2015年华东师范大学博士学位研究生入学考试考博英语真题及答案(2001年-2015年)

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2015年1月研究生英语学位课统考(GET)真题试卷

正在加载2015年1 月研究生英语学位课统考答题卡（GET ）真题试卷1 A B C D 控制面板2 A B C D试卷满分：100分3 A B C D全部题型 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION2. VOCABULARY3. CLOZE4. READING COMPREHENSION5. TRANS4 A B C D5 A B C D试题数量：83题LATION6. WRITING6 A B C D7 A B C DLISTENING COMPREHENSION8 A B C D答题120时限：分钟9 A B C D10 A B C DSection A剩余时间：调整字号：12 14 1618Directions: In this section, you will hear nine shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of eachconversation a question will be asked about what wassaid. The conversations and the questions will be readonly once. Choose the best answer from the four choicesgiven by marking the corresponding letter with a single11 A B C D12 A B C D13 A B C D20 bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.14 A B C D15 A B C D 调整背景：21 A B C D22 A B C D 听力原文：W: What are you doing, Sam?M: I'm looking for a job through the classified ads in the paper.W: Have you tried networking? 23A B C DQ: What does the woman suggest the man do?1．24 A B C DA ．Try job agencies.B．Read newspaper ads.25 A B C D26 A B C D C．Receive extra training.D．Contact other people.27 A B C D 正确答案： D 解析：女士说：你在做什么，Sam?男士说：28 A B C D 我正在看报纸的分类广告找工作。

2015年华东师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc

2015年华东师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、词语翻译(总题数：22，分数：40.00)1.英译汉__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.China's vulgar rich; befriended but unloved.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.The Sochi 2014 torch is based on motifs from Russian folklore and ideas of innovation and technological breakthroughs.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.The Chinese garden is primarily not a single wide open space, but is divided into corridors and courts, in which buildings, and not plant life, dominate.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.All writing depends on the generosity of the reader.(Alberto Manguel)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.Calligraphy as writing and as art.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.If I fell through the earth, what would happen in the center?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.Book of the Times: The Invisible Man.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.In 1963, most Americans did not yet believe that gender equality was possible or even desirable.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.But the innovation failed to catch the public imagination and sales were painfully slow. Microsoft was on the back foot.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.It is no wonder the island(The Philippine island of Boracay)has been featured in a variety of publications, and it's a top beach destination on the popular Internet travel site tripadvisor. com.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.汉译英__________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.打造中国经济的升级版（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.转变政府职能（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.扩大全方位主动开放（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.中国上海自由贸易试验区（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.宏观调控方式（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.绿水青山（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.改革红利（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________20.反腐倡廉（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.证券交易所（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.增强社会创造力（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________二、英汉互译(总题数：4，分数：4.00)23.英译汉__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Next, a plea to our friends who are writing in China not to write with foreigners in mind. Now that contemporary Chinese writing is beginning to find more readers abroad, there is a danger that writers will aim at foreign readers instead of domestic ones. The writing we Anglophones will respond to most warmly will generally be precisely the writing that is most clearly intended for Chinese readers.Who, after all, is the Chinese writer who has made a bigger impact than any other in English-speaking countries these last twenty years? None of those I have mentioned so far, but a politician who died in the 1970s. And his works, apart from a few interviews with foreigners, were nearly all addressed to Chinese problems and Chinese readers. His style was clear, strong, and effective, and very Chinese too, being hardly influenced by foreign models. Yet he survived translation to be the idol of 1960s radicals around the world, and put words and expressions into the English language.So please don't write for us, but write for your primary reader, leaving us to choose(by criteria that may well seem quite absurd to you)what may be accessible to us ignorant Anglophones. And don't worry in the least about what we think. Few Anglophone authors lose sleep over their standing in China, and that seems a good example to follow.Take whatever you like from abroad, but only what you need for your own purposes. Blind imitation of foreign models is unlikely to bring foreign recognition. Only what works in your own culture has any chance of surviving the transition to another.From Insuperable Barriers? By W. J. E. Jenner（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.汉译英__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.中国佛教建筑的发展可以追溯到佛教在汉代被引入中国时。

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解

博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。

华师大在职博士英语考试真题及答案

华师大在职博士英语考试真题及答案Huashida In-service Ph.D. English Exam Questions and AnswersThe Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a rigorous test designed to assess candidates' English proficiency and academic abilities. The exam consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay prompts. In this article, we will provide a breakdown of the exam format, sample questions, and answers to help candidates prepare for the test.Format of the Exam:1. Reading Comprehension: This section tests candidates' ability to understand and analyze written passages. Questions may cover topics such as literature, history, science, and current events.2. Vocabulary and Grammar: Candidates are required to demonstrate their knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar through multiple-choice questions and short answer prompts.3. Writing Skills: This section assesses candidates' ability to write coherent and well-organized essays on a given topic.Candidates are expected to present a clear argument and support it with relevant evidence.Sample Questions and Answers:1. Reading Comprehension:Passage 1: "The Benefits of Exercise"Question: According to the passage, what are some of the benefits of regular exercise?A) Improved cardiovascular healthB) Weight gainC) Increased stress levelsD) Reduced energy levelsAnswer: A) Improved cardiovascular healthPassage 2: "Climate Change and Its Impact on the Environment"Question: How does climate change affect global ecosystems?A) It has no impact on global ecosystemsB) It leads to increased biodiversityC) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal speciesD) It promotes the growth of new speciesAnswer: C) It disrupts ecosystems and threatens plant and animal species2. Vocabulary and Grammar:Question: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "She _________ her keys on the table."A) leaveB) leftC) leavingD) leavesAnswer: B) leftQuestion: Identify the error in the following sentence: "His car is more expensive than she."Answer: The correct sentence should be: "His car is more expensive than hers."3. Writing Skills:Essay Prompt: Discuss the impact of technology on modern society. Provide examples to support your argument.Sample Answer:Technology has revolutionized modern society in numerous ways. One of the most significant impacts of technology is its role in facilitating communication. The rise of the internet and social media platforms has connected people from all corners of the globe, allowing for instant communication and information sharing. Additionally, technology has transformed various industries, such as healthcare, education, and transportation, making services more efficient and accessible. For example, telemedicine allows patients to consult with doctors remotely, while online learning platforms offer flexible educational opportunities. However, technology also poses challenges, such as privacy concerns and job displacement. In conclusion, technology plays a crucial role in shaping modern society, and its impact will continue to evolve in the future.Overall, the Huashida in-service Ph.D. English exam is a comprehensive assessment of candidates' language proficiency and critical thinking skills. By familiarizing themselves with the exam format and practicing sample questions, candidates can prepare effectively and increase their chances of success.。

2015考博真题

一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。

2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。

华师考博试题2001-2013

语言所博士生入学考试试题2001年试题一、现代汉语1．说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。

（20分）2．说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）（1）《马氏文通》；（3）《新著国语文法》；（2）《中国文法要略》；（4）《现代汉语语法讲话》3．你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4．写短文：说“X上”。

（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。

这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。

）（40分）二、理论语言学1．为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2．语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。

语法学的研究方法也应该是语言形式与语言意义相结合的研究方法。

试根据你的理解阐述这种研究方法。

（25分）3．对语言的形式的研究和功能的研究，常常形成语言学史上的不同学术流派。

当代形式语言学派的代表是乔姆斯基的转换生成语言学，功能语言学派的代表是功能语言学（包括认知语法）。

请简述乔姆斯基学派和功能语言学派在语言观和语言研究方法论上的主要差别。

（25分）4．什么是“语言习得”（Acquisition）？什么是“语言学得”（Learning）？了解这两种语言学习方式的不同，对语言教学（母语教学，第二语言教学等）有何意义？（25分）5．你对应用语言学的哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你最感兴趣的那个应用语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。

（25分）6．有些学者认为，中国语言学必须形成自己的研究特色。

有些学者认为，中国语言学应尽快同国际接轨。

就这两种观点谈谈你的看法。

（25分）（说明：上面六题，考生任选四题）2002年试题一、现代汉语1．《中国语文》2002年第一期发表了屈哨兵的文章《“由于”句的语义偏向》，屈哨兵是我校汉语言文字专业在读博士研究生。

他在文章中认为：“由于”所引领的句子常常会带有不愉快、不如意、消极或贬斥一类的语义偏向，“由于”所引领的格式在现代汉语中基本上是一个“不愉快格式”。

华东师范大学博士研究生入学考试历年试题(教育学)

华东师⼤大2010年⽐比较教育1.试述⾯面向新世纪世界教育改⾰革的基本趋势，你觉得有何重⼤大意义。

2.谈谈你对“教育国际化对第三世界国家教育发展的有积极作⽤用”这句话的认识。

3.你对⽇日本教育制度的弊端是怎么看的？4.美国的学前教育机构是如何利⽤用社区资源的？你认为我们的幼⼉儿教育机构可利⽤用的社区资源有哪些？应如何充分利⽤用这些资源？结合实际，谈谈你的看法。

.华东师⼤大2011年⽐比较教育1.请你总结⼀一下第⼆二次世界⼤大战前法国教育的特点,对法国的国家发展有何帮助。

2.论述：什么是中央集权制的教育体制，谈谈你的认识。

3.1947年郎之万--华伦教育改⾰革⽅方案的改⾰革六原则及其意义具体有哪些不⾜足和优点。

4.请你阐述德国教师资格证书的特点，它的推⼲⼴广对德国的教育有哪些积极意义。

华东师⼤大2012年⽐比较教育1.请你简述英国1972年《詹⺟母⼠士报告》中关于师资培训的三段试师范教育,有何重⼤大意义。

2.“现代教育和现代教育管理制度的本质特征决定着现代教育管理制度的发展趋向。

”这句话有什么意义，谈谈你的看法。

3.请你试论述英国视导制度的内容以及皇家督学的主要任务。

4.请你谈谈⽇日本⼆二⼗十世纪九⼗十年代以来的基础教育改⾰革中教师政策制定⽅方⾯面对我国教育改⾰革有何重⼤大启⽰示。

华东师⼤大2013年⽐比较教育1.法国在学前教育与⼩小学教育的衔接上采取的主要措施有哪些？你认为特别值得我们借鉴的有哪些？为什么,请你说出你的看法。

2.试论述前现代儒家传统中的⼉儿童与⻄西⽅方⼉儿童的⽐比较。

3.德国资助与指导学前⼉儿童家庭教育的措施主要有哪些？请就此谈谈你的看法.4.英国“幼⼉儿凭证计划”的基本涵义是什么？请就此谈谈你的认识。

北师⼤大2005年⽐比较教育1、我国⼀一流⼤大学与世界⼀一流⼤大学理念、制度层⾯面的差距　2、国际⽐比较视⾓角谈课程改⾰革原则3、⽐比较教育对认识教育现象规律的作⽤用4、⻄西⽅方⻢马克思主义⽐比较教育理论模式5、教育国际化对第三世界国家教育的影响。

华东师范大学2015年考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

华东师范大学2015年考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePart I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that bestcompletes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet I with a single line through the centre.1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers.A.acclaimedB.claimedC.blamedD.studied 【答案】B【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。

be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。

2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or morecontroversial than Margaret Mead.A.imaginativeB.hard-workingC.celebratedD. strong-minded【答案】C【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。

备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。

故选C 项。

munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinaryshortwave radios.A.convenientlyB.reliablyC.accessiblyD.concisely 【答案】B【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。

2015考研英语真题及答案

2015考研英语真题及答案Introduction:The 2015 Graduate Entrance Examination, also known as the "考研" in China, is a crucial exam for many students seeking to pursue their postgraduate studies. Among the subjects included in this exam is English, which tests candidates' language proficiency and reading comprehension skills. In this article, we will provide an overview of the 2015 English exam paper, along with the answers and explanations for each section.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionIn the Reading Comprehension section of the 2015 exam, candidates were required to read four passages and answer questions based on the information provided. The passages covered a range of topics such as literature, science, and social issues. Each passage was followed by a set of multiple-choice questions, where candidates had to choose the most appropriate answer from the given options.Passage 1:The first passage focused on the importance of sleep and its impact on human health. Questions related to the effects of sleep deprivation, the benefits of regular sleep patterns, and the methods to improve one's sleep quality.Passage 2:The second passage discussed the concept of "emotional intelligence" and its significance in personal and professional success. Candidates weretested on their understanding of the term, its components, and its practical applications in various situations.Passage 3:Passage 3 explored the relationship between language and thought. It examined the influence of language on one's perception of reality and the concept of linguistic relativity. Questions revolved around the hypothesis and examples presented in the passage.Passage 4:The final passage focused on the rise of e-books and their impact on the publishing industry. Candidates were required to comprehend the challenges faced by traditional publishing houses, the advantages of e-books, and the future prospects of this digital medium.Section 2: Cloze TestThe Cloze Test section aimed to assess candidates' vocabulary and grammar skills. In this section, a passage was provided with several gaps, and candidates had to choose the most appropriate word from the options given to fill in the blanks. The passage often revolved around a specific theme or topic, allowing candidates to showcase their understanding of context and language usage.Section 3: Error CorrectionThe Error Correction section tested candidates' ability to identify and correct grammatical mistakes in given sentences. Each sentence contained one or more errors, ranging from verb tense errors to subject-verb agreementproblems. Candidates had to carefully analyze each sentence and mark the part that needed correction.Section 4: TranslationThe Translation section required candidates to translate English sentences into Chinese. This section aimed to evaluate candidates' translation skills and their understanding of both languages. The sentences often included idiomatic expressions or cultural references, challenging candidates to convey the intended meaning accurately.Section 5: WritingIn the Writing section, candidates were given a choice of essay topics and required to write a well-structured and cohesive essay. The topics covered a wide range of social, cultural, and scientific issues, allowing candidates to demonstrate their critical thinking, argumentation, and essay writing skills.Conclusion:In this article, we have provided an overview of the 2015 Graduate Entrance Examination English paper. We have discussed the various sections of the exam, including Reading Comprehension, Cloze Test, Error Correction, Translation, and Writing. By familiarizing themselves with the questions and answers from the 2015 exam, candidates can better prepare for future exams and improve their chances of success. Good luck to all those undertaking the "考研"!。

英语考博试题及答案

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

博士专业英语试题及答案

博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。

华东师大历年考博英语真题

2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。

结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。

2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。

每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。

3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。

4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。

5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。

6、考试时间为180分钟。

华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。

2015年华东师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc

华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1.doc

华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1(总分：148.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Research shows heavy coffee drinking is ______ a small increase in blood pressure, but not enough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.（分数：2.00）A.associated withpared withC.attributed toD.referred to2.A large______of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by the earth is allowed to escape freely.（分数：2.00）A.proportionB.ratioC.rateD.fraction3.It is amusing that she______her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.inheritedC.preservedD.maintained4.______the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are in very high spirits.（分数：2.00）A.In spite thatB.But forC.For the sake ofD.Apart from5.The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.（分数：2.00）A.clarifiedB.cultivatedC.capturedD.characterized6.That he brought the company big profits wouldn't______putting the company's money into his own pockets.（分数：2.00）A.justifyB.clarifyC.testifyD.amplify7.We're______50 new staff this year as business grows.（分数：2.00）A.taking overB.taking inC.taking onD.taking up8.Is the theory of evolution in direct ______with religious teachings, or does it leave room for debate?（分数：2.00）parisonB.distinctionC.disturbanceD.contradiction9.Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into______.（分数：2.00）A.dissolutionB.decayC.declineD.depression10.A transplant operation is successful only if doctors can prevent the body from rejecting the ______organ.（分数：2.00）A.borrowedB.strangeC.novelD.foreign11.Then in June 1967 the country______diplomatic relations with Israel after the outbreak of the Six Day War.（分数：2.00）A.broke awayB.broke offC.cut outD.cut down12.Everyone has faced the embarrassing______of deciding how much extra to give a waiter or taxi-driver.（分数：2.00）A.incidentB.eventC.dilemmaD.menace13.The school arranged road trip appears to______the spring break.（分数：2.00）A.conform toB.coincide withC.consist inD.collide with14.The new airport terminal is sure to______the development of tourism.（分数：2.00）A.imitateB.fascinateC.imposeD.facilitate15.The Huntington Library has an______collection of rare books and manuscripts of British and American history and literature.（分数：2.00）A.intensiveB.intentionalC.extensiveD.extensional16.Inflation will reach its highest in a decade across most of Asia this year, threatening to______ recent productivity gains.（分数：2.00）A.reverseB.reserveC.retrieveD.revise17.Those governments will provide big food and fuel______according to the Asian Development Bank.（分数：2.00）A.substitutesB.substancesC.subsequencesD.subsidies18.In mild winters apple buds began to break soon after Christmas, leaving them______to frost damage.（分数：2.00）A.reluctantB.toughC.hostileD.vulnerable19.What is happening is a survival-of-the-fittest struggle affecting ______ smaller factories in relatively low-tech, labor-intensive industries.（分数：2.00）A.primarilyB.rationallyC.primitivelyD.respectively20.A traditional critic has the advantage of being able to______standards and values inherited from the past.（分数：2.00）A.turn upB.turn overC.turn toD.turn in21.Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ______ useful tips from TV cookery programs.（分数：2.00）A.bringing upB.picking upC.putting upD.pulling up22.The President______his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.（分数：2.00）A.promotedB.substitutedC.displacedD.authorized23.It______without saying that consumers would be happier if prices were lower.（分数：2.00）A.takesB.appearsC.goesD.makes24.The world economic recession put an______end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.（分数：2.00）A.irregularB.illegalC.absurdD.abrupt25.I'm______about how you discovered my website, and I'm very glad if you enjoy it.（分数：2.00）A.mysteriousB.furiousC.curiousD.serious26.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an______with other smaller parties, has proved successful.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintanceB.integrationC.intimacyD.alliance27.The new aircraft will be______to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.（分数：2.00）A.suspendedB.suppressedC.subjectedD.summoned28.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful______to my ordinary income.（分数：2.00）A.supplementB.profitC.subsidyD.replacement29.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental heath, as shown by the declining______ of tooth decay.（分数：2.00）A.incidenceB.treatmentC.consequenceD.misfortune30.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ______ of fish from becoming extinct.（分数：2.00）A.sourcesB.speciesC.numbersD.members二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically【C1】______, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been【C2】______for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very【C3】______of money itself," only to【C4】______itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so【C5】______in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work【C6】______the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very【C7】______to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the【C8】______form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they【C9】______receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to【C10】______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" — it takes several days【C11】______a check is cashed and funds are【C12】______from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.【C13】______electronic payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may【C14】______security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information【C15】______there. The fact that this is not an【C16】______occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and【C17】______from someone else's accounts. The【C18】______of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to【C19】______security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic【C20】______that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.offB.backC.overD.around(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.powerB.conceptC.historyD.role(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.rewardB.resistC.resumeD.reverse(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.silentB.suddenC.slowD.steady(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.forB.againstC.withD.on(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productive(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.originalC.temporaryD.dominant(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.collectC.copyD.print(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.give upB.take overC.bring backD.pass down(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.keptB.borrowedC.releasedD.withdrawn(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.Though(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.hideB.expressC.raiseD.ease(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.analyzedB.sharedC.storedD.displayed(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.unsafeB.unnaturalC.uncommonD.unclear(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.return(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.considerationB.preventionC.manipulationD.justification(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）B.fight againstC.adapt toD.call for(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.chunkB.chipC.pathD.trail三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：42.00)A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than those among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression. Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant, because they live in a very mobile society, and for many other reasons as well, they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore, Americans tend to "compartmentalize" their friendships, having their "friends at work" , "friends at school" , a "tennis friend" , and so on. Americans often seem very friendly, even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship. The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigner as an "inability to be friends". Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile, ever-changing society. People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information, but they shape people's thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general(for example, that they are very hard working, intelligent, and rich; that they do not speak English well)and about particular categories of foreign students(Chinese are polite and good at mathematics, for example, or Italians are emotional). And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans, for example, that they are arrogant, rude, and generous. There are two stereotypes that often effect male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students. The first is the idea, held by some foreign males, that American females are invariably willing, if not anxious, to have sex. The second common stereotype, held by some American females, is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having sex with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable, given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information, so it is not realistic to suppose people can "forget their stereotypes". But they can be aware of their stereotypes, and be ready to find exceptions to them.（分数：10.00）(1).Concerning friendship, Americans______.（分数：2.00）A.look for a deeper relationship in a close circleB.avoid deep relationship with other peopleC.are friendly at first but do not remain so later onD.do not make good friends(2).The word "compartmentalize" in the first paragraph means " ______".（分数：2.00）A.separate in categoriesB.treat differentlyC.evaluate accordinglyD.judge fairly(3).The author's attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.approvingB.criticalC.biasedD.objective(4).According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students are______.（分数：2.00）A.helpfulB.meaning lessC.harmfuleless(5).According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because______.（分数：2.00）A.it is natural to have themB.it is easy to find exceptionsC.they provide better understandingD.they contribute to friendshipYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things. In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the " decompression zone". People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion. Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on. Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost "dwell time" : the length of time people spend in a store. Traditionally retailers measure "football" , as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays, a piece of technology can fill the gap: the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people's phones at Gunwharf Quays, a large retailer centre in Portsmouth —not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 $ sales rose 1. 3% . Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces, involving emotion and memories, are clearly also at work.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraph 2, "decompression zone" is the area meant to______.（分数：2.00）A.prepare shoppers for the mood of buyingB.offer shoppers a place to have a restC.encourage shoppers to try new productsD.provide shoppers with discount information(2).Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers' ______.（分数：2.00）mon senseB.shopping habitsC.shopping psychologyD.concerns with time(3).Path intelligence uses a technology to______.（分数：2.00）A.measure how long people stay at a storeB.count how many people enter a storeC.find out what people buy in a storeD.monitor what people say and do in a store(4).The author argues that shoppers______.（分数：2.00）A.exert more influence on stores than they imagineB.are more likely to make rational choices than they knowC.have more control over what they buy than they assumeD.tend to make more emotional decisions than they think(5).The best title for the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.New Technology Boosts Stores' SalesB.How Shoppers Make Choices in StoresC.The Science behind Stores' ArrangementsD.Rational and Irrational Ways of Shopping31.In the past, degrees were very unusual in my family. I remember the day my uncle graduated. We had a huge party, and for many years my mother called him "the genius" and listened to his opinion. Today in comparison, five of my brothers and sisters have degrees, and two are studying for their masters'. However, some people think that this increased access to education is devaluing degrees. People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that education has become a rat race. Graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of studying. Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners becoming inflexible. They know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply their skills. Employers prefer more flexible and adaptable workers. However, I feel strongly that this move to having more qualifications is a positive development. In the past education was only for the rich and powerful. Now it is available to everyone, and this will have many advantages for the country and the individual. First of all, it is impossible to be overeducated. The more people are exchanging ideas. A further point is that people with degrees have many more opportunities. They can take a wider variety of jobs and do what they enjoy doing, instead of being forced to take a job they dislike. Finally, a highly educated workforce is good for the economy of the country. It attracts foreign investment. In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education, I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of their ability.What can we learn about the author's family?（分数：2.00）A.They used to disregard education.B.They are overeducated now.C.Few members were allowed to go to school in the past.D.There are now more educated members than in the past.I have a vegetable garden and every summer I enjoy eating my own vegetables. One day last summer I picked a dozen carrots. Usually, as soon as I have picked the carrots, I clean the dirt off them by washing them in a bucket of water. But this day, as I was getting up from the ground with my twelve carrots, I tripped(绊)and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of the bucket, so I decided to wash the carrots quickly in the kitchen sink. I put the carrots in the sink, washed them with water, and watched all the dirt washed away down the drain. The next day, when I was washing dishes, I noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. It drained so slowly that I called a plumber(水管工)to come and fix my drain. The plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and equipment, but nothing worked. He had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find the problem. While he was cutting the small hole,he accidentally cut the hot-water pipe. Hot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, under the refrigerator; water went everywhere. My refrigerator stopped working because the water had affected the electrical wires. I called an electrician to come and fix the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the refrigerator to work on the wires. As she was balancing it, she tripped over the plumber's tools. She fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. It crashed into the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. I called a carpenter to come and fix the wall. In order to repair the hole in the wall, the carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. Meanwhile, the plumber was still looking for the source of the drain problem. Since the kitchen was in a terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at the pipe there. In the middle of the floor, he found the problem: the dirt from the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through. Now I had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall that was half gone, and part of a floor that was missing. I looked at this disaster and decided that what I really needed was a new kitchen. Finally, I called a house builder to come and fix my kitchen. Three weeks later I had a new sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor, and $ 10, 000 less in my bank.（分数：10.00）(1).The carrots were washed in the sink instead of the bucket because______.（分数：2.00）A.the water bucket fell overB.dinner needed to be made soonC.carrots were always washed in itD.they could be washed more cleanly(2).The plumber did all the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.cut a hole in the floorB.cut the hot-water pipeC.try different cleanersD.tear down part of the wall(3).Which of the following caused the hole in the wall?（分数：2.00）A.Water that sprayed on it.B.The electrician who worked on the wires.C.The refrigerator that crashed into it.D.The plumber who used a wrong tool.(4).Which of the following items was NOT damaged?（分数：2.00）A.The wallB.The ceilingC.The hot water pipe.D.The floor.(5).The best title of the passage would be "______".（分数：2.00）A.How a dozen carrots cost $ 10, 000B.What the dirt from carrots could doC.Carrots can be very expensiveD.A careless homeownerMore boys than girls are born all over the world, but a new study has found that the closer people live to the equator(赤道), the smaller the difference becomes. No one knows why. The imbalanced sex ratio at birth has been known for more than a hundred years, and researchers have found a large variety of social, economic and biological factors that relate to the sex ratio at birth-war, economic stress, age, diet, selective abortion and more. But latitude(纬度)is a natural phenomenon, unaffected by cultural or economic factors. To look at the effect of latitude, Kristen J. Navara of the University of Georgia used the latitude of the capital city in 202 countries, as well as 10 years of data on sex ratio at birth and annual variations in day length and temperature. Dr. Navara performed a statistical analysis which showed that there was a significant relation betweensex ratios in favor of boys and latitude. African countries produced the lowest sex ratios—50. 7 percent boys—and European and Asian countries had the highest with 51. 4 percent. There are some possible explanations, but none entirely satisfactory. It could be that there is some survival value in producing more girls in warmer regions, but it is unclear what this might be. There may be genetic or racial differences that could explain it, but the connection persists over so many varied populations that this seems unlikely. Mice also produce more male offspring during shorter days or colder weather, but the reasons in these animals are just as mysterious as they are in humans. " There's a possibility that humans might be responding to factors they were programmed to respond to a long time ago-not cultural or socioeconomic, but climate and things like latitude," Dr. Navara said. " What's interesting is that we may be seeing something that connects us with our animal ancestry. "（分数：10.00）(1).What can be learned from the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The closer to the equator, the more boys are born.B.Boys are more used to colder places.C.Girls have a higher birth rate than boys near the equator.D.In warmer places the birth ratio between boys and girls is lower.(2).Out of all the influencing factors of birth ratio, Dr. Navara focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.cultureB.economytitudeD.stress(3).Dr. Navara reached her conclusion through______.（分数：2.00）paring dataB.field studyC.conducting a surveyD.map reading(4).According to Navara, which of the following probably explains the imbalanced sex ratio?（分数：2.00）A.There is cultural preference for boys.B.Humans are designed that way by nature.C.Different races have different birth ratios.D.Humans are different from animals in birth ratio.(5).What is the purpose of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.To tell a mysterious story.B.To report a scientific experiment.C.To explain an interesting phenomenon.D.To argue for a viewpoint.四、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)32.I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have an ordeal of the most grievous kind before us. We have many, many months of struggle and suffering before us. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim?I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs; victory in spite of all terrors; victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)33.都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。

华东师范大学考博真题清单

华东师范大学考博真题清单华东师范大学考博真题新增清单（把英语排到第一行去）1003日语2012-20161002俄语2012-20161004德语2012-20161005法语2012-2016教育心理学2014中国近现代史2006-2008、2011-20123245西方哲学史（古希腊到至近代）：2008-2015、2017年教育管理学2002-2005、2007年现代西方哲学2007-2010年实验心理学2007-2009、2011、2013-2014、2016-2017年中国哲学史（含近现代）：2007-2015、2017年（2007-2009、2011年有参考答案）城市地理学2012、2014年教育心理学2014A运动训练学2018A2128作文2009、20183321中国现代学术思想史20152115中国古代史2012发展心理学2011（含参考答案）、2013年社会法学2013现当代国际关系史2011 2013有机合成2012区域经济学2016劳动法2013中国近现代政治外交2011中国近现代思想文化史20113306中国古代文化史2012世界政治2011、2013年含参考答案外国教育史2007年高等教育管理学2004教育技术学原理2003经济学原理：2007、2009-2011中国近代经济史2007 20008中国近代社会经济史2012种群生态学1999-2003年2028体育课程与心理学研究：2014、2017-20183034体育与健康研究：2012、2014、2017-20183311中国近现代教育史：2018-20192114中国古代教育史：2018-2019年2098西方哲学史（古希腊到德国古典哲学）：20072058专业基础（经济学院申请考核复试）：2017高等教育学：2012、2019思想政治教育：20193287元明清文学：2017-20182120中国文学史A：2005、2013（缺一道题）、2016-2018年3225唐宋文学：2001-2003、2005、2017-2018年3250先秦文学：2015-2018年3322中国现当代文学史与文艺理论 20182119中国文学批评史2015体育运动心理学2012。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mo Yan is______as one of China’s most talented writers.A．acclaimedB．claimedC．blamedD．studied正确答案：A解析：本题考查词义辨析。

acclaim“赞扬，称赞”，claim“宣称”，blame“谴责”，study“研究”，根据题意，正确答案为A。

2．There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more ______ or more controversial than Margaret Mead.A．imaginativeB．hard-workingC．celebratedD．strong-minded正确答案：C解析：本题考查句意。

imaginative“想象力丰富的”，strony—minded“意志力强的”，hard—working“努力的”，celebrated“出名的”，controversial“有争议的”。

根据并列结构A orB可知，并列成分语义走向应该一致。

controversial是一个事实性的评价，只有celebrated是与其一致的。

3．Communication satellites transmit information more______than do ordinary shortwave radios.A．convenientlyB．reliablyC．accessiblyD．concisely正确答案：B解析：本题考查句意理解。

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。