非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南2012扫描版
中国非st段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南教学提纲
中低危
高危
(HAS-BLED评分≤2) (HAS-BLED评分≥3)
PCI/ACS后的时间
0 4周 6个月
12个月
三联治疗 双联治疗
三联或双联治疗
双联治疗
双联治疗
终生
口服抗凝药
血运重建治疗
侵入性治疗策略
建议对具有至少1条极高危标准的患者 选择紧急侵入治疗策略(<2 h)(I,C)。 建议对具有至少1条高危标准患者选择 早期侵入治疗策略(<24 h)(I,A)。 建议对具有至少1条中危标准(或无创检 查提示症状或缺血反复发作)的患者选 择侵人治疗策略(<72 h)(I,A)。
急性期的抗凝 治疗
无论采用何种治疗策略,磺达肝癸钠 (2.5 mg/d皮下注射)的药效和安全性 最好(I,B)。 正在接受磺达肝癸钠治疗的患者行PCI时, 建议术中一次性静脉推注普通肝素85 U /kg或在联合应用GPI时推注普通肝素 60 U/kg(I,B)。 如果磺达肝癸钠不可用时,建议使用依 诺肝素(1 mg/kg、2次/d皮下注射)或 普通肝素(I,B)。
双联抗血小板治疗的时间
接受药物保守治疗、置入裸金属 支架(BMS)或药物涂层支架(DES) 的患者,P2Y12受体抑制剂治疗 (替格瑞洛、氯吡格雷)应至少持 续12个月(I,B); 能耐受双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)、 未发生出血并发症且无出血高风 险(如曾因DAPT治疗、凝血功能障 碍、使用OAC出血)的患者,DAPT 可维持12个月以上(IIb,A)。
目
录
1 诊断 2 危险分层 3 治疗
危险分层
贰
缺血风险评估
建议结合患者病史、症状、生命体 征和体检发现、心电图和实验室检 查,给出初始诊断和最初的缺血性 及出血性风险分层(I,A)。
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE一~四:定义/病因及发病机制/临床表现/诊断(见上篇)五:治疗:(一):抗心肌缺血药:1:硝酸酯类:为非内皮依赖性血管扩张剂,扩张外周血管和冠状动脉。
可舌下或静脉给药缓解心绞痛。
静脉用比舌下含服更有助于改善胸痛和心电图ST-T变化。
用滴定法逐渐增加剂量直至症状缓解或直至高血压者的血压降至正常水平。
症状控制后没有必要继续用硝酸酯类药物(没试验证实长期可降低主要心血管事件)。
硝酸甘油:短效硝酸酯类,先予舌下含服0.3~0.6mg,继以静点,开始5~10μg/min,每5~10min增加5~10μg,直至症状缓解或平均压降低10%,但收缩压不低90mmHg。
症状消失24h后改口或皮肤贴剂。
药物耐受现象可能在持续静脉应用硝酸甘油24~48h内出现。
因NSTEMI患者中未观察到硝酸酯类药物减少死亡率的益处,故在长期治疗中此类药应逐渐减量至停用。
尼可地尔:兼有ATP依赖的钾通道开放作用及硝酸酯样作用。
推荐用于硝酸酯类不能耐受的NSTE-ACS患者。
2:镇痛剂:予最大耐受剂量硝酸酯类药不能使疼痛迅速缓解应立即予吗啡,10mg稀释成10ml,每次2~3ml静脉注射。
哌替啶(度冷丁)50~100mg肌内注射,必要时1~2小时后再注射1次,以后每4~6小时可重复应用.注意呼吸功能的制。
予吗啡后如出现低血压,可平卧或静脉注生理盐水维持血压,很少需要升压药。
如出现呼吸抑制给予纳洛酮0.4~0.8mg。
有吗啡禁忌证(低血压和既往过敏史)者可用派替啶替代。
疼痛轻者可用罂粟碱30~60mg肌内注射或口服。
3:β受体阻滞剂:通过减慢心率、降低血压和减弱心肌收缩力,降低心肌耗氧量。
存在持续缺血症状的NSTE-ACS,无禁忌证时(如心动过缓<60次/分、传导阻滞、低血压<90mmhg或哮喘、心功能Killip分级Ⅲ级或以上)推荐早期使用(24 h内)β受体阻滞剂并长期使用,建议从小剂量开始逐渐增加至最大耐受剂量,争取达静息目标心率55~60次/min,可显著降低心肌梗死后患者5年总死亡率和猝死率。
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2024)解读精选全文完整版
推荐类别 Ⅰ Ⅰ
证据水平 B C
Ⅰ
C
三、诊断方法
2.生物标志物
所有疑似NSTE-ACS的患者都必须测定提示心肌细胞损伤的生物标志物,首选hs-cTn。
hs-cTn是最敏感、最特异的心肌损伤标志物,与传统的cTn相比,早期检测hs-cTn减少了“cTn盲区” 时间,有助于快速、准确诊断心肌梗死。
0h≥D或△0~1h≥C
排除
观察
诊断
检测项目
hs-cTnT hs-cTnI hs-cTnI
检测方法
Elecsys Architect Centaur
A(ng/L)
5 4 3
B(ng/L)
12 5 6
C(ng/L)
3 2 3
D(ng/L)
52 64 120
E(ng/L)
5 6 12
hs-cTn:高敏心肌肌钙蛋白,NSTE-ACS:非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征;0h表示接诊后0h检测的hs-cTn水平;Δ0~1h表示接诊后1h与0h检测hs-cTn的差值;hs-cTn界 值与检测方法相关,图中A、B、D分别代表不同检测方法的hs-cTn界值,C和E代表2次检测的变化值
01
心肌梗死后的心绞痛
04
临床特点
3个月内的新发心绞痛,表现
02
为自发性心绞痛或劳力型心
绞痛(CCSⅡ或Ⅲ级)
既往有稳定性心绞痛,最近1个月
03
内症状加重,且具有至少CCSⅢ
级的特点(即恶化性心绞痛)
一、临床表现
胸痛
胸痛特征
典型胸痛的特征是胸骨后压榨性疼痛,并且向左上 臂(双上臂或右上臂少见)、颈部或下颌部放射, 可以是间歇性(通常持续数分钟)或持续性。可能 伴有出汗、恶心、上腹部疼痛、呼吸困难和晕厥的 症状。
最新非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征诊断和治疗指南
2024非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征诊断和治疗指南要点解读(全文)一、指南背景自《非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南(2016)》发布以来,该疾病领域积累了众多临床证据,本指南参考国际最新指南,结合我国国情及临床实践经验编写,以推进我国NSTE - ACS的规范化管理。
二、定义NSTE - ACS包括非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和不稳定性心绞痛,两者发病机制和临床表现相似,区别主要在于缺血导致心肌损伤的程度及心肌损伤生物标志物检测是否阳性。
其病理生理基础主要为冠状动脉严重狭窄和(或)易损斑块破裂或糜烂所致的急性血栓形成,少数由非动脉粥样硬化性疾病所致,非冠状动脉原因也可引发。
三、诊断临床表现:以CCS心绞痛分级为判断标准,包括长时间静息性心绞痛、新发心绞痛、恶化性心绞痛、心肌梗死后的心绞痛等。
典型胸痛为胸骨后压榨性疼痛,可向左上臂等部位放射,可伴有出汗、恶心等症状,不典型表现包括上腹痛、呼吸困难等。
胸痛发作时伴低血压或心功能不全常提示预后不良。
体格检查:往往没有特殊发现,但心脏听诊可发现与不良预后相关的体征,应注意与非冠心病引起的胸痛相鉴别。
诊断方法:心电图:首次医疗接触后10min内应进行12导联心电图检查,诊断不明确或症状反复时应复查,怀疑有进行性心肌缺血时应增加导联。
NSTE - ACS特征性心电图异常包括ST段压低、一过性ST段抬高和T波改变,连续复查可提高诊断准确率。
生物标志物:所有疑似患者都必须测定提示心肌细胞损伤的生物标志物,首选hs - cTn,其是最敏感、最特异的心肌损伤标志物,有助于快速、准确诊断心肌梗死,但cTn升高也见于其他疾病,应注意鉴别。
诊断与排除诊断流程:推荐采用0h/1h方案检测hs - cTn以排除或确立诊断,应尽量在采血后1h内提供结果,根据变化值进行判断,临床情况仍提示ACS的患者应在2h后复查,生物标志物检测应与临床评估和心电图相结合。
非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征的诊断及治疗
IIa I I
C B C
IIb III
C B
三、抗血小板治疗-- DAPT
需长期OAC治疗患者的抗血小板治疗
三、抗血小板治疗
需长期OAC治疗患者的抗血小板治疗
三、抗血小板治疗
需长期OAC治疗患者的抗血小板治疗
新指南首次专门就CABG围术期抗血小板 管理进行推荐
需要CABG的NSTE-ACS患者围术期抗血小板治疗推荐
定义 病理生理
目录
诊断
危险分层 治疗
病例分析
危险分层
建议结合患者病史、症状、生命体征和体检 发现、心电图和实验室检查,给出初始诊断和 最初的缺血性及出血性风险分层(Ⅰ,A)。
危险分层
临床表现 除临床统一使用的风险特征如高龄、糖尿病、肾功能 不全外,发病时的临床表现能高度预测早期预后。若 患者胸痛频繁,就诊时诊断为心动过速、低血压、心 力衰竭、二尖瓣反流等,提示预后不良,需要尽快诊 断和处理。此外,与体力活动诱发的胸痛相比,静息 性胸痛患者的预后更差。
持续或反复缺血发作,并且存在β受体阻滞剂禁忌的NSTE-ACS患者,二氢吡啶 类CCB应作为初始治疗,但除外临床有严重左室功能障碍,心原性休克高,PR间 期>0.24s 或二、三度房室传导阻滞而未置入心脏起搏器的患者(I,B) 在应用β受体阻滞剂和硝酸酯类药物后患者仍然存在心绞痛症状或难以控制的高 血压,可加用长效二氢吡啶类CCB (I,C) 可疑或证实血管痉挛性心绞痛的患者,可考虑使用CCB和硝酸酯类药物,避免使 用β受体阻滞剂(IIa,B) 在无β受体阻滞剂治疗时,短效硝苯地平不能用于NSTE-ACS患者(III,B)
钙通道阻滞 剂
非ST抬高急性冠脉综合征患者治疗指南文稿演示
缺乏持续的ST段抬高,提示NSTE-ACS(排除正后壁心肌梗死 患者)。根据心脏坏死生物标志物(即肌钙蛋白),可以进一 步对NSTE-ACS分类。如果心脏标志物升高并且有相应临床表 现,则考虑该患者有NSTEMI,否则该患者为为不稳定性心绞 痛。可以出现ST段压低、ST段一过性抬高和(或)永久性T波 倒置,但是这些对于诊断NSTEMI并非必须。仅有心电图异常 和肌钙蛋白升高,不足以做出ACS的诊断,必须结合临床情况 进行判读。
3.2NSTE-ACS的诊断
NSTE-ACS的鉴别诊断: 非缺血性心血管原因导致的胸痛:
主动脉夹层、主动脉瘤延展、心包炎、肺栓塞 胸、背或上腹不适的非心血管原因:
肺部原因:肺炎、胸膜炎、气胸 胃肠道原因:胃食管反流、食道痉挛、消化性溃疡、胰 腺炎、胆道疾病 骨骼肌肉原因:肋软骨炎、神经根型颈椎病 精神障碍 其他:镰状细胞危象和带状疱疹
2.2.1流行病学
在美国,ACS就诊患者的中位数年龄为68岁,男女比例大约 为3:2,有些患者有稳定性心绞痛病史,而在另一些患者, ACS是冠状动脉疾病的初始表现。与STEMI患者比较,典型 的NSTE-ACS患者有多种合并疾病,可以是心脏性的,也可 以是非心脏性的。
2.2.2发病机理
ACS的特征是心肌供氧与需氧突然失平衡,通常是由于冠状 动脉阻塞的结果。这种失衡也可以由其他情况导致,包括在 稳定的血流限制性疾病出现心肌过度需氧、其他原因导致的 急性冠状动脉供血不足(即血管痉挛性心绞痛、冠状动脉栓 塞和冠状动脉炎)、非冠状动脉原因导致的心肌供氧-需氧不 匹配(即低血压、严重贫血、高血压病、心动过速、肥厚型 心肌病和严重主动脉瓣狭窄)、非缺血性心肌损伤(即心肌 炎、心脏挫伤和心脏毒性药物)和并非相互排斥的多因素原 因(应激性心肌病、肺栓塞、严重心力衰竭和脓毒血症)。
非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南
万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据万方数据非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南作者:中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会作者单位:刊名:中华心血管病杂志英文刊名:Chinese Journal of Cardiology年,卷(期):2012,40(5)skey WK;Jenkins C;Selzer F Volume-to-creatinine clearance ratio:a pharmacokinetically based risk factor for prediction of early creatinine increese after percutaneous coronary intervention 20072.Pannu N;Wiebe N;Tonelli M Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy 20063.Collet JP;Montalescot G;Agnelli G Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in patients with renal dysfunction:benefit of low-molecular-weight heparin alone or with glycoprotein Ⅱ b/Ⅲa inhibitors on outcomes.The global registry of acute coronary events 20054.Stone GW;Kedhi E;Kereiakes DJ Differential clinical responses to everolimus-eluting andpaclitaxel-eluting coronary stents in patients with and without diabetes mellitus 20115.Chaitman BR;Hardison RM;Adler D The bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 2 diabetes randomized trial of different treatment strategies in type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable ischemic heart disease:impact of treatment strategy on cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction 20096.Szummer K;Lundman P;Jacobson SH Influence of renal function on the effects of early revascularization in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction:data from the Swedish web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies (SWEDEHEART) 20097.Mehta SR;Cannon CP;Fox KA Routine vs selective invasive strategies in patients with acute coronary syndromes:a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials 20058.Alexander KP;Newby LK;Cannon CP Acute coronary care in the elderly,part Ⅰ:non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes:a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology:in collaboration with the Society of Geriatric Cardiology 20079.Menzin J;Wygant G;Hauch O One-year costs of ischemic heart disease among patients with acute coronary syndromes:findings from a multi-employer claims database 200810.Moss AJ;Zareba W;Hall WJ Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction 200211.Dickstein K;Vardas PE;Auricchio A2010 focused update of ESC guidelines on device therapy in heart failure:an update of the 2008 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure and the 2007 ESC guidelines for cardiac and resynchronization therapy. 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Developed in collaboration with the American Association for ThoracicSurgery,Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons 201132.Libby P;Bonow RO Braunwald's Heart Disease 200833.Fraker TD Jr;Fihn SD;Gibbons RJ2007 Chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines writing group to develop the focused update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina 2007 34.European Heart Rhythm Association;European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery;Camm AJ Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation:the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 201035.Kaiser C;Galatius S;Erne P Drug-eluting versus baremetal stents in large coronary arteries 201036.Serruys PW;Morice MC;Kappetein AP Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease 200937.Jiang M;He B;Zhang Q Timing of early invasive intervention in patients with moderate to high risk acute coronary syndromes 201238.Damman P;Hirsch A;Windhausen F5-year clinical outcomes in the ICTUS (invasive versus conservative treatment in unstable coronary syndromes) trial a randomized comparison of an early invasive versus selective invasive management in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome 201039.Sever PS;Poulter NR;Dahl(o)f B Different time course for prevention of coronary and stroke events by atorvastatin in the Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial-lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA) 2005 40.Patti G;Chello M;Gatto L Short-term atorvastatin preload reduces levels of adhesion molecules in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.Results from the ARMYDA-ACS CAMs (atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty-cell adhesion molecules)substudy 201041.Di Sciascio G;Patti G;Pasceri V Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronicstatin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:results of the ARMYDARECAPTURE(atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty) randomized trial 200942.Patti G;Pasceri V;Colonna G Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention:results of the ARMYDA-ACS randomized trial 200743.Pasceri V;Patti G;Nusca A Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention:results from the ARMYDA (atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty) study 200444.O'Donoghue M;Boden WE;Braunwald E Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction:a meta-analysis 200845.Greenhalgh J;Hockenhull J;Rao N Drug-eluting stents versus bare metal stents for angina or acute coronary syndromes 201046.中华医学会心血管病学分会;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断与治疗指南 201047.Levine GN;Bates ER;Blankenship JC2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention.A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions 201148.中华医学会心血管病分会介入心脏病学组;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南2012(简本) 201249.Task force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS);European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI);Wijns W Guidelines on myocardial revascularization 201050.Hulten E;Jackson JL;Douglas K The effect of early,intensive statin therapy on acute coronary syndrome:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials 200651.Hirsh J;Raschke R Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin:the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy 200452.Cohen M;Demers C;Gurfinkel EP A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous enoxaparin in non-Q-wave coronary events study group 199753.Stone GW;White HD;Ohman EM Acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy (ACUITY) trial investigators.Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy (ACUITY) trial 200754.Stone GW;Mclaurin BT;Cox DA Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes 200655.Petersen JL;Mahaffey KW;Hasselblad V Efficacy and bleeding complications among patients randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for antithrombin therapy in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes:a systematic overview 200456.中华医学会心血管病学分会;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会不稳定性心绞痛和非ST段抬高心肌梗死诊断与治疗指南 200757.Briguori C;Visconti G;Focaccio A Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) Ⅱtrial:impact of a single high loading dose of atorvastatin on periprocedural myocardial infarction 200958.Sabatine MS;Antman EM;Widimsky P Otamixaban for the treatment of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (SEPIA-ACS1 TIMI42):a randomized,double-blind,active-controlled,phase 2trial 200959.Mega JL;Braunwald E;Mohanavelu S Rivaroxaban versus placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46):a randomized,double-blind,phase Ⅱ trial 200960.APPRAISE steering committee and investigators;Alexander JH;Becker RC Apixaban,anoral,direct,selective factor Xa inhibitor,in combination with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome:results of the apixaban for prevention of acute ischemic and safety events (APPRAISE) trial 200961.Lip GY;Huber K;Andreotti F Antithrombotic management of atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing coronary stenting:executive summary-a consensus document of the European Society of Cardiology working group on thrombosis,endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) 201062.Stone GW;Bertrand ME;Moses JW Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein Ⅱ b/Ⅲ a inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes:the ACUITY timing trial 200763.Neumann FJ;Kastrati A;Pogatsa-Murray G Evaluation of prolonged antithrombotic pretreatment ("cooling-off" strategy)before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes:a randomized controlled trial 200364.Hamm CW;Bassand JP;Agewall S ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation:the task force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 201165.FUTURA/OASIS-8 trial group;Steg PG;Jolly SS Low-dose vs standard-dose unfractionated heparin for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes treated with fondaparinux:the FUTURA/OASIS-8 randomized trial 201066.Fifth organization to assess strategies in acute ischemic syndromes investigators;Yusuf S;Mehta SR Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes 200667.Valgimigli M;Biondi-Zoccai G;Tebaldi M Tirofiban as adjunctive therapy for acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention:a meta-analysis of randomized trials 201068.Harrington RA;Becker RC;Cannon CP Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes:American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition) 200869.Grines CL;Bonow RO;Casey DE Jr Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelettherapy in patients with coronary artery stents:a science advisory from the American Heart Association,American College of Cardiology,Society for Cardiovascular Angiography andInterventions,American College of Surgeons,and American Dental Association,with representation from the American College of Physicians 200770.Berger JS;Frye CB;Harshaw Q Impact of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes requiring coronary artery bypass surgery:a multicenter analysis 200871.Giugliano RP;White JA;Bode C Early versus delayed,provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes 200972.Wiviott S;Braunwald E;McCabe C Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes 200773.Wallentin L;Becker RC;Budaj A Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes 200974.Bhatt DL;Cryer BL;Contant CF Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease 201075.Antithrombotic trialists' (ATT) collaboration;Baigent C;Blackwell L Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease:collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials 200976.IONA study group Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina:the impact of nicorandil in angina (IONA) randomized trial 200277.Dagenais GR;Pogue J;Fox K Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure:a combined analysis of three trials 200678.中华医学会心血管病学分会;《中华心血管病杂志》编辑委员会β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂在心血管疾病应用专家共识 2009ler CD;Roe MT;Mulgund J Impact of acute beta-blocker therapy for patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 200780.Wright RS;Anderson JL;Adams CD2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the Guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline):a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians,Society for Cardiovascular Angio 201181.Kastrati A;Mehilli J;Neumann FJ Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment:the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial 200682.Breet N;van Werkum J;Bouman H Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation 201083.Mega JL;Close SL;Wiviott SD Genetic variants in ABCB1 and CYP2C19 and cardiovascular outcomes after treatment with clopidogrel and prasugrel in the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial:a pharmacogeneticanalysis 201084.CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators;Mehta SR;Bassand JP Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes 201085.Granger CB;Goldberg RJ;Dabbous O Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events 200386.Bonaca MP;Wiviott SD;Braunwald E American College of Cardiology/American HeartAssociation/European Society of Cardiology/World Heart Federation universal definition of myocardial infarction classification system and the risk of cardiovascular death:observations from the TRITON-TIMI 38 trial (trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel-thrombolysis in myocardial i 201287.Khan SQ;Narayan H;Ng KH N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide complements the GRACE risk score in predicting early and late morality following acute coronary syndrome 200988.Thygesen K;Mair J;Mueller C Recommendations for the use of natriuretic peptides in acute cardiac care:a position statement from the study group on biomarkers in cardiology of the ESC working group on acute cardiac care 201189.Thygesen K;Mair J;Katus H Recommendations for the use of cardiac tmponin measurement in acute cardiac care 201090.Szyma(n)ski FM;Grabowski M;Filipiak KJ Admission ST-segment elevation in lead aVR as the factor improving complex risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes 200891.Yan RT;Yan AT;Mahaffey KW Prognostic utility of quantifying evolutionary ST-segment depression on early follow-up electrocardiogram in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes 200992.Fox KA;Clayton TC;Damman P Long-term outcome of a routine versus selective invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome a meta-analysis of individualpatient data 201093.Mehran R;Pocock SJ;Nikolsky E A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes 201094.Subherwal S;Bach RG;Chen AY Baseline risk of major bleeding in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction:the CRUSADE (can rapid risk stratification of unstable angina patients suppress adverse outcomes with early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) bleeding score 2009 95.Fox KA;Dabbous OH;Goldberg RJ Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE) 200696.Antman EM;Cohen M;Bernink PJ The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI:a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making 200097.Okamatsu K;Takano M;Sakai S Elevated troponin T levels and lesion characteristics in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes 200498.Dixon SR;Grines CL The year in interventional cardiology 20111.中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组.中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会中国经皮冠状动脉介入治疗指南2012(简本)[期刊论文]-中华心血管病杂志2012,40(4)2.韩雅玲对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期再灌注策略的再认识[期刊论文]-中华心血管病杂志2012,40(4)3.高润霖遵循指南 进一步规范冠心病介入治疗[期刊论文]-中华心血管病杂志2012,40(4)4.赵水平他汀类药物不良反应再评价[期刊论文]-中华心血管病杂志2012,40(5)本文链接:/Periodical_zhxxgb201205001.aspx。
最新2012非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南
安全性方面,替格瑞洛组大出血的发生率有高于 氯吡格雷组的趋势(11.6%对11.2%,P=0.43 )。替格瑞洛显著增加非CABG手术相关大出血 的发生率(4.5%对3.8%;P=0.03)。两个治 疗组致死性出血的总体发生率无显著差异(均为 0.3%),但替格瑞洛组致死性颅内出血的发生率 高于氯吡格雷组。可见,在抗血小板药物的治疗 过程中,需要考虑获益与风险的平衡。
比较新的指南
2007年 美国 和 欧洲 分别发表多项关于 ACS 的治疗指南:
2007年6月《Eur Heart J》发表 “ ESC 关于NSTE-ACS 的处理指南”
2007年8月《Circulation》刊登 “ ACC /AHA 关于 UA/NSTEMI的处理指 南”
2007年12月 AHA/ACC 在线发布
在既往有脑血管事件的患者,普拉格雷有净损害 的证据;而在年龄≥75岁和体重<60kg的患者普 拉格雷未带来明显的临床净获益。
GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂治疗建议
中高危NSTE-ACS患者(尤其TnT↑、ST↓或糖尿病),可在 氯吡格雷+ ASA基础上,加用GPIIb/IIIa拮抗剂
不建议STEMI患者溶栓时联合应用GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗 剂,尤其是年龄大于75岁的患者
连续ST段监测
充血性心衰
系列心脏标志物检查
心脏标志物升高
心肌灌注核素显像
负荷超声心动图
抗凝,抗血小板,抗心
阿司匹林
肌缺血。早期有创治疗
评价结果阳性者按
抗凝治疗作为ACS治疗的基础已成共识
ACC/AHA 指南
ESC 指南
UA/NSTEMI 2002
?
非ST段抬高(NSTE)的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)最佳药物治疗的定义:一个快速移动的靶标
D sre n t k ) 解 释 。根 据 功 的再通 后生存率可达 5@ 5 持 程预 后很差 经放射舟 入学 加 上动 i dr adS oe)来 o s r 5 ̄7%, / 神 C cr e o ha 的汇 总分 析 ,综合 P O T 续梗阻或未 治疗的基底动脉梗阻死亡 脉 内溶栓是迄今惟一能拯救 生命 的方 n R AC ln1 项试 验 ,发现 死 亡 或残疾 的 率 为 0 ̄1% f1 两 / 0 0 。再通 后的 存 活患 法 , 已经在 降低死亡率和 改善预 后 并
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世 界医学 杂志
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缺 懂脑辜 申溶栓 疗洼指南
已经 被 B a d 等 人研 究证 实 , T rnt CA
TS 1 (T A T S A t l e ho I 分 A L N I: lpa T rb 还要低 .正如 Z u r等人报道 的 . 1 e d e me
oy i o ueN o m tr e t n lTh r lssf rAc t n e v ni a e- o
9‰ 部分或者完全再通通常都达不到 1o 的敏 感性 和 特异性) O 而 多普 勒 0%
总之 , 椎基 底血管梗 阻的 自然进
0 a y i l h m cSrk ) p s e i t e ,NI 4分 的患 者 n e o NDS 1 椎基底 动脉血 拴栓塞 的死亡 超 声 仅 3%。
操作 中能够小心地 用力破 坏血块 , 那 论 :再 通 对有 效 治疗 椎 基底 动 脉梗 小时和预 后不 良有关 . 目前认 为 可 但
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征诊断和治疗指南讲课PPT
心理治疗
针对患者的心理问题,进 行心理疏导和药物治疗, 提高患者的生活质量和预 后。
04
非ST段抬高型急性
冠脉综合征的预防
健康生活方式
均衡饮食
保持低盐、低脂、高纤维 的饮食习惯,多摄入蔬菜 水果,减少饱和脂肪和反 式脂肪的摄入。
适量运动
每周进行至少150分钟的 中等强度有氧运动,如快 走、游泳、骑自行车等, 增强心肺功能。
重视患者的危险因素控制,预防心血管事件再次发生。
THANKS.
。
降低非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综 合征的发病率和死亡率,保障患
者生命安全。
定义和分类
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征是指冠 状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或侵蚀,继 发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成,引 起的一组临床综合征。
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征的病理 生理机制主要包括斑块破裂、血小板 聚集和血栓形成等。
非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征包括不 稳定型心绞痛和非ST段抬高型心肌梗 死。
治疗
03
药物治疗
抗血小板药物
如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷 等,用于抑制血小板聚
集,预防血栓形成。
β受体拮抗剂
如美托洛尔、阿替洛尔 等,用于降低心肌耗氧 量,缓解心绞痛症状。
ACE抑制剂
如依那普利、贝那普利 等,用于扩张血管,降
低血压和心脏负担。
他汀类药物
如阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐 他汀等,用于调节血脂
,稳定斑块。
介入治疗
PCI(经皮冠状动脉介入治疗)
通过导管扩张狭窄或阻塞的冠状动脉,恢复心肌供血。
冠状动脉搭桥手术
通过移植其他部位的血管,绕过狭窄或阻塞的冠状动脉,恢复心肌供血。
其他治疗方式
01
02
非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南
2012非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征诊断和治疗指南概述冠心病是目前我国最常见的心血管疾病,非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉(冠脉)综合征(NSTE-ACS)包括不稳定性心绞痛和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI),是临床上最常见的冠心病类型之一,其并发症多、病死率高。
因此,本征的及时正确诊断和早期规范治疗,对改善患者的临床预后具有重要意义。
为更好地指导临床实践,中华医学会心血管病学分会冠心病和动脉粥样硬化学组根据近年来有关临床试验的研究结果,参考2011年美国心脏病学学会基金会(ACCF)/美国心脏病学会(AHA)和欧洲心脏协会(ESC)公布的不稳定性心绞痛/NSTEMI诊治指南的更新意见,结合我国心血管病防治的具体情况,组织有关专家对2007年我国“不稳定性心绞痛和非ST段抬高心肌梗死诊断与治疗指南”进行修订,以推进NSTE-ACS的规范化管理。
为了便于读者了解某一诊断性操作的适应证或治疗措施的价值,多因素权衡利弊,本指南对推荐类别的表述仍沿用国际上通常采用的方式。
Ⅰ类:指已证实和(或)一致公认有益、有用和有效的操作或治疗,应该使用。
Ⅱ类:指那些有用性和(或)有效性的证据尚有矛盾或存在不同观点争议的操作或治疗。
Ⅱa类:有关证据和(或)观点倾向于有用和(或)有效,应用这些操作或治疗是合理的。
Ⅱb类:有关证据和(或)观点尚不能充分证明有用和(或)有效,可以考虑应用。
Ⅲ类:指已证实和(或)一致公认无用和(或)无效,并对某些病例可能有害的操作或治疗,不推荐使用。
对证据来源的水平表达如下:证据水平A:资料来源于多项随机临床试验或汇总分析。
证据水平B:资料来源于单项随机临床试验或多项非随机对照研究。
证据水平C:仅为专家共识意见(或)小规模研究、回顾性研究、注册研究结果。
定义根据胸痛时的心电图表现,将急性冠状脉综合征(ACS)分为ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)和NSTE-ACS。
尽管两者的病理机制均包括冠脉粥样硬化斑块破裂、血栓形成,但STEMI时,冠脉常常急性完全阻塞,因此需直接行冠脉介入治疗(PCI)或静脉溶栓,以早期、充分和持续开通血管,使心肌充分再灌注。