会计学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

会计学
中英文资料外文翻译文献
外文资料原文
Title:
Future of SME finance（Background–the environment for SME finance has changed
Future economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts,T rades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.
SMEs mak e a major contribution t o growth and employment in th e EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy,whose main objective is to turn Europe into the mos t competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world.However,the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential t o invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification.All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.
Against this back gr ound the consistently r epea t ed complaint of SMEs a bo u t their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.
Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts,T rades and SMEs.R ecent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add t o the concerns of SMEs and will further en dan ge r their access to finance.The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:
•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;
•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes(burst of the ITC bubble,insolvencies)str engthen the focus on profitability further;
•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises,were closed;
•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules(Basel II)will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;
•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees;many of the effected banks are
very active in SME finance.
All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.
The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility o f SMEs
t o finance.
Higher risk awareness in the credit sector,a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs t o finance.The mo s t important changes are:•In order t o mak e the higher risk awareness operational,the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;
•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises t o pr esent mo r e and better quality information on their businesses;
•Banks will try to pass thr ough their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations(Basel II)t o their business clients;
•due to the increase of competition on interest rates,the bank sector demands mo r e and higher fees for its services(administration of accounts,payments systems, etc.),which are no t only additional costs for SMEs bu t also limit their liquidity;
•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches–the credit application process will become mo r e formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;
•the credit sector will lose more and more its“public function”to provi de access to finance for a wide range of economic actors,which it has in a n u mbe r of countries,in order to support and facilitate economic growth;the profitability of lending be co mes the main focus of private credit institutions.
All of these developments will mak e access to finance for SMEs even mo r e difficult and/or will increase the cost of external finance.Business start-ups and SMEs,which want t o enter new markets,may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance.A European Code of Conduct betw een Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least mo r e transparency in the relations betw een Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able t o agr ee on such a commitment.
T owards an encompassing policy appr o ach t o improve the access of Crafts, T rades and SMEs to finance
All analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for
the SME sector in Europe.Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, bu t the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor,which hinders economic recovery in Europe.Many SMEs are no t able t o finance their ne eds for investment.
Therefore,UEAPME expects t he new European Commission and the new European Parliament t o strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance.Europe’s Crafts,Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach,which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’access to lending,but will also str engthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.
From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:
•Risk-sharing betw een private investors,financial institutes,SMEs and public sector;
•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;
•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.
Based on these principles and against the back gr ound of the changing environment for SME finance,UEAPME pr oposes policy measur es in the following areas:
1.New Capital Requirement Directive:SME friendly implementation o f Basel II
Due t o intensive lobbying activities,UEAPME,together with other Business Associations in Europe,has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital(Basel II).The final a gr ee ment from the Basel Committee contains a much mo r e realistic appr o ach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations,which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.
However,the new regulatory system will influence the relations betw een Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law,whether Basel II be co mes bu r dens ome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.
The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market
authorities and herewith the European Institutions,a lot of flexibility.In a bo u t70 areas they have room to ad a pt the Accord to their specific n e eds when implementing it into EU law.Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.
UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:
•The implementation of the new Capital R equirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector(up t o30Billion Euro till2006)and its clients will have t o pay for it.Therefore,the implementation–especially for smaller banks,which are o ften very active in SME finance–has to be carried o ut with as little administrative bu r de ns o me as possible(reporting obligations,statistics,etc.).
•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals(guarantees,etc.)as far as possible.
•The European Commission and later the Member S tates should take over the r ecommendations from the European Parliament with regar d t o granularity,access t o retail portfolio,maturity,partial use,adaptation of thresholds,etc.,which will ease the bur den on SME finance.
2.SMEs need transparent rating procedures
Due to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the need s of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks.The bank will require mo r e and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way.Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty a mo n gs t SMEs.
In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment,UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures–rating procedures may not become a“Black Box”for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.
•The bank should inform SMEs abo u t its assessment in order t o allow SMEs t o improve.
The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct betw een Banks and SMEs, which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks,failed.Therefore,UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and
the new European Parliament support for:
•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;
•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order t o improve the relations betw een Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.
3.SMEs need an extension o f credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-Lending
Business start-ups,the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support t o get access t o finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of S tate Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.
Already now,there are credit guarant ee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.
Experiences show that Public money,spent for supporting credit guarantees systems,is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments.One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate30 Euro investments in SMEs(for venture capital funds the relation is only1:2).
Therefore,UEAPME expects t he new European Commission and the new European Parliament t o support:
•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Pr ogra mme d for Enterprises;
•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;
•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;
•More flexibility within the European Instruments,because of national differences in th e situation of SME finance;
•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;
•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States t o close the equity gap(0.2–2.5Mio Euro,according t o the expert meeting on PACE on April27 in Luxemburg).
•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs(currently there is no scheme available at EU level:
termination of JOP,fading ou t of JEV).
4.SMEs need company and income taxation systems,which strengthen their capacity for self-financing
Many EU Member States have comp any and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits.This is especially true for companies,which have t o pay income taxes. Already in the p ast tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending.In future,the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company;the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending.This is a vicious cycle,which has to be broken.
Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States,UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament t o publicly support tax-reforms,which will str engthen the capacity of Crafts,T rades and SME for self-financing.Thereby,a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.
5.Risk Capital–equity financing
External equity financing do es not have a real tradition in the SME sector.On the one hand,small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally no t been very open towards external equity financing and are no t used to informing transparently abo u t their business.
On the other hand,many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies,which is mo r e costly than investing bigger a moun ts in larger companies.Furthermore it is much mo r e difficult t o set ou t of such investments in smaller companies.
Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs,it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore t o be further developed.UEAPME sees three pillars for such an appr o ach where policy support is needed:
Availability of venture capital
•The Me mber S tates should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.
•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.
Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs
•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in
SMEs should be supported.
•Accounting S tandards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information betw een investor and owner-manager.
Owner-managers must become mo r e aware a bo u t the need for transparency towards investors
•SME owners will have t o realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending)will depend much mo r e on a transparent and open exchange of information a bo u t the situation and the perspectives of their companies.
•In order t o fulfil the new n ee ds for transparency,SMEs will have t o use new information instruments(business plans,financial reporting,etc.)and new management instruments(risk-management,financial management,etc.).
外文资料翻译
题目：未来的中小企业融资
背景：中小企业融资已经改变
未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

经济增长和就业在欧盟和的核心是里斯本战略，其主要目标是使欧洲成为最有竞争力的和有活力的知识型经济在世界上，中小型企业作出重大贡献。

然而，中小型企业能力的增长取决于其潜在的高投资在结构调整，创新和资格，所有这些投资需要资金。

在此背景下的一贯反复投诉的中小企业的问题就在于获得融资，这是一个高度相关的约束，关乎欧洲经济复苏。

变化的影响，金融部门的行为，信贷机构对工艺品，贸易和中小企业。

最近和当前的事态发展，银行业添加到中小企业所关注的问题，并会进一步危害其获得资金。

主要的变化是影响银行业中小企业融资是：全球化和国际化，增加了竞争和盈利方向的部门;
日益恶化的经济形势在一些机构（爆裂的国贸中心泡沫，破产）加强重点放在盈利能力进一步加强;合并和重组创造更大的结构和许多当地的分支机构，它的直接和个性化的接触，小企业，被关闭;即将实施新的资本充足规则（巴塞尔II）也将发生变化的中小企业的信贷业务部门，并会增加其行政费用;严格的解释国家备忘录规则由欧洲委员会消除了银行的支持下，由公共保障;许多影响银行非常积极地参与中小企业融资。

所有这些变化导致更高的灵敏度的风险和利润的金融部门。

金融业的影响无障碍中小企业得到资金。

高风险的认识，信贷部门，更加注重利润和正在进行的结构调整中的金融部门变化的框架，中小企业融资和影响力的中小企业获得资金。

最重要的改变是：为了使风险意识较高的业务，信贷部门引入新的评价制度和手段信用评分;风险
评估的中小企业银行将迫使企业提出更多更好的高质量的信息对他们的业务;银行将设法通过其额外费用为实施和运行的新的资本条例（巴塞尔II），以他们的商业客户;由于增加了竞争的利率，银行部门的需求更多，更高的服务费用（管理账户，支付系统等），这不仅为中小企业的额外费用，而且还限制了它们的流
动性;小企业将失去他们的个人关系，决策者在地方分支机构-信贷申请过程将变得更加正规和匿名的，可能会失去长远;信贷部门将失去越来越多的“公共职能”，
以提供获得资金的范围广泛的经济主体，它已在一些国家，为了支持和促进经济增长;利润的贷款成为主要重点是私人信贷机构。

所有这些事态发展将使中小企业获得资金的更加困难和/或将增加的成本的外部资金。

创业和中小企业，而要进入新的市场，可能是受到资金短缺的问题。

欧洲行为守则银行与中小企业之间有至少允许更多的透明度之间的关系银行与中小企业和UEAPME感到遗憾的是，银行部门未能达成这样的承诺。

建立一个包括政策的方法，以提高准入手工业，贸易和中小企业融资所有分析表明，信贷和贷款将保持主要的资金来源为中小企业部门在欧洲。

获得资金一直是主要的关注中小企业，但最近的事态发展，金融部门局势恶化甚至更多。

资金短缺已经是一个相关因素，阻碍欧洲经济复苏。

许多中小企业没有能够资助他们的投资需求。

因此，UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新加强努力的框架内，以改善中小企业融资条件。

欧洲的工艺品，贸易和中小企业的要求，包括政策方针，其中不仅包括条件中小企业获得贷款，而且还将加强其能力的内部融资和获得外部风险资本。

从UEAPME的角度来看，这种无所不包的做法应当基于三项指导原则：风险分担之间的私人投资者，金融机构，中小企业和公共部门;增加了透明度，中小企业对外部投资者和贷款人;改善监管环境，中小企业融资。

基于这些原则，并在这一背景下不断变化的环境，中小企业金融，UEAPME 提出政策措施，在以下几个方面：
1.新的资本要求指令：中小企业友好执行巴塞尔II由于密集的游说活动，UEAPME，加上其他商业协会欧洲，已经取得了一些有利于改善中小企业的新巴
塞尔协议的监管资本（巴塞尔II）。

最后协议由巴塞尔委员会包含一个更现实
的态度的真正危险状况的中小企业贷款的金融市场并允许必要的变通余地，这方面，不同区域的传统和体制结构。

然而，新的规管制度，将影响之间的关系银行与中小企业，它在很大程度上将取决于它的道路将实施到欧洲的法律，无论是巴塞尔II成为中小企业的负担，如果将减少获得资金了。

新资本协议的形式巴塞尔委员会给出了金融市场的主管部门和函欧洲机构，有很强的灵活性。

在大约70个地区，他们间的协定，以适应其具体需要执行时纳入欧盟法律。

其中有些人将产生重要的影响成本和获取资金的中小型企业。

因此，从UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新实施新的资本要求指令将耗资巨大，金融部门（至多30亿欧元3至2006年）和它的客户将不得不付出代价。

因此，执行-特别是对规模较小的银行，往往是非常活跃的中小企业融资-已经进行了小的行政负担可能（提交报告的义务，统计数据等）。

欧洲管理者必须尽可能认识到传统的文书抵押（担保等）。

欧洲委员会和后
来的各会员国应采取的建议，欧洲议会4方面的粒度，进入零售组合，成熟，局部使用，适应的阈值等，这将减轻市民的负担中小企业融资。

2.中小型企业需要透明的评价程序
由于较高的风险意识，金融部门和需要的巴塞尔II，许多中小型企业将面临第一次与内部评级的程序或信用评分系统的银行。

该银行将需要更多和更好的质量信息，并从他们的客户将评估他们以一种新的方式。

双方即将事态发展已引起越来越多的中小型企业之间的不确定性。

为了减少这种不确定性，并允许中小企业理解的原则，新的风险评估，UEAPME 要求，透明的评价程序-评价程序可能不会成为一个“黑箱”中小企业：世界银行应当通报有关标准影响评价的中小企业。

世界银行应当通知有关中小企业的评估，以便使中小企业改善。

谈判的欧洲行为准则银行与中小企业之间的5日，这将包括一个自我承诺，透明的评价程序，银行，失败了。

因此，UEAPME期望新一届欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的支持：具有约束力的规则框架中的新资本充足指令，以确保透明度的评价程序和信用评分系统，为中小型企业;拟订国家行为守则，以改善关
系，银行与中小企业，并支持中小企业适应新的金融环境。

3.中小企业需要延长信用担保制度
特别侧重于小额贷款创业，转让和创新的企业快速成长的中小企业也取决于在过去往往对公众的支持，以获得资金。

越来越多的银行风险意识和严格的解释国家援助规则将进一步增加，需要公众的支持。

现在已经有信贷保证计划在许多国家的限制，他们的能力和太多的投资项目不能得以实现的中小型企业。

经验表明，公共资金，用于支持信用担保体系，是一个非常有效的工具和具有更高的乘数效应比其他文书。

1欧元形式的欧洲投资基金可以刺激投资的30欧元的中小型企业（为风险资本基金的关系，仅仅是1:2）。

因此，UEAPME预计新的欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的支持：延长资金用于国家信贷担保计划的框架内，新的多年度方案的企业;发展新的手段对中小企业的投资组合的证券化;承认现有的和运转良好的信贷担保计划，作为抵押;更灵活的欧洲文书，因为国家的不同情况的中小企业融资;发展的信贷保证计划，在新的会员国;发展一个SBIC类似计划的会员国以关闭公平差距（0.2-2.5神达欧元，根据专家会议有望在4月27日在卢森堡）。

发展了一个财务支持计划，以
鼓励中小企业的internalization（目前还没有计划，可在欧盟一级：终止JOP，淡出乙脑）。

4.中小企业需要的公司所得税制度，加强其能力的自筹资金
许多欧盟成员国的公司和收入的税收制度与消极因素，建立资本在公司内部的再投资的利润。

这一点尤其适用于公司，这些公司必须支付所得税。

已经在过去的税收制度的原因之一，较高的依赖欧洲的中小型企业对银行贷款的。

今后，评价的结果也将取决于资金的公司，高度依赖贷款将影响到获得贷款。

这是一个恶性循环，必须打破。

尽管公司和所得税属于会员国的权限，UEAPME要求新一届欧盟委员会和欧洲议会的新的公开支持税收改革，这将加强能力工艺品，贸易和中小企业的自筹资金。

因此，特别侧重于非公司企业的需要。

5.风险资本-股权融资
外部股权融资没有一个真正的传统，在中小型企业部门。

一方面，小企业和家庭企业在传统上一般并不十分开放实现外部股权融资，而不是用来通知透明其
11
业务。

另一方面，许多投资者的风险资本和类似形式的股权融资方面非常不愿意投资在其资金规模较小的公司，这是更昂贵的投资数额较大的大型企业。

此外，它更难以确定这种投资规模较小的公司。

尽管股权融资将永远不会成为主要资金来源为中小型企业，这是一个重要手段高度创新创业和快速成长的公司，因此，它得到进一步的发展。

UEAPME认为，三大支柱的这样一种做法在政策支持需要：
（1）获得风险资本
（2）会员国应审查其税收制度，以鼓励私人资本投资的各种形式的风险资本。

（3）保证文书的股权融资应得到进一步发展。

（4）改善有利于风险资本投资到中小企业
（5）发展二级市场，风险资本投资的中小企业应该得到支持。

（6）会计准则对中小企业应加以修订，以缓和透明之间的信息交流的投资者和拥有者，管理者。

业主兼经理必须更加意识到有必要对投资者的透明度，中小型企业的业主必须明白，在未来获得外部融资（风险资本或贷款），将取决于更多的透明和公开的信息交流有关的情况和观点，他们的公司。

为了满足新的需要的透明度，中小企业将必须使用新的信息工具（业务计划，财务报告等）和新的管理手段（风险管理，财务管理等）。

12。