(整理)PlanningToolsandTechniques9

Assessing the Environment (cont’d)
• Types of Forecasting
➢ Quantitative forecasting
❖ Applying a set of mathematical rules to a series of hard data to predict outcomes (e.g., units to be produced).
❖ Facilitates managerial decision making.
❖ Is most accurate in stable environments.
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competencies ❖ Intangible: brand names, patents, reputation,
trademarks, copyrights, and databases ❖ Structural/cultural: history, culture, work systems,
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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Techniques for Allocating Resources
• List the four techniques for allocating resources.
• Describe the different types of budgets.
• Tell what a Gantt chart does. • Explain a load chart.
➢ Competitor Intelligence
❖ The process by which organizations gather information about their competitors
– Who they are?; what are they doing?
❖ Is not spying but rather careful attention to readily accessible information from employees, customers, suppliers, the Internet, and competitors themselves.
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Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR)
• CPFR Software
➢ A standardized way for organizations to use the Internet to exchange data.
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Techniques for Assessing the Environment
• List three different approaches to environmental scanning.
❖ Has value to firms with significant global interests. ❖ Draws information from sources that provide global
perspectives on world-wide issues and opportunities.
• Discuss why scenario planning has become an important planning tool for managers.
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• By analyzing and copying these practices, firms can improve their performance.
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❖ May involved reverse engineering of competing products to discover technical innovations.
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working relationships, trust, and policies
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Making Forecasting More Effective
1. Use simple forecasting methods.
2. Compare each forecast with its corresponding “no change〞 forecast.
skill that supports decision making.
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第九• The search for the best practices among competitors and noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance.
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Assessing the Environment (cont’d)
• Forecasting
➢ The part of organizational planning that involves creating predictions of outcomes based on information gathered by environmental scanning.
➢ Qualitative forecasting
❖ Using expert judgments and opinions to predict less than precise outcomes (e.g., direction of the economy).
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Assessing the Environment (cont’d)
• Environmental Scanning (cont’d)
➢ Global Scanning
❖ Screening a broad scope of information on global forces that might affect the organization.
2. Collect internal and external data on work methods.
3. Analyze data to identify performance gaps and the cause of differences.
4. Prepare and implement and action plan to meet or exceed the standards of others.
3. Don’t rely on a single forecasting method.
4. Don’t assume that the turning points in a trend can be accurately identified.
5. Shorten the time period covered by a forecast. 6. Remember that forecasting is a developed managerial
Techniques for Allocating Resources (cont’d)
ØDescribe how a PERT network analysis works.
ØCompute breakeven point.
ØDescribe how managers can use linear programming.
• Explain what competitor intelligence is and ways that managers can do it legally and ethically.
• Describe how managers can improve the effectiveness of forecasting.
Assessing the Environment
• Environmental Scanning
➢ The screening of large amounts of information to anticipate and interpret change in the environment.
The Benchmarking Process
1. Form a benchmarking team.
1. Identify what is to be benchmarked, select comparison organizations, and to determine data collection methods.
8th edition
Steven P. Robbins Mary Coulter
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PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
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LEARNING OUTLINE
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Allocating Resources
• Types of Resources
➢ The assets of the organization
❖ Financial: debt, equity, and retained earnings ❖ Physical: buildings, equipment, and raw materials ❖ Human: experiences, skills, knowledge, and
Contemporary Planning Techniques
• Explain why flexibility is so important to today’s planning techniques.
• Describe project management.
• List the steps in the project planning process.