见过葡萄，摘葡萄都是一串一串地摘。

Chapter 2 - Balance sheet

eNcootens poaymabilce resou$ r4c1,e00s0
AStachlcaoaruietnstasparpyaeaybaolbelwe ned
by 36,000 3,000
Land Building Office equipment
100,000 Ttohtael libabuilistieisness $an80d,000 90,000 Owners' Equity: 15,000 Capaitrael steocxkpected t1o50,000
3. Reported at original cost less accumulated depreciation (or depletion for natural resources).
© Intangible Assets
1. Used in the operations of the business but have no physical substance.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005
Assets Cash Notes receivable Accounts receivable Supplies
$ 22,500 10,000 60,500 2,000
LiaLbiialibtiieliAsti:ess s&eOtwsneras'rEequity
Liabilities & Owners' Equity
CashLiabilities a$r2e2,500 Liabilities:
debts that Notes receivable
Accounts receivable

海底两万里故事梗概各章节

海底两万里故事梗概各章节英文回答：Chapter 1: A Shifting Reef.In this chapter, the protagonist, Professor Pierre Aronnax, is invited to join an expedition to investigate the mysterious creature that has been causing havoc in the world's oceans. He meets his loyal servant Conseil and together they board the USS Abraham Lincoln. The chapter introduces the main characters and sets the stage for the adventure that lies ahead.Chapter 2: The Pros and Cons.In this chapter, Professor Aronnax and Conseil meet the harpooner Ned Land, who becomes an important member oftheir group. They discuss the pros and cons of their mission and the possibility of encountering danger during their journey. The chapter also highlights the contrastingpersonalities of the characters and their different motivations for joining the expedition.Chapter 3: An Invitation in Writing.The chapter begins with the USS Abraham Lincoln encountering the mysterious creature. Professor Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land witness the creature attacking a ship and manage to escape by jumping overboard. They are later rescued by the creature, which turns out to be a highly advanced submarine called the Nautilus. Captain Nemo, the enigmatic and eccentric commander of the Nautilus, invites the three men to join him on his underwater adventures.Chapter 4: An Underwater Tour.In this chapter, Captain Nemo gives Professor Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land a tour of the Nautilus. They explore the various compartments of the submarine, including the library, the dining room, and the observation deck. Captain Nemo showcases the advanced technology and capabilities of the Nautilus, leaving the visitors in awe of its wonders.Chapter 5: The Coral Realm.The Nautilus enters the coral reefs, and the crew witnesses the vibrant and diverse marine life. Professor Aronnax is particularly fascinated by the underwater world and takes notes on the different species they encounter. They also come across a pearl oyster bed, which leads to a discussion on the value of pearls and the dangers of pearl diving. The chapter highlights the beauty and fragility of the underwater ecosystem.Chapter 6: An Unexpected Encounter.During their underwater exploration, the Nautilus encounters a giant squid. A thrilling battle ensues as Captain Nemo and his crew try to fend off the aggressive creature. Professor Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land witness the intense struggle and are amazed by the Nautilus'ability to withstand the attack. The chapter showcases the Nautilus' strength and the bravery of its crew.Chapter 7: A Whale of a Tale.The Nautilus continues its journey, and the crew comes across a herd of whales. Captain Nemo explains his disdain for whalers and his mission to protect marine life. He shares stories of his encounters with whaling ships and his efforts to sink them. The chapter explores the moral dilemma of hunting whales and raises questions about the balance between human progress and environmental preservation.Chapter 8: The Ice Bank.The Nautilus reaches the freezing waters of the South Pole and navigates through the ice banks. Professor Aronnax and his companions witness the harsh conditions and the struggle for survival in this unforgiving environment. They also learn about the various exploration missions to the South Pole and the challenges faced by early explorers. The chapter emphasizes the power and unpredictability of nature.Chapter 9: The Lost Continent.The Nautilus discovers a hidden underwater civilization known as Atlantis. Professor Aronnax and his companions explore the magnificent city and learn about its advanced technology and culture. They witness the utopian society and the harmony between humans and nature. However, they also uncover the dark secrets of Atlantis and the tragic fate that awaits its inhabitants. The chapter explores themes of human ambition, progress, and the consequences of unchecked power.Chapter 10: The Submarine Coal-Mines.In this chapter, the Nautilus ventures into underwater coal mines. Captain Nemo explains the importance of coal as a source of energy and the exploitation of natural resources by humans. Professor Aronnax reflects on the environmental impact of industrialization and the need for sustainable energy alternatives. The chapter raises questions about the balance between technological advancement and responsible resource management.中文回答：第一章，变动的礁石。

菲涅耳公式折反射定律

Chapter 1 理论基础1.1 介质中的Maxwell ’s equations 及物质方程微分形式=t =J+t ==0B E D H D B ρ⎧∂∇⨯-⎪∂⎪⎪∂∇⨯⎨∂⎪⎪∇⎪∇⎩ （1-1）传导电流密度J 的单位为安培/米2(A/m 2)，自由电荷密度ρ的单位为库仑/米2(C/m 2)。

同时有电磁场对材料介质作用的关系式，即物质方程（或称本构方程）00==()J=D E E PB H H M E εεμμσ⎧=+⎪⎪=+⎨⎪⎪⎩ （1-2）麦克斯韦方程组及物质方程描写了整个电磁场空间及全时间过程中电磁场的分布及变化情况。

因此，所有关于电磁波的产生及传播问题，均可归结到在给定的初始条件和边界条件下求解麦克斯韦方程组的问题，这也正是用以解决光波在各种介质、各种边界条件下传播问题的关键及核心。

1.2 积分形式及边界条件由于两介质分界面上在某些情况下场矢量E 、D 、B 、H 发生跃变，因此这些量的导数往往不连续。

这时不能在界面上直接应用微分形式的Maxwell ’s equations ，而必须由其积分形式出发导出界面上的边界条件。

积分形式0L S L S S S d E dl B d S dt d H dl I D d S dt D d S Q B d S ⎧=-⎪⎪⎪=+⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎪=⎪⎩⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ （1-3）得边界条件为21212121()0()()()0n E E n H H n D D n B B ασ⎧⨯-=⎪⨯-=⎪⎨⋅-=⎪⎪⋅-=⎩ （1-4）式（1-4）的具体解释依次如下（具体过程详见《光学电磁理论》P20）：（1）电场强度矢量E 的切向分量连续，n 为界面的法向分量。

（2）α为界面上的面传导电流的线密度。

当界面上无传导电流时，α=0，此时H 的切向分量连续。

比如在绝缘介质表面无自由电荷和传导电流。

（3）σ为界面上的自由电荷面密度。

（4）磁感应强度矢量B 的法向分量在界面上连续。

国际贸易双语课程习题集

《国际贸易》双语课程习题集Chapter 1 Introduction1. Important Concepts:SpecializationExchange rateImport quotaExport industriesGlobalizationRelatively closed economyImport-competing industries2. Choices:(1) International transactions constitute an extension of domestic transactions. In both cases, trade offers the benefits of .a. specializationb.industrializationc.globaliz ationd.tariff(2) There are a few of the differences between domestic and foreign trade. Which one is NOT included?a.Exchange Ratesmercial Policiesc.Marketing Considerationsd.Aggregate Measures(3) Commodity trade is not the only component of international transactions that has expanded rapidly. So dointernationaltransactions.a.industrial productsb.agriculturalproducts c.service d.raw materials3. Review Questions(1) Distinguish between (a) export industries,(b) import-competing industries, and (c) nontraded goods. Give examples of each.(2) Japanese labor productivity is roughly the sameas that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are nontraded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?(3) Evaluate the statement, "The United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is of no consequence to it."Chapter 2 International trade theories1. Important ConceptsComparative advantageAbsolute advantageFactor proportions (or endowment) theoryProduct cycleInter-industry tradeIntra-industry tradeCapital-intensive productsCapital-abundant countryMonopolistic competitionFactor price equalizationLeontief scarce-factor paradox2. Choices(1) The principle of comparative advantage was enunciated early in the nineteenth century by the Englisheconomist .a. David Ricardo b. David Hume c. Adam Smith d. Mordechai E. Kreinin(2) While comparative advantage determines the direction of trade, absoluteadvantage determines and therefore the relative living standards of the two countries.a. allocation of resourcesb. inflationc. the country 's(3) Country A has an absolute advantage over country B in commodity X if it can produce the commodity cheaper is the concept of .a. comparative advantage advantageb. absolutec. relativeadvantage petitive advantageChapter 3 International trade policies1. Important ConceptsDemand considerationDynamic gains from tradeCountry "in isolation"Anti-inflationary trade2. Choices(1) Japan primarily exports manufactured goods, while importing raw materials such as food and oil.Find out the negative impactions on Japan's terms of trade of the following events .a. A war in the Middle East disrupts oil supply.b. Korea develops the ability to produce automobiles that it can sell in Canada and the United States.c. U.S. engineers develop a fusion reactor that replaces fossil fuel electricity plants.d. A harvest failure in Russia.e. A reduction in Japan's tariffs on imported beef and citrus fruit.(2) A national government can introduce a variety of restrictions upon international transactions that cannot be imposed on domestic transactions. These could include .a. different domestic policiesb.voluntary export restraintc.statistical datad.relative immobility of productive factors3. Review QuestionsWhat is meant by strategic trade policy? What are its limitations? How can export subsidies bring about an increase in the share of global profitsms? obtained by “our ” firChapter 4 Tariffs1. Important ConceptsTariff protectionAd valorem tariffSpecific tariffEffective tariff2. Choices(1) Which one is NOT the type of tariff?a. ad valorem tariffb. specific tariffc. export tariffd. compound duty(2) The rule, which guards against discrimination in international trade, is known as .a. WTOb. MFNc. GATTd. IMF(3) The elimination of tariff in a customs union will cause the effect of .a. trade improvementb. tradediversionc. trade creationd. trade competationhigh enough to keep out all imports of the (4) A tariff rate isproduct which we calla. revenue tariffb. prohibitive tariffc. protective tariffd. specific tariffChapter 5 Non-tariff Trade Barriers and the New Protectionism1. Important ConceptsImport quotasQuota rentsQuality upgradingAntidumping duty2. Choices(1) sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a productthat may enter the country.a. An export quotab. An import quotac.Tariff d. Voluntary export restraints(2) International trade in certain primary commodities ( namely raw materials or agricultural products ) is governed by .a. WTOb. EUc. OECDd. ICAs(3) It is customary to distinguish amongthree types of dumping.Which one does NOT belong to those?a. anti-dumpingb. sporadic dumpingc. predatory dumpingd. persistent dumping(4) A country sets an absolute limit on the quantity of a product that may enter it is the concept of ___________________ .a. quota rentsb. indirect taxesc. auctioning import license import quotasd.3. Review Questions(1) Evaluate the following statements:a. As instruments of protection go, a tariff is less harmfulto a country than an quota, and a quota is less harmful thanb. Protection is an expensive and inefficient way to create jobs.c. International commodity agreements constitute the best way of helping LDCscombat the effect of violent price fluctuations on their economies.d. The Multifibre Agrement represents an excellent way to organize international trade. We should apply it to steel and other industries. (2) "Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urbanChapter 6 Economic Integration and WTO1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2. What are the conflicts between the WTOand the environmentalmovement?3. Choices(1) International and regional forums for trade and financial negotiation include some organizations except .a. WTOb. EUc. World Bankd. OECD(2) What is unique about inrernational economics _________________a. exchange ratesb. relative immobility of productive factorsc. marketing considerationsd. commercial policies(3) Which of the following actions would be legal under GATT .a. A U.S. tariff of 20 percent against any country that exports more than twice as much to the United States as it imports in return.b. A subsidy to U.S. wheat exports, aimed at recapturing some of the markets lost to the European Union.c. A U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber exports, not matched by equivalent reductions on other tariffs.d. A Canadian tax on lumber exports, agreed to at the demand of the United States to placate U.S. lumber producers.e. A program of subsidized research and development in areasrelated to hightechnology goods such as electronics and semiconductors.f. Special government assistance for workers who lose theirjobs because of import competition.Chapter 7 International Trade and E-Commerce1. What is the process of e-commerce ？2. Briefly review the key innovations that culminated in thedigital revolution. What is the basic technological process that made the revolution possible?3. What is convergence? How is convergence affecting Sony? Kodak?Nokia?4. What is the innovator's dilemma? What is the difference betweensustaining technology and disruptive technology? Briefly review Christensen's five principles of disruptive innovation.5. What key issues must be addressed by global companies thatengage in e-commerce?6. What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that inducecompanies to invest abroad.Chapter8 procedure of international trade1. Please list at least three essential constituents of adefinite offer.2. According to the text, what characteristics does an indefinite offer have?3. Please briefly describe the export process.4. Why is it of great importance for the exporter to check theL/C against the sales contracts very carefully after receiving the L/C? 5. What documents should usually be submitted when negotiating through the bank?6. Please briefly describe the import process.7. Why is the shipping advice so important on CFR?8. What information should be included in a packing list?9. Please list at least six kinds of documents used in international trade?10. What are the major functions of an B/L11. What are the contents and functions of commercial invoice?12. What is the function of documentation in export and import practices?Chapter9 International Trade Terms oceanic transportation?1. What's trade terms?2. Please briefly describe the thirteen trade terms inIncoterms 2000.3. What are the obligations of the buyer under the termsof CIF, FOB and CFR?4. What are the obligations of the seller under the termsof FCA, CPT and CIP?5. Which trade term is suitable to inland waterway and6. Please briefly describe three international trade practices.7. Please describe the formation domestic expenses andforeign expenses.8. Please list at least four derived forms of CFR.9. What's the meaning of main freight?10. What's difference between symbolic delivery andphysical delivery?11. What's the relationship among FOB, CFR and CIF?12. What's Commission ?13. Please describe the formula about conversion among FOB,CFR and CIF.Chapter10 terms of commodity1. How to name goods exported ?2. What's quality of commo dity?3. Please describe types of quality.4. How to weight different commodities?5. What's more or less clause?6. Please describe functions of sales packing and shipping packing.7. Why is shipping mark important in international transportation?8. Please describe the standardized format of shipping mark suggested by ISO.9. When choosing appropriate cargo packing, what factors should one take into consideration?Chapter11 international cargo transportation1. List at least 4 major type of transportation.2. What are the characteristics of Liner shipping?3. How to compute freight of Liner shipping?4. Who will undertake the loading and unloading charges in chartering a vessel?5. What's International Multimodal transportation.6. What are the Features of containerization?7. What's demurrage and dispatch?8. what 's the function of bill of lading?9. Please explain the clean bill of lading.10. What 's the difference between Hague Rules and Hamburg Rules?Chapter12 international cargo transportation insurance1. Please describe the scope of cargo transportation insurance.2. What's the difference between Perils of sea and extraneous risks?3. Please list at least 6 major type of fortuitousaccidents.4. Which risk did TITANIC encounter? Can this kindof risk be avoided?5. Did all the cargoes sunk with the ship? What type of loss they belonged to ?(actual loss, constructive loss, particular loss or general loss).6. What measures were taken after TITANICWhat was the nature of the Expense caused encountered the risk?by the measures? Did the insurance compensate for it?7. Who relieve the survivor on TITANIC ? what wasthe nature of this kind of expense? Who must undertake it?8. What's actual total loss and what is thedifference between Constructive total loss and actual total loss?9. What's General Average and what is thedifference between Particular Average and General Average?10. Please explain sue and labor expense and salvage charge11. What's coverage of CIC ?12. What's the relationship between CIC and ICC?13. How to compute the insurance value of the goodsand it 's insurance premium ?14. Please describe the content of insurance policy.Chapter13 international payments1. What payment instruments are used in international trade? Please list at least 5 of them.2. What's the difference between a commercial d raft and a banker 's draft?3. What is the advantage and disadvantage of transferring money through DD compared with TT?4. How many stages are there in handling a draft?5. What's the difference between draft and Promissory note?6. What are the Characteristics of remittance?7. when will you release documents if you are the exporter under collection?8. Please describe the difference amongD/P at sight , D/P after sight and D/A.9. What's D/P ? T/R?10. What are the characteristics of letter of credit?11. Will the issuing bank undertake payment if the applicant goes bankrupt?12. Will the bank deal with the transaction according tocontract or L/C if they aren 't in accordance with each other?13. What will happen if the documents are not inconsistent with theL/C?14. Please describe the chief contents of L/C.。

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This is a licenced copy of BPP Material, intended solely for the use of the agreed licence holder.
BPP LEARNING MEDIA
Auditor appointment, removal and resignation 1
This is a licenced copy of BPP Material, intended solely for the use of the agreed licence holder.
BPP LEARNING MEDIA
IFAC 2
Membership — Membership in IFAC is open to accountancy bodies recognised by law/general consensus within their countries as substantial national organisations of good standing. — Through IFAC, members are automatically registered as members of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
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Regulation by the profession 1
Role of the ACCA
Overview of regulations (continued)
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BPP LEARNING MEDIA
IFAC 1
— International Federation of Accountants
Mission ―…to serve the public interest, strengthen the global accountancy profession and contribute to the development of strong international economies by establishing and promoting adherence to high-quality professional standards, furthering the international convergence of such standards, and speaking out on public interest issues where the profession's expertise is most relevant.‖
BPP LEARNING MEDIA
The regulatory framework 2
Legislation — Rights and duties of auditors — Eligibility to act as auditor
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The regulatory framework 3
Auditors’ rights — Access to books and records of the company — Information and explanations — Receive notice of/attend general meetings — Speak at general meetings — Right to receive a copy of any written resolution proposed
Chapter 2
Statutory audit and regulation
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Chapter summary 2
4 International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board The IAASB, an operating board of IFAC produces international standards on auditing, assurance and related services. 5 The scope and authority of IAASB pronouncements IAASB pronouncements do not overrule local laws or regulations but where they form part of the regulatory framework (eg in the UK) they are mandatory.
Overview of regulations
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BPP LEARNING MEDIA
Auditor appointment, removal and resignation 2
This is a licenced copy of BPP Material, intended solely for the use of the agreed licence holder.
BPP LEARNING MEDIA
Chapter summary 1
1 The regulatory framework Auditors rights and duties are governed by national legislation. 2 Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors Appointment and removal require shareholders' resolutions. Auditors may resign at any time by giving notice in writing. 3 International Federation of Accountants IFAC is an international organisation of accountancy bodies. Its mission is to establish and promote adherence to high-quality professional standards.
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BPP LEARNING MEDIA
The regulatory framework 5
Eligibility — Most legal frameworks require auditors to be members of an appropriate professional body such as CPA
Range of sources — National legislation — National regulation and standard-setting — International standard-setting — Professional bodies, eg ACCA.
This is a licenced copy of BPP Material, intended solely for the use of the agrethe profession
Professional bodies, such as ACCA, establish regulations relating to education and training and ethics.
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BPP LEARNING MEDIA
Overview
This is a licenced copy of BPP Material, intended solely for the use of the agreed licence holder.
BPP LEARNING MEDIA
The regulatory framework 1